Dr. B Ch 10_lecture_presentation

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10The Muscular System: Axial Musculature

PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared bySteven BassettSoutheast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska


Introduction

• The skeletal muscle of the body can besubdivided into:

• Axial musculature• Muscles that position the head and vertebral

column• Muscles that move the rib cage• Roughly 60 percent of the skeletal muscles in the

body are axial muscles.

• Appendicular musculature• Muscles that stabilize or move the appendicular

skeleton


The Axial Musculature

• The axial muscles can be placed into fourgroups based on location or function

• Muscles of the head and neck• Muscles of the vertebral column• Oblique and rectus muscles• Muscles of the pelvic floor


Temporoparietalis

Epicranialaponeurosis

Clavicle

Trapezius

Deltoid

Pectoralis major

Biceps brachii(short head)

Biceps brachii(long head)

Linea alba

Rectusabdominis

External oblique

Latissimus dorsi

Serratusanterior

Sternum

Acromion

Omohyoid

Sternocleidomastoid

Temporalis

Temporoparietalis(reflected)

Frontal belly ofoccipitofrontalis

Figure 10.1 Superficial Skeletal Muscles, Anterior View (Part 1 of 2)


Figure 10.2 Superficial Skeletal Muscles, Posterior View (Part 1 of 2)

Trapezius


Deltoid

Infraspinatus

Teres minor

Teres major

Latissimus dorsi Triceps brachii(lateral head)

Triceps brachii(long head)

Rhomboidmajor

Sternocleidomastoid

Occipital belly ofoccipitofrontalis



Muscles of the Head and Neck Can be subdivided into several groups:

Muscles of facial expression: All inervated by Facial Nerve (CN VII) See table 10.1 for the name and function of the muscles.

Extraocular muscles Muscles of mastication Muscles of the tongue: see table 10.4 for more detail. Muscles of the pharynx Anterior muscles of the neck: see table 10.6 for more detail.


Figure 10.3a Muscles of the Head and Neck, Part I

Mentalis (cut)

Anterior view

Thyroid cartilageof the larynx

Platysma

Orbicularis oris

Zygomaticusmajor

Zygomaticusminor

Nasalis

Orbicularis oculi

Temporalis(temporoparietalis

removed)

Corrugatorsupercilii



Temporoparietalis(cut and reflected)

Temporalis

Procerus

Levator labiisuperioris

Masseter

Buccinator

Depressor anguli oris

Depressor labii inferioris

Sternal head ofsternocleidomastoid

Clavicular head ofsternocleidomastoid

Trapezius

Platysma(cut and reflected)

Clavicle

Risorius


Figure 10.4a Muscles of the Head and Neck, Part II

A diagrammatic lateral view

Omohyoid

Platysma (cutand reflected)

Depressoranguli oris

Depressorlabii inferioris

Mentalis (cut)

Orbicularisoris

Zygomaticusmajor

Levator angulioris

Zygomaticusminor

Levator labiisuperioris

Nasalis

Orbicularisoculi



Procerus

Temporoparietalis(cut and reflected)

Temporalis

Occipital belly ofoccipitofrontalis

Masseter

Buccinator

Sternocleidomastoid


Table 10.1 Muscles of Facial Expression (Part 1 of 5)

A&P Flix: Buccinator


Figure 10.5a Extra–ocular Muscles

Muscles on the lateral surface of the right eye

Inferior obliqueMaxillaInferiorrectus

Lateralrectus

Opticnerve

Frontalbone

Superiorrectus

Superioroblique

Levatorpalpebraesuperioris

Trochlea(ligamentous sling)


Figure 10.5b Extra–ocular Muscles

Muscles on the medial surface of the right eye

Trochlea

Levatorpalpebraesuperioris

Superiorrectus

Superioroblique

Medialrectus

Inferiorrectus

Opticnerve



• Extra-ocular Muscles• Eye movements

• Lateral rectus: rotates the eye laterally• Medial rectus: rotates the eye medially• Superior rectus: rotates the eye upward• Inferior rectus: rotates the eye downward• Superior oblique: rotates the eye downward and

laterally• Inferior oblique: rotates the eye upward and

laterally


Figure 10.5c Extra–ocular Muscles

Anterior view of the right eye showing the orientation of theextra-ocular muscles and the directions of eye movementproduced by contractions of the individual muscles

Superiorrectus

Lateralrectus

Inferioroblique

Trochlea

Superioroblique

Medialrectus

Inferiorrectus



• Muscles of Mastication• Masseter• Temporalis• Pterygoids

A&P Flix: Temporalis

A&P Flix: Masseter


Figure 10.6a Muscles of Mastication

The temporalis and masseter are prominentmuscles on the lateral surface of the skull. Thetemporalis passes medial to the zygomatic arch toinsert on the coronoid process of the mandible.The masseter inserts on the angle and lateralsurface of the mandible.

Temporalis

Superiortemporal line

Zygomaticarch

Capsule oftemporomandibularjoint

Masseter


Figure 10.6b Muscles of Mastication

The location and orientation of thepterygoid muscles can be seen afterremoving the overlying muscles,along with a portion of the mandible.

Lateral pterygoid

Medial pterygoid

Mandible


Table 10.3 Muscles of Mastication



• Muscles of the Tongue• Genioglossus• Hyoglossus• Palatoglossus• Styloglossus


Figure 10.7 Muscles of the Tongue

PalatoglossusStyloglossus

Genioglossus

Hyoglossus

Styloid process

Hyoid bone

Mandible(cut)


Table 10.4 Muscles of the Tongue



• Muscles of the Pharynx• Pharyngeal constrictors

• Superior constrictor• Middle constrictor• Inferior constrictor


Figure 10.8a Muscles of the Pharynx

Lateral view

Superior pharyngealconstrictor

Stylopharyngeus

Palatopharyngeus

Middle pharyngealconstrictor

Inferior pharyngealconstrictor

Esophagus

Tensor velipalatini

Levator velipalatini



• Muscles of the Pharynx (continued)• Laryngeal elevators

• Palatopharyngeus• Stylopharyngeus



Lateral view


Stylopharyngeus

Palatopharyngeus



Esophagus

Tensor velipalatini




• Muscles of the Pharynx (continued)• Palatal muscles

• Levator veli palatini• Tensor veli palatini



Lateral view


Stylopharyngeus

Palatopharyngeus



Esophagus

Tensor velipalatini



Table 10.5 Muscles of the Pharynx


Figure 10.9ab Anterior Muscles of the Neck

Anterior view of neck muscles

Muscles that form the floor ofthe oral cavity, superior viewMylohyoid

Mandible

Digastric

Anteriorbelly

Posteriorbelly

Sternocleidomastoid(cut)

Superiorbelly

Inferiorbelly

Clavicle

Omohyoid

Cut heads ofsternocleidomastoid

Mylohyoid(cut and reflected)

Geniohyoid

Stylohyoid

Thyrohyoid

Hyoid bone

Thyroid cartilageof larynx

Cricothyroid

Sternothyroid

Sternohyoid

Clavicularhead

Sternal head

Sternocleido-mastoidSternum

Genioglossus(cut)

Mylohyoid

Geniohyoid

Mandible

Hyoid bone


Table 10.6 Anterior Muscles of the Neck



Muscles of the Vertebral Column Back muscles form three distinct layers:

Superficial—move the neck Intermediate—extend the vertebral column Deep—interconnect vertebrae

Extrinsic muscles—those in the superficial and intermediate layers

Intrinsic (or true) muscles—those in the deepest layer; in turn, these intrinsic muscles are arranged in superficial, intermediate, and deep layers

Vertebral muscles are also divided into: Extensors: ilicostalis, longissimus, spinalis Flexors: longus capitis, longus colli, quadratus lumborum


Figure 11.2 Superficial and Deep Muscles of the Neck, Shoulder, and BackSUPERFICIAL DEEP

Sternocleidomastoid

Cut edge of right trapezius

Trapezius

Scapular spine

Deltoid

InfraspinatusTeres minor

Teres major

Tricepsbrachii

Erector spinaemuscle group

(see Figure 10.10b)

Latissimus dorsi

Thoracolumbar fascia

External oblique

Gluteus medius

Gluteus maximus

Iliac crest

Semispinalis capitis

Splenius capitis

Levator scapulae

SupraspinatusRhomboid minor(cut and reflected)

Serratus posterior(superior)

Rhomboid major(cut and reflected)

Serratusanterior

Latissimus dorsi(cut and reflected)

Serratus posterior(inferior)External oblique

Internal oblique

Latissimus dorsi(cut and reflected)


Figure 10.10b Muscles of the Vertebral Column

Longissimuscapitis (cut)

Semispinaliscervicis

Posteriorscalene

Longissimuscervicis

Semispinalisthoracis

Multifidus

Middle scalene

Spinalis cervicis

Quadratuslumborum

Posterior view of superficial (right) and deeper(left) muscles of the vertebral column

Semispinaliscapitis

Iliocostalisthoracis

Longissimusthoracis

Spinalis thoracis

Iliocostalislumborum

Iliocostalis cervicis

Longissimus cervicis

Longissimus capitis

Splenius

Erectorspinaemuscles

Thoracodorsalfascia


Figure 10.10d Muscles of the Vertebral Column

Muscles on the anterior surfaces of the cervicaland superior thoracic vertebrae

Longuscapitis

LonguscolliSlips ofanterior scalene

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

C6

C7

T1

T2

T3

Rib 1

Rib 2

Anteriorscalene

Middlescalene

Posteriorscalene

Anteriorscalene



Oblique and Rectus Muscles The muscles of the oblique and rectus groups lie between the vertebral column

and the ventral midline. The oblique muscles can compress underlying structures or rotate the vertebral

column, depending on whether one or both sides are contracting. The rectus muscles are important flexors of the vertebral column, acting in

opposition to the erector spinae. The abdominal muscles are:

External oblique (the most superficial muscle) Internal oblique Rectus abdominis Transversus abdominis (the deepest muscle)

All abdominal muscles can compress the abdomen. Abdominal cavity is separated from Thoracic cavity by Diaphragm. Diaphragm is

innervated by Phrenic nerve.


Figure 11.4 Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle, Part II (Part 1 of 2)

Trapezius

Subclavius

Pectoralismajor (cut and

reflected)

Pectoralisminor

Internalintercostals

Externalintercostals

Levator scapulae

Pectoralisminor (cut)

Coracobrachialis

Serratusanterior

Short head

Long head

Bicepsbrachii

T12


Figure 10.12b The Diaphragm

Diagrammatic superiorview

Central tendon ofdiaphragm

Inferiorvena cava

Xiphoidprocess

Rectusabdominus

Transversusthoracis

Thoracicaorta

T10

Trapezius Spinalcord

Externaloblique

Costalcartilages

Diaphragm

Externalintercostal

Esophagus

Serratusanterior

Internalintercostal

Latissimusdorsi

Serratus posterior(inferior)

Erector spinaegroup


SUPERFICIAL DEEP

Platysma

Deltoid

Pectoralis major

Serratus anterior

External oblique

Rectus sheath

Aponeurosis ofexternal oblique

Superficialinguinal ring

Tensor fasciae latae

Sartorius

Rectus femoris

Gracilis

Adductor longus

Pectineus

Iliopsoas

Gluteus medius

Transversus abdominis

Rectus abdominis

External oblique(cut and reflected)

Internal oblique (cut)

External intercostal

Internal intercostal

Serratus anterior

Teres major

Biceps brachii(short and long heads)

Coracobrachialis

Pectoralis major(cut and reflected)

Subscapularis

Pectoralis minor

Deltoid (cut and reflected)

Subclavius

Trapezius

Sternocleidomastoid

Latissimus dorsi

Figure 11.5 Superficial and Deep Muscles of the Trunk and Proximal Limbs


Diagrammatic horizontal sectionthrough the abdominal region

Linea alba

Rectusabdominis

Rectussheath

Externaloblique

Transversusabdominis

Internaloblique

Psoasmajor

Quadratuslumborum

L3

LatissimusdorsiThoracolumbar

fascia

Figure 10.11b The Oblique and Rectus Muscles


Figure 10.11a The Oblique and Rectus Muscles

Anterior view of the trunk showing superficial and deep members of theoblique and rectus groups, and the sectional plane shown in part (b)

Internal intercostal

External intercostal

External oblique (cut)

Internaloblique

Cut edge ofrectus sheath

Externaloblique

Serratusanterior

Tendinousinscription

Rectusabdominis

Lineaalba



• Muscles of the Perineum and PelvicDiaphragm

• Main functions• Support the organs of the pelvic cavity• Flex the joints of the sacrum and coccyx• Control the movement of material through the

urethra and anus


Figure 10.13b Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

Inferior view, male

SUPERFICIAL DEEP

External urethral sphincter

Pubococcygeus

Iliococcygeus

Coccygeus

Pelvicdiaphragm

No differences betweendeep musculature in

male and female

ANALTRIANGLE

UROGENITALTRIANGLE

Bulbospongiosus

Ischiocavernosus

Testis

Anus

Urethra (connectingsegment removed)

Superficialtransverse perineal

External analsphincter

Gluteusmaximus


Figure 10.13a Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

Inferior view, female

SUPERFICIAL DEEP

Ischiocavernosus

Bulbospongiosus

Vagina

Superficialtransverse

perineal

Gluteusmaximus

Anus

Urethra

Externalurethral sphincter

Deep transverseperineal

Urogenitaldiaphragm

Central tendon of perineum

Pubococcygeus

IliococcygeusLevatorani

External analsphincter

Sacrotuberousligament

Coccygeus


Table 10.9 Muscles of the Perineum


Table 10.10 Muscles of the Pelvic Diaphragm

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