Development of Low Cost Synchronization Oscillators for Stand Alone Communication

Networks for Efficient Information Broadcasting in Geographically

Challenging Locations

Development of Low Cost Synchronization Oscillators for Stand Alone Communication

Networks for Efficient Information Broadcasting in Geographically

Challenging Locations

Dr. K. S. Daya (PI) & Prof. G.S.Tyagi (Co-PI)Microwave Physics Laboratory

Department of Physics & Computer ScienceDayalbagh Educational Institute

Dayalbagh, Agra – 282 110

In Collaboration with

Dr. K. S. Daya (PI) & Prof. G.S.Tyagi (Co-PI)Microwave Physics Laboratory

Department of Physics & Computer ScienceDayalbagh Educational Institute

Dayalbagh, Agra – 282 110

In Collaboration with

Dr. M. T. Sebastian (Co-PI)National Institute of Interdisciplinary Science & Technology(CSIR Laboratory)Trivandrum 

Prof. Norbert Klein (Co-PI)Chair in Electromagnetic NanomaterialsDepartment of Materials, Imperial College LondonSouth Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZUK

(Submitted to Ministry of Human Resource & Development under the Scheme on National Mission on Education through Information and Technology)

 

In support withJuha Maata & Raj Bansal Rajiv Gandhi Center for Advanced ResearchNokia Siemens Networks, Finland Imperial College London

The wireless communication sector represents one of the most important arenas of research and expansion. The last two decades has been considered to be the era of wireless communications being led by two major trends:

•the outburst of wireless multiple access communications, •offering mobility to the telephone users and the mobile multimedia.

In year 2002, the transmission of the data traffic started to exceed voice traffic. The numbers of mobile subscribers and internet users have also recorded a significant growth over the past few years.

Expectations

The research community is presented with an expectation to accommodate these ever increasing demands with solutions through which it will be possible to access data and voice anytime, anywhere and at low cost.

Services and features expected Freedom in SpaceFreedom in TimeFreedom in Use Of Services

Ubiquitous Network Society

UbiquitousConnects everyone and everything

Easy connection to networks anytime, anywhere, by anythingand anyone• ICT will be everywhere in daily life for user-friendly societyPerson to person plus Person to Goods, and Goods to Goods• In every aspect, communication will take the more important role in society

Universal User FriendlyFriendly to people•Can be used by anyone without thinking of the equipment or network•The elderly and disabled will be able toparticipate in society with ICT

User-orientedFrom the user’s viewpoint

Close to the user• For a society that is user-orientated than asociety where objects are given by the supplier• Developing technologies and services that areconnected to the needso Users can be suppliers• Create a total of 100 million prosumers.

UniqueCreative & Vigorous

Create individual energy• A new society where your dreams come true Vitalize the society• Create new social systems and business services• Get out from the norm and realize localrevitalization with creativity

Global Initiative Through ICTGlobal Initiative Through ICT

All the winds are blowing in the same direction to collectively create a Better World Order Through ICT

USAUbiquitous ComputingCalm ComputingPervasive Computing Europe

Ubiquitous CommunicationsAmbient IntelligencePervasive ComputingEver Net

JapanUbiquitous NetworkZen ComputingU-Japan

KoreaU-Korea

SingaporeSentient Computing

INDIA

NMEICT

Immediate Challenges & Solutions

Challenges are…..Need for a low cost sustainable communication network

Solution is possible throughIntegration of different technology and decentralization

of networks

And one of the proposed solution is

STAND ALONE NETWORKS

A Comparison ….A Comparison ….

Conventional Architecture

A Comparison ….A Comparison ….Stand Alone Architecture

Drawbacks of Standalone networksDrawbacks of Standalone networks

Core Network

Conventional Network

Perfect Synchronization through primary reference clock

Control Point

Standalone network

Loss of synchronization due to absence of PRC

Objective

• Dielectric Resonator Oscillator (DRO)– High frequency– Low phase noise

• Purpose of DRO– Reference for synchronization in the transceiver of

stand alone networks

• Advantages of DRO– Frequency stability– Temperature stablility– High Quality factor (50,000 – 120,000 at 2.4 GHz)– Dielectric resonator minimizes noise– Low construction cost

Word about the Partners

Microwave Group at Dayalbagh Established for last twenty years Diverse experience in device design and characterization of

dielectrics, ferrites and novel materials. Industrial Experience at Nokia Siemens Networks in the RF

research and development. Well equipped high frequency measurement facility (Funding

from NMEICT for pilot phase of the project)

National Partners

Dr. M. T. SebastianDielectric & Ceramic GroupNational Institute of Interdisciplinary Science &

Technology, Trivandrum.

More than 15 years of experience in synthesis of dielectric and ceramic materials for microwave applications

More than 200 publications and world known for their tailor made dielectric materials

International Partners

Prof. Norbert KleinImperial College, London• Prof. Klein’s Group at FZ- Juelich, Germany is world known for

low phase noise measurements of Oscillators.• Extensive research publications & patents on microwave

devices like filters, antennas and oscillators for communication networks.

• Presently, the group at Imperial College is a pioneer in left handed materials and their applications in microwave systems.

Industrial Partners

Nokia Siemens NetworksParticipating Member From Finland: Dr Juha MaataFrom India: Dr Rajesh BansalNSN are world leaders in networking and are the first to

introduce and implement stand alone networks.

Emisens GermanySpecialist in interface development for microwave modules

Dielectric Resonator Oscillator

Design Frequency – 2.4 GHz (Unlicensed Band)

L.M. Gavrilovska and V. M. Atanasovski, “Interoperability in future wireless communications system: A roadmap to 4G,” Microwave Review, June 2007

Introduction

Microwave Oscillator form the core component in communication and navigation link. The desired features in an Oscillators are:•Low Noise•Small Size•High Efficiency•Temperature stability•ReliabilityOne of the solution is Dielectric Oscillator due to high Q, low loss and compactness for easy integration in embedded environment.

General Configuration of DRO

Active Device

Passive Circuit

a1a’1

b’1b1a2 a’2

b’2b2

An oscillator can be considered as a combination of an active and passive part.

Oscillation conditions are defined by the transmission and reflection coefficients of the two modules.

Development Phase

Phase DEI NIIST ICL NSN EMSN

1 Synthesis of Dielectric Materials √

2 Characterization Dielectric √

√

√ √

√Active Element

3 Design √ √

4 Lab Testing √ √

5 Temperature stability √ √

6 Design Optimization √ √ √ √ √

7 Testing at NSN √ √ √ √ √

Strategy

Reverse EngineeringA simple dielectric oscillator will be designed for characterization (dielectric materials tend to behave differently in an embedded environment from an isolated bounded medium)

After isolated characterization of each elements, they will be tested on the oscillator. ( An idea about the possible source of noise at the beginning is better than debugging the complex design in maze!)

Removal and know how of problem at the root point will lead to more efficient and perennial design.

Challenges and Solution

Temperature stability and High Quality factor of the resonator. (Dr Sebastian will discuss)

Jitter Noise at High Frequency Design of frequency selective slow wave structures like EBG for reduction of unwanted frequency. (A novel feature to attain nearly zero loss at room temperature)ResultsonEBG.ppt

Phase NoiseBy having tailor made dielectric materials with high selectivity and Q.

Dielectric resonator

d

Dielectricresonator

Microstrip

oQj

RNZ

/21

2

LCo /1

Equivalent series impedance

Where N =coupling factor/turn ratioQ=R/oL (unloaded resonator)

o

ooL

o

e Z

RN

LNR

LR

Q

Qg

2/

/ 2

2

Ratio of unloaded to external Q is given by

RL=2Zo for loaded resistance = Zo for transmission line

where

Continue (Dielectric resonator)

g

g

RNZ

RN

ZRNZ

ZRNZ

ooo

oo

12 2

2

2

2

1

g

Reflection coefficient looking on terminated microstrip feedline towards resonator is given by

or

Q can be determined by simple measurement of reflection coefficient

Dielectric resonator oscillator

Matching andterminating

networkZo

DR

Matching andterminating

networkZo

DR

Parallel feedback Series feedback

But what we propose to do is…

Creating structures which can ideally replace the PRC operating at cryogenic temperatures with novel structures and materials, but at very low cost!!!

These Oscillators is proposed to design with stability of 5 ppm. (Existing – 40 ppm at Tranciever end)

Prof. Klein….Presentation_Norbert_Ministry_India_1.ppt

Non-Recurring Budget

DEIS.No. ITEM

Cost in Lakhs (in INR)

1 e-beam lithography 2002 Oxygen Plasma Etch 403 Thin Film deposition system 504 Site Preparation 2505 Class 10000 clean room 650

6Cryogenic temperature measurement system 33

7 RF band solve suite 15

8Microwave studio (perpetual license) 22

9 Cables connectors and Launchers 1510 Books & Journals 1511 Clean room furniture 1512 Computers 1013 Other software 15

14PLG set up (wet stations and development station) 200

15 SEM 150

16Double sided proximity type exposure unit 10

17 Equipments for machining 10

18GLP Furniture ( For Lab and Clean room) 35

19 GSM Analyser 5020 Signal Generator (67 GHZ) 7021 Spectrum Analyser 6022 Other equipment 4023 VSWR Meter 1024 Furnace 3525 High Frequency Mixers 70

Total Non Recurring Cost 2070

NIISTS.No. Item Tentative

Price in Lakhs

1 Agilent Analogue Signal Generator

49

2 Agilent Spectrum Analyser up to 50 GHz

56

3 Teraview Terahertz Time domain Spectrometer

210

4 Microwave Measurement system

35

5 Dry Etching system 35

6 Other Equipment 15

SUM 400

Imperial CollegeS.

No.

Item QuantityCost in Lakhs

Non-Recurring 1. Resonator/substrate

characterization facilities

35.002 Press for shaping

samples 25.03. Hot press up to 7000C 1

25.004. Furnace 1 15.005. Electronic weighing

balance 1

1.56 TGA/DTA 1 35.07 Polishing machine 1 10.08. Cables, connectors,

die for pressing samples, 2.00

9. Laptop Computer 1 1.010 Die sets of different

sizes 2.011 Thermal conductivity

measurement set up1

4212 Substrate metallization

facility 1

22.0013 Books 2.514 Paltinum

plates/crucibles 2.0

Total Non- recurring Cost in Lakhs

220

Recurring Budget

Name of the Institution Proposed Non Recurring Budget in CroresDayalbagh Educational Institute 2.02NIIST, Trivandrum 0.32Imperial College, London 2.82

TOTAL in Crore 5.16

Outcomes

Developed Oscillators will provideSustainabilityRepeatability at low cost to stand alone networks at

very low cost.

This Technology will open up a new horizon of decentralized networks leading to a ubiquitous network society.NSN.ppt

Relevance to Mission Objective

Conventional Network

Component Estimated Cost

MSC USD 20 million

PRC USD 1 million

Transcoder USD 0.1 million

BSC USD 0.5 million

BTS USD 2000 - 100000

Antennas USD 10000

Total Cost USD 21.71 Million

Comparison of CAPEX

Stand Alone Network

And a DRO to replace PRCEstimated cost ~ USD 200

Component Estimated Cost

2-PC (1GHz, 512MB RAM)

USD 2000

BTS USD 2000

Antennas USD 10000

VC Software USD 5000

Total Cost USD 19000

Spectacular reduction in capex !!!

Proposed Outcome

Proposed Oscillator will provide sustainability to the decentralized networks.

Bring down the cost of installation operation and services considerably.

Due to the optional need of the core network the architecture can provide ubiquitous connectivity.

Thank You