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Solutions Part III: IMF Energetics of Solutions Henry’s LawMuch of this is basic concepts that you should review on your own.Study Slides 1 thru 14 on your own.Slides 15 thru 26 are summarized in a handout.You should review these slides on your own. (Jespersen Chap. 13 Sec 1 – 4)

Dr. C. Yau

Spring 2014

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What exactly does "solution" mean?

solute + solvent = solution

They can be in any physical state.

Most common is solid in liquid, such as NaCl in water to give salt water.

The only requirement is they form a HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE, which means at the "particulate" level, particles are uniformly mixed.

You can have a “solution” of gas in gas:

e.g. Air is a homogeneous mixture of mainly N2 and O2.

You can have a “solution of gas in liquid:

e.g. O2 dissolved in water. This is how fish “breathes.”

You can have a solution of liquid in liquid:

e.g. Rubbing alcohol is a homogeneous mixture of isopropyl alcohol (liquid) in water.

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Like Dissolves Like

Nonpolar solutes prefer to dissolve in nonpolar solvents.

Polar solutes prefer to dissolve in polar solvents.

Ionic compounds are more like polar compounds than nonpolar.

They prefer to dissolve in polar solvents.

KNOW THESE RULES WELL!

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Solution at the Particulate Level

solid + solid solid solution

Cu + Zn brass (an alloy)

uniformly mixed at the particulate level

attracted by London forces

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Solution at the Particulate Level

gas + gas gas solution

N2 + O2 air

For ideal gases, there is no IMF.

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Solution at the Particulate Level

solid + liquid solution

NaCl + water salt water

Na+ClNa+ClNa+Cl

ClNa+ClNa+ClNa+

Na+ClNa+ClNa+Cl

H O

H

H O

H

H O

HH O

H

H O

H

H O

HH

OH

H

OH

H

OH

H O

H H

OHNa

+

H O

H

H

O H

H O

H

H

OH

Cl_

ion-dipole force

ionic bonding

hydrogen bonding

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Solution at the Particulate Level

liquid + liquid solution

alcohol + water alcohol soln

CH3CH2 OH

CH3CH2 OH

CH3CH2

O

H

CH3CH2

OH

H O

H

H O

H

H O

HH O

H

H O

H

H O

HH

OH

H O

H

H O

H

HO

H

CH3CH2

O

H

CH3CH2

OH

H-bondingH-bonding

H-bonding

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Dissolution Of A Polar Compound In Water

Dipole of the water interacts with the oppositely charged dipoles of the solid, extracting them from the crystal

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Why is oil and water immiscible?

oil + water two separate layers

as a heterogeneous mixture

London forces

very strong H-bonding,

stronger than oil-water attraction

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Miscibility of Liquids• Liquids that can

dissolve in one another are miscible, while insoluble liquids are immiscible

• Ethanol and water are miscible, while benzene and water are not. WHY NOT?

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Which of the following are miscible in water?

water

acetic acidcarbon disulfide

ammonia

Acetic acid & ammonia can H-bond with water. CS2 is non polar and is too “unlike” water.

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Which of the following are likely to be miscible with water?

A. CH3CH2CH2CH3

B. C6H6

C. CH3CO2H

D. All are expected to be miscible

A and B are hydrocarbons (nonpolar). C. is acetic acid and can H-bond with water.

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Solvation is the process of solute particles becoming surrounded by solvent molecules.

Hydration is the process of solute particles becoming surrounded by water molecules

Hydration is solvation when the solvent is water, and the resultant solution...

is called an "aqueous solution."

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Enthalpy (Heat) Of Solution

• Heat of solution (Ηsoln ) is the energy exchanged when a solute dissolves in a solvent at constant pressure.

• Enthalpy is a state function: the energy change depends only on the initial and final states of the system and not on the pathway one takes to go from the initial to final state.

• When Ηsoln=0, solution is called an ideal solution. (It is neither endothermic nor exothermic)

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What is molar ΔHsoln ?Molar ΔHsoln is the molar enthalpy of solution.

the heat of solution of one mole of solute.

(Note: 1 mol solute not 1 mol solution. We cannot talk about a “mole of solution” because a solution is not a compound. It is a homogeneous mixture, with a variable ratio of solute to solvent.)

It may be positive OR negative.

Heat may be absorbed OR evolved (released).

Can we predict which will happen?

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Enthalpy of SolutionThere are 3 steps in the process of solution:1) Solute separates from each other

(endothermic)2) Solvent separates from each other to

make room for solute (endothermic)3) Solute fits into the space between solvent

molecules (exothermic)If the net change in heat is negative, the

solution process will give off heat.If the net change is positive, the soln will

absorb heat (the solution feels cooler).

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Hess’ Law

REMEMBER! Just like balancing a bank account....Need to ADD heat to separate particles of solute and solvent.Get heat back from solvation. Balance sheet?

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Dissolution: Liquid in Liquid (Ideal)

Shown here is an ideal solution where H = 0.H 0 if H1 + H2 H3 . (Examples on next slide.)

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Liquid into Another Liquide.g. Acetone in water is exothermic

but ethanol in hexane is endothermic.

WHY?

CH3

CCH3

O H O

H

CH3CH2

O

HCH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

Hydration energy is large because the acetone can form H-bonding with water, making up for breaking H-bonding in water.

Solvation energy is small because there is no H-bonding between ethanol and hexane; whereas, there is very strong H-bonding between the ethanol molecules.

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Heat of Solutionof Ionic Compound in Water

Step 1) Ionic compound breaks up into gaseous cations and gaseous anions

This is called "lattice energy."

It is a positive value.

Step 2) Gaseous ions become surrounded by water molecules.

This is called "hydration energy."

It is a negative value.

Overall energy change: sum of the two.

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KI in WaterKI (s) K+ (g) + I- (g)

K+ (g) + I- (g) K+ (aq) + I- (aq)

ΔH = - 619 KJ

Overall:

KI (s) K+ (aq) + I- (aq)

ΔH = + 632 KJ

ΔH = + 13 KJWhat does this mean?

Heat is absorbed.Solution will feel cooler during the process because it is absorbing heat from the surroundings.

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Water already has “pockets” for ions to fit in and therefore does not need to “expand.”

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Dissolution: Gas In Liquid: 2 scenarios

• Step1: Expansion of solvent

• Step2: Mixing Ηsoln = Η1 + Η2

Dissolution is endothermic. Dissolution is exothermic.

Why missing one step?Solute does not have to separate.

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Gas SolubilityHeats of solution for gases in organic

solvents are often endothermic.This is because it takes more energy to

open a "pocket" of space in the organic solvents than the energy released when the gases go into the "pocket."

Heats of solution for gases in water are often exothermic.

This is because water already has pockets to hold the molecules so it does not take any energy, but energy is released in the hydration step.

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Effect of Temp on SolubilitySolubility refers to the maximum amount of

solute that will dissolve in a given volume of solvent.

It is usually given as #g solute /100g solvent.

This is the "saturation point" when no more solute can go into solution.

The solution is then referred to as the "saturated solution," which is an equilibrium state.

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Saturated Solution

solute (undissolved) solute (dissolved)

Dissolution of solids in water is usually endothermic.

heat + solute(undiss) solute (dissolved)

Thus, adding heat would shift the equilibrium to the right, making the substance more soluble (as is the case with sugar in water).

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Gas in Solution

In the case of a gas in an aqueous solution, it is usually exothermic.

solute (undissolved) solute (dissolved) + heat

If heat is added, the equilibrium will shift to the LEFT, making the gas LESS soluble.

This is what you observe when you open a soda bottle in hot weather. The gas will come out much faster than in cold weather.

Sodas go flat faster at rm temp than in the fridge.

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Examine the curve for table salt!What is unusual?...and Ce2(SO4)3?

Fig.13.10 p.594Solubility in water vs. temp for several substances.

What does this graph tell you?

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Effect of Pressure on Solubility gas + solvent solutionIf pressure is increased, the equilibrium will shift to

the right to relieve the pressure. This is because a solution occupies less space than a gas.

Henry's LawConcentration of a gas (C) in a liquid at any

given temperature is directly proportional to the partial pressure (P) of the gas over the solution.

C(gas) P(gas)

C(gas) = kH P(gas)

You can increase the concentration of a gas in a solution by increasing the pressure above it.That is how sodas are carbonated.

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Application of Henry's Law C(gas) = kH P(gas)

Ex. 13.1 (p.596)

At 20oC the solubility of N2 in water is 0.0152 g L-1 when the partial pressure of nitrogen is 585. torr. What will be the solubility of N2 in water at 20oC when its partial pressure is 823 torr?

Ans. 0.0214 g/L

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Solubility of Gases in WaterSome gases are more soluble than others:

• Polar gases are more soluble because they form stronger attraction to the solvent. (e.g. SO2, NH3)

• Gases that react with the solvent are more soluble because the rxn removes the product & thus the equilibrium will shift to replenish the lost product.

e.g. SO2 (g) SO2 (aq) H2SO3 (aq)

The product SO2 (aq) is funneled off as H2SO3, so the equilibrium shifts to the right to replenish the lost SO2 (aq).

H2O H2O