Dr. Joseph Pratt, CEO & CTOGOLDEN GATE ZERO EMISSION MARINE

ICCT Technical Workshop on Zero Emission Vessel TechnologyJuly 9-10, 2019San Francisco, CA

Study Goals

What are the power and energy limits of today’s battery and fuel cell systems in vessels across the world’s fleet?

Are there certain vessel types better-suited to batteries or to fuel cells?

Reference: Practical Application Limits of Fuel Cells and Batteries for Zero Emission Vessels (download from: maritime.sandia.gov)

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14 Vessel Case Studies

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Power220 kW to 80 MW

Endurance8 nm – 5,000 nm

Method: Step 1

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• Find installed engine power from published data• Estimate volume and weight of existing engine,

engine room, and fuel

Method: Step 2

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Find energy consumption from actual route data including length and speed of advance

Method: Step 3a

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Find the size and weight of batteries needed to meet energy consumption requirements

Method: Step 3b

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• Find size and weight of fuel cells to match installed power

• Find size and weight of (1) gaseous hydrogen and (2) liquid hydrogen to meet energy consumption requirements

Method: Step 4

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Will the zero emission options fit in the same volume and weight envelope?

? ?

+ or

Example: Pride of Hull – Vessel and Voyage

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Engine power: 37.8 MWEngine room volume: 1,660 m3

Engine weight: 521 MTFuel volume: 1,000 m3

Fuel weight: 930 MTTotal available volume: 2,660 m3

Total available weight: 1,451 MT

Hull

Rotterdam

Route length: 211 nm (one-way)Average speed: 17.8 knotsAverage shaft power: 20.0 MWEnergy used: 237 MWh

Example: Pride of Hull – Powerplant sizing

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Batteries50% DOD475 MWh installedWeight: 6,330 MTVolume: 6,570 m3

Fuel cells37.8 MW installed45% efficientWeight: 305 MTVolume: 1,067 m3

Gaseous H215.8 MT fuelWeight: 300 MTVolume: 1,484 m3

Liquid H215.8 MT fuelWeight: 154 MTVolume: 393 m3

Example: Pride of Hull – Results

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Available weight: 1,451 MTAvailable volume: 2,660 m3

Weight: 6,330 MTVolume: 6,570 m3

✓

+

Weight: 605 MTVolume: 2,551 m3

(OK for 1 trip)✓

+

✓Weight: 459 MTVolume: 1,460 m3

(OK for 3 trips)✓

Case study results

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OK for battery

OK for FC + gas H2

OK for FC + LH2

The data show that volume of the system is the limiting

factor, and that each technology has an upper bound

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Other conclusions of the study

The high energy storage density of liquid hydrogen tanks (1.3 kWh/L) compared to gaseous hydrogen tanks (0.36 kWh/L) and battery systems (~0.09 kWh/L) made liquid hydrogen-based systems the most capable.

The most difficult vessels for the technology to meet are small and fast.

The specific energy (J/kg) of hydrogen is about 3-times that of maritime liquid fossil fuels (HFO, IFO, MDO, and diesel). Even considering the added mass of the hydrogen tank, the fuel system on board a vessel powered by hydrogen can be significantly lighter than one powered by liquid fossil fuel. This can translate to lower power requirement.

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Other scale-up considerations

How scalable is the technology?

Fuel availability

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Solid state power can easily scale

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11.7 Wh

x444

5.2 kWh

x14

73 kWh

ForSea’s Aurora ferry

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4.16 MWh

Fuel cell scale-up

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~250 W/cell

30 kW

1 MW

59 MW

LH2 also scales

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84 MT (each tank)

4 MT

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3 4

3

2

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Reference: S. Krasae-in et. al Development of large-scale hydrogen liquefaction processes from 1898 to 2009, IJHE 35 (2010) 4524-4533

>85% of the world’s LH2 production is in North America

#

<1

5

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75

Plant Capacity(metric tons per day)

Number of clustered facilities

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Global LH2 production is expected to ramp up

The consumption of a single ship could justify a new

cost-effective LH2 production facility

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32 MT/day

58 MT/day

55 MT/day

5 MT/day 6 MT/day

Conclusions

Zero emission technology can power most vessels in the world’s fleet

Because of the energy density, fuel cells with liquid hydrogen storage are the most capable zero emission technology today

There are no technological hurdles to scale-up

Worldwide LH2 availability will be the limiting factor for scaling up long-range ships, but new cost-effective LH2 production can be justified with a small number of ships

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Thank You!

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Contact information:Joe Prattjpratt@ggzeromarine.com(510) 788-5101

watergoround.comggzeromarine.com