DR. BHARAT BHUSHAN (DM-NEUROLOGY) ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR GOVERNMENT MEDICAL COLLEGE,KOTA

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ALCOHOL RELATED NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGMENT DR. BHARAT BHUSHAN (DM-NEUROLOGY) ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR GOVERNMENT MEDICAL COLLEGE,KOTA

Transcript of DR. BHARAT BHUSHAN (DM-NEUROLOGY) ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR GOVERNMENT MEDICAL COLLEGE,KOTA

Page 1: DR. BHARAT BHUSHAN (DM-NEUROLOGY) ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR  GOVERNMENT MEDICAL COLLEGE,KOTA

ALCOHOL RELATED NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGMENT

DR. BHARAT BHUSHAN(DM-NEUROLOGY)

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR GOVERNMENT MEDICAL COLLEGE,KOTA

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PHENOMENOLOGY• Alcoholic = Person (T1>25yr M/F, T2<25yr male only)• Alcoholism =Illness (abuse /dependence)• Physical Dependence :The development of withdrawal symptoms once a drug is stopped. 

• Binge Drinking: A “binge” is a pattern of drinking alcohol that brings BAC to 0.08 gm% or above.  >5  drinks (male) or >4  drinks (female) in about 2 hours. 

• Craving:- The desire to experience the effects of a previously experienced psycho-active substance.

• Tolerance:- represents a CNS pharmacodynamic adaptive response which improves neurologic function at a given blood alcohol level.

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METABOLISM• Role of alcoholism in the development of cognitive and 

functional decline has been known since the time of Hippocrates 

• Two-carbon molecule that rapidly diffuses into virtually every biologic compartment in the body upon ingestion. 

• Women have a lower alcohol dehydrogenase  blood content than Men. 

Rate of oxidation is constant(15mg/dl/hr) does not depend on plasma level.

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NEUROTRANSMITTER

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ALCOHOL AND THE BRAIN TRANSCRIPTOME

• Chronic exposure acts by many multiple myelin-related genes /ligand-gated ion channels / neuromodulatory molecules /Neuroinflammatory signaling genes are in both humans and animal models (Blednov et al., 2011, 2012). 

• Genetic predisposition - 50% of the vulnerability for developing alcohol dependence (Goodwin et al., 1974; Prescott and Kendler, 1999). 

• Polymorphisms in isoforms of ADH and ALD genes, which influence alcohol metabolism and the risk for alcoholism (Park et al., 2013). 

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ALCOHOL AND THE BRAIN TRANSCRIPTOME

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SPECTRUM Acute

Acute alcoholic intoxicationAlcoholic blackoutAlcohol withdrawal syndromes• Minor = Tremulousness, 6-24 

hr• Major = Hallucinosis 10-72 

hours• Withdrawal seizures=Rum 

fit , within 6-48 hrs• Delirium tremens (DTs):-3-10 

days  

Chronic

Nutritional deficiencies:  Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.  Alcoholic polyneuropathy  PellagraUncertain etiology• Alcoholic cerebellar 

degeneration.• Central pontine myelinolysis.• Marchiafava-Bignami disease• Alcoholic myopathy.• Alcoholic neuropathy

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ACUTE EFFECTS- INTOXICATION• Intoxication occurs –d/t readily crosses the BBB• Facilitation of GABA and Inhibition of Glutmate• Clinical intoxication is related to the rate of blood ethanol increase and the individual’s ethanol tolerance (d/t Zero order kinetics).

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INTOXICATION• EEG :- beta (fast) activity ----> slowing.• Reduces sleep onset latency , sleep efficiency , duration of REM sleep and with diminished perceived sleep quality. 

Rx:-Supportive.• Low dose BZD: Lorazepam PO/IV 1-2mg• Alternative: Antipsychotic Haloperidol or Olanzenpine. 

• Parenteral thiamine should also used

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ALCOHOL BLACKOUTS• Alcohol blackouts occur in the absence of any loss of consciousness or seizure activity and represent a type of anterograde amnesia. 

• Fragmentary or en bloc alcohol blackouts .

• Perhaps by interfering with septohippocampal regulation of hippocampal neuronal circuitry (Givens et al., 2000).

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ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL SYNDROMEWithdrawal

A physiological state, d/t cessation/reduction in amount of drug ,Generally opposite of drug’s normal effects.

Spectrum AWS• Minor withdrawal= Tremulousness, 6-24 hrs • Major withdrawal= Hallucinosis 10-72 hours• Withdrawal seizures=Rum fit ,within 6-48 hrs• Delirium tremens (DTs):-3-10 days 

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ALCOHOLIC HALLUCINOSISAlcoholic hallucinosis:– Occurs in about 2% of patients– Characterized by presence of hallucinations

[usually auditory] during partial or complete abstinence, following regular alcohol intake.

Treatment: – Lorazepam oral 3-10 mg every 4-6 hr– Correction of electrolyte disorders: hypokalemia

and hypomagnesemia, hyperthermia,

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ALCOHOLIC SEIZURE (RUM FITS)– GTCS & multiple seizures occur in about 10% of

alcohol dependence patients, usually 12 to 48 hrs after abstinence.

– Sometimes status epileptics can be precipitated (less than 3%)

– Unless an underlying neuropathology exists, seizures are rarely focal.

– Seizures sometimes occur during heavy drinking or after more than a week without alcohol

– Arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death can occur.– EEG are mildly abnormal and usually revert to normal

within few days

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EFNS- RECOMMENDATION(2011)Treatment: BDZ: Diazepam: IV 0.5 mg/kg at 2.5 mg/ minNo WS/Mild to Moderate symptoms no routine seizure prevention(Level B ). Severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms, regardless of seizure occurrence, should 

be treated pharmacologically (Level C recommendation).Status epilepticus: i.v. lorazepam is safe and efficacious. When unavailable, i.v.  

diazepam is a good alternative (Level A recommendation).Primary Preventions

BZD for  primary prevention of seizures in a person with alcohol withdrawal, as well as for treatment of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Other drugs for detoxification should only be considered as add -on (Level A).

Secondary preventionBZD should be used for the secondary prevention of AWS (Level A). Phenytoin is not recommended for prevention of AWS recurrence (Level A recommendation). The efficacy of other antiepileptics for secondary prevention of AWS is undocumented.

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DELIRIUM TREMENS

Occurs within 3 to 4 days Features of:--  Clouding of consciousness with disorientation in time and place with tremulousness of body

- Poor attention span and distractibility- Visual hallucinations and illusions- Marked autonomic disturbances- Insomnia- Dehydration with electrolyte imbalance

Treatment: 50-100 mg Chlordiazepoxide every 4 hrs orally or Lorazepam IV 0.1 mg/kg at 2 mg/min.

Prevention: 25-50 mg of Chlordiazepoxide every 2-4 hrs until out of danger. 

High calorie, high carbohydrate diet given with Thiamine suppliment.

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CHRONIC COMPLICATIONSAlcoholic Pellagra• Disease of cerebral function attributed to deficiency of nicotinic acid or tryptophan (Serdaru et al 1988; Victor 1994). 

• Rare now because of widespread practice of niacin  supplementation of cereals and bread

• Initial symptoms are mood changes and neurasthenia.May progress to lethargy and confusion, variably accompanied by spastic paresis, paratonia, or myoclonus. 

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Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

German neurologist and psychiatrist, born May 15, 1848, Tarnowskie Gory, Poland; died June 15, 1905, 

Russian neuropsychiatrist, born January 22, 1853, Gus estate, Vladimirsk; died May 1, Moscow, 1900.

Karl Wernicke(1848-1905)

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WERNICKE ENCEPHALOPATHY   • WE is an acute, potentially reversible, neuropsychiatric disorder caused by thiamine deficiency (Donnino et al., 2007; Isenberg-Grzeda et al., 2012). 

• The incidence can be as high as 12.5% • The altered cognition of WE can progress to KS, a chronic and usually permanent.(Toth et al., 2002). 

• Approximately 80% of patients with acute WE will develop KS (Donnino et al., 2007). 

• Mechanism:- Chronic alcoholism – Malnutrition – reduced thiamine uptake and utilization

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PHYSICAL EXAMINATION• The diagnosis of Wernicke syndrome is often suspected 

based on clinical grounds.• The classical triad of symptoms – only 1/3rd of cases• Ocular abnormalities – nystagmus , bilateral lateral rectus palsies, conjugate gaze palsies, sluggish pupils, ptosis, and anisocoria

• Encephalopathy – global confusional state, disinterest, inattentiveness, or agitation; Coma is rare. 

• Gait ataxia – cerebellar damage, and vestibular paresis

• Peripheral neuropathy – foot drop, and decreased proprioception

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Figure 1. [A and B] FLAIR images depicting hyperintensities in the periaqueductal region [A] and medial thalamus [B]. Pre- [C] and Post- [D] contrast T1-weighted images showing contrast enhancement of the mammillary bodies.

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

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Differential Diagnosis

• Psychosis• Normal pressure hydrocephalus• Cerebrovascular accident• Chronic hypoxia• Closed-head injury• Hepatic encephalopathy• Postictal state

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WORK-UP

• Erythrocyte transketolase activity assay, Thiamine assay – very specific tests – not  widely available – reserved for diagnostic dilemmas

• EEG  and  CSF  analysis  may  exclude  other explanatory or concomitant conditions.

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TREATMENT• Emergency department care – Parenteral thiamine –Requirement in 

chronic alcoholics may be as  high as 500mg single dose or multiple daily doses.

• Never start on Dextrose• Treatment with thiamine repletion, currently recommended at 1 gram of 

IV thiamine per 24 hours for alcoholics with suspected Wernicke encephalopathy , should not be delayed.

• Death occurs in nearly 20 % of patients with delayed treatment.• Parenteral magnesium sulfate as thiamine therapy ineffective in 

presence of hypomagnesemia. • In-Patient care – Watch for complications – Korsakoff psychosis – 

Alcohol  withdrawal – Congestive heart failure – Lactic acidosis• Out-Patient Care – Thiamine 100 mg PO daily, start alcohol cessation 

program, Advise on importance of balanced diet.

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KORSAKOFF SYNDROME:-  • Another CNS syndrome resulting from thiamine deficiency in alcoholics.

• It manifests with Psychosis, memory loss and confabulation, abulia.

• Korsakoff syndrome is distinguished from acute Wernicke syndrome by prominent anterograde and retrograde amnesia without substantially impaired alertness and attention or extraocular movement disturbance.

• 85% of  the  survivors of  the  acute  phase  of  Wernicke encephalopathy  who remain untreated go  on  to  develop Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

• 20% eventually recover completely during long-term F/U care.

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KORSAKOFF SYNDROME  

• Epidemiologicallly cases of undiagnosed Wernicke syndrome can progress to Korsakoff syndrome.

• Patients may have a significant degree of vacuous spontaneous speech and abulia that may be mistaken for depressive symptoms when inadequately explored.

• Thalamus (particularly the anterior thalamic nucleus) and hypothalamus (medial mammillary nucleus) are injured , but other cortical and subcortical areas modulate this process.

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PROGNOSIS OF WKS 

• 10-20% mortality rate (in acute stages)• In general, full recovery of ocular function occurs. Fine horizontal nystagmus can persist in - 60% of cases. 

• Approximately 40% of patients have complete recovery from ataxia. 

• Of patients surviving WE 80% have Korsakoff psychosis. • KS 25% do not recover, require long-term admission. • Only about 20% eventually recover completely during long-term follow-up care. 

• Only 20% of patients recover completely from amnestic deficit.• Despite appropriate treatment ,measureable memory deficiency may persist for upto 2 years in patients with Wernicke encephalopathy.

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ALCOHOL RELATED DEMENTIA • Represent approximately 10% of all cases of dementia 

(Gupta and Warner, 2008). 

• With advancing age , patients who are chronic alcoholics may develop cognitive impairment or dementia without demonstrable micronutrient deficiency.

• Synergistic in the expression of other cognitive disorders of aging.

• Clinically, patients with alcohol related dementia typically present at an earlier age than other acquired or late-onset forms of dementia.

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ALCOHOL RELATED DEMENTIA   Pathogenesis• Withdrawal-induced glutamate excitotoxicity (Hoffman, 1995) or oxidative stress (Brust, 2010). 

• Alter expression of numerous brain gene expression networks 

• Alcohol metabolite acetaldehyde binds to select proteins, resulting in the formation of adducts. These adducts led to brain damage (Nakamura et al., 2000).

• Neurotoxic glutamatergic excitation that leads to hippocampal and neocortical neuronal loss.

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ALCOHOL RELATED DEMENTIA   • AD may have symptoms that overlap with other common neurodegenerative cognitive disorders(e.g)

• Contrast to the other dementia AD more typically have a rather globally impaired neuropsychological profile , with similar impairment in most or all domains even in early disease stages.

• The evaluation :-Likewise other dementia• Rx:- Partially reversible on cessation of drinking. Gazdzinski et al. (2005)

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MARCHIAFAVA BIGNAMI DISEASE“red wine drinker’s encephalopathy,” 

• Acute:- severe impairment of consciousness, seizures, and muscle rigidity often result in death after several days. 

• Chronic :-An interhemispheric disconnection syndrome, such as limb apraxia, tactile agraphia, unilateral agraphia, hemialexia, and dementia, can be seen and can last for months to years (Kim et al., 2007). 

• Corpus callosum demyelination is the hallmark of MBD diseaseParticular involvement of the splenium. (Tozakidou et al., 2011)

• Rx:-Strongly associated with thiamine deficiency (and recovery may therefore occur with early recognition and repletion) 

• Other clinical conditions such as ischemia, multiple sclerosis, lupus, and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. 

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Sandwich sign

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CEREBELLAR DEGENERATION• CD with or without micronutrient deficiency states , such as thiamine deficiency. Depends on duration and severity of alcohol intake (Nicolas et al., 2000)

• Typically occurs after 10 or more years of alcohol abuse (Baker et al., 1999; Andersen, 2004). 

• Thought to be the most common CNS complication of alcoholism, affecting 10% to 25% of alcoholics.

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CEREBELLAR DEGENERATION• Most typically, the superior cerebellar vermis is principally involved, with multilayer neuronal loss (particularly affecting Purkinje cells) and cerebellar white matter loss.

• The number of years of heavy alcohol abuse may be the strongest  single determinant of alcoholic ataxia development.

• Treatment of this disorder , aside from thiamine and other micronutrient repletion , is largely supportive once developed. 

• Cerebellar dysfunction may improves or stabilizes with abstinence and improved nutrition (Diener et al., 1984).

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CENTRAL PONTINE MYELINOLYSIS

• Possibility that alcoholics are predisposed to myelin disorders by environmental insults such as hyponatremia with CPM.

• CPM is C/b a loss of oligodendrocytes and myelin in the central pons (Adams et al., 1959). 

• EPM has also been described most often involving the white matter of the cerebellum, lateral geniculate body, putamen, thalamus, hippocampus, and cerebral transition of white and gray matter (Martin, 2004). 

• C/F  confusion, impaired cognition, dysarthria, dysphasia, gait instability, weakness or paralysis, and generalized seizures (Hurley et al., 2011).

• Rx :-Correction of Na & Vitamin supplementation.

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ALCOHOLIC NEUROPATHYACUTE ALCOHOLIC NEUROPATHY:-  • Rare cases have been reported of alcoholics with severe acute or 

subacute neuropathy that mimics Guillain Barre´ syndrome.(causal but unproven)

• Biopsy and electrodiagnostic data show an axonal pattern (not demyelinating) with normal CSF protein.

COMPRESSIVE NEUROPATHIES  • Susceptibility to compression is a feature of most axonal 

neuropathies , and acute radial neuropathy , or Saturday night palsy, in alcoholics is well reported.

• However , alcoholics with a generalized peripheral neuropathy are prone to compression neuropathy at many different sites , including ulnar neuropathy at the elbow , radial or axillary nerve injury in the axilla ( crutch-type compression ) , and fibular ( peroneal) neuropathy at the fibular head . 

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ALCOHOLIC NEUROPATHYCHRONIC ALCOHOLIC NEUROPATHY:-  • Painful sensory neuropathy in association with alcoholism was 

recognized in the late 1700s.• However , the question of the cause due to ethanol as a 

putative direct nerve toxin or due to nutritional deficiency or both, was debated until recently.

• Malnutrition and vitamin deficiency are common in chronic alcoholics , and thiamine has been the primary focus of investigation.

• Clear association between reduction of thiamine levels or transketolase activity and alcoholic peripheral neuropathy has not been conclusively established.

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CHRONIC ALCOHOLIC NEUROPATHY  

• Peripheral distal sensorimotor neuropathy with distal axonopathy that is a common finding in alcoholic patients (90%).

• Distal weakness and atrophy are usually late findings following sensory disturbance and are less profound , with weakness that may be limited to toe extensors.

•  Differences in thiamine levels or enzyme activity between alcoholics with and without neuropathy have not been consistently identified , even though alcoholic neuropathy patients often do have reduced levels of various vitamins.

Page 39: DR. BHARAT BHUSHAN (DM-NEUROLOGY) ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR  GOVERNMENT MEDICAL COLLEGE,KOTA

CHRONIC ALCOHOLIC NEUROPATHY:-  

• Chronic well fed alcoholics without vitamin deficiency - slowly progressive sensory loss affecting small-fiber-mediated functions, but not ataxia or weakness from neuropathy.

• Primary non-alcoholic thiamine deficiency- subacute weakness and sensory ataxia from large-diameter > small-diameter fiber sensory neuropathy.

• Autonomic symptoms are not uncommon

Page 40: DR. BHARAT BHUSHAN (DM-NEUROLOGY) ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR  GOVERNMENT MEDICAL COLLEGE,KOTA

ALCOHOLIC NEUROPATHY-Rx• Cessation from ethanol is paramount to improvement .• Despite apparently adequate nutrition, multivitamin supplements and thiamine are indicated for all alcoholic neuropathy patients.

• Long-term follow-up of reformed alcoholics demonstrates that significant improvement of alcoholic neuropathy is possible, although often incomplete.

• Patients with mild to moderate neuropathy can significantly improve ,but the improvement is usually  incomplete in those with severe findings.

Page 41: DR. BHARAT BHUSHAN (DM-NEUROLOGY) ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR  GOVERNMENT MEDICAL COLLEGE,KOTA

ALCOHOLIC MYOPATHYACUTE

• Develops over hours to days following a recent binge.

• Painful, Proximal, may regional or even focal,  swollen muscles , variable weakness, 

• Usually with myoglobinuria and markedly elevated CK that normalizes within 1 to 2 weeks.

• Muscle destruction –Fasting/drinking

• Attacks can be recurrent, correlating with additional episodes of heavy drinking.

• Recovery following cessation of drinking and repletion of electrolytes is usually rapid and dramatic.

CHRONIC   • Develops in an indolent manner 

over many months. Roughly 2% of all adults.

• Painless , proximal weakness with wasting (up to 30%)

• Myoglobinuria is absent, and creatine kinase(CK) is normal, reduced, or mildly elevated, unless  an acute myopathy is superimposed.

• Muscle Bx- atrophy of type II fibers, which contain a higher content of glycolytic enzymes.

• Prolonged abstinence can improve clinical weakness and is associated with significant improvement

Page 42: DR. BHARAT BHUSHAN (DM-NEUROLOGY) ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR  GOVERNMENT MEDICAL COLLEGE,KOTA

TAKE HOME MESSAGE• Alcoholism can produces a diverse spectrum of neurologic disease when abused. 

• Alcohol interacts acutely predominantly with GABA-A and NMDA receptors, but triggers diverse signaling events within well-defined neural pathways. 

• Early recognition and despite apparently adequate nutritional deficiency one should supplements thiamine and multivitamin for all alcoholic  patients.

Page 43: DR. BHARAT BHUSHAN (DM-NEUROLOGY) ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR  GOVERNMENT MEDICAL COLLEGE,KOTA

THANK YOU