Dr. Barnard 20th century

Historical background• This decade opened the century with the first flight by the

Wright brothers and Einstein's Theory of Relativity.• This decade was unfortunately dominated by the first

world war. It also saw other huge changes during the Russian Revolution.

• Beginning of Prohibition.• The Great Depression hit the world hard in the 1930s.• The Vietnam War was still a major event in the beginning of

the 1970s.• The Cold War ends.• Nelson Mandela is released from prison.• Internet becomes popular.

Musical background

• The 1960s, 1970s and 1980s were very important years.

• 1960s: African jazz was the most important music during this years. Some important musicians were Dollar Brand and Caiphas Semenya.

• 1970s: African jazz was the most important music too.Dollar Brand became more important during these years.

• 1980s: The 1980s saw the appearance of Afro-jazz bands such as Sakhile and Bayete

Literary background.• Around the year 1900 there were a lot of important books as : • The Wonderful Wizard of Oz• Mary Elizabeth Braddon - The Infidel • Robert Grant - Unleavened Bread • Jerome K. Jerome- Three Men on the Bummel • Emilio Salgari - The Tigers of Mompracem • Henryk Sienkiewicz - The Teutonic KnightsPolish• Jules Verne The Will of an Eccentric The Castaways of the Flag• Mary Augusta Ward -Eleanor

Artistic background.• July 19 - The Paris underground opens, with entrances

designed by Hector Guimard in 1899.• Antoni Gaudí begins work on the Parc Güell, which he

works on for the next fourteen years.• The Gare d'Orsay, now the famous Musée d'Orsay, is built

in Paris by Victor Laloux.• The Joseph Camberlain Clock Tower in Birmingham,

England is completed.• The OXO Tower in London is completed.• The Royer Printing House, designed by Lucien

Weissenburger, is completed.• Dohodno Zdanie, Rousse, Bulgaria

Dr. Barnard.

Presentation Christiaan Neethling Barnard was a south african surgeon. He

was born in Beaufort West(1922) and he died in Cyprus(2001). He was the first doctor that realized the first transplant of human heart.

He was the son of a missionary of the Dutch Reformed Church. His family was not very rich, but his parents could give their four children a good education. One of his four brothers, called Abraham, died due to a heart problem at the age of five. Due to this reason he wanted to be a Doctor to help people.

He was proposed for the 1968 Nobel Prize for medicine.

Studies Barnard matriculated from the Beaufort West High School in 1940, and went to

study medicine at the University of Cape Town Medical School, where he obtained his MB ChB in 1945.

Barnard was in an internship at the Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town. Then, he worked as a general practitioner in South Africa. Some years later he returned to Cape Town where he worked at the City Hospital and in the Department of Medicine at the Groote Schuur Hospital as a registrar. He receives the Master of Medicine in 1953 from the University of Cape Town. In the same year he obtained a doctorate in medicine from the same university for a dissertation entitled "The treatment of tuberculous meningitis".

After this, he received a two-year scholarship for postgraduate training in cardiothoracic surgery at the University of Minnesota. It was during this time that Barnard first became acquainted with Norman Shumway, who did much of the pioneering research leading to the first human heart transplant. In 1958 he received a Master of Science in Surgery for a thesis entitled, "The aortic valve - problems in the fabrication and testing of a prosthetic valve".

Transplants. The 3rd of December of the year 1967, Dr. Barnard had realized

the first transplant of heart to a human being. The operation was assisted by his brother called Marius Barnard. The operation lasted nine hours and used a team of thirty doctors. The man who was operated was called Louis Washkansky, He was a man who was fifty six years old that suffered from diabetes and an incurable heart disease. The donor was Dénise Darvall, a twenty five year old girl.

When Washkansky woke up he said that he was feeling much better with the new heart, but eighteen days after he dies due to a pneumonia.

After Barnard’s operation, forty-nine consecutive heart transplants were performed in Cape Town between 1975 and 1984.

Public and personal life.

* After his first successful heart transplant Barnard became known as the"film star surgeon". On one hand he was loved by his patients throughout the world, but on the other hand, he was hated by many people who were jealous of his instant success. He was accused by many colleagues in the profession of "stealing" the idea and the opportunity to perform the first heart transplant.

* Barnard's first marriage was to Aletta Gertruida Louw, a nurse. They had two children. In 1969, Barnard and his wife divorced. Then, he married Barbara Zoellner when she was 19. With this girl he had two children .He divorced Zoellner in 1982. Barnard married for a third time in 1988 to Karin Setzkorn. They also had two children but this last marriage also ended in a divorce.

Retirement.

Barnard retired as Head of the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery in Cape Town in 1983 after developing rheumatoid arthritis in his hands, which prevented him from operating. He then spent two years as the Scientist-In-Residence at the Oklahoma Transplantation Institute in the USA, and acted as consultant for other institutions.

Books Christiaan Barnard wrote two autobiographies. His first book, One

Life, was published in 1969. His second autobiography, The Second Life, was published in 1993.

Apart from his autobiographies, Dr Barnard also wrote several books:

• The Donor• Your Healthy Heart• In The Night Season• The Best Medicine• Arthritis Handbook: How to Live With Arthritis• Good Life Good Death: A Doctor's Case for Euthanasia and Suicide• South Africa: Sharp Dissection• 50 Ways to a Healthy Heart• Body Machine

Celeste Cáceres and Susana Pantoja 4ºA