Dr. G.M. Devagiri Professor · Western Ghats • 1600 km long mountain range. • Hotspot of...
Transcript of Dr. G.M. Devagiri Professor · Western Ghats • 1600 km long mountain range. • Hotspot of...
University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, College of Forestry, Ponnampet, Kodagu, India
Dr. G.M. Devagiri Professor
• 1985: B. Sc (Forestry) programme started at GKVK,
Bangalore • 1995: Established as independent College of Forestry at Ponnampet • 1995: Creation of Five Specialized Departments • 2001: M. Sc (Forestry) programme • Presently we have four Depts. SAF NRM FB&TI FPU
Genesis of the Institution
• Amidst Western Ghats : One of the 32 Hot
Spots and one of the 8 of the hottest hot spots of Biodiversity in the world which harbors rich flora and fauna
• Kodagu district comprises 1342 species of flowering plants which constitutes 8 % of India’s and 32 % of floristic diversity of Karnataka state
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Western Ghats
• 1600 km long mountain range.
• Hotspot of Biodiversity • UNSECO World Héritage site • Socio-cultural Diversity
Source : ww
w.atlapedia.com
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Kodagu District • Total area: 4106 km2
• Population : 540 000 hab. • Agriculture is the way of life • Unique Land Tenure Systems • Unique Socio Cultural Systems • Micro Hot Spot of Biodiversity
One of the densely wooded district in India . Highest density of sacred forests in the world Kodagu has 8% of India’s plant wealth Largest shade coffee growing region in India (38% ) Coorg Honey, Coorg Orange, Coorg Cardamom,
Ecosystem Services – Water, Carbon, Tourism GREEN LANDSCAPE –EVERGREEN DEVLOPMENT-LINK
BETWEEN GREEN COVER AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.
Kodagu – A Green Landscape
Coffee
Orange
Pepper Honey
Cardamom
Our natural treasures
Dynamic Landscape
• Changes in Land use • Impacts on Biodiversity • Impact on Ecosystem Services • Impact on Socio Cultural Services
CAFNET Presentation 9
History British 1834
Independance1947 Liberalisation 1992
British Companies and owners
COFFEE/ PEPPER
Traditional farmers PADDY/CARDAMOM
Family farm
COFFEE / PEPPER PADDY/CARDAMOM
Worker / Fam. Farm
< 2 acres Cardamom or
COFFEE / PEPPER + self consumption
Development of Coffee area
Market prices Arabica =>
Robusta
Today
Landscape Changes in the last century
Loss of Forest Cover
Loss of Native Trees from Coffee Plantations and replacements with Silver Oak
Loss of Community lands like sacred groves
Conversion of Paddy Lands to other land uses and habitation
CAF 12
1977 1997
Landscape dynamics
Coffee -100% Forest -30%
Evergreen Forests
Coffee Plantations
Deciduous Forests 2007
• Traditional socio cultural farming • Food , Fodder and water security • Local evolved farming practices • Habitat for biodiversity
• Hydrological Services- Current water crisis
can be linked to reduction in paddy cultivation.
Paddy cultivation for economic and ecological security
Why Paddy is not needy ?
• Lower Economic returns compared to coffee • Lower productivity • Lesser farm farmers and farm labour • Crop Loss due Wild Animals • Lack of grazing land and farm animals • From Collective to Individual ownership • Urbanization and tourism • Shift from Rice from Farm to Rice from shop
Sacred Groves (Devakad) Bio-Cultural Heritage sites of Kodagu
Very high number of 1214 groves covering an area of 2550 ha.
Highest density in the world – One grove for every 300 acres.
Every village has at least one and there are 24 villages with > 10 groves.
They represent all the vegetational and microhabitat conditions of the district.
Diversity of Communities
28 different native communities including native muslims called ‘Jamma mapillas’ are part of this worship.
Traditional heads ‘Devathakkas’ or ‘Mukyastha’ and traditional management of the temples.
Mechanism for Communal and social integration.
Biological Diversity The physical, religious, cultural diversity has
contributed to a unique set of biological diversity…
Though sacred groves occupy on an average 1.22% of the village landscape they contain 47.34% of woody plant, 44.91% of bird families and 21.11% of fungal families that could be potentially found in wet evergreen forests of Kodagu.
(Shonil Bhagwat and Kushalappa 2000).
Biotic interference Loss of affinity towards the Sacred Groves Enchrochment Lack of awareness Non involvement of local people in conservation From To Nature worship Temple worship Annual worship Daily worship Forest Temples Temple Forest
Threats to the Sacred Forest of Kodagu
Ecological Implications
• Private Forest – Cardamom- coffee • Arabica-shaded Robusta-Open Robusta • Native to Exotic • Loss of Biodiversity • Loss in Ecosystem Services • Increase in Human Animal conflicts • Increase in farm income
Major ES offered by CBAF
Coffee ecosystems
Humans
Ecosystem services
•Carbon sequestration
•Pollination
•Soil enrichment
•Air and water quality
•Ecotourism
Biodiversity conservation
Coffee and Biodiversity
• Tree diversity- 280 • Birds 109 species • Elephants, Tigers, Civet Cat • Microorganisms • Honey Bees One of the most diverse Agro Forest systems in the world
Cafnet Final report 2011
Most frequent species in CBAF
20%
10%
5%
4%
4%
57%
Grevillea robusta
Erythrina lithosperma
Acrocarpus fraxinifolius
Areca catechu
Artocarpus heterophyllus
Others
Bird Diversity
Impact of Silver Oak on bird diversity
Total carbon sequestered in forest and CBAF
Carbon(t/ha)
system Tree Coffee Soil Litter Total
Forest 97 - 97 2,4 196
Arabica native
88 4,8 112 1,6 206
Arabica exotic
73 3,3 105 2,2 183
Robusta native
78 13,0 90 1,8 182
Robusta exotic
47 10,1 78 1,9 138
Phillipe et al, 2009
Carbon Sequestration
• Arabica AFS, particularly with native species, sequestered
comparable amount of C as reference forest
• Decline in C sequestered in Robusta AFS shaded with the
exotic species Grevillea robusta is quite noticeable
• Contribution to Wood energy needs of community and
maintain integrity of natural forests
• Coffee plantations provide ideal habitats
• Coffee plantations adjoining
National park and WLS provide ideal corridors.
• In 2013 64 elephants residing in plantations
Elephants like coffee
Social Issues related to Land Use Change • Population dynamics Growth in recent years due to immigration from
outside and Emigration of locals • Lack of Second generation farmers and labour • From Joint to Nuclear families
Money brings many things-Economic drivers
• Additional income from Intensification • Tourism and its impacts • Increase in value of land
Political • Regulations for products and resource use Wildlife Act 1972 Forest Conservation Act 1980 Biodiversity Act 2002 Tribal Act 2003 UNSECO World Heritage Label Gadgil and Kasturiangan report –ESA • Land Tenure and Tree rights- Jamma Issue
Dynamics and challenges
• Declining tree cover in natural forests • Decline in density and diversity of trees in
coffee plantations • Reduction in area under paddy cultivation • Encroachment of Sacred groves • Lack of Second generation farmers and
labour • How to sustain the productivity and
profitability of farming system without the losing biodiversity??
Link between ES, Biodiversity and livelihood improvement
How to address these dynamics and continue to produce economically and ecologically
sustainable farm products? • From Productivity to quality productivity. • From Regulation to Certification. • From Subsidies to Incentives. • From Agriculture to Agri- Business. Ecosystem Service Valuation and Incentive
Based Mechanisms for Sustainable farming
Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Kodagu, Western Ghats of India- A Win Win Approach of
Development?
1. Eco-certification – Bird Friendly, Elephant Coffee
2. Geographic Indications –Coorg Mandarin
3. Forest Certification
4. Eco-tourism
5. Involvement of Corporate
Possible PES Mechanisms for Kodagu
Eco-Certification -CANET Initiative Ecom Gill , Ned commodities and Coffee Board partnership.
Eight farmer groups and 89 farmers certified under project for RAF and UTZ
Additionally Corporate and 90 individual farmers
Coffee and Honey-Win Win formula.
Honey from Coorg what is special?
• Multi floral and Seasonal variation in quality • Traditional knowledge of apiculturist • Tradition of using honey as food • First district to take up scientific bee farming • Establishment of cooperative -1936 and 1954 • Proposed Honey park to promote apiculture
Landscape labeling
Promoting Paddy cultivation
• Productivity increase • Mechanization • Collective farming • Financial Incentives for cultivation- PES • Enhancement of Support Price • Regulation and Legislation on conversion
Integrated Farming for Sustainability • Bamboo cultivation • Vegetable farming • Medicinal and Aromatic plants • Floriculture • Apiculture • Animal integration • Value addition for plantation crops
Initiative in Conservation of Sacred Forest Revival of Devakad (Sacred Forest ) tradition through stake holder participation- JFPM Formation of Sacred Forest Management Committees Incentives for communities in conservation.
Role of Government Developmental department- Agriculture, Horticulture,
Watershed, Forestry. Inputs-RKVY, NHM, Organic farming Price- MSP, RMC Credit- NABARD, DCCBank, Self Help groups • Coffee Board- Subsides and Incentives • Spices Board – Subsidies and Incentives
RESEARCH And EXTENSION
• Agricultural Universities-ARS and EEU • Indian Institute of Horticultural Research-KVK • Indian Institute of Spices Research • Coffee Board • Agriculture and Horticulture Department
NGO’s Promoting Sustainable development
• ASFK-Agricultural Sciences Forum of Kodgu • KMFT- Kodagu Model Forest Trust • CWS- Coorg Wildlife Society • CEE-Centre for Environment Education • CORD-Coorg Organisation for Rural
Development • Rotary ,Lions, JCI Clubs
KODAGU - KAVERI - KRISHI
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