Landscape Landscape fragmentationfragmentationduedue to to transportationtransportation infrastructureinfrastructure

and urban and urban developmentdevelopment

Dr. Jochen JaegerDr. Jochen JaegerETH ETH ZurichZurich, , SwitzerlandSwitzerland, May 2004, May 2004

jochen.jaeger@env.ethz.chjochen.jaeger@env.ethz.ch

Landscape in the vicinity of Singen (Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) in 1969

20 years later:

Motorway intersection „Singen“ in 1988

1969

Baden-Wurttemberg(Jaeger et al. 2001)

How much has thedegree of landscapefragmentationincreased?

How can theconsequences beassessed?

Black Forest

Structure of this talkStructure of this talk

Measuring landscape fragmentation Measuring landscape fragmentation Effective mesh sizeEffective mesh sizeTime seriesTime seriesUse as environmental indicatorUse as environmental indicator

Effects of roads on animal populationsEffects of roads on animal populationsRoadRoad--density thresholddensity thresholdSuitability of fencingSuitability of fencing

Future researchFuture research

How to measure the degree of How to measure the degree of landscape fragmentationlandscape fragmentation

9 suitability criteria9 suitability criteriaSerious problems with existing landscape indicesSerious problems with existing landscape indicesNew measure: New measure: effective mesh sizeeffective mesh size,, mmeffeffBased on the probability that two randomly chosen Based on the probability that two randomly chosen points can be connected:points can be connected:

mmeffeff now available in Fnow available in FRAGSTATSRAGSTATS (on the www)(on the www)

Jaeger (2000), Landscape Ecology

Spatial Spatial comparisonscomparisons

mmeffeff in the in the 44 rural districts 44 rural districts in Badenin Baden--WWurttembergurttemberg

Jaeger et al. (2001)Jaeger et al. (2001)

30.2624.6124.60

18.6517.26

15.9115.48

14.8014.16

13.0512.17

11.6110.2510.22

8.988.878.838.69

8.188.097.967.78

7.467.257.247.137.116.896.63

6.216.17

5.515.42

5.014.96

4.624.29

3.822.682.552.372.31

1.741.63

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00

OrtenaukreisEmmendingen

FreudenstadtBreisgau-Hochschw.

RastattReutlingen

ZollernalbkreisTübingen

CalwBaden-Baden

LörrachTuttlingen

Schwarzwald-Baar-KreisHeidenheim

Alb-Donau-KreisOstalbkreis

WaldshutMain-Tauber-Kreis

RottweilNeckar-Odenwald-Kreis

GöppingenFreiburg i. B., St.

BöblingenKarlsruheEsslingenBiberach

SigmaringenHeilbronn

Rhein-Neckar-KreisRems-Murr-Kreis

RavensburgSchwäbisch Hall

EnzkreisHohenlohekreis

KonstanzHeidelberg, Stadt

LudwigsburgBodenseekreis

Heilbronn, StadtPforzheim

Karlsruhe, StadtUlm

MannheimStuttgart

km2

Landscape change: Time seriesLandscape change: Time series

Used as indicator (impact on biodiversity) in the Used as indicator (impact on biodiversity) in the Environmental Report of BadenEnvironmental Report of Baden--WuWurttemberg (2003)rttemberg (2003)

0

10

20

30

1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020

Year

meff [km2]

Year

Baden-Wurttemberg

1930 1940 19501966 1977

19891998

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

P

L

U

K

B

R

H

Pforzheim

Ludwigsburg

Ulm

KonstanzBodenseekreis

Ravensburg

Hohenlohekreis

meff [km2]

Useful for mUseful for measurementseasurementsand and assessmentsassessments::

Results published in:Results published in:Jaeger, J. 2002:Jaeger, J. 2002:LandschaftszerschneidungLandschaftszerschneidung. . Ulmer, Stuttgart.Ulmer, Stuttgart.

(English translation in planning)(English translation in planning)

time time seriesseries ((environmentalenvironmentalindicatorindicator))settingsetting environmentalenvironmentalstandardsstandardsmanagementmanagement and and regulationregulationforfor thethe futurefuture

mmeffeff currently used incurrently used in5 states of Germany:5 states of Germany:

BadenBaden--WuWurttemberg,rttemberg,HesseHesse, , Bavaria,Bavaria,ThuThuringiaringia,,SchleswigSchleswig--Holstein.Holstein.

Ongoing discussion about using it in all states of Ongoing discussion about using it in all states of Germany as one of 24 core indicators of Germany as one of 24 core indicators of sustainability.sustainability.European Environmental Agency (EEA)European Environmental Agency (EEA)Switzerland: Project proposal in progress Switzerland: Project proposal in progress

0.00 2500.00 5000.00 7500.00 10000.00

Belgium

Denmark

Netherlands

Luxembourg

Germany

Czech Republic

Hugary

Slovenia

Austria

Croatia

Portugal

Switzerland

Slovakia

France

Bulgaria

Ireland

Poland

United Kingdom

Yugoslavia

Spain

Italy

Bosnia and Herzegowina

M acedonia

Romania

Greece

Albania

Latvia

Norway

Lithuania

Sweden

Estonia

Finland

Collaboration Collaboration with the with the

European European Environmental Environmental Agency (EEA)Agency (EEA)

since Nov. 2003since Nov. 200332 European 32 European countriescountries

Jaeger et al., Jaeger et al., in prepin prep..

meff [km2]

Effects of roads and railroadsEffects of roads and railroadsRoad Road EcologyEcology: an : an emergingemerging newnew and and relevant relevant disciplinedisciplineRoad Road EcologyEcology isis““thethe sleepingsleeping giantgiant of of conservationconservation biologybiology““(Forman 2002)(Forman 2002)

BuchBuch Forman et al. (2003) Forman et al. (2003) scannenscannen hierhier

2003

Reduced Population Persistence

Reduced Population Size

Roads and Traffic

Habitat Loss Traffic Mortality

R.I.P.

Road Avoidance

Population Subdivision

Increasing road densityIncreasing road density……

……reduces probability of population persistence: reduces probability of population persistence: Linearly or with a threshold?Linearly or with a threshold?

. . .

?

TheThe roadroad densitydensity thresholdthreshold

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Number of roads

Prob

abili

ty o

f pop

ulat

ion

pers

iste

nce

Jaeger, J., Fahrig, L., Ewald, K., in prep.Artwork thanks to Cristina Boschi.

Behavior at the roadBehavior at the roadroad avoidanceroad avoidance = animals don= animals don’’t try to crosst try to crosstraffic mortalitytraffic mortality = percent of animals killed on the road= percent of animals killed on the road

proportion of animalsavoiding the road

proportion ofanimals killed

100%

proportion ofsucceeding animals

1- R R

1-K K

road

Spatially explicit individualSpatially explicit individual--based simulation modelbased simulation model

road

00.2

0.40.6

0.81

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9Pers. prob.

traffic mortality

road avoidance

Persistence probability

effect of a fence

00.2

0.40.6

0.81

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9Pers. prob.

traffic mortality

road avoidance

Persistence probability

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 10

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

traffic mortality

road avoidance

When do fences enhance population survival?

fence reduces survival

fence enhances survival

Fence

Fence threshold line

Jaeger and Fahrig (2004), Conservation Biology

Future research questionsFuture research questionsBundling of roads Bundling of roads Relative importance of road configuration and Relative importance of road configuration and road lengthroad lengthResponse times to new roadsResponse times to new roadsLandscape connectivityLandscape connectivityEffect of different matrix typesEffect of different matrix typesTime series of landscape fragmentation in Time series of landscape fragmentation in SwitzerlandSwitzerlandComparison with Comparison with metapopulationmetapopulation modelsmodelsEmpirical dataEmpirical dataEffects of overpasses and underpassesEffects of overpasses and underpasses

CollaborationCollaborationL. L. FahrigFahrig, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, CanadaA. ClevengerA. Clevenger, Montana State Univ., USA, Montana State Univ., USAA. SeilerA. Seiler, Univ. of Uppsala, Sweden, Univ. of Uppsala, SwedenS. S. KleeschulteKleeschulte, EEA, Univ. , EEA, Univ. AutonAuton. de Barcelona, Spain. de Barcelona, SpainK. FrankK. Frank, UFZ Leipzig, Germany, UFZ Leipzig, GermanyH.H.--G. SchwarzG. Schwarz--von von RaumerRaumer, Univ. of Stuttgart, Germany, Univ. of Stuttgart, GermanyR. R. SerrouyaSerrouya, , KokaneeKokanee ForestForest ConsultingConsulting, , BC, CanadaBC, CanadaS. AlexanderS. Alexander, Univ. of Calgary, AB, Canada, Univ. of Calgary, AB, CanadaM. PercyM. Percy, Banff National Park, BC, Canada, Banff National Park, BC, CanadaS. S. SauraSaura, Univ. de , Univ. de LleidaLleida, Spain, Spain

SummarySummaryMonitoring landscape fragmentation Monitoring landscape fragmentation (as environmental indicator)(as environmental indicator)

Effects of roads: Thresholds in Effects of roads: Thresholds in response to road density and response to road density and suitability of fencessuitability of fences

IndividualIndividual--based based population modelspopulation models