Dr. Jeff Ondrak - Trichomoniasis Overview – The Disease, History, & Management
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Transcript of Dr. Jeff Ondrak - Trichomoniasis Overview – The Disease, History, & Management
Trichomoniasis Overview: The Disease, History, & Management
Jeff D. Ondrak DVM, MSGreat Plains Veterinary Educational Center
Tritrichomonas foetus
• Tri = 3; trich = hair• Highly contagious
venereal disease• Obligate parasite of the
bovine reproductive tract
History
• 1888 France • 1920’s World-wide• 1932 Pennsylvania dairy cows• 1958 Western U.S. beef herds
Courtesy of VectorTemplates.com
?
T. foetus in Females
Disease Process• Infection leads to
inflammation, but does not interfere with conception
• Early embryonic death and abortion at 50 – 80 days
• Immune response clears infection
• Infertility for 2-5 months => normal fertility
• Unusual outcomes
Clinical Signs• Mild discharge• Return to estrus• Extended calving season• ≥ 40% reduction in %
pregnant cows
Carrier Cows
• No apparent carrier cows Barling et. al. Bov Pract 2005
• Post calving– 63-97 days Goodger et. al. JAVMA 1986
– 9 weeks Skirrow JAVMA 1987
• Post breeding– 22 months Alexander Aust Vet J 1953
– 300 days Mancebo et. al. Vet Parasitol 1995
T. foetus in Males
Disease Process• No tissue invasion• No detectable immune
response• Preputial crypts aid in
parasite survival• Chronic carriers in bulls
> 3 years of age
Clinical Signs• None
(Courtesy of Dr. Bruce Brodersen, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory)
Treatment• Test and slaughter!
Testing Errors
• Pre-analytical Phase– Error sources include wrong sample, mishandled
sample, improper sample collection, etc. • Analytical Phase (the equipment/technician)– Error sources include mechanical wear and tear,
bad sensors, inherent errors, software errors, and improper cutoff values.
• Post-analytical Phase– Reporting errors include misread or misreported
values, transposition of figures, etc.Reports from our human counterparts indicate up to 90% of diagnostic test error occurs in the pre and post analytical phase of testing. While less than 10-13% of the error occurs during the analytical phase.
Trich and the Bad “B” Word
Herd Health Assurance:At-risk Herds
• Communication• Veterinarian producer• Producer producer
• Planned grazing• Appropriate fencing
• Maintain a closed herd• Monitor fences and cattle
• Observe regulations• Purchase only virgin or pregnant replacements• Isolate and test herd additions• Isolate and test herd reintroductions
• Utilize artificial insemination
• Records
b 12.2% open in the exposed group
a 8.9% open in the exposed group
20044.8%
20055.4%
200613.9%
200727.0%Herd A (1500 cows)
4.1% 3.8% 4.2%a 4.2%bHerd B (3000 cows)
Herd C (3000 cows)Historically
~7%200814%
Group % Open12345
9% 8%15%14%19%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 450
5
10
15
20
25
f(x) = 0.264740342717172 x + 8.9923856753992R² = 0.974275204062391
Percent T. foetus infected bulls
Per
cen
t n
on
-pre
gn
ant
cow
s
Herd Health Assurance:At-risk Herds
• Communication• Veterinarian producer• Producer producer
• Planned grazing• Appropriate fencing
• Maintain a closed herd• Monitor fences and cattle
• Observe regulations• Purchase only virgin or pregnant replacements• Isolate and test herd additions• Isolate and test herd reintroductions
• Utilize artificial insemination
• Surveillance testing• Records
Herd Health Assurance:Low Risk Herds
• Communication• Veterinarian producer• Producer producer
• Maintain a closed herd
• Monitor fences and cattle
• Observe regulations
• Purchase only virgin or pregnant replacements or purchase from a reputable source
• Isolate and test herd reintroductions?
• Utilize artificial insemination
• Records
• Surveillance testing?????
Herd Health Assurance:Infected Herds
• Test and cull
• Bull management
• Communication• Veterinarian producer• Producer producer
Comparison of First Test Efficiency
1st
Culture 8
2nd
2
3rd
1
Total
11
First Test Efficiency
.73
95% CI
.39-.94
q PCR 9 3 0 12 .75 .43-.95
Gel PCR 8 4 1 13 .62 .32-.86
Herd Health Assurance:Infected Herds
• Utilize artificial insemination
• Maintain a young bull battery
• Test and cull
• Establish “clean” and “dirty” herds
• Surveillance testing
• Cull all non-productive cows
• Bull management
• Cow management
• Cull
• Communication
• Veterinarian producer
• Producer producer
• Records
“…it is my opinion that if more care was taken in the sale and purchase of barren cows, in the purchase of bulls of breeding age, and if the farmers could be sufficiently educated to the unique opportunities for control that this disease offers, then its total elimination should be practicable in the quite near future.”
H.P. Harding The Veterinary RecordSeptember 16, 1950
Questions?