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CONTENTS

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Annual Report JIRCAS 2010Message from the President

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International Research Institutions (CGIARResearch Centers) and National AgriculturalResearch Organizations (NAROs) anduniversities in developing countries.

Our major concerns are 1 Eradication ofextreme poverty and hunger, 2 Preservation ofthe global environment, and 3 Institutionalizingresearch partnerships with CGIAR Centers,NAROs and universities in developingcountries.

T h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s s e t u p t h eaccomplishments of the projects for theMillennium Development Goals or MDGs as themajor agendum of its Annual General Assemblyin September 2010, and even organized a highlevel meeting just before the assembly.“Eradication of extreme poverty and hunger”,which is the first goal of the MDGs, has beencleared or nearly resolved in developingcountries of Southeast Asia, as reported in theUN Annual Report of MDGs. We are proud thatthe activities of JIRCAS and the TropicalAgricultural Research Center (TARC), which isthe predecessor of JIRCAS, have contributed tothese accomplishments, especially in SoutheastAsia. Furthermore, the CARD (Coalition ofAfrican Rice Development) project to developtechnologies for the goal of doubling riceproduction in Sub-Saharan Africa by 2018 hadsteadily progressed during the Second Medium-Term Plan, and will be carried over to the ThirdMedium-Term Plan.

Reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases(GHG) was achieved through the technology ofbiogas production from animal excreta, andincreased fixation of GHG by a forestationproject as part of rural development activitiesfor local communities. The mechanism ofbiological nitrification inhibition (BNI) waselucidated and exploited to promote thereduction of nitrous oxide (N2O) emission.Technologies to reduce methane emission from

Here we are delivering the JIRCAS 2010Annual Report, which is different from the usualannual report since it covers the outcomes offive year-projects and other research subjectsfound among our past activities, marking thefinal year of the Second Medium-Term Planfrom FY 2006 to 2010. A new five year planwas commenced in April 2011, based on theoutcomes of the previous medium-term plan.Appropriate feedbacks and understanding of thecontent of this annual report would be necessaryto promote the success of the new medium-termplan.

While we were busy spending a great deal ofenergy summarizing and releasing the results ofall the research projects in the final year of theSecond Medium-Term Plan and closelyexamining the direction and proposedframework of research to achieve the objectivesof the Third Medium-Term period, the GreatEast Japan Earthquake and tsunami struckNortheastern Japan in early March of 2011. Theheadquarters and main research buildings inTsukuba convulsed violently, and many researchfacilities were damaged by the huge shaking, butfortunately, nobody was injured in JIRCAS.

We, the staff of JIRCAS, sincerely appreciatethe kind concern and encouragement whichwere sent not only to us directly, but also to allJapanese people, immediately after theearthquake. On our part, we have been trying tocollect all the necessary information to restorethe agricultural, forestry and fishery industriesof the stricken areas.

Projects of the Second Medium-Term Planwere carried out in Mongolia, China,Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia,Indonesia, East Timor, Marshall Islands,Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Syria, Uzbekistan,Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, Niger,Benin, Ghana, Mali, Brazil, Argentina,Paraguay, through collaborations with

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PresidentDr. Kenji Iiyama

(FY 2007-2010)

JIRCAS Main BuildingDéveloppement (CIRAD), and L'Institut deRecherche pour le Développement (IRD).

JIRCAS contributed to the first GlobalConference on Agricultural Research forDevelopment (GCARD) held in Montpellier,France in March 2010, which was organized byCGIAR and the Global Forum for AgriculturalResearch (GFAR). And it is an active memberof the Asia-Pacific Association of AgriculturalInstitutions (APAARI), which is one of theregional fora made up of NAROs anduniversities in the Asia-Pacific region.

We will focus on major targets in the future,continue to develop concrete results that can bewidely disseminated, and strengthen JIRCAS’role as a national focal center for internationalagricultural research to create “Global PublicGoods”. Together, we shall strive in unisontowards these goals.

paddy fields were also developed. In addition,the process of developing cultivation techniquesfor beneficial indigenous tree species inSoutheast Asia and of matching these with thebiodiversity in tropical forests was analyzed, thesustainable management of tropical andsubtropical marine resources and matching withthe marine ecosystem, and the development ofaquaculture technology were implemented;methane emission from ruminants were alsoquantitatively evaluated. Outputs from theseprojects are being carried over to the ThirdMedium-Term Plan. An economicallycompetitive bioethanol production technologyfrom old oil palm trunks was also advanced as aunit of a biofuel production complex.

All projects of JIRCAS in developing countriesare in collaboration with NAROs, governmentaldepartments and universities as equalpartnerships based on a Memorandum ofAgreement (MOA) or a Joint ResearchAgreement (JRA).

In December 2009, CGIAR adopted a newinstitutional model designed to improve itsdelivery of research results in a rapidly changingexternal environment. The new framework forinternational agricultural institutions was startedon March 2010 as the rationale behind CGIARreformation. The Global Rice SciencePartnership (GRiSP), an initiative of theCGIAR, represents for the first time ever, asingle strategic work plan for global riceresearch and how it can contribute moreeffectively toward solving developmentalchallenges. GRiSP was launched in November2010, and JIRCAS is expected to play astrategic role in GRiSP, together with theInternational Rice Research Institute (IRRI), theAfrica Rice Center (AfricaRice), theInternational Center for Tropical Agriculture(CIAT), the Centre de Coopéation Internationaleen Recherche Agronomique pour le

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of case studies in Tanzania. Third, Dr. NamangaNgongi, President of the Alliance for a GreenRevolution in Africa (AGRA), introduced thelatest situation and activities in Ghana, Ugandaand Tanzania. Lastly, Ms. Jeanne Downing,Value Chain Advisor, U.S. Agency forInternational Development (USAID), raised thetopic on the concept of agricultural value chainsfrom production and processing to marketing,and it was followed by a lively discussionbetween speakers and audiences in a paneldiscussion style.

In the Second Session, four speakers focusedon the analysis of technological development forimproved rice production. First, Dr. SeijiYanagihara, Project Leader, JIRCAS,introduced research on rice breeding with focuson phosphorus deficiency and rice blast,conducted in collaboration with Africa RiceCenter (AfricaRice). Second, Dr. MarcoWopereis, Deputy Director General, Africa RiceCenter provided information on the Global RiceScience Partnership (GRiSP) which is one of themega-projects of CGIAR. Third, Mr. TatsushiTsuboi, JICA (Japan International CooperationAgency) Expert for NERICA, discussed thevarious issues actually happening in the ricecultivation fields, including the depth oftransplanting and widely variable growth.Lastly, Dr. Aiou Diagne, Program Leader,AfricaRice, introduced data, informationcollection and analysis on rice in Africa and itwas also followed by a lively discussionbetween speakers and audiences in a paneldiscussion style.

Each session was respectively closed with awrap-up by each Chairperson, and Dr. MontyJones, Executive Secretary, Forum forAgricultural Research in Africa (FARA), in hisConcluding Remarks, summed up all thediscussions in the seminar.

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International Seminar of the‘Coalition for African RiceDevelopment’ (CARD)

The “International Seminar of the Coalitionfor African Rice Development (CARD)”,sponsored by Japan International ResearchCenter for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), washeld on May 17, 2010, 1:30-6:30 PM, at MeruHall, Ngurdoto Mountain Lodge, Arusha,Tanzania. The following is the outline of theevent:

The seminar was planned and organized byJIRCAS, a core member of CARD, prior to theThird General Meeting of CARD to be held inArusha, Tanzania. The objectives were toencourage participants of the General Meetingto exchange information in advance about theircurrent research achievements and futurechallenges of institutional and technologicalinnovation in African rice farming, which iscrucial in the process of expanding riceproduction in Africa.

The seminar proceeded in accordance with theagenda. On the heels of the Opening Address ofthe President of JIRCAS, Dr. Kenji Iiyama,during the First Session, four speakers presentedtheir research focusing on the socio-economicanalysis of the agricultural extension of ricecultivation. First, Dr. Keijiro Otsuka, Professorof National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies(GRIPS), discussed that there is more room forincreasing rice yield by improving the basictechniques of building bunds and puddling inAfrica to be more advanced than thosedeveloped during the Green Revolution in Asia;and furthermore, by introducing modernvarieties. Second, Dr. Kei Kajisa, AssociateProfessor, Foundation for Advanced Studies forInternational Development (FASID), providedsimilar information by presenting an overview

HIGHLIGHTS FROM 2010

During one of the sessions in the international seminar Dr. Monty Jones (Executive Secretary, FARA)

where all the institutes with similar functions toJIRCAS such as CIRAD, ARENA and ACIAR,reported their respective “Current Status andChallenges”.

Session 3, “Network Formulation by JapaneseAgricultural Research Bodies”, discussed on theinstitutionalization of domestic researchnetworks, “Global Scale Issue-orientedInternational Research Network Project”, “JapanIntellectual Support Network in AgriculturalSciences” and “Challenges in ResearchCollaboration and Networking in the Asia-Pacific Region”.

Then, in the Panel Discussion, “AgriculturalResearch for Sustainable Development -Towards a New Decade”, on the role and futuredirection of international research networks,participants discussed about the challenges andcountermeasures for formulating andstrengthening the international researchnetwork, and also discussed about division ofroles and linkages with mutual collaboration ofthe international research networks which aremulti-layered and attached with differentfunctions.

TARC-JIRCAS 40th AnniversaryInternational Symposium 2010

On November 8-9, 2010, in the TsukubaInternational Congress Center, Epochal,Tsukuba City, Japan, 142 participants joined inthe TARC-JIRCAS 40th AnniversaryInternational Symposium - A New Decade forInternational Agricultural Research forSustainable Development, which was jointlysponsored and organized by Japan InternationalResearch Center for Agricultural Sciences(JIRCAS) and the Forum on InternationalAgricultural Research for SustainableDevelopment (J-FARD). The symposium wasalso under the auspices of the Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries Research Council(AFFRC) Secretariat, Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), NationalAgriculture and Food Research Organization(NARO), National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences (NIAES), Forestry andForest Products Research Institute (FFPRI),International Cooperation Center forAgricultural Education (ICCAE), NagoyaUniversity and the Consultative Group onInternational Agricultural Research (CGIAR).

In the Opening Remarks, Dr. Kenji Iiyama,JIRCAS President, noted that whilecommemorating the 40th anniversary of thefounding of JIRCAS, this symposium aims tograsp the latest situation and trends surroundinginternational agricultural research, and to find anew research direction towards the comingdecade.

In the Keynote Speech, “Enhancement ofJapanese R&D and International Cooperation inScience and Technology”, Prof. TakashiShiraishi, Executive Member of the Council forScience and Technology Policy, Cabinet Office,noted the history of Science and Technologydiplomacy strategy, transition of Japan’sinternational political and economic position,and East Asia Science and Innovation Areainitiative.

Session 1, “Trend in InternationalAgricultural Research Networks”-GFAR andCGIAR presented the most up-to-date situationof the reorganization of CGIAR and network-based research. JIRCAS reported on its 40 yearsof research and development activities and newdirection of cooperative research.

Session 2, “Challenges of Development-oriented Agricultural Research Institutes”, was

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Participants of theTARC-JIRCAS 40th

Anniversary InternationalSymposium 2010

Panel discussion during the symposium

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Closing Remarks, summarizing the discussionsof the symposium, and the expected futureactivities of JIRCAS.

JIRCAS is expected to expand the networkingfunction, connecting the needs of research indeveloping regions with the seeds of research indomestic research institutes, which will becomemuch more important in the future.

In the General Discussion session,participants exchanged their views about theStatus of CGIAR reforms, activities of eachresearch institutes and universities, anddifficulty of international research consortiumand research networks.

Finally, Professor Tanaka of Kyoto University,Vice President of J-FARD, delivered the

The Japan International Awardfor Young AgriculturalResearchers

JIRCAS invites every year a total of some 70researchers and research administrators fromcollaborative research organizations to conductjoint research projects (Collaborative ResearchProjects). JIRCAS also invites some 15researchers from developing countries to stayfor one year and perform collaborativeexperiments in the laboratories of TsukubaHeadquarters, in the Tropical AgricultureResearch Front or other JIRCAS project sites tosupport the ongoing research activities, and toimprove their research capabilities (JIRCASVisiting Research Fellowship Program).

In 2004, JIRCAS began a new program, the

Japan-CGIAR Fellowship Program, funded bythe Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry andFisheries (MAFF), which dispatches young andpromising Japanese researchers to CGIARresearch centers in order to enhance theirprofessional development in the fields ofagriculture, forestry and fisheries.

Furthermore, beginning in 2007, to increasemotivation among young researchers who areactively contributing to research anddevelopment in agriculture, forestry, fisheriesand related industries in developing countries,JIRCAS together with MAFF, gives awardsannually to three young agricultural researchersfrom overseas who show outstandingperformance and research achievements (JapanInternational Award for Young AgriculturalResearchers).

Dewpura Acharige Lilisiya LEELAMANIENationality: Democratic Socialist Repuplic ofSri Lanka Institute: University of RuhunaResearch Achievement: Experimental study onsoil water repellency and its behavior

Rettiya WAEONUKULNationality: Kingdom of Thailand Institute King Mongkut’s University ofTechnology, Thonbuki (KMUTT) Research Achievement: Development ofmultienzyme complexes for the effectivedegradation of lignocellulosic biomass

Jianbing YANNationality: People’s Republic of ChinaInstitute: International Maize and WheatImprovement Center (CIMMYT)-ChinaResearch Achievement: Provitamin Abiofortification in maize grain

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2010 Japan International Award for Young Agricultural Researchers

Laboratory, Can Tho University, Vietnam.

IRRI-JIRCAS Collaborative Project: “Climate Change Adaptation inRainfed Rice Areas (CCARA)”

Climate Change Adaptation in Rainfed RiceAreas (CCARA project started in August 2010as a five-year project from August 2010 to July2015. To implement the project, JIRCAS andIRRI signed the Work Plan on August 15, 2010under the MOU.

The project will focus on rainfed lowland riceproduction i.e., rice produced in paddy fields(bunded, flooded fields with saturated soilconditions for most of the growing season),primarily found in Asia, but the outcomes are alsoexpected to contribute to Africa.

According to the Fourth Assessment Report ofthe Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change(IPCC, 2007), global warming will result inincreased variability in the onset of the rainyseason, rainfall amount and rainfall distribution.The increasing variability of rainfall will increasethe farmers’ risk and worsen an already viciouscycle of low inputs and low outputs. Moreover,global warming is expected to increasetemperatures and this may negatively affect ricegrowth and development as well. Therefore, it iscrucial to develop rice varieties and ricemanagement technologies that are adapted tovariable rainfall and high temperatures underclimate change.

The objective of the project is to improvefarmers’ livelihoods in rainfed environmentsunder current and future climates throughincreased yield and yield stability of rice. Theresearch themes are composed of the following :

1. Development of a seasonal weatherforecasting model and analysis of water and

NEW RESEARCHCOLLABORATION

JIRCAS-CTU Collaborative ResearchProject: Evaluation of Techniques forReducing Greenhouse Gas Emissionsfrom Rice Paddies in Can Tho,Vietnam

Mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions isa rational course of action to cope with the globalwarming issue. It has been taken intoconsideration that the contribution of agriculturalactivities to global warming through GHGemissions is around 15% and that one of itsbiggest sources is rice paddies. Approximately90% of the world’s paddy fields are located inAsia at higher density in monsoon lowlands likethose found in the Mekong Delta Region,Vietnam. Based on the existing conditions, theWork Plan of a 3-year project entitled “Evaluationof Techniques for Reducing Greenhouse GasEmissions from Rice Paddies in Can Tho City,Viet Nam” was signed between Dr. Osamu Ito,Director of Japan International Research Centerfor Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Japan andDr. Nguyen Hieu Trung, Dean of College ofEnvironment and Natural Resources, Can ThoUniversity (CTU), Viet Nam, on October 20,2010 under the framework of the Memorandum ofUnderstanding signed between both institutionson September 4, 2007. This project has beenconducted as one of the 3-year activities of theresearch theme titled, “Development andEvaluation of Greenhouse Gas ReductionTechnology from Livestock and Paddy Field inSoutheast Asia” under the “International ResearchNetwork Program on Global Issues” funded bythe Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheriesof Japan.

In this project, we are introducing a water-saving technique called alternate wetting anddrying (AWD) to the rice paddies in Can Tho andinvestigating its effects on the reduction of theglobal warming potential of the rice paddies(under Dr. Yasukazu Hosen, Senior Researcher ofJIRCAS), and researching the possibility ofsettling upon a plan to develop the obtainedresults even further into nationally appropriatemitigation actions (under Mr. Eiji Matsubara,Principal Engineer of JIRCAS). The leadingscientists of the CTU side are Dr. Nguyen HuuChiem, Associate Professor and Vice Dean of theDepartment of Environmental Science, College ofEnvironment & Natural Resources and Dr. TranKim Tinh, Senior Lecturer and Head of Advanced

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Annual meeting of CCARA project in IRRI

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technologies to mitigate stresses raised byclimate change

4. Development of integrated decision supportsystem for rainfed rice farmers

5. Capacity- building for researchers in Asiaand Africa

high temperature stresses caused by climatechange

2. Identification of genetic factors and geneticimprovement in rice genotypes adaptedunder rainfed lowland conditions affected byclimate change

3. Development of fertilization management

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the physiological characteristics of a high valuebivalve, the pen shell in Western Japan, and theevaluation of the habitat environment of thefishery ground in Ariake Bay. His major worksare the stock assessment of pen shell from thedistribution of larvae and settled spats in AriakeBay, and the elucidation of the causative factorsof mass mortalities of this shellfish from fieldsurveys, histological and physiologicalexaminations in the laboratory.

Dr . Ta t suya YURIMOTO , Sen io rResearcher of the Fisheries Division, receivedthe Research Encouragement Award from theJapanese Society for Aquaculture Research inMarch 2011. This award was given for hisresearch achievement on “Biological andecological studies on the stock management ofpen shell Atrina lischkeana in Ariake Bay,Kyushu Island, Japan.”

Dr. Yurimoto has studied for almost a decade,

(1) To develop silvicultural techniques forimproving plantations of fast-growing treespecies such as Acacia mangium forests to beconverted into mixed forests with indigenouseconomically high-value tree species whileplaying a role in re-greening northeast Thailandwhere a monsoon climate with a hard andunstable dry season threatens the livelihood ofthe local people and consequently induced largescale deforestation, and (2) to develop tools andaffordable measures to support agroforestry orthe mixed management of forestry andagriculture of newly emerging teak and othervaluable indigenous tree plantation forestryorganized by farmers in northeast Thailand toimprove the livelihood of the local peopleaccording to the national plan. Several supportand collaboration activities which JIRCAS hasbeen carrying out are highly appreciated fortheir significant contribution to the forestryresearch of the Royal Forest Department inThailand.

JIRCAS received an Award of Appreciationfrom the Royal Forest Department, MNRE,Thailand

Japan International Research Center forAgricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) was honoredwith an Award of Appreciation from the RoyalForest Department, Ministry of NaturalResources and Environment, Thailand duringthe commemoration ceremony of the latter’s114th Anniversary held on September 18, 2010for JIRCAS’ collaboration and support to theDepartment’s forestry research.

JIRCAS has been undertaking a collaborativeresearch project, “Development of Techniquesfor Nurturing Beneficial Indigenous TreeSpecies and Combined Management ofAgriculture and Forestry in Northeast Thailand,Tropical Monsoon Regions”, as one of theForestry Division’s collaborative projects withthe Royal Forest Department since 2006. Thetwo main research subjects are the following:

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ACADEMIC PRIZES AND AWARDS

On behalf of the project, Dr.Ryuichi Tabuchi, Director ofForestry Division received aCommemorative Plaque fromthe Acting Minister.

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presentation ceremony was held on July 19,2010 in Khon Kaen University, and thecertificate was presented to Dr. MakotoNakatani, Director of the Research Planning andCoordination Division of JIRCAS, by Dr. AnanPolthanee, the Dean of the Faculty ofAgriculture, Khon Kaen University, with theattendance of Associate Dean Dr. KritaponSommart and many professors who havecontributed to the JIRCAS project.

Certificate of Appreciation from Khon KaenUniversity

A Certificate of Appreciation from KhonKaen University was presented to JIRCAS. Thiscertificate is for its contribution to acomprehensive agricultural research projectbetween the Faculty of Agriculture in KhonKaen University and JIRCAS on agriculturalresearch in the Isan region (North East area ofThailand) for a period of several years. The

contribution of JIRCAS is the sharing andtraining on techniques for the classification offorage crops and other feeding resources inLaos. The presentation ceremony was held onOctober 16, 2010 in the Faculty of Agriculture,National University of Laos, and the certificatewas presented to Dr. Kenji Iiyama, the Presidentof JIRCAS by Associate ProfessorFoungsamouth Southammavong, Vice-Dean ofthe National University of Laos with theattendance of Dr. Mitsuto Matsumoto, Presidentof the National Institute of Livestock andGrassland Science in Japan.

Certificate of Appreciation from NationalUniversity of Laos

A Certificate of Appreciation from theFaculty of Agriculture, National University ofLaos, was presented to JIRCAS. This certificateis for its substantial contribution to the project,“Establishment of a feeding standard for beefcattle and a feed database for the Indochinesepeninsula” in 2006 within its 5 year-plan,particularly for the installation of apparatusesand technical training on methodologies for theanalyses of feed stuffs. Another major

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Khon Kaen University Dean Dr. Anan handing over theCertificate of Appreciation to Director Nakatani duringthe ceremony

Presentation of certificate ceremony

Commemorative photo of the ceremony Certificate of Appreciation

RESEARCH OVERVIEW

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1. History

The Japan International Research Center forAgricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) was firstestablished in 1970 as the Tropical AgricultureResearch Center (TARC), one of the researchinstitutes of the Ministry of Agriculture andForestry of Japan. TARC was reorganized intoJIRCAS in 1993.

On April 1, 2001, JIRCAS became anIncorporated Administrative Agency (IAA)under the jurisdiction of the Ministry ofAgriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), inaccordance with the administrative reforms ofthe Government of Japan to facilitate thereorganization of national government-affiliatedresearch organizations.

2. Mission

Through research and development (R&D)and dissemination of information related toagriculture, forestry and fisheries in developingregions, JIRCAS contributes to the improvementof the international presence of Japan andtowards a secure and stable supply of foodworldwide and domestically.

3. The IAA System

An IAA is an organization responsible for keypublic services that the government is notrequired to provide, but which the private sectoris likely to neglect for various reasons. The IAAsystem was introduced in 2001, as part ofcentral government reforms based on thescheme that the planning sectors and theimplementing sectors should be separated.Under the IAA system, MAFF defined JIRCAS’Second Medium-Term Goals in FY 2006,including the enhancement of researchefficiency and the improvement of the quality ofresearch programs and financial performance.Based on the Second Medium-Term Goals,JIRCAS drafted and began to implement adetailed five-year plan, the Second Medium-Term Plan (FY 2006 - FY 2010).

4. Evaluation

The performance and budgeting management ofresearch activities conducted by JIRCAS undergoregular evaluation by the IAA EvaluationCommittee established within MAFF. As for theactivities of each fiscal year, the Committeeinvestigates and analyzes the progress towardsachieving the Medium-Term Plan, and the resultsof this evaluation shall be applied as deemednecessary to the modifications of the operationaland financing systems for subsequent fiscal years.To meet the requirements of this rigorousevaluation, JIRCAS has modified the in-houseevaluation system in the initial year of the SecondMedium-Term Plan. The in-house evaluation in FY2010 was carried out as follows.1) Each Project evaluated its own research activity

and prepared its own summary report.2) These reports were then collectively evaluated

at the meeting for the evaluation of sub-programs of the Medium-Term Plan by externalreviewers (specialists from other universities orinstitutes) and internal reviewers (the President,the Vice-President, an Executive Advisor andAuditor, the Directors of each research divisionand Project Leaders) in February, 2011.

3) Comprehensive evaluation of all JIRCASactivities, which also include administrativeoperations, was performed through examinationof official records by external reviewers of theJIRCAS External Evaluation Committee late inMarch, 2011

The external reviewers are listed in the Appendix.The results of the in-house evaluation and asummary of all activities were submitted to theIAA Evaluation Committee established withinMAFF in June, 2011.

5. Medium-Term Plan

JIRCAS implemented four main programs forresearch activities under the Medium-Term Plan.Each main program had a number of sub-programs,each of which included several projects. Majoraccomplishments and research highlights of themain programs in FY 2010 are described in thefollowing sections. The contents of the Medium-Term Plan are also described in the Appendix.

OVERVIEW OF JIRCAS’RESEARCH STRUCTURE

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Table 1. Number of Programs in the Second Medium-Term Plan (FY 2006-FY 2010)

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economic options and reducing environmentalimpact

3. Improvement of feeding technology forlivestock in the tropics and the subtropics andestablishment of sustainable agropastoralsystems in the Asian dry areas

4. Elucidation and exploitation of biologicalnitrification inhibition (BNI)

5. Development of environmental managementtechnology for sustainable crop production intropical and subtropical islands

6. Development of nurturing techniques forbeneficial indigenous tree species inSoutheast Asia

7. Development of productive low-inputcultivation technology for fruit trees in thetropics

Main Program A-3Elucidation of the impact of globalenvironmental changes on agriculture,forestry and fisheries and developmentof mitigating technologies

Sub-programs:1. Developing an impact assessment model and

formulation of a food supply stabilizationplan

2. Utilization of Geographic Information System(GIS) for the development of a landinformation monitoring technology indeveloping regions

3. Formulation of agricultural developmentmethodologies to tackle the environmentalchanges of global warming and desertification

4. Developing pest control managementtechnology for major pests in the tropics andsubtropics

[Research Approach B]Main Program BCollection, analyses and disseminationof information to grasp trends related to international food, agriculture,forestry and fisheries and rural areas

Sub-programs:1. Collection and dissemination of information

Second Medium-Term Plan(FY 2006-FY 2010)

[Research Approach A]Research and development onagricultural, forestry and fisheriestechnology geared towards providingsolutions to international food andenvironmental problems

Main Program A-1Development of technologies to utilizebiological resources for stableproduction and multi-purposeapplications under adverseenvironments

Sub-programs:1. Elucidation of the mechanism of tolerance to

abiotic stress and production of tolerant crops2. Improvement of abiotic stress tolerance of

rice in Africa3. Identification of pathogenic races for

important diseases and selection of resistantgermplasm in major crops

4. Development of biomass utilizationtechnology suited to Southeast Asia

5. Elucidation of the functionality and qualityparameters of traditional food and agriculturalproducts in Asia and development of effectiveutilization technology

6. Effective utilization of genetic resources intropical and subtropical crops

7. Sustainable utilization of tropical andsubtropical marine resources anddevelopment of aquaculture technology

Main Program A-2Development of managementtechnologies of environmental resourcesand production systems for sustainableagriculture, forestry and fisheries

Sub-programs:1. Development of sustainable management

technologies for tropical soils2. Integrated management system for improved

water utilization aiming at increasing

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Organization of JIRCAS

PresidentPresident

ExecutiveAdvisor &Auditor

Vice-President

TropicalAgricultureResearch Front

AdministrationDivision

ResearchResearchPlanningPlanningand Coordination and Coordination DivisionDivision

Fisheries Division

Forestry Division

Crop Production andEnvironment Division

DevelopmentResearchDivision Biological

ResourcesDivision

ResearchResearchStrategyStrategyOfOfficefice

Post-harvest ScienceandTechnology Division

Animal Production andGrassland Division

RuralDevelopmentPlanningDivision

ExecutiveAdvisor &Auditor

Vice-President

AdministrationDivision

ResearchPlanningand Coordination Division

ResearchStrategyOffice

several CGIAR research centers. JIRCAS has been regularly dispatching

researchers and research managers to promoteresearch in the developing regions. In FY 2010,165 JIRCAS researchers or administrators weredispatched abroad for a total of 16,237 days.Likewise, we have been dispatching researchersfrom other institutes and universities to promotethe effective implementation of JIRCAS’projects with the cooperation of suchorganizations. JIRCAS has likewiseimplemented several invitation programs foroverseas researchers and administrators atcounterpart organizations. These programsfacilitate not only the promotion of internationalcollaborative research but also relatedexchanges of information and opinions.

7. Organization of JIRCAS

The organizational structure of JIRCAS in theSecond Medium-Term Plan period issummarized in the figure below.

The directors of each research or planningdivision, including the Research Strategy Officeand the Tropical Agriculture Research Front,held the responsibility for the management ofindividual sub-programs in the Second Medium-Term Plan. JIRCAS’ Tropical AgricultureResearch Front (formerly the OkinawaSubtropical Station) focuses on agricultural,forestry, and fisheries research being carried outin overseas regions with highly similar climaticand geographic conditions as Okinawa, takingfull advantage of its subtropical weather andgeographic location in Ishigaki Island, in thesouthernmost part of Japan.

related to global food, agriculture, forestryand fisheries

2. Elucidation of the direction of technologydevelopment in developing regions andanalysis of socioeconomic conditions of thedevelopment in rural areas

3. Establishment of techniques andmethodologies for the reconstruction ofagriculture and rural communities affected bynatural disasters, etc.

6. Collaborative Research

JIRCAS is required to cover a wide range ofresearch fields. Human resources at JIRCAS,however, are limited. This makes collaborativeresearches with other institutes or universitiesnecessary towards achieving JIRCAS’ projectobjectives. Whenever JIRCAS and itscollaborators reach an agreement on thecommencement of collaborative research afterexchanging ideas and opinions, a Memorandumof Understanding (MOU) or a Joint ResearchAgreement (JRAs) is usually concluded. Wedeveloped the concept of JRAs in 2006. A JRAis a contract for collaborative research with aparticular research subject and with a fixed term.A total of 110 MOUs or JRAs remained in forceat the end of FY 2010.

In 2004, JIRCAS was given a Certificate ofRecognition by CGIAR as a key partner and asthe CGIAR focal point institution in Japan.JIRCAS has been playing an important role inpromoting mutual understanding andcollaboration between CGIAR and the Japanesegovernment. It has also been intensivelyimplementing collaborative research with

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MAIN RESEARCH PROGRAMScandidate genes for alkali tolerance wasnarrowed down for further gene isolation.

2. While increasing the collection of rice blastraces from Africa and investigating theirpathogenicity, a total of 12 races wereselected for a preliminary version of anAfrica-oriented standard differential system.

2. Meanwhile, the phosphorous deficiencytolerance detected in upland NERICAs wasanalyzed genetically, and novel QTLs weremapped on chromosomes 3 and 11 in additionto a previous QTL on chromosome 6.

2. The candidate genes for drought tolerancewere introduced into upland NERICA andfixed single-copy transgenic lines wereproduced in advanced generations. Droughttolerance and gene expression of fixed lineswere evaluated in a greenhouse experiment.Then, seeds of transgenic lines were sent toCIAT for further evaluation in the field.

3. Two new differential variety sets,Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) near isogeniclines (NILs) and CO 39 NILs were developed.These NILs with LTH and CO 39 geneticbackgrounds are targeting 11 and 14 kinds ofresistance genes, respectively. Anddifferential systems consisting of mono-isogenic lines as the other differentialvarieties targeting 23 resistance genes andseveral selected standard differential blastisolates, were developed in Indonesia,Vietnam, China, Laos, and Philippines.

2. Monitoring of variation in the pathogenicityof soybean rust in Brazil, Paraguay andArgentina was continued. The QTL ofsoybean rust tolerance, which inhibits leafyellowing after infection, was identified to belocated on the linkage group O. Developmentof resistant varieties using DNA markers andbackcrossing has been commenced inParaguay. Breeding materials such as resistantlines with multiple resistant genes and thoseproduced by transformation have beendeveloped.

4. In the area of biofuel research, JIRCASscientists developed innovative technologiessuch as recycle saccharification system usingcellulases-hemicellulases complex forcellulosic biomass, thermotolerance, ethanolfermentable yeasts and efficient hydrolysissystem for squeezing residues from oil palmtrunks. Furthermore, in order to promote a

Theme A-1“Development of technologies to utilizebiological resources for stableproduction and multi-purposeapplications under adverseenvironments”

In developing regions where abiotic stressessuch as drought and salinity, and biotic stressescaused by pests and diseases act as majorconstraints on agricultural production, there isan increasingly urgent need to developtechnologies that enable not only stable but alsosustainable production.

Theme A-1 aims at the stable production ofvarious agricultural products encompassingagriculture, forestry and fisheries. In this theme,research projects that include the elucidation ofmechanisms of stress tolerance in plants,development of abiotic stress-tolerant cropsusing both conventional and molecularapproaches, and development of technologies toutilize various biological resources in tropicaland sub-tropical regions have been conducted.

The following items can be listed as thehighlights among the many outputs of thisresearch theme in the year 2010.

1. Research on genes for transcription factors inArabidopsis and rice, such as AREB andNAC, has been advanced and is now leadingto applied collaborative research to improveenvironmental stress tolerance of crop plants.We have revealed the activity and tissuespecificity of the stress-responsive Oshox24promoter, which is highly useful in rice. Wehave also succeeded in isolating stressresponsive promoters in soybeans.

2. In rice, a candidate gene of phosphorous-deficiency tolerance was identified.Regarding tolerance of zinc deficiency andozone toxicity, physiological studies wereperformed to elucidate the mechanism of eachidentified QTL. Materials were selected forthe genetic analysis of iron toxicity tolerance.We isolated the gene which increases yield byenhancing source capacity. Furthermore, it isindicated that the gene is effective forbreeding program geared toward improvinghigh yielding rice.

2. A major QTL was identified for droughttolerance in wheat based on yield data in thefield. In soybean, a candidate gene for salttolerance was identified and the region of

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showed the importance of the complexinterconnected mangrove waterways andassociated prey aquatic animals in the largemangrove system to juvenile John’s snapper.Laotian indigenous species Hypsibarbusmalcomi is a common fish in the market, butit has not yet been applied to aquaculture todate. Examination of the artificial seedproduction showed high fecundity of the adultfemale and high survival rate in larval andjuvenile stages, and consequently it indicatedthat this species could be applicable toaquaculture. Free amino acids (FAAs) in themuscle of Litopenaeus vannamei (whitelegshrimp) produced by the Indoor ShrimpProduction System (ISPS) and othercommercially cultured shrimp species wereanalyzed by high performance liquidchromatography (HPLC). ISPS-producedwhiteleg shrimp showed high levels of someFAAs. The levels were similar to those ofKuruma prawn produced in Japan, and higherthan those of imported shrimp species. Thisindicates a successful high-value shrimpproduction by ISPS.

TOPIC1

Identification of a major QTL allelefrom wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb.& Zucc.) for increasing alkaline salttolerance in soybean

Salt-affected soils are generally classified intothree main categories depending on the amountsand kinds of salts present. They are saline, sodic(alkaline), and saline-sodic. Both saline andsodic problems are reported to threaten soybean(Glycine max (L.) Merr.) production’ssustainability. Development of soybean cultivarswith high salt tolerance will be an effective wayto maintain sustainable production of soybean ina salt stress-environment. However, thedevelopment of salt-tolerant soybean cultivars ina soybean breeding practice is hampered by thelack of precise evaluation of salt tolerance forbreeding lines during the selection process.Therefore, DNA marker-assisted selection(MAS) will be particularly useful in theselection and breeding for salt tolerance. Severalstudies of quantitative trait locus (QTL)mapping for saline tolerance have been reported,and some DNA markers have been proposed foruse in a soybean breeding program to select forsalt tolerance. However, little is known aboutthe heredity of alkaline salt tolerance in

utilization technology for oil palm trunk,JIRCAS also carried out research to optimizethe capacity of the 'Parenchyma-separatorequipment' and the development ofbiodegradable composites using empty fruitbunches from oil palm industries.

5. Model functional food products using localtropical vegetables that are highlyantioxidative were invented. New functionalintermediate materials for food processingthat contain water-soluble polysaccharidesfrom rice were developed. And, newtechnologies of food processing wereestablished. These model products,intermediate materials and technologies areexpected to be applied in food industries.Therefore, it is assumed that the plan of thisproject has been mostly attained already.

6. We have succeeded in breeding promising‘Multi-Purpose Sugarcane’ clones with highsugar content and excellent fiber-yieldingabilities. Likewise, we have succeeded in thebreeding of elite F1 hybrids with highadaptability to drought. Both of them werebred by inter-specific crossing betweensugarcane varieties and wild-speciesSaccharum spontaneum. Moreover, we haveclassified our Erianthus germplasm (149accessions) and succeeded to generateintergeneric hybrids between sugarcanevarieties and Erianthus by improvingcrossing techniques.

2. JIRCAS is preparing to commence a newcollaborative research project on “Use ofgenomic information and molecular tools foryam germplasm utilization and improvementfor West Africa” with the InternationalInstitute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) fromFiscal Year 2011. Whole genome sequencingby next generation sequencer (Illumina GA)has been in progress already for the newproject with the collaboration of the IwateBiotechnology Research Center (IBRC),Japan. In addition, during the feasibility studyof the project in 2010, 90 SSR markers wereisolated from Dioscorea cayenensis. It wasconfirmed that these markers werepolymorphic not only for D. cayenensis butalso for the other Dioscorea species cultivatedin Africa.

7. Stable isotope analyses were carried out toinvestigate the migration of John’s snapperLutijanus johnii and its dependence on thefood resources provided within the MatangMangrove Forest Reserve, Malaysia. It

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variation for STR in the F6 and the F2

populations, respectively (Fig. 3). The wildsoybean contributed the tolerance allele in theprogenies. Our results suggest that QTL foralkaline salt tolerance is different from the QTLlocated on chromosome 3 for NaCl salttolerance found previously in this wild soybeangenotype. The DNA markers closely associatedwith the QTLs, such as Satt669 Satt447 andSat_292, might be used for MAS to pyramid thetolerance genes in soybean for both saline andalkaline stresses.

(D. H. Xu and D. D. Tuyen)

soybean. In this study, we identified a QTLallele for alkaline salt tolerance in soybean froma wild soybean accession JWS156-1 (G. sojaSieb. & Zucc.), and developed DNA markersthat might be used in a soybean breedingprogram for alkaline salt tolerance.

Under alkaline salt treatment with 180 mMNaHCO3 for about three weeks, the wildsoybean accession JWS156-1 showed thehighest alkaline salt tolerance in terms of salttolerance rating (STR) and leaf chlorophyllcontent (SPAD value) among 53 soybeangermplasm, including 51 cultivated soybeancultivars and two wild soybean accessions (Fig.1, 2). To identify the QTL for alkaline salttolerance in soybean, an F6 recombinant inbredline (RIL) mapping population (n = 112) and anF2 population (n = 149) derived from crossesbetween a cultivated soybean cultivar Jacksonand JWS156-1 were used. Evaluation ofsoybean alkaline salt tolerance was carried outbased on salt tolerance rating (STR) and leafchlorophyll content (SPAD value) aftertreatment with 180 mM NaHCO3 for aboutthree weeks under greenhouse conditions. Inboth populations, a significant QTL for alkalinesalt tolerance was detected on chromosome 17,which accounted for 50.2 and 13.0% of the total

Fig. 2. Frequencydistribution of salttolerance rating (STR) andSPAD value of the 53soybean germplasm. The STR was classified ona scale of one to f ive,ranging from 1 (completedeath) to 5 (normal healthleaves). Leaf chlorophyllcontent (SPAD value) wasmeasured using achlorophyll meter.

Fig. 3. Genetic map ofchromosome 17 and QTLLOD (score for salt tolerancerating (STR, blue solid line) and leaf chlorophyll content(SPAD, blue dotted l ine)values in the F6 (A) and theF2 (B) populations derivedfrom the crosses betweensoybean cultivar Jackson andthe wild soybean accessionJWS156-1. The vertical dottedlines indicate QTL significantlevels (p < 0.01) estimatedfrom a 2000-permutation testby random sampling ofphenotypic data.

Fig. 1. Comparison of alkalinesalt tolerance between thewild soybean accessionJWS156-1 (right) and thesoybean cultivar Jackson (left)after alkaline salt treatmentwith 180 mM NaHCO3 forabout three weeks.

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TOPIC2

Three kinds of AREB transcriptionfactors cooperatively regulate ABA-mediated drought stress tolerance

Drought has been seriously damagingagriculture, and the damage is more severe indeveloping countries. An important strategy tomeet food demands with less water is to developcrop varieties with increased tolerance todrought. Under drought stress, abscisic acid(ABA) levels increase in plants, thereby

triggering the expression of many genes thatfunction in stress tolerance. In this study, usingmolecular analyses in model Arabidopsis plantsand rice, we have revealed that multiple AREB-type transcription factors cooperatively regulateABA-mediated drought stress tolerance. Ourelucidation of the genetic mechanismsunderlying drought tolerance establishes thetechnical platform essential toward advancingdrought-tolerant crops in developing countries.

In Arabidopsis, three members of the AREB-type transcription factors, AREB1, AREB2 andABF3, cooperatively regulate the plant responseto water stress. (Fig. 1 and 2) These factorscontrol the expression of many regulatory genes,e.g., encoding transcription factors, proteinkinases and phosphatases, as well as theexpression of functional genes, such as encodingLEA class proteins. While AREB1, AREB2and ABF3 have largely overlapping functions,our results also show that each of them may playa specific role (Fig. 2). AREB1 has highertransactivation ability induced by ABA, AREB2is induced more highly by salt stress, and ABF3retains greater transactivation ability than theother two even without ABA. Similar toAREB1, AREB2 and ABF3 in Arabidopsis,three AREB-type transcription factors,OsAREB1, OsAREB2 and OsAREB8 areinvolved in transcriptional activation of drought-tolerance related genes in rice. Moreover, ourphylogenetic analysis revealed that the AREB-type transcription factors are conserved not onlyin Arabidopsis, rice and soybeans, but ratheruniversally throughout all land plants, includingmosses and ferns.

Our findings support the idea that the droughttolerance system regulated by AREB-typetranscriptional factors is well conserved not justin Arabidopsis but also in crops, like rice andsoybeans. This functional conservation makesthis system an important target for cropimprovement with respect to drought tolerance.Furthermore, the findings of functionalcharacteristics among AREB-type transcriptionfactors can be put to the development ofappropriate drought-tolerant crops. Consideringboth the overlapping and specific functions ofthese three AREB-type transcription factors, thecombinations of genes and promoters can beoptimized to appropriately meet the variousneeds of different crop varieties or according tolevels of drought (Fig. 2).

(Y. Fujita, T. Yoshida, and K. Yamaguchi-Shinozaki)Fig. 2. Model for the development of abiotic stress-tolerant crops using three kinds of AREB-

type transcription factors that cooperatively regulate ABA-mediated drought stress tolerance.AREB1, AREB2 and ABF3 cooperatively regulate the ability of plants related to droughttolerance. While the transcription factors have overlapping functions, each of them has itsown specific roles

Fig. 1. Drought-tolerancephenotype of triple knock-out mutants for AREB-type transcription factors(AREB1, AREB2 andABF3) in Arabidopsis.Photographs show plantsbefore and after stresstreatment. Watering waswithheld from 3-week oldplants for 11 days, andthen watering wasresumed for 1 weekbefore the photographwas taken. Survival rateswere calculated from theresults of five independentexperiments.

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assays revealed that OsNAC5 interacts withOsNAC5, OsNAC6 and SNAC1. To analyze thefunction of OsNAC5 in rice plants, wegenerated transgenic rice plants (Nipponbare)that overexpressed OsNAC5. The growth of T2and T3 of the transgenic plants was similar tothat of control plants, whereas the growth ofOsNAC6-overexpressing transgenic plants wasretarded (Fig. 1A). T2 and T3 of OsNAC5-overexpressing transgenic plants also hadsignificantly improved tolerance to high salinitycompared to control plants (Fig. 1B and 1C).Many stress-inducible genes, including the “lateembryogenesis abundant” gene OsLEA3, wereup regulated in rice plants that overexpressedOsNAC5. By gel mobility shift assay, OsNAC5and OsNAC6 were shown to bind to theOsLEA3 promoter. Collectively, our resultsindicate that the stress-responsive proteinsOsNAC5 and OsNAC6 are transcriptionalactivators that enhance stress tolerance byupregulating the expression of stress-induciblerice genes such as OsLEA3, although the effectsof these proteins on growth are different.OsNAC5 may therefore be a useful gene thatcan improve the stress tolerance of rice withoutaffecting growth.

Application of this technology is expected todecrease the damages caused by drought andsalt in developing regions. In the future, it isnecessary to verify the tolerance of the plantsoverexpressing OsNAC5 to hostileenvironments such as drought and high salinityat the field level.

(Hironori Takasaki [The University of Tokyo],Kyonoshin Maruyama, Satoshi Kidokoro [The

University of Tokyo], Yusuke Ito, YasunariFujita, Kazuo Shinozaki [RIKEN Plant Science

Center], Kazuko Yamaguchi-Shinozaki [TheUniversity of Tokyo] and Kazuo Nakashima)

TOPIC3

Development of gene transfertechnology to generate stress-tolerantrice plants utilizing the OsNAC5 gene

In recent years, droughts and other extremeweather events occur frequently around theworld and have a huge negative impact on cropyields. More particularly in developing regions,frequent droughts have caused severe damagesto agriculture. When plants are exposed toadverse environmental conditions such asdrought, through the function of genes involvedin promoting tolerance to many environmentalstresses, plants adapt to adverse environments.By causing overexpression of the transcriptionfactor that regulates the function of theseenvironmental stress tolerance genes, it ispossible to improve environmental stresstolerance. However, in overexpressing thetranscription factor genes involved inenvironmental stress tolerance, growthinhibition often occurs. This study is aimed todevelop rice plants with improved tolerance toenvironmental stresses such as drought and saltstress without inhibiting the growth, usingenvironmental stress-inducible NAC-typetranscription factor genes in rice.

The transcription factor OsNAC5 in rice is amember of the plant-specific NAC family thatregulates stress responses. Expression ofOsNAC5, as well as OsNAC6, is induced byabiotic stresses such as drought, cold, highsalinity, abscisic acid and methyl jasmonic acid.Transactivation assays using rice protoplastsdemonstrated that OsNAC5 is a transcriptionalactivator, and subcellular localization studiesusing OsNAC5-GFP fusion proteins showedthat it is localized to the nucleus. Pull-down

Fig. 1. Growth and stress tolerance oftransgenic rice plants overexpressing OsNAC5.(A) Height of transgenic rice plantsoverexpressing OsNAC5 (OsNAC5-OX) andOsNAC6 (OsNAC6-OX), and vector controlplants (VC). (B) High-salinity stress tolerance oftransgenic rice plants overexpressing OsNAC5.(C) Drought stress tolerance of transgenic riceplants overexpressing OsNAC5.

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genes derived from 19 donor varieties and 27NILs containing 14 genes from 26 varietieswere developed with the genetic backgrounds ofLTH and CO 39, respectively (Table 1). TheNILs showed similar reaction patterns to thoseof the corresponding resistance-containingmonogenic lines (MLs) when challenged with20 standard blast isolates from the Philippines,suggesting that the target resistance genes weresuccessfully introduced. The introgression of thetargeted resistance genes was further confirmedby SSR markers that were located within thechromosome regions where the resistance geneshad previously been mapped. Genome surveysusing SSR markers showed that the NILs hadgenetic compositions more similar to that of therecurrent parents than did the MLs. Themorphological characteristics of each NIL weregenerally similar to those of the respectiverecurrent parents (Fig.1).

These NILs are expected to be valuablegenetic tools for research and breeding programsfor blast resistance. Seeds of these lines can beobtained from JIRCAS and IRRI.

(Nobuya Kobayashi, Mary Jeanie Telebanco-Yanoria [IRRI], Yoshimichi Fukuta, Yohei

Koide, Hiroshi Kato [NICS], Tokio Imbe [KO-NARC])

TOPIC4

Near isogenic lines of rice for blastresistance genes as differential varieties

Rice blast caused by a highly variablepathogen, Magnaporthe oryzae B. Couch, is oneof the most important diseases that reduce riceproductivity worldwide. The use of resistantvarieties is the most practical and economicalapproach to control this disease. As a useful toolto develop resistant varieties, the IRRI JapanCollaborative Research Project releasedmonogenic lines (MLs) for blast resistance withthe genetic background of a Japonica-type ricevariety, Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) as the firstset of international standard differential varieties(DVs). However, many of the MLs showedsignificant differences from LTH for severalagronomic traits. This may be due to theintrogression of large chromosomal segmentsfrom the donor varieties, because the MLs werederived after only one to three backcrosses.Here, we developed near isogenic lines (NILs)containing single blast resistance genes byperforming six backcrosses of the donors toLTH and an Indica-type variety, CO 39.

Twenty NILs containing 11 blast resistance

Table 1. Target genes and donor parents of blast differential varieties with the genetic background of LTH and CO 39

Legend: -: Under development. Pik*: one of the Pik alleles judging from its reaction pattern.Abbreviation of donor varieties: B: BL1, B40: B40, CA: C101A51, CO: Caloro, CP4: C104PKT,CT2: C105TTP2L9, Du: Dular, Fu: Fukunishiki, NP: NP125, F14: F-14-3, F21: F-21-6, F25: F-25-3,F40: F-40-3, F66: F-66-1, IR64: IR64, IT13: IRAT 13, K1: K1, K3: K3, K60: K60, K86: KU86, Ka:Kanto 51, Ku: Kusabue, LA: C101LAC, M: Moroberekan, Me: Metica1, Pi: Pi No.4, Re: Reiho, S:Shin2, T: Toride 1, Ts: Tsuyuake, W: WHD-1S-75-1-127, Ya: Yashiromochi, Ze: Zenith, Zh:Zhaiyeqing8

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and cyclone, and it separates the parenchyma,which accounts for approximately half of thetotal bulk, from the residues after the squeezingof the sap (Fig.1). Sap-squeezed residues whichenter into slots of the separator are stirred in thescrew conveyor, and the parenchyma bound tothe vascular bundles is detached in the process.The parenchyma with light specific gravity isaspirated by the exhaust blower, while vascularbundles with heavy specific gravity aretransferred in the opposite direction of the airflow from the exhaust blower by a paddle mixerlocated in the screw conveyor, and then aredischarged from there (Fig.1 right, green arrow).Parenchyma aspirated by the exhaust blower isseparated by means of a spiral air flow thatspans around the cylinder of the cyclone. Theisolated parenchyma is then collected from therotary valve under the cylinder of the cyclone(Fig.1 right, red arrow). The quality of theparenchyma which is isolated from the cycloneis expressed as purity of the parenchymafraction.

We changed the rotation frequency of thescrew conveyor, paddle mixer, and the flow rateof the exhaust blower in order to optimizeconditions for separation in this separatorequipment. When the rotation of the screwconveyor or paddle mixer was 23 rpm or 70rpm, respectively, the purity and collection ofparenchyma fraction were increased until 1,420

TOPIC5

Parenchyma-separator equipment forfelled old oil palm trunks for efficientethanol production

The parenchyma of old oil palm trunks, whichhas accumulated starch, as well as the squeezedsap from oil palm trunks, is extremely promisingas feedstocks for fuel ethanol production. Forthe advancement of efficient ethanol production,we have developed a new equipment whichprepares the parenchyma tissues by utilizing thedifferences in density of the squeezed sapresidues which are a mix of parenchyma andvascular bundles. We conducted a separationtrial of the parenchyma using this equipmentwith cooperation from the Forest ResearchInstitute Malaysia (FRIM). Then, we set out onthe technology transfer or extension of fuelethanol production technology from felled oldoil palm trunks and its expansion locally.

We developed the parenchyma-separatorequipment for efficient ethanol production fromfelled oil palm trunks. This system consists of ascrew conveyor with paddle and separator withcyclone mode. A parenchyma-separatorequipment is used in combination with an oilpalm squeezing system that was developedpreviously.

This equipment consists of a screw conveyor

Fig. 1. Picture (left) anddiagram (right) ofp a r e n c h y m a - s e p a r a t o requipment for felled oil palmtrunks. Red arrow: flow ofparenchyma, Green arrow:flow of vascular bundles,Blue arrow: Direction of airflow, Yellow arrow: Rotation ofpaddle mixer.

Fig.1. Donor variety ofresistance gene (Upper),Near-isogenic line, IRBL9-W[LT] (Middle), andrecurrent parent LTH(Lower).

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degrading ability, and thus it attracted wideattention as a source of cellulolytic enzymes tohydrolyze lignocelluloses into glucose and othersugars which then can be converted into usefulsubstances such as ethanol. The cellulosome (2-3.5 MDa) of C. thermocellum consists of a large(197 kDa), non-catalytic, multi-modularscaffolding protein named CipA that includesnine cohesins, four hydrophilic modules and afamily III cellulose-binding module (CBM). Thecatalytic units are non-covalently attached to thescaffoldin via high affinity-type I interactionsbetween the dockerin domains of the catalyticunits with the cohesins on the scaffoldin. Weisolated the C. thermocellum strain S14 (NITEP-627), which was originally isolated frombagasse paper sludge in Thailand, and whichproduces cellulosome with strong cellulolyticactivity.

To bring out the cellulolytic abilities of thecellulosome, it is necessary to eliminateinhibition against it by the major end product,cellobiose. Combining recombinant

TOPIC6

Development of innovative enzymetechnology for cellulosic biomassdegradation

A m o n g t h e c e l l u l o s o m e - p r o d u c i n gmicroorganisms, Clostridium thermocellum, ananaerobic, thermophilic and spore-formingbacterium, has the most potent cellulose-

equipment is able to separate oil palm residueswith different specific gravity by changing someoperational parameters of this equipment (ex.rounds per minute of the screw conveyor andpaddle mixer, and air flow rate from the exhaustblower).

(Y. Murata, A. Kosugi, T. Arai, Y. Mori, K. Fujimoto [Forestry and Forest Products

Research Institute (FFPRI)], M. N. MohdYusoff, W. A. Ibrahim, Puad Elham

[Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)]), Othman Sulaiman, Rokiah Hashim

[Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)])

rpm of the exhaust blower. However, the purityof parenchyma was decreased at over 1,700 rpmof the exhaust blower (Fig.2). We could obtain aparenchyma fraction with higher purity whenthe rotation of the paddle was up to 70 rpm, andwhen the rotation of the screw conveyor andexhaust blower was 23 rpm or 1,144 rpm,respectively (Fig. 3). Purity of parenchyma at 85%, and a collection yield of 80% ofparenchyma were achievable with this system.

The moisture that is contained in the sap-squeezed residues has an effect on the purity andcollection rate of the parenchyma. But this

Fig.1. SEM picture of isolatedC. thermocellum S14

Fig.2. Effect of exhaust blower on purity and recoveryrate of parenchyma.

Fig.3. Effect of paddle rotation, rounds per minute(rpm) on the purity and parenchyma.

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-glucosidase from Thermoanaerobacter withthe cellulosome from C. thermocellum S14,accumulated cellobiose was hydrolyzed therebyresulting in significant enhancement of themicrocrystalline cellulose degradation. On theother hand, when rice straw treated by soakingwith aqueous-ammonia (28%) solution for 1week at 60˚C was hydrolyzed by a combinationof 10 units of -glucosidase and cellulosomeloading of 2 mg protein/g glucan, the maximumsaccharification rate was achieved up to 91%.Hydrolysates from rice straw through thecombination of -glucosidase and cellulosomealso could be fermented to ethanol by using theyeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, without anyinhibitions up to a theoretical yield ofapproximately 95%. These results stronglysuggest that the combination of -glucosidaseand cellulosome has a great potential as a neweffective lignocellulose degradation system.

(Akihiko Kosugi, Chakrit Tachaapaikoon[KMUTT], Rattiya Waeonukul [KMUTT]

Fig. 2. Saccharification of microcrystalline cellulose using theenzyme combination of cellulosome and T. brockii -glucosidase. -glycosidase of Aspergillus niger was usedin the case of fungi cellulase. The enzyme concentrationused is 1 mg per 1 g for 3% and 6% of cellulose substrateand 2 mg per 1 g at 10%.

Fig. 3. Saccharification of ammonia-treated rice straw using the enzyme combinationof cellulosome and T. brockii -glucosidase.(a) Saccharification profile of ammonia-treated rice straw (b) SEM pictures after saccharification.

Table 1. Growth and enzyme properties of C. thermocellum S14 strain.

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Fig. 1. Soybeans fermented with several strains of B. amyloliquefaciens.

Fig. 2. The alpha-glucosidaseinhibitory activit ies offermented foods and cultureextracts. The vertical axisindicates alpha-glucosidaserelative activity (%). The valueof 100% means perfect alpha-glucosidase activity withoutthe presence of any inhibitor.

NBRC13719 were obtained from the BiologicalResource Center, National Institute ofTechnology and Evaluation, Japan. Commercialnatto bacterium was isolated from a nattopurchased from a Japanese market. Rice, wheat,corn and soybean were fermented by thesebacteria (Fig. 1). Fermentation extracts of B.amyloliquefaciens showed alpha-glucosidaseinhibitory activity, while those of B. subtilis andcommercial natto bacterium showed no activity(Fig. 2). Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity ofthe culture extracts using LB media was alsosimilar to that of the fermentation extracts (Fig.2).

These results showed that newly functionalfood materials with alpha-glucosidase inhibitoryactivity could be produced using the bacteria, B.amyloliquefaciens. These food materials may beutilizable for the manufacture of nutrition foodswith inhibitory effect on elevated blood sugarlevels.

(S. Nirasawa, T. Yoshihashi, L. Li [ChinaAgricultural University] and Y. Mori)

TOPIC7

Manufacturing method of functionalfoods that has alpha-glucosidaseinhibitory activity using Bacillusamyloliquefaciens

The demand for functional foods has alsoincreased in developing countries because of therise in health concerns. Therefore, we performedscreening of functional substances from thesame species of bacteria that had been isolatedfrom fermented foods in East and SoutheastAsia. As a result, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,which had been isolated from a Thai fermentedfood, Thua nao and similar foods, was found toproduce alpha-glucosidase inhibitorysubstances. Therefore, we developed amanufacturing method for functional foods thathad alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity usingB. amyloliquefaciens.

B. amyloliquefaciens strains, NBRC3022,NBRC14141, NBRC15535, and Bacillus subtilis

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and E. procerus. Further, E. arundinaceus isobserved to be divided into three types (namely,Type I, II and III) (Fig. 1, Table 1).

E. procerus is distributed west to north and inthe northern parts of northeast Thailand.Chromosome number is 2n=40, and it mainlygrows on the open slopes of hills and mountains,field sides, roadsides, etc. It is difficult topropagate vegetatively because of its small budsand none to a few number of root primordia.There’s too much wax and no hair on the leafsheath except the ridges of the leaf sheath andaround the ligule. Flowering time starts fromDecember to January (Fig. 1, Table 1).

E. arundinaceus Type I is widely distributed inthe Indochina peninsula. Chromosome numberis 2n=60, and it also grows on the open slopes ofhills and mountains, field sides, roadsides, etc. Itshows a wider variation in the quantity of hairand wax at the back of the leaf sheath, but thereis no accession without hair. Germination of budis not so bad, but some accessions show poorability in vegetative propagation. Floweringtime occurs in November to January (Fig. 1,Table 1).

On the other hand, E. arundinaceus Type II isdistributed in the southern part of Thailand.Chromosome number is 2n=60, and it growsalong river banks, stream beds and swamps. It

TOPIC8

Evaluation and classification ofErianthus germplasm in Thailand

To relieve the tight supply of food and energyin the world, it is important to develop highbiomass crops for sugar and fiber, which alsoexhibit higher productivity in adverseenvironment. The genus Erianthus, one of the‘Saccharum complex’, has been paid a lot ofattention as a breeding material for sugarcaneimprovement and as raw material for celluloseproduction since it has high adaptability toadverse environments, especially drought. From1997 to 2010, JIRCAS and the Khon Kaen FieldCrops Research Center (KKFCRC) in Thailandcollected 151 Erianthus accessions from all overThailand and preserved these in the KKFCRCfield. In this project, we evaluated and classifiedour collection of Thai Erianthus accessions foreffective utilization in sugarcane breeding.

A total of 21 morphological characteristics,flowering phenology and cytological andbiogeographical data were examined on 108Thai Erianthus accessions, which were collectedfrom 1997 to 2003. In the viewpoint of thepresent plant taxonomy, Erianthus accessionsare classified into two species, E. arundinaceus

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Fig. 1. Photos of natural habitats in Thailand, geographical distribution and chromosomes of E. procerus and threetypes of E. arundinaceus.

Table 1. Characteristics of E. procerus and three types of E. arundinaceus

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Fig. 2. Dry matter yield ofsome E. arundinaceusaccessions (Type I, II, III) at3rd rationing in the KKFCRCfield.

reared to market size in low salinity water (5ppt) in order to reduce rearing costs. However,in general, crustaceans show decreased freeamino acid (FAA) levels in the muscles underlow salinity conditions, which may therebylower their value as a food product, as FAAs areimportant factors influencing the taste of themarine products. In the present study, FAAswere analyzed in the muscles of L. vannameiproduced by ISPS (ISPS-whiteleg shrimp), andin other commercially cultured shrimp species,e.g., kuruma prawn (Marsupenaeus japonicus)produced domestically in Japan, giant tigerprawn (Penaeus monodon) imported fromVietnam, Indian prawn (Fenneropenaeusindicus) from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,Pacific blue shrimp (L. stylirostris) from NewCaledonia, and whiteleg shrimp (L. vannamei)imported from Indonesia.

Analysis using high performance liquidchromatography (HPLC) revealed that ISPS-whiteleg shrimp (Fig. 1) showed high levels oftotal free amino acids (the sum of 19 free aminoacids examined in this study), and key FAAs

3rd ratooning were higher than in conventionalsugarcane varieties and napier grass (Fig. 2).

Erianthus is a promising material for sugarcaneimprovement and as a raw material for celluloseproduction. These results will contribute to theErianthus collection, preservation and effectiveutilization efforts in Thailand. (S. Tagane, A. Sugimoto, Y. Terajima, Y. Egawa,

H. Ishiki, M. Sato[Kagoshima PrefecturalInstitute for Agricultural Development], S. Irei

[Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural ResearchCenter], W. Ponragdee, T. Sansayawichai and

A. Tippayawat [Khon Kaen Field CropsResearch Center, Thailand])

TOPIC9

Free amino acids in the muscle ofwhiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeusvannamei, reared under a closed,recirculating production system

The world’s total production of marineshrimp has increased drastically in recent years.However, in Asian countries which produceapproximately 75% of the total amount, coastalshrimp farming has brought aboutenvironmental problems such as the destructionof mangroves due to large-scale construction ofshrimp ponds, or pollution of the water and soilbecause of the massive use of chemicalsintended to prevent disease outbreaks. In orderto address these problems and establishsustainable shrimp production, JIRCAS andInternational Mariculture Technology Co. Ltd.have developed the novel “Indoor ShrimpProduction System (ISPS)” using land-basedrecirculating aquaculture technology. In ISPS,whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) are

has big buds and a higher number of rootprimordia. There’s none to a few hair and a lotof wax present on the leaf sheath. Floweringtime occurs in December (Fig. 1, Table 1).

And, E. arundinaceus Type III is distributed inthe western to northern parts of Thailand andalong the Mekong River in the northeast.Chromosome number is 2n=40, and it growsalong the riverbanks and stream beds. It is easilypropagated vegetatively due to well-developedbuds and root primordia. No hair and wax onleaf. Flowering time occurs in September andlasts until October (Fig. 1, Table 1). Dry matteryield of some E. arundinaceus accessions at the

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including glycine and glutamine. These levelswere similar to those of the kuruma prawnproduced domestically in Japan, but higher thanthose of imported shrimp species (Fig. 2). Theseresults demonstrate that a high-value shrimpdestined for human consumption can beproduced by ISPS. In addition, the ISPS-whiteleg shrimp has been highly evaluated onthe domestic market.Based on the fact that ISPS can be establishedinland without using chemicals and dependingon the use of fresh seawater, ISPS can minimizeimpact to the environment. Moreover, thepresent study shows that ISPS can produce ahigh-value product for the market. Though somemodifications may be necessary to adopt it foruse overseas, including the developing regions,

Fig. 2. Free amino acids (glycine, glutamine, and total free amino acids) in the muscles of shrimps of the Penaeidaefamily (mg/ 100g)A. ISPS-whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)B. Kuruma prawn (Marsupenaeus japonicus) produced in JapanC. Giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) imported from VietnamD. Indian prawn (Fenneropenaeus indicus) imported from the Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaE. Pacific blue shrimp (L. stylirostris) imported from New Caledonia, FranceF. Whiteleg shrimp (L. vannamei) imported from Indonesia

Fig. 1. Litopenaeus vannamei produced by ISPS

disruption /decline in indigenous fish fauna,although total aquaculture production hasrapidly increased due to the aquaculturalutilization of such alien species. Consideringthis situation, further development of indigenousfish aquaculture in the region is now required.Hypsibarbus malcolmi (Cyprinidae, Fig. 1) iswidely distributed in the Indochinese Peninsula,including Laos, and is a common marketablefish species, but it has not been used foraquaculture so far. In this study, therefore, weattempted artificial seed production, examinedits productivity, and described the growth andmorphological development of the species.

Through the experimental trial on seedproduction of Hypsibarbus malcolmi, thefollowing results were obtained: (1) ca. 100,000

TOPIC10

Seed production and growth ofLaotian cyprinid Hypsibarbusmalcolmi, a high-potential aquaculturetarget species

In Laos, aquaculture has been promoted inrecent years due to necessity arising from theincrease of fish demand as a recent developmentof the expanding national population. However,the aquaculture production of the country atpresent is largely dependent on alien fishes (>80%), e.g., the tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Inconsequence, the invasive settlement of suchspecies in the region has progressed, thissettlement leading to a concern of possible

the advantages of ISPS as discussed above havegreat promise to contribute to the establishmentof sustainable shrimp production industries.

(T. Okutsu, J. Shinji [International MaricultureTechnology Co. Ltd.], S. Nohara, T. Nomura,

Y. Maeno, M. N. Wilder)

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fertilized eggs per female (600 1,000g) wereobtainable by means of an LH-RH analoguehormone injection. (2) The larvae consumed theyolk completely on Day 2 after hatching at theaverage size of 3.3 mm in body length (BL)(Figs. 2, 3), and started feeding. (3) Artificiallyproduced rotifers (Brachionus spp.) weresufficient initial diet, and high feeding incidencerate was observed (100% on Day 3). (4) Fishshifted from the larval to juvenile stages at 10.4mm BL with completion of aggregated fin rays(Fig. 4). (5) No cannibalism took place and highsurvival (> 90%) rate was observed within 30days of rearing since hatching.

As shown above, the high fecundity of adultHypsibarbus malcolmi and high survival during

Fig. 2. Growth of Hypsibarbus malcolmi larvae and juveniles(dotted line: complete absorption of yolk, error bars: standarddeviations.

Fig. 3. Yolk absorption pattern in Hypsibarbus malcolmi larvae(error bars: standard deviations, V: yolk volume, T: hours afterhatching.

Fig. 4. Hypsibarbus malcolmilarvae and juveniles. a larvaat hatching (yolksac period,1.9 mm BL), b Day 1 larva(yolk sac period, 3.0 mm BL,c Day 6 larva (flexion period,4.4 mm BL), d Day 12 larva(flexion period, 7.3 mm BL, eDay 16 larva (post flexionperiod, 9.1mm BL), f Day 30juvenile (12.9 mm BL). Scalebar: 1 mm.

Fig. 1. Hypsibarbus malcolmi (110 mm BL). Scale bar: 10 mm.

the early developmental period (larval andjuvenile stages) represent the exceptionalapplicability of the species for seed productionand aquaculture; these features being sufficientfor technical transfer to private seed producers.In addition, the morphological informationobtained here is contributory to speciesidentification of Hypsibarbus malcolmi amongvarious sympatrically distributed cyprinids. Onthe other hand, other factors adequate foraquacultural operation (e.g., feed conversionrate, disease tolerance), growth underaquacultural conditions until harvest and theirextension to private farmers are still to beinvestigated not only for Hypsibarbus malcolmibut for the other species (total of nine species) inwhich seed production trials have so far beenexperimentally successful with the cooperationof JIRCAS.(Shinsuke Morioka, Yuka Ogata [The University

of Tokyo], Kosuke Sano [The University ofTokyo], Bounsong Vongvichith [Living Aquatic

Resources Research Centre (LARReC), NAFRI],Hiroki Eda [IC Net Ltd.], Hisashi Kurokura[The University of Tokyo] and Thongkhoun

Khonglaliane [Department of Livestocks and Fisheries])

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frequently used as a therapeutic andprophylactic agent in aquaculture industries, andmany studies have reported OTC resistance infish pathogens (Aoki et al., 1974; Chopra andRoberts, 2001). Few studies, however, haveinvestigated the prevalence of drug resistance incommensal bacteria associated with culturedfish and shrimps, including those species relatedto human pathogens (Schmidt et al., 2000,Boinapally and Jiang, 2007). Our previous

TOPIC11

Diversity and characterization ofoxytetracycline-resistant bacteriaassociated with white-leg shrimp andgiant tiger shrimp which areintensively cultured in Thailand

Shrimp is a globally popular seafood and istraded worldwide. Significant increase indemand has encouraged the aquaculture industryin the developing countries of South Asia andLatin America, and world production reachedalmost 3.3 million metric tonnes in 2007, withexports exceeding US$14 billion in that year(FAO, 2007). Thailand is one of the majorproducers of shrimp and is the largest exporterin the world (Tanticharoen et al. , 2008).Shrimps in aquaculture are intensively grownand vulnerable to various infectious diseases.Hence, antibiotics are used extensively astherapeutic and prophylactic agents in shrimpcultures. This use has increased the antibioticresistance of shrimp pathogens, as has alsooccurred in fish farming. Oxytetracycline is

Fig. 1. Ratio of viable countsof oxytetracycline (OTC)-resistant bacteria to totalbacteria associated withshrimps intensively cultured atbrackish water ponds inThailand.VA1-4: White leg shrimp (L.vannamei) pondsBT1-5: Black tiger shrimp (P.monodon) ponds

Table 1. Minimum inhibitory concentration of oxytetracycline (OTC) to bacterial isolates using Tryptic soy agar with and withoutOTC from intensively cultured shrimps in Thailand

Table 2. Multiple antibiotic resistance profile of OTC-resistant isolates from intensively cultured shrimp in Thailand

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studies found that live cultured shrimps sold atmarkets often contain high levels of bacteriaincluding human pathogens (Yano et al., 2004;Yano et al., 2006).

Black tiger shrimp, a native species, wasfarmed intensively for several decades inThailand. During the early 2000s, the white-legshrimp, native to Latin America, was transferredto shrimp industries in Thailand following adecrease of black tiger shrimp culture due toinfectious disease (Szuster, 2006). Currently,white-leg shrimp accounts for 98% of the totalshrimp production entering the shrimp auctionin this area, although black tiger shrimps are stillcultured on a small scale (Wyban, 2007). Littleis known about the commensal bacteria andtheir possible drug resistance in either the newlytransported shrimp species, or in the endemicblack tiger shrimps. This study aimed to surveythe prevalence of oxytetracycline (OTC)-resistant bacteria in the white-leg shrimpLitopenaeus vannamei (a non-native species),and the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (anative species), intensively cultured in Thailand.

We investigated the phylogenetic diversity ofthe OTC-resistant bacterial isolates, as well asthe minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ofOTC, the occurrence of major OTC-resistantgenes and multiple antibiotic resistance in theisolates. Shrimps were collected and plated onTryptic soy agar supplemented with or withoutoxytetracycline. Percentages of OTC-resistantbacteria were 0.3 52.1% in white-leg samples,and 0.008 22.3% in black tiger samples.Analyses of 16S rDNA sequences indicated thatmost OTC-resistant isolates were closely relatedto Aeromonas spp., Shewanella spp., andLactococcus garvieae. MICs of OTC were 4128 μg/ml in the OTC-resistant Aeromonads,and 128 256 μg/ml in OTC-resistant L.garvieae. OTC resistance was found to beconferred by the genes tet(A), tet(C), tet(D),tet(E), tet(M), and tet(S), detected either singlyor in pairs. No resistance to ceftazidime,imipenem or chloramphenicol was observed inany isolate. Both species of shrimp areassociated with OTC-resistant bacteria at highdensities (occasionally exceeding 106 cfu/g).The associated bacteria, predominantlyLactococcus and Aeromonas genera, arepotential pathogens, and are reservoirs of avariety of OTC-resistant genes.(Y. Yano, K. Hamano, M. Satomi, I Tsutsui and

D. Aue-umneoy [King Mongkut’s Institute ofTechnology])

Theme A-2 Development of manage-ment technologies of environmentalresources and production systems forsustainable agriculture, forestry andfisheries

Natural resources that are the foundation ofagriculture and forestry have begun to showsigns of deterioration worldwide due toinadequate management and excessive use ofagricultural inputs. Therefore, we need todevelop production management systems whichfocus more on socioeconomic conditions,enabling the same systems to be adopted andutilized in the target countries; controltechnologies for soil nutrients and waterconditions suitable for sustainable production intropical, subtropical, arid or semi-arid regions;and production management systems combiningagriculture and animal husbandry in variousways to be achieved by improving individualproduction methods.

To accomplish the effective use of naturalresources and the development of systems forsustainable production management bycombining various practices in agriculture,animal husbandry and forestry, we haveengaged in researches on the optimization ofsoil, water and crop management foragricultural, grazing and forested lands as wellas islands.

The following items can be listed as majoroutcomes accomplished in 2010:¡ In the semi-arid regions of Africa with

infertile sandy soils, various possibilities todisseminate the soil fertility managementtechniques were evaluated utilizing theMother-Baby method. The model field iscalled the mother plot and farmers’ fields arecalled baby fields. The results indicated thatmanagement techniques such asintercropping of cowpea and pearl millet,application of threshing residues of pearlmillet or animal droppings, and combineduse of chemical fertilizers have a higherpossibility of dissemination. Thesetechniques have a common factor for theiradoption in that the effects could be graspedeasily by the farmers themselves in terms ofyield-related factors. The soil fertility of ricefields in Ghana was surveyed and the localapplication of organic matters increased riceyield up to 150% of the control. Directapplication of phosphate rocks significantlyincreased rice yield in on-stationexperiments.

¡ In rainfed agriculture area in SoutheastAsia, a management manual for diversified

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cropping of main crops through the effectiveuse of water resources was released and thedissemination of the techniques has beenstarted through the farmers’ participatorymethod. For mountainous areas, a soilfertility map, water resources distributioncharacteristics and suitable location map forpaddy fields were drawn based on the data onoutflow, soil erosion and nutrient loss. Theseoutputs enable a sustainable and stablemanner of farm management. The bookwhich introduces the research activities andthe results of the water-saving agriculturestudy in Laos and Thailand was publishedafterwards.

¡ In a flood plain of Volta River in northernGhana, a possibility to introduce ricecultivation was revealed through theintensive survey on location environment,hydrological environment, vegetation andfarm management. The database, “Plants inlowland savanna of West Africa”, whichincludes rice fields was released in theJIRCAS homepage. The database describesthe physiological characteristics and exhibitsimages of plants, academic names, origin andecological information of the about 110species found in the area.

¡ In the water-saving rice cultivationproject, Rice (Oryza sativa L.) breedingmaterials, Chromosome SegmentSubstitution Lines (CSSLs) with IR64genetic backgrounds, were developed. Thematerials have diversified traits related toheading dates, yield, etc., which could beexploited for genetic analysis and breedingmaterials and could contribute to the water-saving rice cultivation. Alternate wetting anddrying (AWD) rice cultivation, which wasproven to be effective in the reduction ofgreenhouse gas emission through significantCH4 reduction, was assessed in terms of soilfertility. After successive eight croppingcultivation, AWD did not cause deteriorationto the soil C and N, and the addition of straweven played a significant role in enhancingtheir contents.

¡ Regarding animal husbandry in IndochinaPeninsula, a feeding standard for beef cattleand the standard table of feed compositionwere published and delivered to the relateduniversities and research institutes, andtraining for extension workers on using thesematerials were done extensively in Thailand.

¡ In research on measures to preventdesertification in Northeast Asia, a modelprediction based on a grazing experimentrevealed the possibility of being able to

estimate the optimum grazing pressure inMongolian forest-steppe grasslands. Amethod for the rapid drawing-up of grasslandbiomass map covering a large area spanningseveral hundreds of square kilometers usingsatellite data was developed. The method isbased on the regression formula between themeasured grass biomass and the detailedspectrometric data on the same site, whichcould be used to predict the carrying capacityof grasslands to indicate the ideal sites forgrazing of livestock, which could alsocontribute toward preventing damage toanimals arising from shortage of grasses,especially in severe winter. Scenarioprediction using a vegetation-grazing modelwas performed; a coordinated control of thenumber of animals among herders couldfacilitate the conservation of grasslandstogether with the provision of a stableincome for herders in the long run.

¡ In research on biological nitrificationinhibition (BNI), the excretion patterns ofBNI-inducing substances, both hydrophilicand hydrophobic ones were clarified, and themechanism elucidated. A rice variety withrelatively high BNI activity was selected andin situ activity was verified in rhizospheresoil. Previous knowledge on the effect ofNH4

+ on ammonium-oxidizing bacteria andarchaea was verified by monitoring gene(amoA) expression of ammonium mono-oxygenase.

¡ In research on the proper management ofthe farming environment, a no-tillcultivation with mulching technique, utilizinglegume as a cover crop, which was proveneffective in reducing soil erosion in Africawas found to be as efficient in the no-tillmaize cultivation undertaken after plantingpigeon pea as cover crop in the Philippines.On the research on the exploitation offreshwater lens in the atoll, the boundarybetween salt water and freshwater wasdetermined by a groundwater survey atMarshall Islands using electromagnetic probeand an on-site survey, which revealed thegradual upward shrinking of the freshwaterlens after a period of drought in 1998. It isdifficult to replenish and restore thefreshwater in the freshwater lens once it issalinized. A denitrification anddecomposition (DNDC) model was appliedto the Todoroki River in Ishigaki Island, anda watershed model which can evaluate thecombined effect of cultivation methods onsoil erosion and nitrogen run-off wasestablished.

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An improved cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)variety, TN256-87, has been selected in theproject (JIRCAS Research Highlights, 2006). Itis a dual-purpose (both for grains and fodder)and high density-tolerant cultivar compared tolocal ones. For crop design, one row of the localvariety of pearl millet (Hini Kirey, Pennisetumglaucum) followed by one row of local cowpea(1:1) represented the farmers’ traditional methodin the Sahel. In this study, four rows of localmillet followed by four rows of improvedcowpea (4:4) would be proposed as a newmethod to assist farmers in conducting therotation more simply and easily (Fig. 1). Thecombination effect of three cropping densities ofthe improved cowpea with one cropping density(5882-6275 plants/ha as low) of the local pearlmillet, two crop rotations (with or withoutrotation) and two crop designs (1:1 and 4:4)were evaluated in the experimental station atSadore, ICRISAT, West and Central Africa,Niger, for three years. The results indicate thatthe crop rotation significantly increased totalbiomass by 39%, millet yield by 50% (Fig. 2, 3).And on the other hand, the 4:4 crop designdidn’t adversely reduce total biomass and milletyield. The crop density also didn’t affect themillet biomass and yield owing to the highdensity-tolerant variety of cowpea. In conclusion, the combination of four rows oflocal millet with low density (6,300 plants/ha)followed by four rows of cowpea with low tohigh densities (6,300 32,000 plants/ha,depending on the variety) is highlyrecommended for farmers to be able to carry outa cereal-legume rotation more simply andeffectively in their fields.

(Addam Kiari Saidou [Institut National deRecherche Agronomique du Niger], Hide Omae,

Satoshi Tobita)

¡ In research on the technique for nurturingindigenous tree species, tree growth wassimulated virtually on the computer and theoptimum condition was elucidated based onthe light environment after thinning.Measures for better and sustainable farmmanagement in introducing teak plantationwas proposed through a profitability analysis.Dynamics of the selective loggingimplemented over Shorea curtisii stands onthe hill Dipterocarp forest in MalayPeninsula revealed that adult trees of 60 cmto 100 cm in diameter at breast height (dbh)should be retained at a higher density within50 m, so that the rate of reproduction andregeneration could be maintained at a highlevel. If such precaution is not taken, theforest can only regain its biomass to the samelevel as the original natural forest 110 yearsafter logging at the earliest time possibleunder the present harvesting system. Thus,adult trees should be maintained at higherdensity compared to the current level and thegap between logging periods needs to belengthened as well.

¡ In tropical fruit tree research, a daytimepollination technique for durian tree wasdeveloped because pollinators of durian trees(bats) are rarely found in Thailand. Thus,pollens gathered the previous night are storedand used for artificial pollination the next dayafter 4 PM when the stigmas of durians areexposed. As for mangosteen trees, aphysiological disorder of the fruits called“glass fruit” was alleviated by soilamelioration through the addition of barksand manure into the soil combined withtreatment by ester of oleic acid to enhanceevaporation from the fruit’s skin.

TOPIC1

Combination effect of planting densityand 4:4 crop design in the system ofmillet/cowpea rotation in the Sahel,West Africa

Integrated soil fertility management is notonly intended to add nutrients but also to includeappropriate legume crops, density and cropdesign. In the Sahel of West Africa, poorfarmers cannot afford to buy enough chemicalfertilizers, organic manure or both. Analternative such as rotation with optimizedplanting density of selected varieties of legumesin an intercropping system with cereals wouldbe a low-cost input technology.

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Fig. 1. The 4:4 crop design and its rotation in millet/cowpea

demonstrated at “mother” fields of four villagesin the Fakara region, Republic of Niger, WestAfrica for two years. The local “baby” farmers,at the same time, freely selected thetechnologies based on their own interests, andpracticed them at their own “baby” fields.Within the three year-activities, they learned,became convinced and took ownership of thosetechnologies through modification processes(Fig.1). During the activities, the percentages oftrials with sole application of chemicalfertilizers and sole cultivation of millet(Pennisetum glaucum) decreased drastically. Onthe contrary, trials with millet/cowpea (Vignaunguiculata) intercrops, applied crop residues,livestock excreta, and combination withchemical fertilizers increased year by year (Fig.2). The technologies which increased in thenumber of trials could be regarded as highlyacceptable technologies. The determinantanalysis on the acceptability level indicates that:1) Lack of money could constrain application ofchemical fertilizers; 2) The distance betweendeposit points of organic matters and field

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Fig. 2. Effects of crop rotation (left), crop design (middle), and crop density (right) on crop biomass.A dual-purpose cowpea variety, TN256-87, was used. Crop densities for cowpea consisted of low (5,900 – 6,300 plants/ha),medium (11,000 – 12,000 plants/ha) and high (29,000 – 32,000 plants/ha) densities, while low (5,900 – 6,300 plants/ha) densityonly for millet. Different alphabets indicate results are statistically significant at 5% level (Student t).

Fig. 3. Effects of crop rotation (left), crop design (middle), and crop density (right) on crop yield.The cowpea variety and crop densities are the same as Fig. 1. Different alphabets indicate results are statistically significant at5% level (Student’s t-test).

TOPIC2

On-farm evaluation of the acceptabilityof the sustainable millet productiontechnologies in the Sahel, West Africa

Evaluation of the local farmers’ acceptabilityof the new cultivation technologies is veryimportant especially in Sahel, West Africa,where their dissemination is constrained bymany factors: namely, poor infrastructure, lackof materials for agriculture, possible adversereaction to the new technologies and so on.JIRCAS has carried out a project in the Sahel onsoil fertility management with utilization ofnatural organic resources since 2003, and hasclarified the effects and developed several focaltechnologies as intensive management (JIRCASResearch Highlights, 2006 and 2008). In thisstudy, the acceptability level of thosetechnologies was evaluated, and factors whichdetermined the acceptability were identifiedthrough participatory approach (Mother-Babytrials with some modifications according to theobjective).

The effectiveness of the technologies was

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Fig. 2. Changes of farmers’ “baby” selection and trials in the cropping systems (above) and fertilizer application(below) in their “baby” fields.

Fig. 1. Results of farmers’ “baby” trials indicate the effects of intercropping (left) and fertilizer application (right) on milletyield (kg/ha) in their “baby” fields.

of new technologies.In conclusion, the acceptability level of the

technologies could be increased by the processof allowing the farmers to do their own practicalapplication of the technology, their becomingconvinced of the effectiveness of thetechnologies on their own, and guarantee of theavailability of organic materials such aslivestock excreta and crop residues.

(Hide Omae, Keiichi Hayashi, Ibro Germaine[Institut National de Recherche Agronomique

du Niger])

location is important for the technology’sapplication, as 100% of “baby” fields appliedwith crop residues are located about 500 mwithin the threshing points;

3) Possession of livestock causes easieravailability of excreta; and 4) Awareness of theeffectiveness of the application, as 72% of“baby” farmers became aware of the positiveeffect of the application of crop residues andlivestock excreta, and 79% recognized that theamounts of resources, money and means oftransportation could accelerate the dissemination

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TOPIC3

Introgression lines of an Indica-typerice variety IR64 with uniqueagronomic traits

IR64 was released by the International RiceResearch Institute (IRRI) in 1985, and has beenwidely accepted as a high quality rice variety inmany countries. In the late 1980s, a breedingprogram to develop a new plant type (NPT) ofrice was launched at IRRI with the goal ofincreasing yield potential under tropicalenvironments. In this study, the NPT varietieswere chosen for experiments designed toimprove the yield potential of IR64.

A total of 334 introgression lines (INLs)derived from crosses between IR64 and tendonor varieties (mostly NPT varieties) havebeen developed as breeding materials for riceyield enhancement under the IRRI-Japan

Collaborative Research Project Phases III andIV. The agronomic traits of the 334 INLs wereevaluated in IRRI during Phase V of the projectfrom 2005 to 2007 and the genotypes of the 334INLs were clarified using more than 400 SSRmarkers. Based on the data of phenotype andgenotype for these INLs, a total of 54 regionswere detected to be associated with the eighttraits: 7 regions for days to heading, 8 for culmlength, 8 for leaf width, 4 for leaf length, 6 forpanicle length, 3 for panicle number per plant, 7for 100-grain weight, and 11 for total spikeletnumber per panicle. The developed 334 INLswith the IR64 genetic background will be usefulmaterials for genetic analysis of agronomic traitsas well as breeding for genetic enhancement ofthe yield potential of rice varieties.

(Nobuya Kobayashi, Daisuke Fujita [IRRI],Tokio Imbe [KO-NARC], Hiroshi Kato [NICS],

Yoshimichi Fukuta)

Table 1. Donor parents, no. of developed lines and no. of polymorphic DNA markers between the parents ofIR64 introgression lines

Fig. 1. Graphical genotype ofIR64 introgression l inesbulked by sib l ine groupderived from the same crosscombination.

: Introgressed chromosomesegment from donor varietydetected by SSR markers.Associated with DTH: days toheading, CL: culm length, PL:panicle length, LL: leaf length,LW: leaf width, PN: paniclenumber, GW: grain weight,SN: spikelet number perpanicle.

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(RAP) and the Thai Agricultural Land ReformOffice Project for Revitalization of DegradedEnvironment in Land Reform Areas throughIntegrated Agricultural Development (Pro-IAD).The protocol for establishing the guidelines wasas follows: At first, RAP and Pro-IAD discussedand decided the making of two types ofguidelines. One is the no-watering cultivationfor paddy fields after harvesting; the other is awater-saving cultivation technique for generalconditions. Both of them are for leafyvegetables, fruit vegetables and legumes. Then,volunteer farmers were selected from fourprovinces of the Pro-IAD area. Farmers chosethe test crops on their own. After theexperiment, all the farmers assembled, discussedtheir results and formulated the guidelines.

The first water-saving cultivation guideline formajor crops reduced watering from twice a dayto once every five days. This will be useful forboth organic and chemical agriculture. Wateringis essential to dissolve fertilizers in the soil. Onthe other hand, the no-watering cultivationtechnique is recommended for groundnut, watermelon, melon and eggplant. This second water-saving cultivation method does not requirespecial materials or other equipment.

The two guidelines have been disseminatedthrough farmer-to-farmer extension methodsince December 2010, and because noteverything could be covered by the guidelines,techniques based on their own experiences andfarming environments were shared byexperienced farmers to neophyte farmers

Fig.1. Contents of Guidelines for Water-saving Vegetable Production.

Fig. 2. Protocol of Establishing the Guidelines for Water-saving Vegetable Production.

TOPIC4

Guidelines for water-saving vegetableproduction by Northeast Thailandfarmers

The “dry sand layer effect” enables thestorage of a certain amount of excess rainfallfrom the rainy season which remains untilalmost the end of the dry season in northeastThailand. Using the saved soil moisture for useduring the dry season, a water-saving vegetableproduction method was developed throughfarmer participatory approach.

The guidelines (Fig. 1) were created asfollows. From 2004-2005, a water-savingtomato cultivation method utilizing localresources was developed in Nong SaengVillage, Khon Kaen Province, Thailand. Withinthe period spanning 2006-2007, the methodproved its adaptability and it improved yieldlevel when used in conjunction with the localfarmers' technique of returning plant residues tothe soil. The technique was applied by 58farmers out of 22 villages in two provinces(Khon Kaen and Mahasarakham). For the period2009-2010, suitability of the method for severalcrops, such as leafy vegetables, fruit vegetablesand beans, was evaluated through experimentalapplication by 15 learning-center farmers in fourprovinces (Khon Kaen, Mahasarakham,Mukdahan, Sakhon Nakhon) (Fig. 2).

The guidelines were formulated in cooperationwith the JIRCAS Rainfed Agriculture Project

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Jamjanya [KKU, Thailand], Kasem Srichompoo[KKU, Thailand], Toyomi Kotaki [NIAS],

Tetsuro Oda [Sanyu Consultants Inc.],Werachai Narkwiboonwong [ALRO, Thailand],

Toshitsugu Moroizumi [Okayama Univ.], andKen Nakamura [NIAES])

Fig. 1. Groups with representative species of weeds from different origins.

through training.(Masato Oda, J. S. Caldwell, Praphasri

Chongpraditnum [DOA, Thailand], UchadaSukchan [DOA, Thailand], Nongluck

Suphanchaimat [Khon Kaen Univ. (KKU),Thailand], Krailert Taweekul [KKU, Thailand],Yupa Hanboonsong [KKU, Thailand], Tasanee

TOPIC5

Establishment of a database on weedspecies in lowland Savanna in WestAfrica

Practical information on identification ofweeds and wild plants occurring in lowlandconditions has become even more essential forthe development of an effective weedmanagement system geared towards theimprovement of rice production in the flood-plains of West Africa, because WEEDS OFRICE in West Africa (D. E. Johnson 1997),which had been a valuable source onidentification and biology of rice weeds in WestAfrica, had been out of print for a long time.Therefore, the establishment of a database onthe weeds and plants in the abovementionedenvironment where a JIRCAS Project“Development of low input, sustainable rice

cultivation system in flood plains in Africa” hasbeen carried out, was needed to provide correctinformation to the project.

Major weed species, including wild nativeplants collected in/around ricefields of lowlandsavanna in the northern part of the Republic ofGhana, were identified based on plantspecimens and photographic images reproducedby a high resolution scanner. Each species wasclassified, based on its origin as given in theliteratures, into four groups: 1) Upland pan-tropical weeds naturalized mainly from tropicalAmerica or Asia, 2) Rice weeds of lowlandsavanna, and also common in Southeast Asia, 3)Plants growing in seasonally flooded lowlandsavanna, and 4) Weeds and plants of uplandfields in the savanna zone, as shown in Fig. 1,with representative species. The weed speciesdistribution, which was differentiated from fieldto field, reflects the history and managementpractices in each rice field (data not shown).

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Table 1). Considering the frequency ofoccurrence, plant size, possible flood toleranceand so on, species such as Paspalumscrobiculatum, Arcoceras zizanioides, Aspiliapaludosa and Melochia corchorifolia werenominated as noxious rice weeds in the Projectsite. A wild rice, Oryza longistaminata shouldbe treated with caution because it was found tohave grown in conventional rice fields innorthern Ghana. A semi-parasitic species,Rhamphicarpa fistulosa, growing under floodedconditions and reported as a parasite toGramineous plants including rice, was likewisediscovered in the Project site (Fig. 3). Thisspecies is also a possible threat.

The results can be utilized as basicinformation on changes of weeds and naturalvegetation for the development of ricecultivation in the flood plains of West Africa.Though weed species can be searched byscientific names, these are searchable as wellamong images belonging to one family if theuser could identify the family name of thespecies. This database will be further revisedand enlarged through further investigations onthe weed flora and weed biology in the ricefieldsof lowland savanna of West Africa.

(Junichi Sakagami, Hirohiko Morita [AkitaPrefectural University] and Akira Uchino[National Agricultural Research Center])

Fig. 2. A page from the database, “Plants in lowland savanna of WestAfrica”, showing Paspalum scrobiculatum, a possible noxious grass weedin rice fields.

Fig. 3. A semi-parasitic weed Rhamphicarpa fistulosa, growing under a flooded field (Right: in circles)and flowering plants (Left).

A database, “Plants in lowland savanna ofWest Africa”, with images, scientific names,classified origin and biological information ofapproximately 110 species had been uploaded tothe website of JIRCAS (http://www.jircas.affrc.go.jp/DB/DB06/index.html) (Fig. 2 and

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Table 1. Family, number of species and representative species in the database

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tables of chemical composition and energycontents of most feedstuffs available inThailand. The details of feeds i.e., portions,parts, nutrients necessary for growth andmaintenance and preparation of those feedstuffsare indicated in the tables. Moreover, the ‘beefcattle ration formulation software’ (BRATION)was developed to assist users on feedformulation (Fig. 2). This software performs aprocess in which various feed ingredients arecombined in different proportions to get thedesired amount of nutrients. This softwareconsist of four parts; feed database, animal dataand nutrient requirements, ration formulationand nutrient balance, and mineral mixtureformulation with report. This software calculatesand shows the feed composition, nutrients valueand feed costs if the inputs such as quantity, rateand cost of ingredients are entered into asfactors.

These feeding standards which are meant tocontribute to the efficient feed formulation andmanagement of local beef cattle in Indochinesepeninsular nations, are likewise applicable inother tropical areas, such as in Sub-SaharanAfrican nations. However, there are many kindsof local beef cattle in their regions which mayhave different characteristics and requirements.Therefore, it must be duly noted that thesefeeding standards are based on data obtainedfrom cattle breeds raised in Thailand. Moreover,BRATION is a free software for feedformulation. It will be available for downloadfrom the JIRCAS homepage. Please feel free touse it after gaining complete understanding andassuming responsibility for your own use.

(Makoto Otsuka, Keisuke Hayashi, KritaponSommart [Khon Kaen University], Pramote

Paengkoum [Suranaree University ofTechnology], Somkid Promma [Department of

Livestock Development] and Akio Takenaka)

TOPIC6

Establishment of feeding standards forbeef cattle and feedstuff database forthe Indochinese peninsula

Consumption of beef products is expanding inthe Indochinese peninsula nations because ofchanges in lifestyle. Hence, there is a need toestablish a cost-effective and efficient feedingmethod for the expansion of beef production.The feeding standards used in tropical countriesfor local beef cattle are based on data obtainedfrom the cattle breeds raised in temperate zonessuch as NRC in the USA (National ResearchCouncil, 2000). The nutrient requirements oftropical cattle breeds and the climatic conditionsfor measurements in tropical environments aredifferent from those of temperate areas.Therefore, JIRCAS, Japan; Department ofLivestock Development, Thailand (DLD); andKhon Kaen University, Thailand (KKU) havestarted a project, “Establishment of a feedingstandard for beef cattle and a feedstuff databasefor the Indochinese Peninsula”. Since it isessential to construct a regional researchcooperation network for the efficientachievement of the targets, other eight researchorganizations in Thailand, Lao PDR, andCambodia have also become involved in thisproject.

This project has released two versions of thefeeding standards written in English and Thai(Fig. 1). These feeding standards comprise oftwo parts. Part 1 provides information on feedintake, feeding recommendations and nutrientrequirements of the local beef cattle based onthe results of this project. Moreover, thefollowing equations for predicting feed intake,and energy and protein requirements of localbeef cattle are also estimated based on theresults of this project (Table 1). Part 2 provides

Fig. 1. Two feeding standards written in English and Thai.

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STOPIC7

Validation and characteristics of longinterval rotation of the agropastoralsystem

In the subtropical savanna of South America,vast areas of cerrados have been cultivated sincethe 1970s. However, the deterioration of cropproductivity in these fields due to continuouscropping poses a dilemma. In addition, as aninternational commodity crop, the pricefluctuation of soybean is huge and acts as adestabilizing factor in management.

The project improved local soybeanproductivity by introducing an agropastoral

system. Moreover, farm operation was stabilizedby introducing livestock with lesser pricefluctuation in the markets. Hence, theintroduction of an agropastoral system wasaimed at providing solutions to these problems,and it has been achieving results. Then, theproject conducted a comprehensive evaluationof the agropastoral system undertaken inParaguay by evaluating the concentration ofdissolved chemical components of fertilizers atthe soil surfaces and organic matteraccumulation, and by clarifying thecharacteristics of an “agropastoral system”.

In Experiment 1, which had a 7-year rotationor conversion interval from pasture back tosoybean cultivation, the soybean yield in the

Table 1. Calculation equations for nutrient requirements

Fig. 2. Feed formulation program (Animal data and nutrient requirement page).

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soil surface progresses even if the conversioninterval is shortened, the livestock’s positiveeffect on soybean productivity is still possible(Fig. 2). This is because the large difference inthe concentration of phosphates between the soilsurface and deep layers inhibits the deeperpenetration and growth of soybean roots on thesoil thus soybean is not so negatively affectedduring drought (Table 1).

In South America, where conversion toagropastoral system is spreading, the results ofthis experiment will serve as reference tosoybean farmers who need to choose a suitablesoybean system. Since crop yields and prices ofsoybean fluctuate a lot, it is difficult to obtaincomparison of the profits between those ofsoybean farmers and agropastoral farmers.However, in the intensive grazing system whichwas conducted in Experiment 2, when thesoybean market price did not climb high enough(at 20US$/60kg in 2004) and drought happened,livestock was able to compensate for theinadequate profits of soybean cultivation.Therefore, the introduction of the agropastoralsystem led to the stabilization of farm operation.

(Katsuhisa Shimoda, Toshiyuki Horita[Fundation Nikkei-Cetapar])

agropastoral field was 2.35 times higher thanthat of the control field (Table 1). In Experiment2, which had a 4-year interval before beingconverted back to soybean cultivation frompasture, the soybean yield from the agropastoralfield was 1.03 times higher than that of thecontrol field. The former (Exp. 1) exhibitedhigher benefits than the latter (Exp. 2).Therefore, soybean productivity is boosted if therotation interval in converting back to soybeanfield from grazing pasture is longer.

An extensive grazing system experiment inwhich Zebu cattle were grazed at low densityfrom one to two months during the dry seasonwithout artificial feeding was conducted in thetest pasture of Experiment 1. The intensivegrazing system in which cattle were grazed athigh density throughout all seasons and fedsoybean and hay in the dry season wasconducted in the pasture of Experiment 2. Theformer has recovered better than the latter(Table 1).

Shorter grazing period and intensive grazinglower the beneficial effect on soybeanproduction, because they inhibit organic matteraccumulation and soil condition does notimprove (Fig. 1). However, since dissolution ofthe phosphates which have accumulated on the

Table 1. Study site profile, soybean production and soil chemical properties at soil surface (0-10 cm in depth)

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Fig. 1. Changes in percentage of organic mattercontents (%) on the soil surface (At a depth of 0-10cm) of Experiment 2.

Fig. 2. Changes in phosphate concentration (mg/kg) ofExperiment 2 on the soil surface (At a depth of 0-10cm); Different letters indicate significant difference.

Fig. 1. Percentage ofnitrification inhibition in theroot exudates of r icegenotypes.Data correspond to theaverage of three independentreplicates for two consecutiveyears.Four readings were taken foreach replicate.

TOPIC8

Nitrification inhibition activity, a noveltrait in root exudates of rice

Nitrification, in which ammonia (NH3) isconverted to nitrate (NO3

-), is an importantprocess in soil-plant systems for providingplant-available nitrate (NO3

-). However, whennitrification occurs rapidly, NO3

- supply mayexceed plant demand; thus NO3

-, which is lessstable in soils compared to ammonium (NH4

+) iseasily lost through leaching, runoff ordenitrification. Recent research suggest that rootexudates from Brachiaria humidicola caninhibit nitrification in soil, which openspossibilities for using biological nitrificationinhibition (BNI) as a low-cost in situ biologicalalternative. We have tested whether BNI activityis present in the root exudates of rice (Oryzasativa L.), tested the extent of its variationamong different genotypes, and its potentialeffect on nitrification inhibition in soil.

In an initial screening experiment, the BNIactivity in the root exudates of 36 different ricegenotypes (cultivated, traditional and wildrelatives) was evaluated for two consecutiveyears using a bioassay based on a recombinantNitrosomonas strain. This strain carries aluciferase gene (luxAB) that producesbioluminescence under normal growingconditions; reduced bioluminescence indicatesdecrease of reducing power in the cell due to theinactivation of ammonia monooxygenase (aneffect of known nitrification inhibitors).Significant genotypic variation was detectedwith the upland cultivar IAC25 demonstratingconsistently high BNI activity, whilst modernlowland varieties like Nipponbare or IR64exhibited lower activity (Fig.1).

A confirmation whether the activity of root

exudates remains functional in soil thenfollowed. The effect of a single application ofconcentrated root exudates was tested on BNIusing standard soil incubation and shaken slurry

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This rhizosphere soil was incubated using thestandard incubation method for different periodsof time. After 7 days of incubation, a small butsignificant reduction in NO3

- formation wasseen in IAC25 relative to a low NI-genotypeNipponbare, and this difference increased after14 days (Fig.3). Therefore, the potential ofIAC25 was once again confirmed by detectinglower NO3

- levels in incubation experiments.Our results provide the first evidence that the

root exudates of rice can reduce nitrificationrates in soil. Having proven this for rice, amodel crop, offers possibilities for furtherexploitation of this phenomenon throughmolecular and genetic tools.

(Juan Pariasca Tanaka, Matthias Wissuwa andTakayuki Ishikawa)

method. For the standard method, soil wasamended with root exudates, (NH4)2SO4 andwater in order to reach 60% of the water-holdingcapacity and incubated at 30˚C. For the slurrymethod, soil was added with root exudates, NH4

+

and PO43-, and shaken constantly to maintain

aerobic condition. Aliquots were taken atdifferent points of time. NH4

+ and NO3- were

determined using a continuous flow auto-analyzer. Soil incubated with added exudatesfrom IAC25 had lower NO3

- concentrationsafter 7 days of incubation compared to soilincubated with water. In addition, soil amendedwith the root exudates of IAC25 had lower NO3

-concentrations using the slurry method,confirming the potential of IAC25 for BNI(Fig.2).

Subsequently, rhizosphere soil containingdeposited exudates from the rice roots wasobtained by stripping off the soil from the rootsof 50 day-old rice plants grown in small pots.

TOPIC9

Difficulty in restoring salinizedfreshwater lens, a valuable waterresource of atoll islands

There are approximately 30,000 islands in thePacific Ocean, in which about 1,000 islands arepopulated and are mostly located in developingregions. Among the islands of these smallislands countries which are mainly low-lyingatoll islands with small areas, with an elevationof a few meters on average, water resources arevery fragile. The freshwater lens is defined asthe freshwater area which floats, due to thedifferences in the density of freshwater and

seawater, in the upper part of the aquifer layerover seawater in the lower layer in small islands,as shown in Fig.1. Water resources in low-lyingsmall islands, where the water source dependson the freshwater lens, are considered to besusceptible to the reduced amount of rechargecaused by the increased intake and drought etc.,as well as further salinization due to the sealevel rise resulting from global warming. It hasbecome necessary to develop a conservationtechnology for the freshwater lens. Thus, weinvestigated the situation of groundwatersalinization through a field survey in LauraIsland, Majuro Atoll, the Republic of theMarshall Islands (RMI), where the freshwaterlens has evolved, as a test case example.

Fig. 3. Percent of total N in nitrate form inthe rhizosphere soil of two rice genotypesafter incubation for 7 and14 days. The initialnitrate in the untreated soil was 20%.

Fig. 2. Nitrate accumulation in soil incubated with the root exudates of two ricegenotypes for several hours. Soil was incubated following the standard soilincubation and shaken slurry method. Control refers to soil incubated withoutexudates.

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caused the up-corning from the bottom aroundthe intake facilities in Laura. The cross-sectionalshape of the freshwater lens which wasidentified as a result of the survey is shown inFig.4. Thick lens at both sides and the up-corning at the central part can be seen. Theresults of the electromagnetic survey indicatedthat the whole shape of the freshwater lens isalmost the same as the one in 1998.

We made use of the field weather observation

In October, 2009, we observed the electricconductivity of the groundwater at existinggroundwater monitoring wells by means ofelectro-magnetic survey along the survey line.We also estimated the boundary depth betweenthe freshwater lens and the saltwater along thecentral survey line of the freshwater lens inLaura as well. The freshwater lens in Laura wasshaped in the form of a lens according to thesurvey conducted by USGS (United StatesGeological Survey) in 1985 (Fig.2). Then, thepartial rise on the boundary between thefreshwater lens and the saltwater (up-corning)was observed by a groundwater surveyconducted after the drought in 1998 (Fig. 3).The rainfall amount during the drought period(from January to April) was 71.7 mm, and themaximum number of consecutive dry days was95, which means that there was scarce rainfall.The water sources for the residents during thedrought period were the water obtained from theseawater desalination plant and the groundwatertaken from the freshwater lens. This intake Fig. 1. Schematic view of the freshwater lens (Reference: MAFF)

Fig. 2 Cross-sectional view of the freshwater area in 1985 (Reference : USGS1)

Fig.3. Cross-sectional view of the freshwater area in 1998 (Reference : USGS1)

Fig. 4. Cross-sectional view of the freshwater area in 2009

Fig. 2. Survival rates of local tree seedlings at 30 months after planting ineach plot.

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from the up-corning despite a large amount ofrainfall.

The situation of the continuous up-corningwas provided a visible form on occasions suchas seminars in which concerned administrativeofficers of the RMI government took part, sothat the importance of the conservation of thefreshwater lens was clearly recognized. Toachieve the sustainable use of groundwaterwithout salinizing it in the future, it is necessaryto establish a stable intake method based on acalculation of available intake volume aftermodeling the groundwater flow, and to establisha groundwater monitoring system, etc. under theadequate management of the RMI government.(Tsutomu Kobayashi, Kazuhisa Koda, and Yuzo

Manpuku (JIRCAS), Satoshi Ishida [NationalInstitute of Rural Engineering; NIRE] and

Syuhei Yoshimoto [NIRE])

data etc. to calculate the water balance. Byassuming the annual average rainfall for the pastfour years (2006 to 2009) to be 2,900 mm,evapotranspiration of 1,260 mm/year derived bythe use of Linacre equation, average annualintake of 62,000 tons/year, and the surfacerunoff of 0, the annual average rainfallinfiltration to the underground is approximately3.4 million tons. The storage volume of thefreshwater lens is roughly estimated to be 1.86million tons based on the result of theelectromagnetic survey. Although thegroundwater accounting for about 1.8 times thestorage volume of the freshwater lens wassupplied on an average annual basis, the up-corning of seawater which was observed in1998, is being observed in 2009 as well. It hasbeen proven to be difficult to restore a salinizedfreshwater lens. We confirmed that the salinizedfreshwater lens in Laura could not be restored

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Fig. 1. Light conditions in each experimental plot. “Sky factor”indicates relative light intensity against the completely open siteranging from 0 to 100.

TOPIC10

Group selection thinning is effective forthe conversion of fast-growing treeplantations into indigenous tree forest

There had been attempts to restore degradedlands into forests using local tree species aroundthe world. However, the planting of local treespecies in an open site often ended in failure intropical areas due to the strong sunlight and hightemperature. We have improved the silviculturalsystem in which local tree species can beintroduced after establishing a fast-growing treeplantation under a tropical monsoon climate innortheast Thailand. We evaluated what thinning

pattern is best suitable for the survival rate andgrowth of local tree species that are plantedbeneath a fast-growing tree plantation.

Free selection thinning (1/3 and 2/3 at basalarea base) and group selection thinning (50m x60m in size) were applied to 23 year-old A.mangium plantation. Seedlings of three localtree species (Hopea odorata, H. ferrea and Xyliaxylocarpa var. kerrii) were planted at eachexperimental site with a spacing of 2 m x 3 m.The survival rate and growth of the seedlingswere surveyed every two months. Relative lightintensity was highest in the group selectionthinning plot (gap plot) followed by the 2/3 freeselection thinning plot, 1/3 free selectionthinning plot and control plot (no thinning). Thelight condition tended to return to the initiallevel in the free thinning plots as canopy was

the group selection thinning plot and worst inthe control plot (Fig. 4). H. ferrea achievedbetter growth with increased height even in darkconditions, suggesting that this species isconsiderably shade-tolerant. In contrast, X.xylocarpa var. kerrii was considered to be light-demanding. These growth performances seem tobe associated with the regeneration patterns intheir natural habitats.

These findings suggest that group selectionthinning is the most suitable technique in termsof providing the ideal light conditions (60-65%of open site) for the local tree seedlings. Youngplantations would not be suitable for this

method because their canopies willrecover quickly, shading the local treeseedlings. In order to avoid competitionwith the weeds and lianas in such abright condition, weed cutting must becarried out at least three times a year.

(A. Sakai, T. Visaratana and T.Vacharangkura [Royal Forest

Department])

the next logging operation will only be possibleafter 40 to 60 years with the natural recovery offorests. However, some degraded hill forests canbe observed after selective logging in thepeninsula. Improvement of selective loggingtechniques is required to promote the naturalprocess of forest recovery after logging and toachieve sustainable use of timber resources. Thelimiting factors for regeneration and distributionof dominant tree species are essential

recovered, while it kept to a high level in thegap plot (Fig. 1). The seedlings showed highsurvival rate (>90%) across all species andtreatment (Fig. 2). It seems that the fast-growingtrees mitigate strong sunlight for the seedlings,because the survival rate of the seedlings wasgenerally low (60-80%) in the open site. Theseedlings showed seasonal growth pattern inwhich their growth was inhibited during the dryseason (from Dec. to next Feb.) and improvedduring the rainy season (Fig. 3). Height growthwas promoted in all species as the lightcondition improved: exhibiting best growth in

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Fig. 3. Height growth profiles of the local tree seedlings.Fig. 4. Relationship between light conditions and heightincrements of the seedlings.

TOPIC11

Guideline for selective loggingtechniques for Shorea curtisii, adominant species of hill dipterocarpforests in Peninsular Malaysia

In Peninsular Malaysia, active logging sitesand deforestation are recently spreading into thehills and mountain areas, and it is expected that

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information to understand the process of forestestablishment. The aim of this research is todetermine the factors affecting the spatialdistribution of saplings of Shorea curtisii(Dipterocarpaceae), a dominant species in lowerhill dipterocarp forest, and to suggest a newguideline for selective logging.

Saplings of Shorea curtisii (>30 cm in heightand <5 cm in diameter at breast height) showaggregated distribution on ridged sites and occurexclusively within a 40 m distance from mothertrees which remained at the last selectivelogging area in the Semangkok study site (Fig.1). The Markov Chain Monte Carlo method withthe Bayesian approach illustrates that thenumber of S. curtisii saplings per 5 m-grid isexplained by three parameters, i.e. distance frommother trees (m), relative light intensity (%),and topographic index (Fig. 1 & Table 1). Here,the topographic index represents the concavityand convexity of the ground surface, and isrelated to soil humidity. Within the above threeparameters, distance from mother trees and

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Fig. 1. a) Density of S. curtisii saplings (/25m2), b) Distance from mother trees (m), c) Slope gradient (degree), d) Relativelight intensity on forest floor (%), and e) Topographic index representing surface concavity and convexity in the loggedSemangkok forest plot of 4 hectares. Grid size is 5 m by 5 m.

topographic index have powerful adverse effects(Table 1); that is, the sapling density is higheron sites closer to mother trees and more convexsuch as in areas found in ridges. It is necessaryto retain mother trees of S. curtisii with spatialinterval of less than 50 m to obtain a widespreadsufficient number of saplings in a logged forestcompartment. Trees of S. curtisii standing on theslope and valley parts, where a few number of S.curtisii can be found, should be conserved. Thecurrent manner of operation that retains mothertrees in patches would result in skeweddistribution and species composition in the nextgeneration forest.

Careful operations are required for theselection of cutting trees, felling direction anddesign of forest roads in order to minimize thedisturbance on the forest floor by selectivelogging with certain intervals between mothertrees. A simple manual for logging operators isneeded to expand use of the new criterion.

(T. Yagihashi [FFRPI], T. Otan and N. Tani)

Table 1. Parameters affecting spatial distribution of S. curtisii saplings in the logged Semangkok forest plot.

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Firstly, we examined the robustness of themethod for monitoring the planting time ofpaddy rice using the MODIS data output of theprevious year. This method, using a temporalresolution of 16 day-composite periods andspatial components of 250 by 250 meters, couldestimate the ideal planting time of rice for siteslocated in the western part of Java Island inIndonesia from April 2000 to the present. Oneconstraint is the coarse spatial resolution whichmight misrepresent mixed land use classes. Thestudy concluded that planting time could beestimated properly by pixel in case the ratio ofpaddy fields exceeded 30 percent in a pixel andif rice was planted simultaneously. We thenanalyzed the relationship between rainfallpattern and the timing of rice planting estimatedthrough this method for the period 2000 to 2009.It discovered a tendency wherein less amount ofrecorded rainfall during the early rainy season,i.e. September to December, caused a delay inthe first planting time of rice. It also noted thatthis tendency was more obvious in the lowerstream of the irrigation network.

Second was an examination of object-basedclassification applied to plantation areas locatedin the southern part of Sumatra in Indonesia. Wetested the parameters of “shape”, “compactness”and “scale parameter”, which were variable andarbitrarily set by users, in order to performoptimal segmentation of the study site usingQuickBird data. Then, we compared theaccuracy of the classification between a methodusing the proposed combination of parametersand a method utilizing software default values.The results showed 3 to 32 percent improvementof the accuracy of classification by the proposedmethod of a combination of parameters. It wasalso noted that this method effectively classifiedthe features of field boundaries and growthuniformity.

Third research subject was the evaluation ofthe applicability of the “decision tree” method inclassifying coffee plantation areas in LampungProvince of Sumatra, Indonesia. The researchersproduced a coffee plantation map fromALOS/AVNIR2 data by applying a “decisiontree” tool provided by a commercial softwareand a summarized process of determiningparameters.

Establishment of agricultural developmentmethodology responding to environmentalchange

In Paraguay, a set of manuals relevant torural development applying reforestation CDM(Clean Development Mechanism) was prepared,which includes a general guideline, manuals on

Theme A-3 Elucidation of the impact ofglobal environmental changes onagriculture, forestry and fisheries, anddevelopment of mitigating technologies

Global warming is predicted to causedisasters due to the ensuing climatic changesand the spread of insect pests. There is also therisk of undermining the stability of agriculturalproduction and shifting of suitable agriculturalareas. This theme aims to clarify the phenomenaof interdependence between globalenvironmental changes such as water cyclechanges and agricultural production activities, toenhance the methodologies for estimating theirinfluences on agriculture, as well as to clarifythe damages caused to agricultural and forestryproducts by insect pests resulting from globalwarming, and to develop technologies to preventthem. In FY 2010, six projects were launched tostudy the interdependent impacts ofenvironmental changes on agriculturalproduction, to develop GIS methodologies forland use monitoring, to establish ruraldevelopment methods for vital communities,and to develop institutional and technicalmeasures for alleviating the detrimental effectson agriculture by climate change and harmfulinsect pests. The main results are as follows:

Development of analytical methods on themutual relationship between global climatechange and agricultural production

A model for the prediction of rice productionusing seven kinds of geographical attributessuch as slope or soil types in Bangladesh wasdeveloped. Cultivation area and production ofrice for each 1 ha were obtained from the model.In substituting the results of the geographicalmodel into a rice supply and demand model inBangladesh, the results show that shorter growthperiod and high temperature injury of rice willaffect the food security of the whole countrymore than the rise in sea level. Furthermore,simulations of a world food model createdthrough JIRCAS research were conducted usingclimatic and macroeconomic data of each IPCCsocio-economic scenario. The results indicatedthat rice productions in India, Brazil, and theU.S. will decrease and those in Vietnam, Laos,and Cambodia will increase due to globalwarming. Meanwhile, the results also showedthat rice production in China, Thailand,Indonesia, Bangladesh, and Philippines will notbe affected by global warming.

Studies on the enhancement of remotesensing and GIS technology have achieved thefollowing results this fiscal year:

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methodologies and procedures to formulatereforestation CDM project, as well as technicalmanuals for farmers. So far, pre-monitoringactivities to obtain carbon credit from developedforests in the project area were also conducted tofacilitate full scale monitoring as scheduled in2012. In Vietnam, a baseline study manual forthe formulation of a rural development projectwas developed, based on the efficient use ofavailable local resources and CDM project ofGHG emission reduction. The technical manualson pig raising, aquaculture, orchardmanagement and installation of the biogasdigester (BD) were prepared to establish asustainable farming system by recycling use ofresources. The CDM project of GHG emissionreduction through the substitution of non-renewable cooking fuel with renewable biogasfrom BD has been further advanced through thecompletion of a project design document (PDD)and by finishing an on-site validation activityconducted by DOE (designated operationalentity), which is registered with the ExecutiveBoard of CDM (EB-CDM), UNFCCC. Theregistration of the CDM project of BD in EB-CDM, as an official recognition in theinternational community, is expected to berealized at the end of 2011.

In Niger, methods to promote vegetablecultivation in the dry season using naturalswamp water resources have been developed inthe areas of "organizing farmers' support", "theprevention of animal damage" and "theimprovement of farming techniques". Likewise,a "Manual for Establishing and OperatingCooperatives" has been developed anddistributed in cooperation with the division forthe promotion of farmers' organizations andcooperative activities, Ministry of Agricultureand Livestock of Niger, in order that theadministrative officials and the staff of donorsand NGOs may be able to apply it.

Development of management techniques forserious diseases in tropical and subtropicalareas

Citrus greening (CG) is the most seriousproblem of citrus cultivation in Southeast Asia.In this project, “Integrated Pest Management ofCitrus Greening Disease in Mekong Delta forSustainable Production of Citrus under SeverelyInfested Conditions”, the countermeasuresestablished are as follows, 1) Use of disease-freeseedlings, 2) Regular spraying of agrochemicals,and 3) Regular use of fertilizers. Although thecountermeasures need more investments, suchas the purchase of disease-free seedlings andlarge expenses for agrochemicals, it is more

profitable for the farmers in the long run thantraditional cultivation methods because they canrealize higher prices and longer harvest periodsas well as higher yields. The countermeasures inthe project have been published as the “IPMmanual for the control of greening disease insouthern Vietnam”. In addition, the output ofthis project is being followed in a JICA projectbeing implemented in wider areas in MekongDelta.

We were able to verify, according to the dataof our own field survey, that the wasp, Asecodeshispinarum, introduced by FAO in 2003, hassucceeded in controlling the coconut hispinebeetle, Brontispa longissima.. However, werecently discovered two monophyletic groupswhich exist within the coconut hispine beetle,and found that A. hispinarum is not a naturalenemy of the beetle currently invadingSoutheast Asia. Following the principle ofclassical biological control, which introducesnatural enemies from the same area where thepests originated, the introduction of a "real"natural enemy (Tetrastichus brontispae) intoSoutheast Asia should be recommended. Wealso suggested that T. brontispae could be moreefficient for controlling the beetle, as thisspecies is more tolerant to high temperature thanA. hispinarum.

TOPIC1

Necessary conditions for long-termfood security in Bangladesh under theinfluence of climate change

Bangladesh, where rice is important as astaple, has achieved self-sufficiency in rice byintroducing irrigation and high-yield varieties.However, it is not clear whether the country canproduce enough rice in the future when highpopulation growth and climate change will havemore impacts on the country. Therefore, using arice supply-demand model integrated with othermodels of environmental impacts on rice, weproject future rice production, per capitaconsumption, and necessary conditions for long-term food security.

Comparison on the significance of impact onproduction between two factors such asincreases in sea level and temperature riseshows that high temperature has a more seriouseffect than sea level rise from the viewpoint ofnational food security (Fig. 1). This implies thatadaptation strategies should be taken for localfood security in the coastal regions and fornational food security in interior rice-producing

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regions. Comparison of the technical levels ofrice production shows that moderate yieldincrease rates (1% for rainy seasons and 2% fordry season) cannot maintain per capitaconsumption under a heavy climate changescenario (Fig. 2 (a)). On the other hand, a highyield growth can help avoid reduction in percapita consumption even under a heavy climatechange scenario (Fig. 2 (b)). This implies thatsustainable high yield growth will be necessaryto ensure national food security in this era ofclimate change, and annual growth rates of 1.5%for rainy seasons and 3% for dry season areidentified as the ideal targets for research anddevelopment.

The analysis above is based on climatechange impact projections supplied by othermodels, CERES-Rice (rice yield), MIKE21 (sealevel rise) and MIKE11-GIS (flood). Thesupply-demand model developed for thisanalysis can be used for simulating the effects ofresearch and development for rice production.Quantification of the CO2 fertilization effect and

Fig. 1. Rice production by type of impacts.Temperature rise has a larger impact than increase in sea level on the nationalproduction level.

Fig. 2. Per capita rice consumption by yield scenario and climate change scenario.Under moderate yield growth (a), consumption decreases due to heavy climate change. High yield growth (b) can avoid the reduction even in heavy climate change scenario.

implementation of stochastic analysis will be thenext tasks for model development.

(S. Kobayashi, J. Furuya, Y. Yamamoto, M. R. Islam [Bangladesh Rice Research

Institute] and A. B. Siddique[Bangladesh Rice Research Institute]

important to produce a precise land use map.We proposed a manner to assign parameters forsegmentation to identify agricultural landfeatures, i.e. 1) field boundaries 2) growthuniformity, and 3) sowing/planting way,represented by QuickBird image observed inplantation area in Sumatra, Indonesia.

Se gm e n ta t i on w a s de f i ne d by t h r e eparameters. “Shape” defines homogeneity of theobjects in term of morphological features and“compactness” is in irregularity. “Scaleparameter” defines the size of objects. Values0.1, 0.5, and 0.9 were respectively assigned to“shape” and “compactness”, then the bestcombination was selected by visual comparisonthrough the nine pair-trials. Following theselection, the “scale parameter” coinciding withthe size of the target was determined byexploratory trials. By this method, several

TOPIC2

Feature abstraction of field boundariesand crop conditions by object-basedclassification using satellite imagery

Along with the dissemination of high-resolution satellite imagery, object-basedclassification has attracted attention over theyears. Object-based classification isaccomplished by two steps, i.e. segmentationand classification. Segmentation is a processused to divide pixels into homogeneous spatialgroups, and classification is a process utilized todetermine the class of the group based on theirfeature values. It is a major advantage thatvarious feature values representing texture andshape are available for classification. However,segmentation prior to classification is also

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heuristics for segmentation were obtained. Forinstance, it is appropriate to weigh “shape” andreduce “compactness” to classify road featuresrepresenting field boundaries, and theassignment of intermediate values for “shape”and “compactness” in both is effective to showvegetation patches representing growthuniformity. By segmentation using the proposedmethod, classification accuracy was improved 3-32 points as compared with the results fromsegmentation with unadjusted parameterssubstituted by default values for multi-spectralsatellite imagery.

Fig.1. Sample images (Left) and the results of segmentation with adjusted parameters (Right).

Since the suitable form and size of objects aredifferent per target, parameters have to bedetermined in each image. In this proposedmanner, parameters are efficiently determinedand they contribute toward improvingclassification accuracy. In addition, our resultsshow that object-based classification isparticularly suitable for identification of fieldboundaries and growth uniformity.

(Yukiyo YAMAMOTO, Akira HIRANO, SatoshiUCHIDA, Wahyunto [ICALRD] and M. Zainal

Abidin [ICALRD])

Table 1. Effect of parameter adjustment in classification accuracy

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TOPIC3

Manual for establishing and operatingcooperatives

In Niger, government ordinances concerningthe establishment of cooperatives werepreviously the only formal rules. Therefore,project leaders had to check with the Directionde l'Action Coopérative et de la Promotion desOrganisations Rurales (DACPOR) every time acooperative was to be organized according tothe purpose of the respective project activity. Inaddition, since cooperative establishmentsupport manuals formulated for these projectswere specific only for the respective projectactivities, they were inadequate to serve asreference to support the establishment ofcooperatives of projects in other fields. Andfurthermore, in many cases, those who appliedfor the administrative registration ofcooperatives or administrative officials of cityoffices who accepted such applications were notfamiliar with the requirements that cooperativesmust meet or with the registration procedures.Therefore, DACPOR intended to develop aversatile and practical cooperative establishmentmanual based on laws and regulationsconcerning the establishment of cooperatives. JIRCAS and DACPOR have developed amanual which contains versatile and practicalinformation based on laws and regulationsconcerning the establishment of cooperatives.

The purpose of this manual is to be extensivelyutilized for cooperative formation support forcentral and local administrative officials incharge of the creation of cooperatives in Niger,as well as donors or NGOs (see Fig. 1). Thismanual has been deliberated amongrepresentatives from agricultural offices andother related organizations from all the Nigerregions through a review seminar held on June25, 2010 and in other conferences between theparties concerned, and has finally been approvedby the Nigerian government. This manualcontains not only the procedures for organizingcooperatives, but also the process forformulating action plans of the cooperatives andtechniques in operation and management whileproviding examples, and is therefore versatileand practical.

This manual explains the following items inFrench, which is the official language of Niger(see Fig. 2): (1) Purpose and significance ofestablishing cooperatives as defined by theInternational Cooperative Alliance; (2)Procedures for preparing or filing of articles ofincorporation, by-laws and approval applicationfor cooperatives, which are prescribedformalities required for establishingcooperatives, and formats of documents forsetting up cooperatives, such as general meetingminutes, roster of participants in establishmentand action plans, as well as methods forsubmitting these documents to city offices; (3)Necessity of maintaining transparency and

Fig. 1. Purpose of developing the manual.

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Project leaders can easily understand essentialconcepts and procedures for the establishmentand operation of cooperatives with this manualalone. The laws and regulations in that countrywill be given priority when this manual isapplied in countries outside of Niger.

Jotaro Yasuhisa, Kimio Osuga, M. GadoMaouna [Direction de l'Action Coopérative et

de la Promotion des Organisations Rurales;DACPOR]

fairness in electing executives such as arepresentative, deputy representative,accountant, secretary and person in charge of theorganization, and characteristics of multipleelection methods including democraticexecutive election; and (4) Duties of executivesof the cooperatives, process for facilitatingmeetings, management of finances andequipment, and methods for formulating,monitoring and evaluating action plans.

landowners’ livelihood. Reforestation CDM is asystem enabling project promoters to obtaincarbon credits (CERs or Certified EmissionReductions) from CO2 which is accumulated intrees, as additional income, and is adaptable tosoil degraded-areas suitable for planting trees,although the requirements to formulate theCDM project are too stringent to comply with.JIRCAS prepared the manuals for formulatingand implementing rural development projects inlow income communities in Paraguay, whichinclude soil conservation, soil restoration andreforestation CDM, based on the results of astudy jointly conducted with the NationalUniversity of Asunción, Ministry of Agricultureand Livestock, etc.

The manuals consist of 1) a General

TOPIC4

Manuals on rural developmentapplying reforestation projects underthe Clean Development Mechanism(CDM)

In low income rural communities, where soilerosion and soil degradation have causeddeteriorating fertility, conservation activities andimprovement of farming technologies with low-input methods such as the construction ofcontour ridges, planting of hedges on contours,and introducing green manure, as well asintroducing reforestation and agroforestry inabandoned lands, are effective means in order torecover land resources and augment the

Fig. 2. Contents of the Manual

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soil conservation and restoration of soil fertility,3) Reforestation CDM manuals to formulate andimplement small-scale reforestation CDM

Guideline, describing the processes and mainpoints for rural development using reforestationCDM, 2) Rural development manuals based on

Fig.1. Composition of manuals for rural development applying reforestation CDM

Table 1. Process of rural development applying reforestation CDM

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and 3) to estimate the contribution of themanagement to the farmers’ economy.

Field assessment in which the cultivation ofking mandarin was surveyed among farmers insouthern Vietnam revealed that more than 70%of the orchards had been infected by CG.Covariance structure analysis was applied to thedata of the study for the extraction of factorsthat were effectively linked with the occurrenceof CG. The analysis revealed that the ambientinfluence was two to three times stronger thancontrol efforts within the orchard. Thus,orchards located less than 50 m from infectedorchards would be facing a higher risk of thedisease invasion. In other words, if there are noinfected trees within this distance from anorchard, the effort required for diseasemanagement would be effectively reduced.

The efficacy of neonicotinoids with thechanges in the planting seasons was evaluated.Seedlings planted in the season when psyllidsincreased, usually from April to Julycorresponding to the wet season, would beinfected 70% by CG in one and a half years ifno neonicotinoids were used, and 30% with theuse of any of these insecticides (Fig. 1). Theinfection proportion was effectively reduced to15% if seedlings were treated withneonicotinoids both 10 days before planting andevery two months after planting. On the otherhand, the CG infection proportion wassurprisingly reduced if seedlings were planted inthe season when the psyllid density wasdecreased. Seedlings were infected only 15%without the use of neonicotinoids, 10% with theapplication of neonicotinoid only after planting,

TOPIC5

Citrus greening management for kingmandarin cultivation in southernVietnam

Citrus greening (CG) has destroyed extensivecitrus areas in Asian countries. Recent studieshave revealed that the control of the psyllidvector, Diaphorina citri, using systemicinsecticides such as imidacloprid, thiamethoxamor clothianidin, effectively reduces theoccurrence of this disease. These insecticidesare grouped as neonicotinoids. However,economic evaluation of this control has not beendone yet, making farmers reluctant to follow it.Furthermore, even if this control is carried out,orchards would have to be abandoned undersome special circumstances. Hence, our studieswere attempted 1) to analyse the impact of riskfactors on the occurrence of this disease, 2) toevaluate the efficacy of the above management,

projects, and 4) booklets for farmers, simplyexplaining individual farming techniques. (Fig.1)

The objectives of the rural developmentprocess that JIRCAS established (Table 1) are toensure motivation of participant farmers andstrengthen their activities for soil conservation,improvement of farming, agro-forestry andreforestation under their own responsibility, bymeans of implementing awareness-heighteningactivities at the very initial stages of the project.Farmers with high awareness and independenceare able to appropriately manage their cropfields and forested areas, to increase CO2 stockin reforested areas, to obtain carbon credits, andto realize the recovery of land resources andimprovement of livelihood, by continuing thelearned improved technologies.

The manuals are of highly practical use, since

their effectiveness was confirmed through averification of this unprecedented ruraldevelopment model, which was implemented bycombining low-input soil conservation, agro-forestry and reforestation CDM in low incomecommunities. The manuals, prepared in Spanishand Japanese, are applicable to ruraldevelopment in areas in South America, undersimilar natural and socio-economic conditions,and available for engineers and extensionworkers of governments, donor agencies, NGOs,etc. It takes around 5 years for the projectpromoter to achieve the objectives if the projecttargets unorganized small-scale farmers, thoughshortening of the project period is possible ifcooperatives or farmers’ group are the principalbeneficiaries.

(E. Matsubara, S. Hirouchi, M. Watanabe, H. Ikeura)

Fig. 1. The proportion of kingmandarin trees infected bycitrus greening 1.5 year afterplanting. These trees wereplanted either in the dryseason, (May 2007) when thepsyllid density was high in theyear or in the wet season,(November 2007) when thedensity was low. Seedlingswere treated either with noneonicotinoids designated ascontrol or by theseinsecticides. The insecticideapplications were eitherperformed only after plantingor both before and afterplanting.

their basic subsistence. The average acreage offarms in southern Vietnam is about fivethousand square metres, indicating that theminimal annual yield should be four milliondong per one thousand square metres for theaverage farmers. This amount is equivalent to anannual yield of 400 to 500 kg/1000 m2. Ourmodel farmers attained this level of fruitproduction in the third year (Fig. 3). In fact,some farmers who were suffering fromindebtedness before this project repaid theirdebts in full and started to earn more income topurchase new furniture or repair their houses.This indicates that the developed managementcould be extended to other farmers in southernVietnam.

After completion of the project, thetechniques developed have been furthercontinued in the JICA project which isattempting to facilitate the economicindependence of farmers in southern Vietnam.This project will help the farmers to follow thetechniques successfully in the cultivation of kingmandarin. We hope that the CG managementdeveloped in our project would be extendedover southern Vietnam and the production ofking mandarin would be further raised for thefarmers' economic independence.

(K. Ichinose; K. Sekino [NARCT]; N. V. Hoa[SOFRI] and D. H. Tuan [SOFRI])

and 5% with the insecticide application, bothbefore and after planting.

Based on these results, a diagram fordecision-making on the cultivation of kingmandarin was devised (Fig. 2). On this diagram,a farmer first has to observe the distance fromhis new orchard to the nearest neighbouringorchard. If the distance is more than 50 m, hecan plant seedlings anytime in the year withoutthe pre-planting application of insecticides,although the use of insecticides would promisebetter yields. If an infected old orchard islocated within 50 m, seedlings should be plantedin the season when psyllid densities are low. Inthis case, there is no need to applyneonicotinoids before planting. If seedlings areplanted in the season when the psyllid density ishigh, neonicotinoids should be applied bothbefore and after planting.

Finally, the efficiency of the management onthe farmers' household economy was evaluatedfrom studies, in which both CG infection andfarm households' economy were investigated.The first crop of king mandarin is expected oneand a half years after planting in southernVietnam. In other word, farmers who cultivatethis cultivar must wait for a couple of years untilthey can gain enough income from thecultivation for their livelihood. In this region, 20thousand dong per year would be required for

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F ig. 3. The proportion of kingmandarin trees infected by citrusgreening 1.5 year after planting.These trees were planted either inthe dry season, (May 2007) whenthe psyllid density was high in theyear or in the wet season,(November 2007) when the densitywas low. Seedlings were treatedeither with no neonicotinoidsdesignated as control or by theseinsecticides. The insecticideapplications were either performedonly after planting or both before andafter planting.

Fig. 2. Model examined by covariance structure analysis of data obtained in 2008 in southernVietnam (A) and in 2009 in Vinh Long (B). Observed variables are designated by rectangles and latent variables by ellipses.Error terms and disturbance variables are shown by circles. The data were standardized for these analyses and coefficientsof dependent variables are shown as numerals on the arrows. Asterisks indicate significant coefficients at P < 0.05.

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expansion of yellowed parts and furtherbrowning of leaves (Fig. 1A) until defoliation.The growth of diseased trees was retarded andthese trees usually die in a couple of months toone year after expression of the first symptom.Many root knots were observed on the roots ofdiseased trees even in the early stages ofsymptom development (Fig. 1B) and root-knotnematodes were taken as specimen from theseroot knots (Fig. 1C). This problem has widelyoccurred in southern Vietnam, and nematodejuveniles in the second stage were extractedfrom soil samples collected within the rootsystem of diseased trees (Table 1).

DNA sequence analyses were performed usingjuveniles which had been hatched from eggmasses laid by the nematodes collected from theroot knots of diseased trees. The mitochondrialDNA region of COII-16SrDNA of the nematodewas amplified by PCR (1). An approximate 700-bp fragment of PCR product was obtained andanalyzed, revealing more than 99.6% homologyto M. mayaguensis, a synonym of M. enterolobii(2), when aligned with sequence data of isolatesfrom France [(GenBank Accession No.AJ421396), United States (GenBank AccessionNo. AY446978) and China (GenBank AccessionNo. AY831967) (Table 2)]. The nematode inguava root knot was formerly identified as M.mayaguensis in other reports, but recently thisnematode has been identified as identical to M.

TOPIC6

First report of the root-knot nematode,Meloidogyne enterolobii, isolated fromdecaying guava roots in the MekongDelta, Vietnam

Guava is a very important crop in the MekongDelta of Vietnam. It yields fruits for severalmonths after transplantation of the seedlings,providing faster income to farmers than otherfruit crops. Recently, the joint research studiesfor citrus greening between JIRCAS andSouthern Horticultural Research Institute ofVietnam (SOFRI) revealed that guavainterplanted with citrus trees reduced theinfection of citrus trees by citrus greening,which is one of the most serious citrus diseases.However, many guava seedlings declinedshowing yellowing to browning of leavesseveral months after planting in guava-interplanted citrus groves. In particular, the"Khong hat" variety which was recommendedby SOFRI for interplanting has been discoveredto be more vulnerable to this problem than othertraditionally cultivated varieties. Since diseasedseedlings die in a couple of months after theonset of symptoms, it is urgent to establish acontrol method for this problem.

First symptom of the guava decline wasyellowing of the leaves, followed by the

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Fig. 1. Yellowing and discoloration of leaves of guava seedlings (A), root knots observed in the diseased seedlings (B) and asecond stage juvenile solated from the soil around the root knot (C).

Table 1. Population density of nematodes in fields in Mekong Delta where the severe decline of guavaseedlings was observed.

Southern Vietnam is a nematode of this species.Interestingly, few or no symptoms of this

disease can be detected on the other localvariety, “Xa ly nghe”, even though planted nextto the diseased “Khong hat” guavas. Thissuggests that the former variety is eitherresistant or tolerant to the nematode. If this canbe confirmed further, “Xa ly nghe” may be usedas a resistant root stock for the breeding andcultivation of “Khong hat”.

(H. Iwahori [National Agriculture and FoodResearch Organization], N. T. N. Truc and D. V.Ban [Southern Horticultural Research Institute]

and K. Ichinose)

enterolobii. Hence, we use the latter’s speciesname for the nematode problem.

The nematodes which were taken from the rootknots of the diseased guavas were inoculatedinto five intact guavas, the roots of which wereinfected by the egg masses of nematodes.Juveniles obtained from these egg masses wereexamined and compared morphologically andgenetically with the above nematodes. Theresults gave the same conclusion: thesenematode specimens are M. enterolobii. This isthe first confirmation of the incidence of thisnematode from Vietnam (3), and the resultsimply that the pathogen of the guava decline in

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Table 2. Identification of mitochondrial DNA COII-16SrDNA region sequences between a Vietnamese isolate from diseasedguava and Meloidogyne enterolobii isolates from three other different regions

TOPIC7

Development of individual based-model for simulating the spread ofCitrus greening disease by the vectorinsects

Citrus greening disease (Huanglongbing,HLB) is an untreatable disease that makes treeswither and die. Therefore, in order to preventHLB spread in citrus orchards, especially in theseverely affected areas such as SouthernVietnam, a vector insect management strategybased on infection risk is required. To estimatethe HLB infection risk by the vector in anorchard, we developed a simulation modelfollowing a framework of individual-basedmodel (IBM).

As a basis for developing IBM, the Clanguage technology of simulated individualswas electronically published on“http://gi.ics.narawu.ac.jp/ ~ takasu / research /IBM / ibm.html”. IBM differs from existingmodels such as the lattice model. Our IBM isable to provide parameters for each individualcitrus tree and the vector (Table 1). Therefore, itis able to examine the disease spread dynamicsin the simulation field, by calculating thecumulative results of the individual behaviors.In our model, the process was divided into the

following four periods (Fig. 1) [a) Some of thecitrus trees which were fed on by the virulentvector insects changed their status to the latencyor incubation period; b) After the latent period,the trees exhibited the symptoms of HLB and c)The virulent insects emerged from the infectedtrees. d) Then, the virulent individuals starteddispersing.]. The result of the simulation in thenewly planted citrus orchards in southernVietnam near the infected field showed a similartrend with the actual survey (Fig. 2). In ourmodel, by changing the parameters of eachindividual vector insect and the host trees, it waspossible to quickly and reasonably examine thesynergistic effect of the combination of each ofthe control techniques.

A validation test is necessary before anextension of the simulation results can beperformed. It is possible to develop newmanagement techniques by estimating theeffective parameters to prevent the spread ofHLB. By changing the parameters of this model,we can simulate the spread dynamics of otherdiseases which are likewise infected throughvector insects.(Y. Kobori, Y. Ohto, T. Nakata K. and F. Takasu

[Nara Women’s University])

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Fig. 1. Mortality of psyllids on seedlings of king mandarin applied with neonicotinoidsError bars show standard errors of the mean.Broken and solid lines show the culturing periods in a nursery and in an orchard, respectively.* Corrected with the Abbott's formula

Fig. 2 Comparison between the results of the simulation and results of the actual survey.The simulation conditions are referred to in the table to the right.

Table 1 Parameters of developed model.

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Fig. 1. Social network of water users association related to AWD.Each dot represents a member with a farmer number on the right.The central red large circle represents the ten early adopters (farmernumbers 1-10) who have continuously practiced AWD since 2002.Lines between the dots symbolize information flow related to AWD.Degree of AWD adoption is indicated as _ High, _ Middle, _ Low, _None. Figures in _ indicate links to the ten early adopters. Example: No. 12 farmer exchanges information with four earlyadopters.

management and weeding, rodent damage andrisk of yield loss due to improper irrigationtiming. Thus, transferring correct technicalinformation is crucial for effective technologytransfer. The International Rice ResearchInstitute (IRRI) carried out a pilot project onAWD dissemination for the deep well irrigationsystem in Tarlac, Luzon for the period 2002-2003. However, diffusion of the technology hasnot progressed well after the project. Aimed atclarifying the formation of the social networkregarding AWD, a farmer survey was conductedfor a total of 35 members of the pilot projectirrigation association from September, 2006 toFebruary, 2007.

The farmer-cooperators of the project mostlyunderstand the advantages of AWD, althoughsome misunderstanding on technicalconsiderations for cultivation methods, whichrequired attention, occurred within the farmer-to-farmer communication process. If the farmerspractice AWD with defective knowledge, notonly yield loss but also some distrust in theleading farmers and extension workers mayarise. Even if a farmer understands AWDcorrectly, there is such a case wherein he is toopassive to communicate with other farmers,fearing that he might stand out or that anyproblem might occur later among neighbor-farmers who adopted AWD based on his advice.

B. Collection, analysis anddissemination of information to grasptrends related to international food,agriculture, forestry, fisheries andrural areas

Different information relating to the middle-to long-term trends of the global food marketand the research situation in the area of ruraldevelopment such as African rice developmentwere collected and examined throughinternational meetings and surveys. Then, asystem was established with dedicated staff andlocal offices for grasping needs and seeds forcollaborative researches in the regions ofSoutheast Asia and Africa. The TARC-JIRCAS40th Anniversary International Symposium:

A New Decade for International AgriculturalResearch for Sustainable Development wasorganized and useful suggestions on the futuredirections of international agricultural researchwere obtained.

Impacts of newly adopted technologies suchas gravity irrigation system and alternative wet-and-dry water-saving irrigation were studied byconducting village surveys and socialexperiments. The studies revealed severalconditions for technology diffusion as well astheir impacts on the communities.

In some regions of Sri Lanka, which wereravaged and suffered huge damages from theIndian Ocean Tsunami, the processes of re-building villages through capacity developmentof farmers associations and extension workerswere identified and tested. A guideline based onthe trial results was made.

L ikewi se , me t hods o f pa r t i c i pa to rydevelopment assistance were evaluated in somevillages in East Timor through the conduct ofpilot field projects. A guideline for the methodswas formulated and handed to the localauthorities for their further use to advance ruraldevelopment.

TOPIC1

Role of social network in the diffusionof water-saving irrigation technology inthe Philippines

A water-saving technology is required forcost reduction of deep well-irrigated ricecultivation. AWD (Alternate Wetting andDrying) is an intermittent scheme of irrigationand this method can save water up to 15-30% incomparison with the regular flooding method,although entailing additional labor for water

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community members. The “transmitter” holds asimilar position to that of a “gatekeeper”between insiders and outsiders, but plays anopposite role. This person gains knowledgefrom community members and transfers it tooutsiders (Table 1).

The communication between farmers is quickand efficient, but entails a risk ofmisunderstanding. Group formation involvingboth AWD adopters and expected adopters(showing interest but have not yet confirmed toadopt) is recommended. At these gatherings, itis necessary to clarify the remainingmisunderstandings and skepticisms related tothe technology among non-adopters in a relaxedfriendly atmosphere.

(Shigeki Yokoyama, Ma Victoria C. Rodriguez[IRRI] and Kumi Yasunobu [Tottori

University])

So after this project was finished, thespontaneous adoption of AWD was verylimited. When we treat the ten early adopters asone actor, the network of AWD becomes atypical star-shaped network. The early adoptersare located in the center and influence thesurrounding farmers directly, but the networkformation from these first-contact farmers toother farmers was extremely restrictive (Figure1). The ten early adopters are categorized byposition and role in the network as the followingthree types. The “gatekeeper” conveys technicalinformation from the outside resource personsinto the community. The “coordinator” ispositioned in the center of the network, andclosely tied with the community members butless with outsiders. As an opinion leader or focalperson, he consults and coordinates with the

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Table 1. Personal ties of the ten early adopters.

using the acquired funding, and thus paddyfields of up to 3.0 ha were further restored. Theyields have been recovered up to 2.7 t/ha, whichaccounts for 70% of the provincial average,from no yield at all in the past years. In SriLanka, many paddy fields have been leftuntreated and are covered in weeds after beingdamaged by floods or the like due to the tsunamidisaster. If the administration or supportagencies could use this method, it would bepossible to effectively restore these farmlandswith a limited budget while increasing theindependence of farmer organizations.

An Agrarian Service Center has functionsfrom which one-stop administrative servicesrelated to agricultural and rural areas areexpected. However, collaboration between eachsector in the center is insufficient, andcomprehensive support for residents has notbeen provided. In addition, only one agriculturalinstructor is deployed to take care of 30 to 40villages in one or two divisions, which meansthat human resources for supporting theresidents are insufficient (Fig. 2).

Therefore, this guideline presents a system inwhich agricultural research and productionassistants (ARPAs) are trained as facilitators,and they can engage in supporting thereconstruction of agricultural and rural areas incooperation with other officers, while showingan example by demonstrating through a small-scale gardening activity. Utilizing this systemwould raise the awareness of ARPAs and theresidents’ feeling of trust, and enable theprovision of generous support to the residents.(T. Higashimaki, K, Takenaka, K. Kouda and S.

Shiraki)

TOPIC2

Demonstration of the RuralReconstruction Method in Sri Lankaand formulation of Guidelines

The Indian Ocean Tsunami, which occurredin December 2004, also caused extensivedamages to Sri Lanka. Although the restorationof living infrastructures and public facilities hasprogressed, the restoration of agriculturalproduction infrastructures such as paddy fieldsand irrigation and drainage facilities has notprogressed as much. This is because thesedamages are not easily recognized, and factorsthat prevent restoration such as too muchfinancial dependence of farmers are complexlyinterrelated. Therefore, this guideline putstogether the results of the study on methods forfacilitating the restoration of agriculturalproduction infrastructure while utilizing farmerorganizations, and of verifying an agriculturalsupport system utilizing the support of localadministrative officials, as well as lessonslearned, in the local language (Sinhalese).

A method for continuous paddy fieldrestoration by implementing restorationactivities of paddy fields left untreated after thetsunami disaster, by contributing part of theearnings from rice production at restored paddyfields to a paddy field restoration foundation,and advancing the paddy field restoration workusing the foundation has been proposed in theguideline (Fig. 1). The result of thedemonstration of the method performed inThalalla South Village indicates that paddyfields of 8.3 ha were restored first, then a secondpaddy field restoration work was undertaken

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Fig. 1. Diagram of the paddy field restoration project utilizing the paddy field restoration fund.

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administrative services. In the meantime, over70% of the population live in rural areas andengage in agriculture, which is the main industryof the country. However, the productivity is low,and the country depends on imports for staplefood such as rice. Therefore, it is urgentlyrequired for the country to secure food, increaseagricultural productivity and work onsustainable agricultural development throughhuman resource cultivation, etc. In the country,it is hoped that prompt preparation of trainingmaterials, etc. for the improvement of theabilities of agricultural promoters, who werefirst appointed in large numbers in 2008 with theaim of establishing a system of one promoter pervillage (309 promoters by 2010, to be increasedby approximately 190 in the future) will bemade.

In this research, a rural reconstructionguideline (in English and in the local languageTetung) has been formulated so that a method

TOPIC3

Guideline for Rural Reconstruction inEast Timor

East Timor became independent in May 2002,and has been working on nation-building withsupport from the international community whichincludes international organizations,governments of other countries and NGOs.However, its economic and societal conditionsstill remain stagnant, and one indication was adomestic conflict which occurred in 2006. Inparticular, administrative functions have beendowngraded due to the outflow of humanresources resulting from the conflict, and thenumber of officials at the Ministry ofAgriculture, Forestry and Fisheries has beendecreased to approximately 300, accounting forone tenth of the number before independence.Thus, it has been difficult to provide favorable

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Fig. 2. New collaboration within the Agrarian Service Center

for the success of recovery support, it isimportant to produce a clear achievement fast.This guideline introduces an example of supportactivities conducted in collaboration with WFP(World Food Program) and GTZ (DeutscheGesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit(GTZ) GmbH German TechnicalCooperation), and present a method forpromptly creating an achievement by efficientlyutilizing funds and human resources of variousorganizations. 3) Given the present state ofshortage of administrative officials, thisguideline introduces a method for adopting anagricultural promotion mechanism based oncollaboration between communities withoutexcessively relying on the administration andallowing the promotion by farmers to functionamong the habitation communities (Fig. 2).

(T.Higashimaki, M.Watanabe, H.Dan, K.Omorand K.Iwasaki)

for effectively utilizing farmers and the humanresources of local administrative organizationscan be used by administrative officials to solvethe problems of East Timor. In formulating theguideline, workshops were held with senioragricultural promoters across the nation to checkthe contents and to gather the opinions of allbureau chiefs of the Ministry of Agriculture andFisheries. The guideline reflects these opinions,and is approved as a training textbook foragricultural promoters of the country.

The characteristics of this guideline incomparison to ordinary, participatoryagricultural and rural development methods areas follows: 1) It provides more prompt supportamidst the significant shortage of humanresources, and it is necessary to select andconcentrate activities. This guideline introducesexamples of efforts with focused activities, andpresents methods that allow the selection andconcentration processes to lead to vitalization ofhabitation communities (Fig. 1). 2) As a factor

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Fig. 1. Selection and concentration processes.

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Fig. 2. Procedure of the promotion mechanism based on inter-community collaboration between farmers andsettlement communities.

TRAINING AND INVITATION PROGRAMS

AND INFORMATION EVENTS

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organizations to its Tsukuba premises to engagein discussions and reviews of ongoingresearches to ensure that collaborative projectsrun smoothly. In addition, the program exposesadministrators to the current activities atJIRCAS and other MAFF-affiliatedIncorporated Administrative Agencies (IAAs).Furthermore, the program providesopportunities for the exchange of informationand opinions concerning policy-making andproject design at the administrative level,thereby contributing to deeper mutualunderstanding and international collaboration.Sixty individual visits to JIRCAS were madeduring FY 2010 under the AdministrativeInvitation Program. Invited administrators andtheir home institutions are listed below.

In keeping with its role as an internationalresearch center, JIRCAS has implementedseveral invitation programs for foreignresearchers and administrators at counterpartorganizations. These programs facilitate theexchange of information and opinions onagriculture, forestry, and fisheries research, andtheir implementation and administration, and atthe same time serve as an opportunity tostrengthen research ties among scientists andadministrators in participating countries, mostlyin the developing regions. Current programs aredescribed in detail below.

Administrative Invitation Program

Under the Administrative Invitation Program,JIRCAS invites administrators from counterpart

INVITATION PROGRAMS AT JIRCAS

Administrative Invitations, FY 2010

May 10-14, 2010

May 10-14, 2010

May 10-15, 2010

May 10-16, 2010

Jun. 4-14, 2010

Jun. 4-14, 2010

Jun. 6-13, 2010

Jun. 5-18, 2010

Jun. 5-18, 2010

Jun. 5-18, 2010

Jun. 1-5, 2010

Jun. 1-5, 2010

Jul. 25-Aug. 3, 2010

Chen Yongfu

Si Wei

Wayne Jones

Pavel Vavra

Mathias Fosu

Stephen Kwasi Nutsugah

Joseph Awuni

Raphael Kwame Bam

Mohammad Moro Buri

Kwaku Nicol

Abdul Rasid Malik

Mohamed Nor B. MohdYusoff

Qiu Jianjun

Center for Rural Development Policy, College of Economicsand Management, China Agricultural University, P. R.China

Center for Rural Development Policy, College of Economicsand Management, China Agricultural University, P. R.China

Agro-Food Trade and Markets Division, Trade andAgriculture Directorate, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, France

Agro-Food Trade and Markets Division, Trade andAgriculture Directorate, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, France

Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, Ghana

Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, Ghana

Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies,Ghana

Crops Research Institute, Ghana

Soil Research Institute, Ghana

Directorate of Crop Services, Ministry of Food andAgriculture, Ghana

Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Malaysia


Institute of Natural Resources and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, P. R. China

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Jul. 25-Aug. 3, 2010

Jul. 16-22, 2010

Aug. 30-Sep. 3, 2010

Aug. 30-Sep. 3, 2010

Aug. 30-Sep.3, 2010

Aug. 30-Sep.3, 2010

Aug. 30-Sep.3, 2010

Aug. 30-Sep.3, 2010

Aug. 27-Sep. 5, 2010

Aug. 29-Sep. 4, 2010

Aug. 29-Sep. 4, 2010

Aug. 30-Sep. 2, 2010

Aug. 30-Sep. 1, 2010

Aug. 29-Sep. 4, 2010

Aug. 29-Sep. 4, 2010

Dec. 6-11, 2010

Dec. 6-11, 2010

Dec. 6-11, 2010

Dec. 6-11, 2010

Dec. 5-11, 2010

Dec. 5-11, 2010

Dec. 6-11, 2010

Dec. 6-13, 2010

Yin Changbin

Alexandre LimaNepomuceno

Li Lite

Chen Minghai

Xue Wentong

Cheng Yongqiang

Yin Lijun

Liu Haijie

Nguyen Loc Hien

Gassinee Trakoontivakorn

Plernchai Tangkanakul

Ray-Yu Yang

Robert Josef Holmer

Patcharee Tungtrakul

Vipa Surojanametakul

Ahamad Sabki BinMahmood

Albert Chuan Gambang

Kaharudin Md. Salleh

Chong Ving Ching

Lieng Khamsivilay

Sinthavong Viravong

Suriyan Tunkijjanukij

Evelyn Grace de JesusAyson

Institute of Natural Resources and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, P. R. China

Embrapa Soybean, Brazil

College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, ChinaAgricultural University, P. R. China






College of Agriculture and Applied Biology, Can ThoUniversity, Vietnam

Institute of Food Research and Product Development,Kasetsart University, Thailand


AVRDC _ The World Vegetable Center, Taiwan

AVRDC _ The World Vegetable Center, Thailand



Department of Fisheries Malaysia, Malaysia

Pusat Penyelidikan PerikananBintawa (Bintawa Fisheries Research Centre), Malaysia

Bahagian Penyelidikan Perikanan Air Tawar (FreshwaterFisheries Research Division), Malaysia

Institute of Biological Science, Marine Living Resources,Biotechnology & Ecosystems, Institute of Ocean and EarthSciences, University of Malaya, Malaysia

Living Aquatic Resources Research Center, Lao PDR

Living Aquatic Resources Research Center, Lao PDR

Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand

Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian FisheriesDevelopment Center, Philippines

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Pannee Panyawattanaporn

Sim Heoh Choh

Robert Asiedu

Ma Zhigang

Qian Zhang

Li Ninghui

Li Liyuan

Suyamto

Irsal Las

Hoste Christian

Ganesan Balachander

Dilip Nandwani

Ram Badan Singh

Beata Dedicova

Manabu Ishitani

Jagadish Rane

David Bonnett

Mario Pacheco Velazquez

Carolina Saint Pierre

Inez Hortense Slamet-Loed

Amelia Henry

Rolando Torres

Zhenfu Jin

Lingfei Ma

National Research Council of Thailand, Thailand


International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nigeria

Foreign Economic Cooperation Center, Ministry ofAgriculture, P. R. China

Foreign Economic Cooperation Center, Ministry ofAgriculture, P. R. China

Institute of Agricultural Economics and Development,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, P. R. China

Institute of Agricultural Economics and Development,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, P. R. China

Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Resources Researchand Development, Indonesia

Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Resources Researchand Development, Indonesia

CIRAD Agricultural Research for Development, France

Science Task Group, Consultative Group on InternationalAgricultural Research, India

Cooperative Research, Extension and Education Service,Northern Marianas College, USA

Indian Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative Limited, India

International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Colombia



Centro International de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo,Mexico



International Rice Research Institute, Philippines



School of Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, P. R.China

School of Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, P. R.China

Dec. 6-11, 2010

Nov. 7-11, 2010

Nov. 6-14, 2010

Nov. 21-26, 2010

Nov. 21-26, 2010

Nov. 21-26, 2010

Nov. 21-26, 2010

Dec. 13-17, 2010

Dec. 13-17,2010

Nov. 8-9, 2010

Nov. 7-10, 2010

Nov. 21-25, 2010

Nov. 6-10, 2010

Jan. 10-13, 2011

Jan. 10-20, 2011

Jan. 9-15, 2011

Jan. 9-14, 2011

Jan. 10-13, 2011

Jan. 10-13, 2011

Jan. 10-13, 2011

Jan. 10-13, 2011

Jan. 10-13, 2011

Mar. 15-25, 2011

Mar. 15-25, 2011

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prefectural research institutes, or at nationaluniversities. This invitation program aims bothto enhance the quality of research conductedoverseas and to facilitate exchanges ofindividual research staff between JIRCAS andthe counterpart institutions. Forty-thereresearchers were invited under this programduring FY 2010. Invited researchers, theiraffiliated research organizations, and theirresearch activities are summarized below.

Counterpart Researcher InvitationProgram

The Counterpart Researcher InvitationProgram provides invitations for periods of upto six months to researchers engaged incollaborative work with JIRCAS research staff.Counterparts conduct in-depth research atJIRCAS, at other MAFF-affiliated IAAs, at

Counterpart Researcher Invitations, FY 2010

Batbileg Bayaraa

KannalliParamashivaiahViswanatha

Rajeev KumarVarshney

Pooran Mal Gaur

Partha Saratha Basu

LakshmananKrishnamurthy

MadavalamSreemanSheshshayee

Hari DeoUpadhyaya

Asnake FikreWoldemedhin

PilaneeVaithanomsat

Pason Patthra

AmornratWatthanalamloet

RattiyaWaeonukul

PhetmanysengXangsayasane

School of Agrobiology, Mongolian StateUniversity of Agriculture, Mongolia

University of Agricultural Sciences, India

Applied Genomics Subprogram, InternationalCrops Research Institute for the Semi-AridTropics, India

GT-Crop Improvement and Management,International Crops Research Institute for theSemi-Arid Tropics, India

Indian Institute of Pulse Research, India

GT-Biotechnology, International Crops ResearchInstitute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, India

University of Agricultural Sciences, India

Gene Bank, International Crops Research Institutefor the Semi-Arid Tropics, India

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research,Ethiopia

Kasetsart Agriculture and Agro-Industrial ProductImprovement Institute (KAPI), KasetsartUniversity, Thailand

Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute,School of Bioresources and Technology, KingMongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi(Bangkhuntien Campus), Thailand

School of Bioresources and Technology, KingMongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi(Bangkhuntien Campus), Thailand

School of Bioresources and Technology, KingMongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi(Bangkhuntien Campus), Thailand

Rice & Cash Crop Research Center, Lao PDR

Study on the use of high frequency satellite data forquantitative estimation of existing pasture vegetationin Mongolia

Physiological characterization of referencecollection for 13C








Research on efficient saccharification of starch-containing cellulosic biomass by using a combinationof cellulosome and thermophilic amylases

Elucidation of function and structure of thexylanosome, a multicomponent enzyme(cellulase/hemicellulase) complex

Study of functions and structures of cellulolyticenzyme complexes produced by thermophilic andalkaliphilic bacterium, Clostridiumthermoalkalicellum

Study of efficient lignocellulose degradation technology using cellulosome

Development of differential system for rice blastresistance in Laos

May 10-Jun. 30,2010

May 24-29,2010

May 24-29,2010

May 24-29,2010

May 24-29,2010

May 24-29,2010

May 24-29,2010

May 24-29,2010

May 24-29,2010

Jun. 1-Aug27,2010

Nov. 1-Mar. 16,2011

Oct. 2-Mar.16, 2011

Nov. 29-Mar. 16,2011

Aug. 11-Oct. 29,2010

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Mark Edward R.Fabreag

Md. Ansar Ali

S.M.A. Jabbar

AmarawanTippayawat

Silvana ReginaRockenbach Marin

TheerawutChutinanthakun

Silvino Q. Tejada

Samuel M.Contreras

Arnulfo B. Gesite

Alias bin Man

Sin Yin Chai

BounsongVongvichith

AlounKhounthongbang

Kenechanh Pinethip

PrapansakSrisapoome

Philippines Rice Research Institute, Philippines

Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Bangladesh

On-Farm Research Division, BangladeshAgricultural Research Institute (BARI),Bangladesh

Khon Kaen Field Crops Research Center,Department of Agriculture, Thailand

Embrapa Soybean, Brazil

Chanthaburi Horticultural Research Center,Thailand

Bureau of Soils and Water Management,Philippines

Soil Conservation Division, Bureau of Soils andWater Management, Philippines

Water Management Division, Bureau of Soils andWater Management, Philippines

FRI Kampung Acheh, Fisheries ResearchInstitute, Malaysia

Institute of Biological Sciences, Marine LivingResources, Biotechnology & Ecosystems, Instituteof Ocean and Earth Sciences, University ofMalaya, Malaysia

Living Aquatic Resource Research Center, LaoPDR



Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University,Thailand

Development of differential system for rice blastresistance in the Philippines

Development of differential system for rice blastresistance in Bangladesh

Evaluation of impacts of continuous rice cultivationunder alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigationmanagements on the soil environment

Development of efficient methods for evaluation ofimportant characteristics of inter-specific and generichybrids between sugarcane and its wild relatives

Isolation of promoters related to soybean stress-responsive genes

Development of techniques for fruit qualityimprovement of durian and mangosteen

Development of techniques to save water use, reducesoil erosion using combined system between cowpeacover crop and non-tillage, and reduce nitrogenleaching using fertilizer application methods in thePhilippines.

Development of techniques to save water use, reducesoil erosion using combined system between cowpeacover crop and non-tillage, and reduce nitrogenleaching using fertilizer application methods in thePhilippines

Development of techniques to save water use, reducesoil erosion using combined system between cowpeacover crop and non-tillage, and reduce nitrogenleaching using fertilizer application methods in thePhilippines

Studies on ecosystem modeling of mangrove estuary

Research on suitable stock management intropical/subtropical areas

Development of sustainable freshwater aquaculturetechnology suitable for Southeast Asia



To attend JIRCAS International Workshop inTsukuba and to visit fisheries research institutes andthe latest shrimp culture facility, and to discuss withcore researchers

Aug. 11-Oct. 30,2010

Aug. 30-Nov. 20,2010

Aug. 8-Sep.30,2010

Oct. 1-Feb.28, 2011

Aug. 22-Nov. 11,2010

Sep. 20-30,2010

Sep. 13-18,2010

Sep. 13-18,2010

Sep. 13-18,2010

Nov. 28-Dec. 9,2010

Dec. 6-11,2010

Dec. 5-11,2010

Dec. 5-11,2010

Dec. 5-11,2010

Dec. 6-11,2010

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Dusit Aue-umneoy

JaruwanSongphatkaew

Isao Tutui

Jacques MartinMorales Zarate

Antonio-JoseLopez-Montes

Hidehiko Kikuno

SuphakarnLuanmanee

SomrutaiTancharoen

Diah Setyorini

Nani Sumarni

Vu Tien Khang

Dwinita WikanUtami

Krailert Taweekul

Lee Soon Leong

King Mongkut's Institute of TechnologyLadkrabang, Thailand

King Mongkut's Institute of TechnologyLadkrabang, Thailand

Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University,Thailand

Aquaculture Department, Southeast AsianFisheries Development Center, Philippines

R4D (Research for Development), InternationalInstitute of Tropical Agriculture, Nigeria

R4D (Research for Development), InternationalInstitute of Tropical Agriculture, Nigeria

Soil Science Research Group, Department ofAgriculture, Thailand

Soil Science Research Group, Department ofAgriculture, Thailand

Indonesian Soil Research Institute, Indonesia

Indonesian Vegetable Research Institute, Indonesia

Soil Microbiology Division, Cuu Long RiceResearch Insitute, Vietnam

Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnologyand Genetic Resources Research and Development,Indonesia

Department of Agricultural Extension, Faculty ofAgriculture, Khon Kaen University, Thailand

Forestry Biotechnology Division, Forest ResearchInstitute Malaysia, Malaysia





Nutrient use efficiency in yam-based systems

1. Development of meristem culture protocol for yamgermplasm management2 Off-season yam production based on rice-yamcropping system

Good Soil Care (GSC) project final workshop





Genetic and pathological study on rice blast diseasebased on differential system

Expansion of technology development through farmerexchange

Genetic diversity study of dipterocarp to improveselective logging

Dec. 6-11,2010

Dec. 6-11,2010

Dec. 6-11,2010

Dec. 6-16,2010

Nov. 6-15,2010

Nov. 6-16,2010

Dec. 15-18,2010

Dec. 15-18,2010

Dec. 14-18,2010

Dec. 14-18,2010

Dec. 14-18,2010

Jan. 4-Mar.16, 2011

Feb. 6-25,2011

Feb. 26-Mar. 15,2011

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Project Site Invitations, FY 2010

Ramadjita Tabo

André Bationo

Diah Setyorini

Rini Rosliani

Vu Tien Khang

RavdansurenChantsaldulam

Ruijun Long

Nguyen Van Thu

Vu Chi Cuong

Raghavendra Bhatta

Kritapon Sommart

Agung Purnomoadi

Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa, Accra Ghana Office, Ghana

Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa, Accra Office Ghana, Ghana

Indonesian Soil Research Institute, IndonesianAgency for Agricultural Research andDevelopment, Indonesia

Soil Division, Indonesian Vegetable ResearchInsitute, Indonesia

Soil Department, Cuu Long Rice ResearchInstitute, Vietnam

School of Economics and Management, MongolianState University of Agriculture, Mongolia

International Centre for Tibetan Plateau EcosystemManagement, Lanzhou University, P. R. China

Department of Animal Science, Faculty ofAgriculture, Can Tho University, Vietnam

Department of Animal Feeds, Nutrition andPasture, National Institute of Animal Husbandry,Vietnam

Bioenergetics and Environmental SciencesDivision, National Institute of Animal Nutritionand Physiology, Indian Council of AgriculturalResearch, India

Department of Animal Science, Khon KaenUniversity, Thailand

Faculty of Animal Agriculture, DiponegoroUniversity, Indonesia

Workshop on “Fertility Improvement of Sandy Soilsin the Sahel,” organized by JIRCAS and ICRISAT inNiamey, Niger

Workshop on “Fertility Improvement of Sandy Soilsin the Sahel,” organized by JIRCAS and ICRISAT inNiamey, Niger

Good Soil Care Project-DSSAT Workshop held inBangkok, Thailand



JIRCAS International Symposium in Hohhot, andsurvey of pastoral management in Inner Mongolia, P.R. China

Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture(GGAA2010) Conference, Satellite workshop, andGlobal Research Alliance (GRA) meeting held inBanff, Canada

Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture(GGAA2010) Conference, Satellite workshop, andGlobal Research Alliance (GRA) meeting held inBanff, Canada

Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture(GGAA2010) Conference, satellite workshop, andGlobal Research Alliance (GRA) meeting held inBanff, Canada

Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture(GGAA2010) Conference, satellite workshop, andGlobal Research Alliance (GRA) meeting held inBanff, Canada

Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture(GGAA2010) Conference, Satellite Workshop, andGlobal Research Alliance (GRA) meeting held inBanff, Canada

Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture(GGAA2010) Conference, Satellite Workshop, andGlobal Research Alliance (GRA) Meeting held inBanff, Canada

Jun. 21-25,2010

Jun. 21-27,2010

Jun. 28-Jul.3, 2010

Jun. 28-Jul.3, 2010

Jun. 28-Jul.3, 2010

Jul. 23-31,2010

Oct. 2-11,2010

Oct. 2-11,2010

Oct. 2-10,2010

Oct. 2-11,2010

Oct. 2-11,2010

Oct. 2-11,2010

research activities on various research themesrelevant to the projects on site, and othercountries where workshops or planningmeetings are held. Under this program, forty-nine researchers were invited and implementedtheir programs during FY2010 as listed below.

Project Site Invitation Program

In FY 2007, JIRCAS launched this invitationprogram to invite researchers from developingcountries to the project sites in developingcountries where JIRCAS researchers areengaged in JIRCAS-funded collaborative

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Juan Boo Liang

Hong-Ji Su

Vung Setha

Lily Eng

Chhum Phith Loan

Thelma F. Padolina

Loida M. Perez

Suwarno

Anggiani Nasution

Cailin Lei

Nguyen Thi Lang

Luong Minh Chau

Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, UniversitiPutra Malaysia, Malaysia

Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology,National Taiwan University, Taiwan

Facutly of Land Management and LandAdministration, Royal University of Agriculture,Cambodia

Agriculture Research Centre, Department ofAgriculture, Sarawak, Malaysia

Faculty of Animal Science and VeterinaryMedicine, Royal University of Agriculture,Cambodia

Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Division,Phlippine Rice Research Institute, Philippines

Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Division,Phlippine Rice Research Institute, Philippines

Indonesian Center for Rice Research, Indonesia

Indonesian Center for Rice Research, Indonesia

Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy ofAgricultural Sciences, P. R. China

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding,Cuu Long Delta Rice Research Institute, Vietnam

Department of Entomology, Cuu Long Delta RiceResearch Institute, Vietnam

Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture(GGAA2010) Conference, Satellite Workshop, andGlobal Research Alliance (GRA) Meeting held inBanff, Canada

JIRCAS/SOFRI Workshop on IntegratedManagement of Citrus Greening Disease in SeverelyInfested Areas held in Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam




Annual Meeting for JIRCAS research project, "BlastResearch Network for Stable Rice Production", andworkshop at the international conference "ManagingBiodiversity for Sustainable Development" held inKunming, P. R. China






Annual Meeting for JIRCAS research project, "BlastResearch Network for Stable Rice Production", andworkshop at the international conference "ManagingBiodiversity for Sustainable Development" held inKunming, P. R. Chinaa

Oct. 2-14,2010

Oct. 18-21,2010

Oct. 18-21,2010

Oct. 18-21,2010

Oct. 18-21,2010

Oct. 1-9,2010

Oct. 1-9,2010

Oct. 1-9,2010

Oct. 1-9,2010

Oct. 1-8,2010

Oct. 1-9,2010

Oct. 1-9,2010

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Phoumy Inthapanya

Mohammad Ashik Iqbal Khan

Yacouba Sere

FongsamoutSouthammavong

ViengsakounNapasirth

Daovy Kongmanila

Ho Quang Do

Antonio JuanGerardo Ivancovich

Hernán Russian

Adrian Dario deLucia

Wilfrido MorelPaiva

Alicia NoeliaBogado

PoonsakMekwatanakarn

Rice and Cash Crop Research Centre, Lao PDR

Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh RiceResearch Institute, Bangladesh

Africa Rice Center, Benin

Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Faculty ofAgriculture, National University of Laos, LaosP.D.R.



Department of Animal Siences, Faculty ofAgriculture and Applied Biology, Can ThoUniversity, Vietnam

Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino,Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA-EEA Pergamino), Argentina



Former Senior Researcher of Centro Regional deInvestigación Agrícola (CRIA), and Former ProjectCounterpart, Paraguay

Centro Regional de Investigación Agrícola (CRIA), Ministerio de Agricultura yGanaderia, Paraguay

Ubon Rice Research Center,Thailand



Annual Meeting for JIRCAS research project, "BlastResearch Network for Stable Rice Production", andworkshop at the international conference "ManagingBiodiversity for Sustainable Development" held inKunming, P. R. Chinaa

Results and Planning Meeting for the researchproject, "Establishment of Feeding Standard of BeefCattle and Feedstuff Database in Indochina", held inKhon Kaen, Thailand




Project Annual Meeting on "Evaluation of SoybeanRust Resistance" held at CNPSo in Londrina, Brazil






Oct. 1-8,2010

Oct. 1-8,2010

Oct. 1-8,2010

Oct. 13-16,2010

Oct. 13-16,2010

Oct. 13-16,2010

Oct. 13-17,2010

Oct. 17-21,2010

Oct. 17-21,2010

Oct. 17-21,2010

Oct. 17-21,2010

Oct. 17-21,2010

Oct. 1-9,2010

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Wan Zahari BinMohamed

Batbileg Bayaraa

Sopon Uraichuen

Rut Morakote

RavdansurenChantsaldulam

Wale BerhanuYilma

Tesfaye Molla Desta

Hailemariam KibretMamo

Martín Marcó

Carlos Ruiz

Rafael Fuente

Miguel Davalos

Strategic Livestock Research Centre, MalaysiaAgricultural Research and Development Institute,Malaysia

School of Agrobiology, Mongolian StateUniversity of Agriculture, Mongolia

Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture,Kasetsart University, Thailand

School of Crop Production Technology, Institute ofAgricultural Technology, Suranaree University ofTechnology, Thailand

School of Economics and Management, MongolianState University of Agriculture, Mongolia

South Gonder Zone Agricutlure and RuralDevelopment, Ethiopia

Woreta College of Agriculture, Ethiopia

Agricultural Investement Support Directorate,Ministry of Agriculuture, Ethiopian

Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria,Concordia Research Station, Argentina

INIA Quilamapu, Chile

Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, Brazil

Universidad Mayor, Real y Pontificia de SanFrancisco Xavier de Chuquisaca, Bolivia


Asian Conference on Remote Sensing 2010(ACRS2010) held in Hanoi, Vietnam

Workshop on Biological Control of the InvasiveCoconut Pest, Brontispa longissima held in Hue,Vietnam

Workshop on Biological Control of the InvasiveCoconut Pest, Brontispa longissima held in Hue,Vietnam

JIRCAS Workshop held in Ulaanbaatar, and Surveyof dairy farms in Mongolia

Operation Meeting for the research project,"Study onDevelopment of Improved Infrastructure andTechnologies for Rice Production in Africa", held inKumasi, Ghana



Mejoramiento genético del Eucalipto sp. para usos dealto valor, Argentine Asuncion

Desarrollo agroforestal sustentable en el secanomediterráneo de Chile, Argentine Asuncion

Desarrollo rural y forestal basado en la conservacióndel suelo en pequeñas fincas en el Estado de Paraná,Brasil, Argentine Asuncion

Desarrollo rural y forestal con pequeños productoresen Chuquisaca, Bolivia, Argentine Asuncion

Oct. 14-16,2010

Oct. 28-Nov. 8, 2010

Nov. 22-25,2010

Nov. 22-25,2010

Feb. 26-Mar. 5, 2011

Feb. 19-27,2011

Feb. 19-27,2011

Feb. 20-26,2011

Nov. 25-27,2010

Nov. 25-29,2010

Nov. 25-28,2010

Nov. 24-28,2010

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Subtropical Station). Since October 1995, asimilar program (JIRCAS Visiting ResearchFellowship Program at Tsukuba) has beenimplemented at JIRCAS s Tsukuba premises,which aims to promote collaborative researchthat address various problems confrontingcountries in the developing regions. In FY2006, these fellowship programs were modifiedand merged into one. In FY 2010, a total oftwelve researchers were invited to conductresearch at JIRCAS HQ.

JIRCAS Visiting Research FellowshipProgram at Tsukuba and Okinawa

The current JIRCAS Visiting ResearchFellowship Program has its beginnings in FY1992 with the launching of the JIRCAS VisitingResearch Fellowship Program at Okinawa underwhich researchers are invited to conductresearch on topics relating to tropical agriculturefor a period of one year at the TropicalAgriculture Research Front (formerly Okinawa

FELLOWSHIP PROGRAMS AT JIRCAS

JIRCAS Visiting Research Fellowships at Tsukuba and Okinawa (October 2010 to September 2011)

Tsukuba

ThitapornPhumichai

Nang Myint PhyuSin Htwe

Jinbin Li

Noelle GiacominiLemos Torres

Salah El-Hendawy

Houqing Zeng

Oslan Jumadi

Ah Nge Htwe

Chatchai Kaewpila

PrapassornRugthaworn

Paripok Phitsuwan

Tnah Lee Hong

Rubber Production Unit, Rubber Research Institute,Department of Agriculture, Thailand

Plant Biotechnology Center, Myanmar AgricultureService, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Myanmar

Agricultural Environment and Resources ResearchInstitute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, P. R.China

Agronomy Department, Maringa State University, Brazil

Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez CanalUniversity, Egypt

Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology,College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University,P. R. China

Department of Biology, Makassar State University,Indonesia

Department of Entomology and Zoology, YezinAgricultural University, Myanmar

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture,Khon Kaen University,Thailand

Biomass and Bio-energy Technology Division,Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-industrial ProductImprovement Institute, Thailand

Enzyme Technology Laboratory, School of Bioresourcesand Technology, King Mongkut’s University ofTechnology Thonburi (Bangkhuntien Campus), Thailand

Forestry Biotechnology Division, Forest Research InstituteMalaysia, Malaysia

Development of DNA markers associated withtolerance to environmental stresses in soybean

Identification of useful genes that function in abioticstress tolerance in soybean and maize

Breeding and pathological studies on blast resistance ofrice

Genetic analysis of the control of leaf yellowing causedby soybean rust infection

Eco-physiological characterization of rice with betteradaptation to low-input conditions in Africa's rainfedlowlands

Characterization of sweet-sorghums for BNI capacity _Regulation of BNI compound release in sorghum

Development of evaluation methodology for biologicalnitrification inhibition using nitrous oxide emission

Ecological and behavioural studies on parasitoids forbiological control

Establishment of a feeding standard of beef cattle and afeed database for Indochinese peninsula

Development of yeast to produce bio-ethanol fromtropical crop residues

Development of efficient saccharification oflignocellulose using highly active cellulosomes

Population genetic study on species diversification andadaptation of dipterocarp species related toenvironmental heterogeneity

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program, JIRCAS intends to contribute tocapacity-building of the collaborating researchinstitutions. In FY2010, two researchers wereinvited, one to Thailand and the other to thePhilippines. The fellows and their researchsubjects are listed below.

For inquiries on the JIRCAS Visiting ResearchFellowship Program, please contact theInternational Relations Section (Tel. +81-29-838-6335; Fax +81-29-838-6337; e-mail: [email protected])

JIRCAS Visiting Research FellowshipProgram at Project Sites

This fellowship program has beenimplemented since May 2006 at collaboratingresearch institutions located in developingcountries where collaborative researches arebeing carried out by JIRCAS researchers. Itaims to promote the effective implementation ofongoing collaborative researches at the projectsites through the participation of local researchstaff. Furthermore, through this fellowship

national research institutes throughout Japanaccording to research theme and priorarrangement with host scientists, for terms ofgenerally one month to three years. Fellowshipscan be undertaken in any of the ministries, andmany fellows are currently working at variousIAAs affiliated with MAFF. The visitingscientists that resided at JIRCAS in FY 2010 arelisted below.

Other Fellowships for VisitingScientists

The Government of Japan sponsors apostdoctoral fellowship program and aresearcher exchange program for foreignscientists through the Japan Society for thePromotion of Science (JSPS). The programplaces post-doctoral and sabbatical fellows in

JIRCAS Visiting Research Fellowships at the Project Site (October 2010 to September 2011)

Jacques M. Zarate

JaruwanSongphatkaew

Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian FisheriesDevelopment Center, Philippines

Fisheries Division, King Mongkut’s Institute ofTechnology Ladkrabang, Thailand

Developing methods for assessing nutritional conditionof the sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra

The impact of the physical environment peculiar toshrimp-seaweed co-culture on Penaeus monodondevelopment

JSPS Postdoctoral Fellowships for Foreign Researchers (April 2010 to September 2011)

Terry JamesRose

Charles P.Chen

MichaelTimothy Rose

PierfrancescoNardi

Investigation into physiological mechanisms and molecular biology of P-deficiency tolerance in rice

Characterization of the physiological mechanism and genetic basis ofozone tolerance in rice

Investigation into biological nitrification inhibition to improve nitrogen-useefficiency in forage and biofuel crops

Inhibition of soil nitrification from root exudates

Oct. 13, 2008 - Apr.15, 2010

Nov. 1, 2008 - Oct.31, 2010

Sep. 1, 2009 - Dec.16, 2010

Sep. 1, 2009 - May26, 2011

University of WesternAustralia, Australia

University of Illinois,USA

University of Sydney,Australia

Regional Agency ofAgriculture Improvementand Innovation inLatium, Italy

JSPS Researcher Exchange Program for Foreign Researchers April 2010 to September 2011

ThanumalayaPerumalSubramoniam

Reproductive endocrinology of crustaceans, Mechanism of vitellogenesisin crustaceans, Evolution of yolk proteins

Oct. 13, 2010 - Nov.4, 2010

Indian National ScienceAcademy, India

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On October 22, 2010, the “Fifth Seminar onRural Development based on CleanDevelopment Mechanism (CDM) in MekongDelta, Viet Nam” which was jointly organizedby JIRCAS and Can Tho University (CTU) washeld at the auditorium of CTU in Can Tho City.This is the one of the seminars regularly heldtwice every year since 2008. The purpose of theseminar is to discuss and share informationbetween relevant stakeholders on the progress ofthe joint research project for rural development

Presentations:1. Empirical Analysis of Factors Influencing

Herder Income in Grassland Areas: BaoyinDureng (IMAU)

2. Characteristics and Trends of the Transfer ofSurplus Labor in Animal Husbandry in InnerMongolia: Ba Tu (IMU)

3. Research on Intensive Farming of theLivestock Sector in Inner Mongolia:Hugejiletu (IMNU))

4. Business Circumstances and Problems ofGrassland Stockbreeding - The Case ofXilingol: Dagula (IMNU)

5. Comparing Pastoral Management in Chinaand Mongolia: S. Oniki (JIRCAS)

6. The Future Direction of Animal Husbandry inMongolia: H. Komiyama (JIRCAS)

7. Policy Analysis on the Effects on theEconomic Structure of the Livestock Sector inXilinguole League: Gensuo (IMAU)

8. Selection of a Development Model in RuralPastoral Areas in Inner Mongolia: Shuangxi(IMFEC)

9. Marketing Channels and Countermeasures ofAnimal Products in Xilinguole League: XuLili (IMAU)

10. Analysis of Milk Prices at Mongolian DairyFarms: Ravdansuren Chantsaldulam(MSUA)

11. The Study of the Transformation of InnerMongolia Dairy Management Model and ItsConcomitant Problems: Du Fulin (IMAU)

12. The Determination of Raw Milk Prices: YaoFengtong (IMAU)

The workshop was organized by JIRCAS, incooperation with the Inner MongolianAgricultural University (IMAU), at JinsuiHotel, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia on July 25,2010. A total of 60 researchers, teachers andstudents from IMAU, Mongolian StateUniversity of Agriculture (MSUA), InnerMongolia University (IMU), Inner MongolianNormal University (IMNU), Inner MongoliaFinance and Economics College (IMFEC) andother institutes attended the event.

The main objectives of this workshop were topresent the socio-economic research outputs ofthe JIRCAS’ project which was carried out inMongolia and Inner Mongolia, China, and tofacilitate the exchange of opinions among theparticipants in order to explore possible optionsfor the sustainable development of the herders’household economy and the livestock industriesin the Mongolian Plateau.

The workshop consisted of four sessions:Labor force and the income of the livestocksector, Structure of agriculture and thelivestock sector in Mongolia and InnerMongolia, Distribution of products and itsdevelopment, and Dairy farming and prices ofmilk. There were many discussions on thesesubject matters presented at the workshop and itappeared that researchers and policymakershave shown great interest in our research topics.Therefore, we plan to publish the proceedings ofthis meeting to share our research outputs withthe public.

JIRCAS-IMAU-MSUA Joint Workshop for the Development of Sustainable Agro-Pastoral System in Northeast Asia

Fifth Seminar on Rural Development based on Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) in Mekong Delta, Viet Nam

WORKSHOP

which applies CDM methodology to theactivities using renewable biogas produced bythe biogas digesters, which will be introduced toseveral hundred low income farm households.Around 80 people, including Dr. Iiyama,President of JIRCAS, representatives ofPeople’s Committee of Can Tho City andrelevant districts, heads of beneficiarycommunities and key farmers, lecturers andresearchers of CTU, etc. participated in theseminar.

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reduce greenhouse gas emission by substitutingnonrenewable firewood and fossil gas used forcooking with renewable biogas produced fromthe biogas digester being introduced by theCDM project, to increase the income ofbeneficiary households, and to improve theenvironment in the rural community. At the lastsession, various opinions and ideas wereexchanged among the participants in order topromote the CDM project. This seminar raisedhigh interest in the city through its specialcoverage in a newspaper.

Keynote Address by President Iiyama 5th Seminar Commemorative photo

After a keynote speech titled, “Behavior ofPlant Residues and their Roles in Agricultureand Global Environment” by Dr. Iiyama,JIRCAS researchers explained the outline andprogress of the project, followed by apresentation by CTU researchers on the outputsof the pilot project achieved during the researchperiod for a farming system with recycling ofresources composed of pig farming, aquaculture,orchard management, biogas digester, etc.Finally, Mr. Matsubara, the project leader,elucidated the formulated CDM project covering3 districts in Can Tho City, which is aimed to

A final seminar on the project, “Support forReconstruction of Rural Villages in Timor-Leste”, was held on December 15, 2010 at theConference Hall of the Ministry of Agricultureand Fisheries (MAF) of the DemocraticRepublic of Timor-Leste, under the jointsponsorship of JIRCAS and MAFF.

This seminar was organized to disseminateand present the Guideline to the MAF for ruralreconstruction in Timor-Leste. About 80 peopleparticipated in this seminar, mostly those whowill be ultimately utilizing the guideline,including the minister and directors of MAF,and other officers attached to the government,such as agricultural extension workers. Thevillage chief and his deputies from Bucoli, thepilot project village in Baucau District alsoparticipated along with the panel of staff fromthe World Food Programme (WFP), DeutscheGesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit(GTZ), and other NGOs that supported theabove project. H.E. Mr. Iwao Kitahara, theAmbassador of Japan and Mr. Hiroshi Enomoto,the JICA Representative in Timor-Lesteattended the event to represent the Japanese

government.The Deputy Minister of MAF expressed his

appreciation that JIRCAS has compiled a veryuseful guideline, which they are hoping toutilize as a guide for the development ofagriculture in Timor-Leste. The deputy directorof WFP expressed intention to extend the know-how adopted by JIRCAS, who handled thetechnical aspects in the construction of theirrigation canals whereas WFP provided foodfor the project’s beneficiaries in other districtsas well.

According to the report on the activities ofJIRCAS as prepared by the participants, it wasverified among the participants that the projectpromoted farmers’ autonomy as carried outthrough cooperation among the organizationsconcerned.

During a session in the seminar, the first copyof the Guideline was presented to the Ministerof MAF by Dr. Kenji Iiyama, President ofJIRCAS. It is expected that this guideline willbe used toward rural revitalization and humanresource development of extension workers andonwards.

Closing Seminar on the “Support for Reconstruction of Rural Villages in Timor-Leste” Project

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International Symposiums and Workshops, FY2010

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May 17, 2010

June 9-10, 2010

June 23-24, 2010

July 20, 2010

July 25, 2010

July 28-August 6,2010

August 5-6, 2010

August 31-Sep.1,2010

September 7,2010

September 15-16,2010

September 28,2010

October 15, 2010

October 15, 2010

October 19-20,2010

October 19-20,2010

October 22, 2010

October 29, 2010

Coalition for African Rice Development(CARD) Satellite Seminar

JIRCAS Workshop "Development of riceproduction for lowland in Africa" - JIRCASContribution in Rice Research to CARD -

JIRCAS/ICRISAT Workshop on FertilityImprovement of Sandy Soils in the Sahel

Kick-off Meeting of the JST/JICA Project on"Development of Production Technologies ofEnvironmental Stress-Tolerant Crops to copewith Environmental Degradation"

Development of Sustainable Agro-pastoralSystem in Northeast Asia

Laboratory Training: DNA marker analysis formarker-assisted selection in soybean

JIRCAS-LARReC Workshop on the IndigenousShrimp Fishery in Northern Laos"Development of Stock ManagementTechnology for Sustainable Use of ShrimpResources"

International Research Workshop on "Value-addition to Asian agricultural products"

Introduction of Activities of JIRCAS SoutheastAsian Office and JST Singapore Office

Evaluation Meeting on "Development ofEnvironmental Management Technology forSustainable Crop Cultivation in Tropical andSub-tropical Islands"

Rice Cultivation Workshop

International Workshop on the "Establishmentof feeding standards for beef cattle and feedstuffdatabase for the Indochinese peninsula"

Freshwater Lens Management Seminar

Annual Meeting 2010, Soybean Rust Project

International Workshop on IntegratedManagement of Citrus Greening Disease inSeverely Infected Areas

Fifth Seminar on Rural Development Based onClean Development Mechanism in MekongDelta

Japan-China Collaborative Research Workshopfor the Establishment of Environment-FriendlyAgricultural Systems

Arusha, Tanzania

Tsukuba, Japan

Niamey, Niger

Tsukuba, Japan

Hohhot, China

Yguazu, Paraguay

Luang Prabang, Laos

Tsukuba, Japan

Bangkok, Thailand

Ishigaki Island

Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Khon Kaen, Thailand

Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands

Londrina, Brazil

Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam

Can Tho, Viet Nam

Beijing, China

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November 8-9,2010

November 23,2010

November 26,2010

December 2-7,2010

December 6, 2010

December 7-8,2010

December 13-15,2010

December 15,2010

December 15,2010

December 21,2010

January 11-12,2011

January 11-14,2011

January 18-20,2011

January 18, 2011

TARC-JIRCAS 40th Anniversary InternationalSymposium [A New Decade for InternationalAgricultural Research for SustainableDevelopment]

Workshop for Biological control of invasivecoconut pest, Brontispa longissima

International Seminar Rural developmentbased on clean development mechanism ofsmall scale reforestation

Workshop on "Development of environmentalmanagement technology for sustainable cropproduction in tropical and subtropical islands"

Presentation of the Achievements andEvaluation of Outputs of the RainfedAgriculture Project

JIRCAS International Workshop: SustainableStock Management and AquacultureTechnology Suitable for Southeast Asia

Development of Breeding Materials for Multi-purpose Sugarcane with Higher BiomassProduction

Seminar on Rural Reconstruction in EastTimor: Presentation of Final Results of JIRCASSurvey and Formulation of Guidelines

Enhancement of Remote Sensing and GISTechnologyJIRCAS-IAARD Indonesian Agency forAgricultural Research and Development)Collaborative Research Workshop

Workshop on Development of Techniques forNurturing Beneficial Indigenous Tree Speciesand Combined Management of Agriculture andForestry in the Northeast of Thailand, TropicalMonsoon Regions

Annual Meeting 2010, MAFF-funded DREBProject (Development of Abiotic Stress TolerantCrops by DREB Genes, Genomics forAgricultural Innovation)

3rd Seminar on Participatory Method Strategyfor Rural Development

4th USM-JIRCAS Joint InternationalSymposium: "Biomass: Sustainable naturalresource and innovation for a greener future"

Report on Accomplishments of the Project onEco-environment Rehabilitation and PovertyReduction in Yanmenguan Region, ShanxiProvince

Tsukuba, Japan

Hue, Vietnam

San Lorenzo, Paraguay

Iligan (Dec. 2) Negros (Dec.7) Philippines

Vientiane, Laos

Tsukuba, Japan

Khon Kaen, Thailand

Dili, East Timor

Tsukuba, Japan

Bangkok, Thailand

Tsukuba, Japan

Matala, Colombo, Malaysia

Penang,Malaysia

Shanxi, China

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January 24, 2011

January 25-26,2011

March 2, 2011

Research Collaborat ion Guidel ine andDissemination Seminar on "Development ofmethods for promoting technology transferand cooperation in agriculture and ruraldevelopment in developing regions" (Indonesia)

Workshop of JIRCAS/FRIM joint researchproject, “Ecology of dipterocarps and itsapplication to sustainable selective logging”

JIRCAS-MSUA Joint Workshop for theDevelopment of Sustainable Agro-pastoralsystem in Northeast Asia

Kandari, Malaysia

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Ulan Bator, Mongolia

APPENDIX

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1) JARQ (Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly)Vol. 44 No. 3, No. 4Vol. 45 No. 1, No.2

2) Annual Report 20093) JIRCAS Newsletter No.58, No.59, No. 604) JIRCAS Working Report Series

No. 70 Next Challenges in Rice Development forAfrica: Workshop for new Collaborationbetween JIRCAS and AfricaRice

No. 71 Development of Crops Tolerant to AdverseEnvironments

No. 72 Integrated Pest Management of Citrus GreeningDisease in Mekong Delta for the SustainableProduction of Citrus under Severely InfestedConditions

1) JIRCAS News No.58, No.59, No. 602) JIRCAS International Agriculture Series

No.18

In EnglishOFFICIAL JIRCAS PUBLICATIONS

PUBLISHING AT JIRCAS

In Japanese

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Awala, S.K., Nanhapo, P.I., Sakagami, J.,Kanyomeka, L. and Iijima, M. (2010)Differential salinity tolerance among Oryzaglaberrima, Oryza sativa and theirinterspecies including NERICA. CropProduction Science, 13: 3-10.

Bikovens, O., Telysheva, G. and Iiyama, K.(2010) Comparative studies of grasscompost lignin and the lignin component ofcompost humic substances. Chemistry andEcology, 26(Supplement 2): 67-75.

Chen, C., Frei, M., Pariasca-Tanaka, J., Kohno,Y. and Wissuwa, M. (2011) Rice andtropospheric ozone: Tolerance mechanismsand underlying genetic factors. JIRCASWorking Report, 71: 61-68.

Chin, HJ., Lu, X., Haefele, SM., Gamuyao, R.,Ismail, AM., Wissuwa, M. and Heuer, S.(2010) Development and application ofgene-based markers for the major rice QTLPhosphate uptake 1 (Pup1). Theoretical andApplied Genetics, 120: 1073-1086.

Cong Ke-qiang, Zhuang Ai-ke, Jiao Jiang,Kazuo Nakamoto and Li Guo-tai (2010)Survey of the Farmers' Management ofDairy Cows in Heilongjiang ProvinceHeilongjiang Agricultural Sciences,2010(11) 78-81. (C)

Farooq, M., Tagle, A.G., Santos, R.E., Ebron,L.A., Fujita, D. and Kobayashi, N. (2010)QTL mapping for leaf length and leafwidth in rice cv. IR64 derived lines.Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 52:578-584.

Farooq, M., Kobayashi,N., Ito,O., Wahid, A.and Serraj, R. (2010) Broader leaves resultin better performance of indica rice underdrought stress. Journal of Plant Physiology,167(13): 1066-1075.

Fujii, H., Gumma, M., Thenkabail, P. andNamara, R. (2010) Suitability Evaluationfor Lowland Rice in Inland Valleys in WestAfrica Transactions of the JapaneseSociety of Irrigation, Drainage and RuralEngineering, 78(4) : 281-289. (J)

Fujii, H., Dawuni, B., Tahiru, F. andYangyuoru, M. (2010) Crop WaterProductivity by Rice Cultivation Methodsin West Africa. Transactions of the

RESEARCH STAFF ACTIVITY2010-2011

Refereed journal articles, book chapters, andmonographs

Abiko, T., Wakayama, M., Kawakami, A.,Obara, M., Kisaka, H., Miwa, T., Aoki, N.and Ohsugi, R. (2010) Changes in nitrogenassimilation, metabolism, and growth intransgenic rice plants expressing a fungal NADP(H)-dependent glutamatedehydrogenase (gdhA). Planta, 232(2):299-311.

Akamatsu, H. O., Chilvers, M. I., Stewart, J. E.and Peever, T. L. (2010) Identification andfunction of a polyketide synthase generesponsible for 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-melanin pigment biosynthesis in Ascochytarabiei. Current Genetics, 56(4): 349-360.

Ando, M., Sato, M., Sugimoto, T., Hashim, R.and Sulaiman, O. (2010) Manufacture andProperties of Plywood from Oil Palm.Wood industry, 65(6): 261-265. (J)

Anugroho, F., Kitou, M., Nagumo, F., Kinjyo,K. and Jayasinghe, G.Y. (2010) Potentialgrowth of hairy vetch as a winter legumecover crop in subtropical soil conditions.Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 56(2):254-262.

Arikit, S., Yoshihashi, T., Wanchana, S., Tanya,P., Juwattanasomran, R., Srinives, P. andVanavichit, A. (2011) A PCR-basedmarker for a locus conferring aroma invegetable soybean (Glycine max L.).Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 122(2):311-6.

Arikit, S., Yoshihashi, T., Wanchana, S., Uyen,TT., Huong, NT., Wongpornchai, S. andVanavichit, A. (2011) Deficiency in theaminoaldehyde dehydrogenase encoded byGmAMADH2, the homologue of riceOs2AP, enhances 2-acetyl-1-pyrrolinebiosynthesis in soybeans (Glycine max L.).Plant Biotechnol J., 9(1): 75-87.

Arnold, T., Kirk, GJD., Wissuwa, M., Frei, M.,Zhao, FJ., Mason, TFD. and Weiss, DJ.(2010) Evidence for the mechanisms ofzinc uptake by rice using isotopefractionation. Plant Cell and Environment,33: 370-381.

(J) Denotes articles written in Japanese; (C) Denotes articles written in Chinese:

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45-50.

Gotoh, T., Ono, H., Kikuchi, K., Nirasawa, S.and Takahashi, S. (2010) Purification andcharacterization of aspartic proteasederived from Sf9 insect cells. BiosciBiotechnol Biochem, 74(10): 2154-7.

Gotoh, T., Awa, H., Kikuchi, K., Nirasawa, S.and Takahashi, S. (2010) Proreninprocessing enzyme (PPE) produced byBaculovirus-infected Sf9 insect cells: PPEis the cysteine protease encoded in theacMNPV gene. Biosci BiotechnolBiochem, 74(2): 370-4.

Hamano, K., Tsutsui, I. and Maeno, Y. (2010)The Current Status and Issues of ShrimpCulture in Brackish Areas of SoutheastAsia, Especially for a Case Study inThailand. Bulletin of the Japanese Societyof Scientific Fisheries, 76(6): 1123-1128.(J)

Hamaoka, H., Watanabe, J., Kinoshita, F., Ito,S., Ohmori, K., Okuda, N. and Takagi, M.(2010) Population structure of theglowbelly fish (Acropoma japonicum)based on mitochondrial DNA D-loopanalysis. Fish Genetics and BreedingScience, 40(1): 11-17. (J)

Hamasaki, T., Nemoto, M., Sameshima, R.,Ohno, H., Ohara, G., Wakiyama, Y.,Maruyama, A.i. and Ozawa, K. (2010)Comparison of temperature-gradientchamber experiments at different latitudesfor estimating the effects of globalwarming on the heading date of paddy rice.Journal of Agricultural Meteorology, 66:193-200.

Hamwieh, A., Tuyen, D.D., Cong, H., Benitez,E.R., Takahashi, R. and Xu, D.H. (2011)Identification and validation of a majorQTL for salt tolerance in soybean.Euphytica, 179(3): 451-459.

Hashim, R., Saari, N., Sulaiman, O., Sugimoto,T., Hiziroglu, S., Sato, M. and Tanaka, R.(2010) Effect of particle geometry on theproperties of binderless particleboardmanufactured from oil palm trunk.Materials and Design, 31(9): 4251-4257.

Hashim, R., Wan Nadhari, W.N.A., Sulaiman,O., Kawamura, F., Hiziroglu, S., Sato, M.,Sugimoto, T., Tay, G.S. and Tanaka R.(2011) Characterization of raw materials

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Fujita, D., Santos, R.E., Ebron, L.A., Telebanco-Yanoria, M.J., Kato, H., Kobayashi, S.Uga, Y., Araki, E., Takai, T., Tsunematsu,H., Imbe, T., Khush, G.S., Brar, D.S.,Fukuta, Y. and Kobayashi, N. (2010)Characterization of introgression lines foryield-related traits with Indica-type ricevariety IR64 genetic background. JapanAgricultural Research Quarterly, 44: 277-290.

Fujita, D., Ebron, LA., Araki, E., Kato, H.,Khus, G.S., Sheehy, J.E., Lafarg, T.,Fukuta, Y. and Kobayashi, N. (2010) Finemapping of a gene for low tiller number,Ltn, in japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.)variety Aikawa 1. Theoretical and AppliedGenetics, 120: 1233-1240.

Fujita, Y., Fujita, M., Shinozaki, K. andYamaguchi-Shinozaki,K.(2011) ABA-mediated transcriptional regulation inresponse to osmotic stress in plants.Journal of Plant Research, 124(4): 509-525.

Fukami, K., Kawai, K., Hatta, T., Taniguchi, T.and Yamamoto, K. (2010) Physicalproperties of normal and waxy cornstarches treated with high hydrostaticpressure. Journal of Applied Glycoscience,57: 67-72.

Fukuta, Y. and Wissuwa, M. (2011) Geneticstudy of iron toxicity in rice (Oryza sativaL.). JIRCAS Working Report, 71 : 43-51.

Fukuta, Y. (2011) Rice Blast Research atJIRCAS. JIRCAS Working Report, 70: 91-102.

Furuya, N., Noda, I., Himmapan, W. andPusudsavang, A. 2010 Currentcondition of tree seedling distribution andprivate tree plantation in the Northeast ofThailand. Kantou Shinrin Kenkyuu, 61:1-4. (J)

Futakuchi, K., Si, M. and Wopereis, M.C.S.(2011) Rice Breeding Strategy atAfricaRice. JIRCAS Working Report, 70:1-14.

Futakuchi, K., Ndjiondjop, M.N., Sié, M. andWopereis, M.C.S. (2011) Rice Breeding forDrought-prone Environments at AfricaRice Center. JIRCAS Working Report, 70:

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control of the vector psyllid, Diaphorinacitri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), for thereduction of microorganism diseasetransmission. Journal of EnvironmentalScience and Health, 45: 466-472.

Ichinose, K., Tuan, D. H., Dien, L. Q., Bang, D.V., Tien, D. H. and Dinh, P. N. (2011) Riskof infection of citrus trees by greeningdisease, as evaluated by covariancestructure analysis of field data. JIRCASWorking Report, 72: 25-31.

Ichinose, K., Tuan, D. H. and Dien, L. Q. (2011)Improved management of citrus greening:pre-planting neonicotinoid application andplanting of seedlings when vector density islow. JIRCAS Working Report, 72: 45-51.

Ichinose, K., Dien, L. Q., Bang, D. V., Tuan, D.H., Tien, D. H. and Dinh, P. N. (2011)Guava interplanting: Pros and Cons forManagement of Citrus Greening Disease.JIRCAS Working Report, 72: 53-59.

Ichinose, K., Chau, N.M., Hong, L.T.T., Hoa,N.V., Dien, L.Q., Tuan, D.H., Ai, P.N.,Mai, N.T.T., Dinh, P.N., Miyaji, K.,Matsuhira K., Yasuda, K., Sadoyama, Y.,Kawamura, F., Suzuki, Y., Iwahori, H.,Kano, T., Egawa, Y., Ohto, Y., Nakata, T.,Kobori, Y., Yonemoto, Y., Ogata, T., Binh,N.T., Sekino, K. and Tien, D.H. (2011)IPM Manual for the control of greeningdisease in southern Vietnam. JIRCASWorking Report, 72: 73-84.

Ikazaki, K., Shinjo, H., Tanaka, U., Tobita, S.,Funakawa, S., and Kosaki, T. (2010)Performance of an aeolian materialssampler for the determination of amount ofcoarse organic matter transported duringwind erosion events in the Sahel, WestAfrica. Pedologist, 53(3): 126-134.

Imazaki, I. and Kobori, Y. (2010) Improving theculturability of freshwater bacteria usingFW70, a low-nutrient solid mediumamended with sodium pyruvate. CanadianJournal of Microbiology, 56(4): 333-341.

Inagaki, M.N., Mori, M. and Nachit, M. M.(2010) Yield comparison for synthetic-derived bread wheat genotypes withdifferent water uptake abilities underincreasing soil water deficits. CerealResearch Communications, 38: 497-505.

Inagaki, M., Mori, M., Inoue, T., Xu, D. and

and manufactured binderless particleboardfrom oil palm biomass. Materials andDesign, 32(1): 246-254.

Hayashi, K., Abdoulaye, T. and Wakatsuki, T.(2010) Evaluation of the utilization ofheated sewage sludge for peri-urbanhorticulture production in the Sahel ofWest Africa. Agricultural Systems, 103:36-40.

Hirose, R., Tezuka, Y., Kondo, T., Hirao, K.,Hatta, T., Nemoto, S., Saio, K., Takahashi,S. and Kainuma, K. (2010) Characteristicphysico-chemical properties and potentialuses of Enset (Ensete ventricosum) starch:Comparative studies with Starches ofpotato, sago and corn. Journal of AppliedGlycoscience, 57(3): 185-192.

Hitsuda, K., Toriyama, K., Subbarao, G. and Ito,O. (2010) Percent Relative CumulativeFrequency Approach to DetermineMicronutrient Deficiencies in Soybean.Soil Science Society of America Journal,74(6): 2196-2210.

Hou, A.X., Tsuruta, H., McCreary, M. andHosen, Y. (2010) Effect of urea placementon the time-depth profiles of NO, N2O andmineral nitrogen concentrations in anAndisol during a Chinese cabbage growingseason. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,56(6): 861-869.

Hu, XZ., Cheng, YQ., Fan, JF., Lui, ZH.,Yamaki, K. and Li, LT. (2010) Effects ofdrying method on physicochemical andfunctional properties of soy proteinisolates. Journal of Food Processing andPreservation, 34(3): 520-540.

Huong, D.T.T., Jasmani, S., Jayasankar, V. andWilder, M.N. (2010) Na/K-ATPase activityand osmo-ionic regulation in adult whitelegshrimp Litopenaeus vannamei exposed tolow salinities. Aquaculture, 304: 88-94.

Ichinose, K., Bang,D.V., Tuan,D.H. and Dien,L.Q. 2010 Effective Use ofNeonicotinoids for Protection of CitrusSeedlings from Invasion by the AsianCitrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri(Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Journal ofEconomic Entomology, 103(1): 127-135.

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Kawamura, F., Mahamud, A., Sulaiman, O. andHashim, R. (2010) Antifungal activities ofextracts from heartwood, sapwood and barkof 11 Malaysian timbers againstGloeohyllum trabeum and Pycnoporussanguineus. Journal of Tropical ForestScience, 22: 170-174.

Kawamura, F., Shaharudin, N.A., Sulaiman, O.,Hashim, R. and Ohara, S. (2010)Evaluation on Antioxidant Activity,Antifungal Activity and Total Phenols of11 Selected Commercial Malaysian TimberSpecies. Japan Agricultural ResearchQuarterly, 44: 319-324.

Kawazu, K., Ichiki, R.T., Dang, D.T. andNakamura, S. (2011) Mating Sequence andEvidence for the Existence of a FemaleContact Sex Pheromone in Brontispalongissima (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly,45(1): 99-106.

Khetkratok, N., Akama, K., Suzuki, K. andSriboonlue, V. (2010) Evaluation ofAppropriate Locations and Capacities ofOn-farm Ponds in Northeast Thailand.Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly,44(2): 207-215.

Kinoshita, A., Betsuyaku, S., Osakabe, Y.,Mizuno, S., Nagawa, S., Stahl, Y., Simon,R., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K., Fukuda, H.and Sawa, S. (2010) RPK2 is an essentialreceptor-like kinase that transmits theCLV3 signal in Arabidopsis. Development,137: 3911-3920.

Kobayashi, N. (2011) Development ofIntrogression Lines of IR64 andPreliminary Characterization for Toleranceto Mild Drought. JIRCAS Working Report,70: 51-64.

Kobayashi, S. and Furuya, J. 2010 Analysisof climate change impacts on the long-termBangladesh food security Papers onEnvironmental Information Science, 24387-392. (J)

Kobori, Y., Nakata, T., Ohto, Y. and Takasu, F.(2010) Dispersal of adult Asian citrus

Nachit, M. (2011) Physiological analysesand evaluation on genetic resources forenhancing drought adaptation in wheat.JIRCAS Working Report, 71: 19-26.

Inoue, M., Ishida, K., Tani, N. and Tsumura, Y.(2010) Fine-scale spatial structure of genetsand sexes in the dioecious plant Dioscoreajaponica, which disperses by both bulbilsand seeds. Evolutionary Ecology, 24(6):1399-1415.

Ishida, S., Yoshimoto, S., Kobayashi, T., Koda,K., Tsuchihara, T. and Manpuku, Y.(2010 Sea Water Intrusion intoGroundwater on Majuro Atoll, Republic ofthe Marshall Islands. The JapaneseGeotechnical Society, 58(5): 22-25. (J)

Ishigaki, G., Gondo, T., M. Ebina, Suenaga, K.and Akashi, R. (2010) Estimation ofgenome size in Brachiaria species.Grassland Science, 56: 240-242. (J)

Ishii, T. and Komiyama, H. (2010) Property andmanufacturing method of fermentedcamel's milk (Hoormog) made inMongolia. Milk Science, 59(2): 125-130.

Ito, E., Furuya, N., Tith, B., Keth, S.,Chandararity, L., Chann, S., Kanzaki, M.,Awaya, Y., Niiyama, K., Ohnuki, Y.,Araki, M., Sato, T., Matsumoto, M. andKiyono, Y. (2010) Estimating Diameter atBreast Height from Measurements ofIllegal Logged Stumps in CambodianLowland Dry Evergreen Forest. JARQ,44(4): 435-446.

Jin, Z., Yu, Y., Shao, S., Ye, J., Lin, L. andIiyama, K. (2010) Lignin as a cross-linkerof acrylic acid-grafted carboxymethyllignocellulose. Journal of Wood Science,56(6): 470-476.

Jo, T., Shono, M., Wada, M., Ito, M., Nomoto,J. and Hara, Y. (2010) Homology modelingof an algal membrane protein, Heterosigmaakashiwo Na+-ATPase. Membrane, 35(2):80-85.

Kanamori,N., Girotto, L., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. and A. L. Nepomuceno(2011 ) Agrobac t e r i um -m e d ia t e dTransformation of Brazilian SoybeanVariety, BR-16. JIRCAS Working Report,71: 75-79.

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Kuranouchi, T., Nakamura, Y., Takada, T.,Tamiya, S., Nakatani, M. and Kumaya, R.(2010) Effects of Mulching withPolyethylene Film and Weather onAgronomic Characters of Sweet PotatoVarieties for Steamed and Cured SlicesProcessing. Japanese Journal of CropScience, 79(4): 491-498. (J)

Kusano, E. and Koyama, O. (2010) China'sFarm Subsidies and Supply Responses byCommodities. The Special Issue of theJournal of Rural Economics, 2010: 517-524. (J)

Le, D.T., Nishiyama, R., Watanabe, Y.,Mochida, K., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K.,Shinozaki, K. and Tran, L.-S.P. (2011)Genome-wide expression profiling ofsoybean two-component system genes insoybean root and shoot tissues underdehydration stress. DNA Research, 18: 17-29.

Li Guo-tai, Zhuang Ai-ke, Jiao Jiang, KazuoNakamoto, Jiao Zhan-li and Cong Ke-qiang(2010) Investigation and TreatmentSuggestions of Milch Cows’ DejectaPollution in Heilongjiang ProvinceHeilongjiang Agricultural Sciences,2010(6) 60-64. (C)

Li, FJ., Yin, LJ., Cheng, YQ., Saito, M.,Yamaki, K. and Li, LT. (2010) AngiotensinI-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Activitiesof Extracts from Commercial Chinese StyleFermented Soypaste. Japan AgriculturalResearch Quarterly, 44 (2): 167-172.

Masuda, S., Tani, N., Ohtani, M., Lee, S.L.,Muhammad, M. and Tsumura, Y. (2010)Isolation and characterization of 12microsatellite loci for the tropical treespecies Shorea maxwelliana and S. laevis(Dipterocarpaceae). Conservation GeneticsResources, 2(S1): 109-111.

Matsuda, K., Nohara, S., Nomura, T. andWilder, M.N. (2010) A basic study todetermine the barrier effect of an air bubblecurtain in the whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeusvannamei. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 76(2):210-212.

Matsuda, K. and Wilder, M. N. (2010)

psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama(Homoptera: Psyllidae), the vector of citrusgreening disease, in artificial releaseexperiments. Applied Entomology andZoology, 46(1): 27-30.

Kobori, Y., Ohto, Y., Nakata, T. and Ichinose,K. (2011) Spread risk estimation of citrusgreening disease vectored by Diaphorinacitri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in a citrusorchard using an individual-based model.JIRCAS Working Report, 72: 33-38.

Koide, Y., Telebanco-Yanoria, M.J., Fujita, D.,Tagle, A.G., Fukuta, Y. and Kobayashi, N.(2010) Fine mapping and identification oftightly linked DNA markers of blastresistance gene Pia by using anintrogression line. Molecular Breeding,28(3): 359-366.

Koide, Y., Telebanco-Yanoria, M.J., Pena, F.,Fukuta, Y. and Kobayashi, N. (2011)Characterization of rice blast isolates by thedifferential system and their application formapping a resistance gene, Pi19(t). Journalof Phytopathology, 159(2): 85-93.

Koide, Y., Kawasaki, A., Telebanco-Yanoria,M., Hairmansis, J. A., Nguyet, N. T. M.,Bigirimana, J., Fujita, D., Kobayashi, N.and Fukuta, Y. (2010) Development ofpyramided lines with two resistance genes,Pish and Pib, for blast disease(Magnaporthe oryzae B. Couch) in rice(Oryza sativa L.). Plant Breeding, 129:670-675.

Komiyama, H., Du, F. and Gen, S. (2010) TheActual Situation of Dairy FarmManagement in Inner Mongolia, China.Japanese Journal of Farm Management,48(1): 95-100. (J)

Kosugi, A., Tanaka, R., Magara, K., Murata, Y.,Arai, T., Sulaiman, O., Hashim, R., Hamid,ZA., Yahya, MK., Yusof, MN., Ibrahim,WA. and Mori, Y. (2010) Ethanol andlactic acid production using sap squeezedfrom old oil palm trunks felled forreplanting. J Biosci Bioeng, 110(3): 322-5.

Krailert, T., Caldwell, J., Yamada, R. andFujimoto, A. (2010) Increased farm incomethrough farmer-to-farmer learning processapproach to adaptation of technologies inNortheast Thailand. International Journalof Technology Management & SustainableDevelopment, 9(1): 37-51.

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Nakahira, K., Kobori, Y., Ohto, Y., Chau N. M.and Dien L.Q. (2011) Population dynamicsof the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citriKuwayama, Hemiptera) in a king mandarin(Citrus nobilis Loureiro) orchard inMekong Delta. JIRCAS Working Report,72: 39-43.

Nakamura, N., Nakano, T., Yurimoto, T.,Maeno, Y., Koizumi, T. and Tamaki, A.(2010) Reproductive cycle of the veneridclam Meretrix lusoria in Ariake Sound andTokyo Bay, Japan. Fisheries Science,75(6): 931-941.

Nakamura, R., Satoh, R., Nakamura, R.,Shimazaki, T., Kasuga, M., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K., Kikuchi, A., Watanabe,K.N. and Teshima, R. (2010)Immunoproteomic and 2D-DIGE analysisof Arabidopsis DREB1A-transgenic potato.Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 33:1418-1425.

Nakamura, S., Hayashi, K., Omae, H., Tabo, R.,Fatondji, D., Shinjo, H., Saidou, A.K. andTobita, S. (2010) Validation of soil organiccarbon dynamics model in the semi-aridtropics in Niger, West Africa. NutrientCycling in Agroecosystems, 89(3): 375-385.

Naruoka, M., Ohya, T., Okuda, Y. and Ohnishi,J. (2010) The support and direction ofactivities required for the measures againstfarmland damage from salinization inUzbekistan. Journal of the Japanese Societyof Irrigation, Drainage and RuralEngineering, 78(7) : 579-583. (J)

Ndjiondjop, M.N. (2011) Use of MolecularMarkers in Rice Improvement atAfricaRice. JIRCAS Working Report, 70:65-76.

Nomura, K., Ide, M., Ashida, T. and Yonemoto,Y. (2010) Seasonal Differences in DiurnalPatterns of Metabolites and EnzymeActivities in Pitaya (Hylocereus undatus)Grown in a Temperate Zone. HorticulturalScience, 79(2): 135-140.

Difference in light perception capabilityand spectral response between juvenilesand sub-adults of the whiteleg shrimpLitopenaeus vannamei as determined byelectroretinogram (ERG). FisheriesScience, 76: 633-641.

Matsukura, S., Mizoi, J., Yoshida, T., Todaka,D., Ito, Y., Maruyama, K., Shinozaki, K.and Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. (2010)Comprehensive analysis of rice DREB2-type genes that encode transcription factorsinvolved in the expression of abiotic stress-responsive genes. Molecular Genetics andGenomics, 283: 185-196.

Matsuo, N., Ozawa, K. and Mochizuki, T.(2010) Physiological and morphologicaltraits related to water use by three rice(Oryza sativa L.) genotypes grown underaerobic rice systems. Plant and Soil, 335:349-361.

Mayrowani, H. and Sugino, T. (2010) Analyzingthe competitiveness of agriculturalcommodities -Cases of shallot in Brebes,Central Java and Pacet, Bandung, WestJava, Indonesia-. Impact Analyses ofEconomic Integration on Agriculture andPolicy Proposals toward PovertyAlleviation in Rural East Asia (JIRCASWorking Report) 69: 67-74.

Mizoguchi, M., Umezawa, T., Nakashima, K.,Kidokoro, S., Takasaki, H., Fujita, Y.,Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. and Shinozaki,K. (2010) Two closely related subclass IISnRK2 protein kinases cooperativelyregulate drought-inducible gene expression.Plant & Cell Physiology, 51: 842-847.

Mochida, K., Yoshida, T., Sakurai, T.,Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K., Shinozaki, K.and Tran, L.-S. P. (2010) Genome-wideanalysis of two-component systems andprediction of stress-responsive two-component system members in soybean.DNA Research, 17: 303-324.

Nagasoe, S., Suzuki, K., Yurimoto, T., Fuseya,R., Fukao, T., Yamatogi, T., Kimoto, K.and Maeno, Y. (2011) Clearance effects ofthe Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas on thefish-killing algae Chattonella marina andChattonella antigua. Aquatic Biology, 11:201-211.

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Okutsu, T., Shinji, J., Nohara, S., Nomura, T.,Maeno, Y. and Wilder, M.N. (2010) Freeamino acids in the muscle of whitelegshrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, rearedunder a closed, recirculating productionsystem. Journal of Fisheries technology,3(1): 37-41. (J)

Omae, H., Kashiwaba, K. and Shono, M. (2011)Evaluation of drought and high temperatureresistances in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata(L.) Walpers) for sale, Africa. Journal ofAgricultural Science and Technology, 5(1):50-56.

Oniki, S., Kagatsume, M., Xi, S., Gen, S. andKinugasa, T. (2010) The farm income andthe efficiency of ecological resettlement inInner Mongolia, China. Journal ofInternational Development Sudies, 19(2):87-100. (J)

Osakabe, Y., Mizuno, S., Tanaka, H.,Maruyama, K., Osakabe, K., Todaka, D.,Fujita, Y., Kobayashi, M., Shinozaki, K.and Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. (2010)Overproduction of the membrane-boundreceptor-like protein kinase1, RPK1,enhances abiotic stress tolerance inArabidopsis. Journal of BiologicalChemistry, 285: 9190-9201.

Paengkoum, P. (2010) Protein Requirements forMaintenance of Thai Native Male CattleFed Rice Straw-Based Diets. Journal ofAnimal and Veterinary Advances, 9 (11):1630-162.

Paengkoum, P. (2010) Protein Requirements forMaintenance of Thai Native Male CattleFed Pangola Hay-Based Diets. ResearchJournal of Biological Sciences, 5(1): 33-35.

Pan, X.Z., Uchida, S., Liang, Y., Hirano, A. andSun, B. (2010) Discriminating differentlanduse types by using multitemporalNDXI in a rice planting area. InternationalJournal of Remote Sensing, 31(3): 585-596

Phitsuwan, P., Tachaapaikoon, C., Kosugi, A.,Mori, Y., Kyu, KL. and Ratanakhanokchai,K. (2010) A cellulolytic and xylanolyticenzyme complex from ana l k a l o t h e r m o a n a e r o b a c t e r i u m ,

Obara, M., Tamura, W., Ebitani, T., Yano, M.,Sato, T. and Yamaya, T. (2010) Fine-mapping of qRL6.1, a major QTL for rootlength of rice seedlings grown under a widerange of NH4+ concentrations inhydroponic conditions. Theoretical andApplied Genetics, 121(3): 535-547.

Oda, M., Nakamura, K. and Chongpraditnum, P.(2010) Investigation of the Use of CowDung as Mulching Material in NortheastThailand. Research for TropicalAgriculture, 3(1): 22-30. (J)

Ogata, T., Kobori, Y., Kawabe, K., Yonemoto,Y., Ohto, Y., Binh, N. T. and Chau, N. M.(2011) Effects of HLB infection on growth,photosynthesis, and root respiration ofcitrus trees. JIRCAS Working Report, 72:61-65.

Ogata, Y., Morioka, S., Sano, K., Vongvichith,B., Eda, H., Kurokura, H. andKhonglaliane, T. (2010) Growth andmorphological development of laboratory-reared larvae and juveniles of Laotioanindigenous cyprinid Hypsibarbus malcolmi.Ichthyological Research, 57(4): 389-397.

Ohto, Y., Ogata, T., Kawabe, K., Kobori, Y.,Yonemoto, H., Ichinose, K., Chau, N. M.and Dien, L. Q. (2011) Concept andstrategy for the integrated management ofHuanglongbing (HLB; citrus greening); theimportance of prevention in the early stageof growth on the citrus yields. JIRCASWorking Report, 72: 15-20.

Okamura, K., Tanaka, K., Siow, R., Alias Man,Kodama, M. and Ichikawa T. (2010)Spring tide hypoxia with relation tochemical properties of the sediments in theMatang Mangrove Estuary, Malaysia.Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly,44(3): 325-333.

Okamura, K., Tanaka, K., Kimoto, K., Fujita,T., Mori, Y. and Kiyomoto, Y. (2010)Effects of oxygen deficient water andproperties of surface sediments on the massmortalities of the ark shell (Scapharcakagoshimensis) in the northwestern part ofAriake Bay. Bulletin of the JapaneseSociety of Fisheries Oceanography, 74(4):197-207. (J)

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Shimano, Y., Nagaki, M. and Yamada, R.(2010) Identifying Cooperative Relationsamong Farm Households andOrganizational Characteristics of Hamletsin Lowland Areas of Lao PDR. Journal ofRural Problems, 46(2): 295-300. (J)

Sobirizal, Butaman, M., Carkum, Warsum, A.,Human, S. and Fukuta, Y. (2010)Identification of a major quantitative traitlocus conferring rice blest resistance usingrecombinant inbred lines. IndonesianJournal of Agricultural Science, 11(1): 1-10.

Somado, E.A., Kiepe, P. and Niang, A. (2011)Alleviating Phosphorus Deficiency in Rice-based Systems in Humid Africa. JIRCASWorking Report, 70: 109-116.

Stolf-Moreira, R., Medri, M.E., Neumaier, N.,Lemos, N.G., Pimenta, J.A., Tobita, S.,Brogin, R.L., Marcelino-Guimaraes, F.C.,Oliveira, M.C.N., Farias, J.R.B.,Abdelnoor, R.V. and Nepomuceno, A.L.(2010) Soybean physiology and geneexpression during drought. Genetics andMolecular Research, 9: 1946-1956.

Subbarao, GV., Nakahara, K., Ishikawa, T.,Kishii, M., Kudo, N., Rao, IM., Ishitani,M., Sahrawat, KL., Hash, CT., George,TS., Berry, W., Lata, JC. and Ito, O. (2010)Nitrification-Is it a Strategic Point ofIntervention for Limiting Nitrogen Lossesfrom Agricultural Systems?- The Conceptof Biological Nitrifi cation Inhibition(BNI)-. ING Bulletins on RegionalAssessment of Reactive Nitrogen Bulletin,13: 1-35.

Sugahara, S., Yurimoto, T., Ayukawa, K.,Kimoto, K., Senga, Y., Okumura, M. andSeike, Y. (2010) A Simple in situExtraction Method for Dissolved Sulfide inSandy Mud Sediments Followed bySpectrophotometric Determination and ItsApplication to the Bottom Sediment at theNortheast of Ariake Bay. Japan Analyst,59(12): 1155-1161. (J)

Sugino, T. (2010) Evaluating agricultural

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Rose, TJ., Pariasca-Tanaka, J., Rose, MT.,Fukuta, Y. and Wissuwa, M. (2010)Genotypic variation in grain phosphorusconcentration; and opportunities to improveP-use efficiency in rice. Field CropsResearch, 119: 154-160.

Saidou, A.K., Omae, H. and Tobita, S. (2010)Combination effect of crop design and cropdensities in the system of millet/cowpearotation in the Sahel, West Africa.American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculturaland Environmental Science, 7(6): 644-647.

Saito, K., Rodenburg, J., Sokei, Y., Si?, M. andWopereis, M.C.S. (2011) Evaluation ofGrowth and Yield Performance of Uplandand Lowland NERICA and Modern AsianGenotypes at Africa Rice Center. JIRCASWorking Report, 70: 29-36.

Sakai, A., Visaratana, T. and Vacharangkura, T.(2010) Size Distribution andMorphological Damage to 17-year-oldHopea odorata Planted in Fast-growingTree Stands in the Northeast of Thailand.Thai Journal of Forestry, 29: 16-25.

Sasaki, Y., Hosen, Y., Peng, S., Nie, L.,Rodriguez, R., Agbisit, R., Fernandez, L.and Bouman, B.A.M. (2010) Do abioticfactors cause a gradual yield decline undercontinuous aerobic rice cultivation? A potexperiment with affected field soils. SoilScience and Plant Nutrition, 56:476-482.

Sato, N., Ishida, A. and Yokoyama, S. (2010) Astudy on basic needs in developingcountries: with special reference to Timor-Leste. Japanese Journal of Food,Agricultural and Resource Economics,61(1): 71-81. (J)

Sdiri, A., Higashi, T., Hatta, T., Jamoussi, F.and Tase, N. (2010) Mineralogical andspectroscopic characterization, andpotential environmental use of limestonefrom the Abiod formation, Tunisia.Environmental Earth Sciences, 61: 1275-1287.

Sekino, K., Tien, D. H., Ohto, K. and Ichinose,K. (2011) Economic evaluation forcountermeasures to citrus greening disease(Huanglongbing). JIRCAS WorkingReport, 72: 67-71.

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Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) attacks an endemic palm inthe Yaeyama islands, Japan. AppliedEntomology/ Zoology, 45: 137-144.

Tamura, K., Morimoto, K., Ushirouchi, T.,Yamada, H., Hatta, T. and Mito, Y. (2010)Preparation and Properties of exfoliatedvermiculite-polyamide 6 nanocomposite.Clay Science, 14: 147-153.

Tanaka, J.P., Nardi, P. and Wissuwa, M.2010 Nitrification inhibition activity, a

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Tangkanakul, P., Trakoontivakorn, G.,Saengprakai, J., Auttaviboonkul, P.,Niyomwit, B., Lowvitoon, N. andNakahara, K. (2011) Antioxidant capacityand antimutagenicity of thermal processedThai foods. Japan Agricultural ResearchQuarterly, 45(2): 211-218.

Telebanco-Yanoria, M.J., Koide, Y., Fukuta, Y.,Imbe, T., Kato, H., Tsunematsu, H. andKobayashi, N. (2010) Development ofnear-isogenic lines of Japonica-type ricevariety Lijiangxintuanheigu as differentialsfor blast resistance. Breeding Science, 60:629-637.

Telebanco-Yanoria, M.J., Koide, Y., Fukuta, Y.,Imbe, T., Tsunematsu, H., Kato, H., Ebron,L.A., Nguyen, T.M.N. and Kobayashi, N.(2010) A set of near-isogenic lines ofIndica-type rice variety CO 39 asdifferential varieties for blast resistance.Molecular Breeding, 27(3): 357-373.

Tobita, S., Shinjo, H., Hayashi, K., Matsunaga,R., Miura, R., Tanaka, U., Abdoulaye, T.and Ito, O. (2011) Identification of PlantGenetic Resources with High PotentialContribution to Soil Fertility Enhancementin the Sahel, with Special Interest in FallowVegetation. Springer, 2011(2): 701-706.

Tsujimoto, Y., Homma, K. and Shiraiwa, T.(2010) The effects of soil drying andrewetting on rice growth in lowland aquaticFerralsols in the southeastern forest regionof Madagascar. Plant and Soil, 333: 219-232.

Tsumura, Y., Kado, K., Yoshida, K., Abe, H.,Ohtani, M., Taguchi, Y., Fukue, Y., Tani,

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Sugino, T., Mayrowani, H., Sudana, W., Supadi,Supriatna, A. and Zakaria, A.K. (2010) TheImpacts on International Migration to theRural Village in Indonesia : A Case Studyin Cirebon Regency, West Java Province.The Special Issue of the Journal of RuralEconomics, 2010: 394-400. (J)

Sukchan, U., Caldwell, J. S., Oda, M.,Suphanchaimat, N., Taweekul, K.,Phaowphaisal, I. and Sukchan, S. (2011)Process and results of integrated farmingdevelopment by a farmer experimentalgroup in rainfed Northeast. InternationalJournal of Technology Management andSustainable Development, 9(3):213-236.

Tagane et al. (2011) Effects of the day-lengthtreatment and the different time-of-harvesting on flowering in Erianthusarundinaceus on Ishigaki Island, Japan.Tropical Agriculture and Development,55(1) 44-50.

Tagle, A.G., Fujita, D., Ebron, L.A., Telebanco-Yanoria, M.J., Fukuta, Y. and Kobayashi,N. (2011) Characterization of QTLs foragronomic traits introgressed from a newplant type rice variety, IR66215-44-2-3,i n t o I R 6 4 . d o i : 1 0 . 1 1 1 1 / j . 1 4 3 9 -0523.2011.01864.xb. (Online)

Takano, S., Mochizuki, A., Konishi, K., Takasu,K., Alouw, JC., Pandin, DS. andNakamura, S. (2011) Two cryptic speciesin Brontispa longissima (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae): evidence frommitochondrial DNA analysis and crossesbetween the two nominal species. Annalsof the Entomological Society of America,104(2): 121-131.

Takasaki, H., Maruyama, K., Kidokoro, S., Ito,Y., Fujita, Y., Shinozaki, K., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. and Nakashima, K. (2010)The abiotic stress responsive NAC-typetranscription factor OsNAC5 regulatesstress-inducible genes and stress tolerancein rice. Molecular Genetics and Genomics,284: 173-183.

Takasu, K., Takano, S., Konishi, K. andNakamura, S. (2010) An invasive pest

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Relationship among shell shape, shellgrowth rate, and nutritional condition in themanila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) inJapan. Journal of Shellfish Research, 29:353-359.

Widodo., Broadley, MR., Rose, T., Frei, M.,Pariasca-Tanaka, J., Yoshihashi, T.,Thomson, M., Hammond, JP., Aprile, A.,Close, TJ., Ismail, AM. and Wissuwa, M.(2010) Response to zinc deficiency of tworice lines with contrasting tolerance isdetermined by root growth maintenanceand organic acid exudation rates, and notby Zn-transporter activity. NewPhytologist, 186: 400-414.

Wilder, M.N., Okumura, T. and Tsutsui, N.(2010) Reproductive mechanisms inCrustacea focusing on selected prawnspecies: Vitellogenin structure, processingand synthetic control. Aqua-BioScienceMonographs, 3(3): 73-110.

Wissuwa, M., Wang, Y. and Pariasca-Tanaka, J.(2011) Using an Agar Nutrient SolutionSystem in Screening for Tolerance to IronToxicity and Zn Deficiency. JIRCASWorking Report, 71: 13-17.

Wissuwa, M., Pariasca-Tanaka, J., Chin, HJ. andHeuer, S. (2011) Improving tolerance tophosphorus deficiency in rice. JIRCASWorking Report, 71: 37-42.

Wissuwa, M., Rose, M., T. and Frei, M. (2011)Zn Deficiency in Rice and PotentialTolerance Mechanisms. JIRCAS WorkingReport, 71: 53-59.

Wissuwa,M. (2011) Breeding Phosphorus-efficient Rice Cultivars for Africa. JIRCASWorking Report, 70: 103-108.

Xu, D. and Hua, C. (2011) A simple method forevaluation of salt tolerance and itsapplication for screening of wild soybean(Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.) germplasm.JIRCAS Working Report, 71: 7-12.

Xu, H. and Hosen, Y. (2010) Effects of soilwater content and rice straw incorporationin the fallow season on CH4 emissionsduring fallow and the following rice-cropping seasons. Plant and Soil, 335: 373-383.

Yagihashi et al. (2010) Habitats suitable for theestablishment of Shorea curtisii seedlings

N., Ueno, S., Yoshimura, K., Kamiya, K.,Harada, K., Takeuchi, Y., Diway, B.,Finkelday, R., Na'iem, M., Indrioko, S.,Ng, K.K.S., Muhammad, N. and Lee, S.L.(2011) Molecular database for classifyingShorea species (Dipterocarpaceae) andtechniques for checking the legitimacy oftimber and wood products. Journal of PlantResearch, 124(1): 35-48.

Tsunematsu, H. and Samejima, H. (2011) RiceVarieties with Deep Root System in WestAfrica for Drought Tolerance. JIRCASWorking Report, 70: 37-44.

Tuyen, D.D., Lal, S.K. and Xu, D.H. (2010)Identification of a major QTL allele fromwild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.)for increasing alkaline salt tolerance insoybean. Theoretical and AppliedGenetics, 121: 229-236.

Tuyen, D.D., Hamwieh, A., Lal, S.K. and Xu,D. (2011) Identification of QTL alleles forsaline and sodic tolerances from wildsoybean (Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.).JIRCAS Working Report, 71: 27-36.

Uga, Y., Siangliw, M., Nagamine, T., Ohsawa,R., Fujimura, T. and Fukuta, Y. (2010)Comparative mapping of QTLsdetermining glume, pistil and stamen sizesin cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.). PlantBreeding, 129: 657-669.

Umezawa, T., Nakashima, K., Miyakawa, T.,Kuromori, T., Tanokura, M., Shinozaki, K.and Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. (2010)Molecular basis of the core regulatorynetwork in ABA responses: sensing,signaling and transport. Plant & CellPhysiology, 51: 1821-1839.

Vanavichit, A. and Yoshihashi, T. (2010)Molecular aspects of fragrance and aromain rice. Advances in Botanical Research,56: 49-73.

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Yin Chang-bin, Qian Xiao-ping, Zhou Xu-ying,Cheng Lei-lei and Jiang Hao (2011)Factors of Farmers' Adoption of CowManure Clean Utilization Technology andWTA; An Empirical Study in HeilongjiangProvince. Food and Nutrition in China,17(2): 20-23. (C)

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Yamamoto, Y., Yoshioka, Y., Hyakumachi, M.,Maruyama, K., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K.,Tokizawa, M. and Koyama, H. (2011)Prediction of transcriptional regulatoryelements for plant hormone responsesbased on microarray data. BMC PlantBiology, 11(1): 39 DOI:10.1186/1471-2229-11-39.

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Yamashita, A. and Takasu, K. (2010) Suitabilityof Potential Host Plants in Japan forImmature Development of the CoconutHispine Beetle, Brontispa longissima(Gestro) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly,44(2): 143-149.

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Yano, Y., Hamano, K., Satomi, M., Tsutsui, I.

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Second Medium-Term Plan of the Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences

The Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) was established inApril, 2001 as an Independent Administrative Agency (IAA) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestryand Fisheries (MAFF), for the purpose of contributing to the improvement of technologies related toagriculture, forestry and fisheries in tropical and subtropical areas as well as other overseasdeveloping regions (hereinafter referred to as “developing regions”) by conducting research anddevelopment in these areas.

During the First Medium-Term Goal period, JIRCAS worked on research and development (R&D)for the sustainable development of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries as well as on the expansion ofinternational research exchanges and networks by taking both domestic and overseas situations intoaccount, such as the adoption of the U.N. Millennium Development Goals and the announcement ofthe Policy for the Promotion of International Agricultural Research (decided by the Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries Research Council in September 2003). In managing its operations, JIRCAStook advantage of its new status as an IAA and embarked on making flexible changes in itsorganization and system, and promoted the improvement of the quality of research and support workand their efficiency.

Within the Second Medium-Term Goal period, JIRCAS plans to contribute to improvingtechnologies for agriculture, forestry and fisheries in the developing regions through “Research anddevelopment on agricultural, forestry, and fisheries technology geared towards providing solutions tointernational food and environmental problems” and “Collection, analysis and dissemination ofinformation to grasp trends related to international food, agriculture, forestry, fisheries and ruralareas.” To make these global contributions smooth and stable, JIRCAS further promotes operationssuch as the creation of a multilateral collaborative research system, promotion of collaborativeresearch with world-class research organizations led by the Consultative Group on InternationalAgricultural Research (CGIAR), establishment of a dynamic research system, strategic developmentof human resources, and enhancement of public relations.

Optimized allocation of research resources and improvement of various systems are implemented tocarry out these activities efficiently and effectively, and to generate high-quality outputs for theinternational community. Major researches at JIRCAS are implemented as projects, and all thenecessary budgets for achieving results are allocated on a project basis. Efforts will also be made toimprove the system for overseas activities and to simplify administrative procedures.

For efficient and effective promotion of these operations, exchange activities are enhanced byutilizing the Japan Forum for International Agricultural Research for Sustainable Development (J-FARD), which was initiated by JIRCAS and others in 2004 to build a new partnership betweenJapan’s international researchers and organizations in agriculture, forestry and fisheries, and topromote cross-organizational cooperation and collaboration nationwide. JIRCAS also aims to buildflexible personnel and business management systems.

With the dissolution of the Japan Green Resources Agency on April 1, 2008, its internationalactivities were transferred to JIRCAS which is smoothly executing these activities.

Through this series of activities, JIRCAS is committed to making international contributions andpromoting national interests by fulfilling its responsibilities as Japan’s only research institutionmandated to carry out international researches in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries comprehensively.

I. Measures to be taken to achieve our goal of efficient business management

As for administrative operations implemented by operational grants, operations are reviewed andefficiency is further promoted. General and administrative expenditures are cut by at least 3% fromthe previous year and research expenditures by at least 1% from the previous year during the Medium-Term Goal period each year.

In line with the key policy of administrative reform (decided at the Cabinet meeting on December24, 2005), personnel expenditures will be cut by more than 5% over the next five years (except forretirement allowances and welfare expenditures (but not applying to legal and non-legal welfareexpenditures) and part of salaries revised in accordance with the recommendation by the NationalPersonnel Authority). Necessary reviews of salaries of personnel in managerial positions are alsomade by taking into account the structural reform of salaries of government officials.

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1. Implementation and feedback from evaluations and checks(1) JIRCAS will use external specialists and experts to ensure its objectivity and reliability; and

operations and research are evaluated and reviewed by JIRCAS itself prior to releasing its AnnualReport to the IAA Evaluation Committee established within the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestryand Fisheries (MAFF).

(2) Numerical goals and indicators for major research projects are set as concretely as possible, andinputs of research resources and obtained results are analyzed from the viewpoint of ensuring theircontribution to the improvement of technologies concerning agriculture, forestry, and fisheries inthe developing regions. JIRCAS will also make efforts to diffuse its research achievements andmonitor the status of their utilization.

(3) JIRCAS will endeavor to streamline and upgrade its evaluation methods by ensuring the mutualutilization of data needed for a multiple evaluation system. It will also improve this evaluationsystem when necessary.

(4) To allocate research resources on a priority basis, JIRCAS will clarify basic ideas and concretemethods of feeding evaluation and feedback the results of the in-house evaluation to theadministrative management along with the evaluation results from the IAA Evaluation Committee.

(5) JIRCAS will make comprehensive performance evaluations of its research personnel, all the whileensuring the fairness and transparency of the evaluation items and standards. The results will beappropriately fed into the priority allocation of research resources and the treatment of researchpersonnel.

(6) A new evaluation system will be introduced to assess the performance of general administrators inlight of the need to revitalize the organization and achieve better results.

2. Effective use of research resources and their improvement and upgrading(1) Research funds

1) Evaluation results are appropriately fed through to budget allocations, and the effective use ofoperational grants for administration is promoted.

2) The planning system for acquiring competitive funds is enhanced. Efforts will be made toincrease research funds and accelerate research activities by positively applying for externalfunds useful for achieving our Medium-Term Goals.

(2) Research facilities and equipment1) Research facilities and equipment will be shared to ensure their efficient utilization. Information

on machinery available for joint use and open laboratories will be widely disclosed via theinternet.

2) Planned renovation and upgrading of old facilities essential for research promotion laid out in theMedium-Term Plan will be implemented in line with JIRCAS’s research prioritization.

(3) Organization1) JIRCAS will be reorganized as necessary to gain optimal insight into problems in the developing

regions.2) A leader will be assigned to each research project. Responsibility and authority is given to the

leader concerning the management of the progress of the research and the allocation of researchresources in the project.

3) The functions of the local offices are strengthened in regions such as Southeast Asia whereresearch activities are concentrated.

(4) Improvement of staff qualifications and development of human resources 1) We will create a program aimed at developing human resources, including young researchers, to

enable us to nurture personnel and improve their qualifications in a well-planned manner.2) Efforts will be made to improve the qualifications of researchers who play a key role in

international collaborative research through their dispatch abroad or by collaborative studies withinvited overseas researchers.

3) We will create a competitive and cooperative environment for research personnel, provide themwith effective incentives, develop their career path by utilizing a range of employment systemsand conduct smooth personnel exchanges with research organizations, including other IAAs.

4) We will make efforts to improve our personnel’s qualifications by having the administrative andtechnical staff actively participate in various training sessions needed for the pursuit of theirduties and help them acquire qualifications useful for their jobs. Efforts will also be made toimprove the system that allows technical staff to engage positively in research support.

5) The management ability and leadership of research project leaders will be improved utilizing

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various training systems.

3. Promotion of efficiency, improvement, and upgrading of research support sector(1) Maintenance of facilities and machinery will be outsourced depending on the type of job.(2) Details of work at the General Affairs Section will be reviewed to ensure an efficient

implementation system and to promote the efficiency of clerical management work by speeding upand simplifying clerical procedures.

(3) JIRCAS will provide efficient local support to researchers dispatched abroad for theirexperimental and accounting work.

(4) Efforts will be made to streamline, upgrade, and enhance research support by reviewing andfocusing the jobs of the technical personnel onto areas that require highly specialized technologyand knowledge to meet needs for advanced experimental and research work.

(5) Efforts will also be made to rationalize staffing for research support by reviewing overall supportwork and promoting outsourcing as much as possible.

(6) The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Network (MAFFIN) will be utilizedto streamline, upgrade, and enhance work on the collection and provision of research informationalong with efforts to promote information-sharing across JIRCAS and streamline operations byutilizing groupware.

4. Promotion and enhancement of collaboration and cooperation between industry, academia, andgovernment

(1) While taking into account our sharing of roles with other IAAs, we will positively pursuecollaborative research and alliances, including personnel exchanges and cooperation(1) betweenother IAAs and JIRCAS.

(2) To promote collaborative research and researcher exchange more actively, efforts will be made byutilizing J-FARD to improve information exchanges and alliances with national and publicresearch organizations, universities, the private sector, overseas organizations,internationalorganizations, and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

(3) Opinions will be exchanged with related IAAs, the government departments concerned, andnational and public research institutes concerning the forms that alliances and cooperation shouldideally take in carrying out research projects undertaken by JIRCAS.

(4) To move ahead with research projects efficiently, we will seek alliances with the government.(5) Cooperation will be provided to the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization

(NARO) as necessary in implementing comprehensive research that features a fusion of expertknowledge in diversified fields.

II. Measures to achieve the goals of improving the quality of services and other duties providedto the public

1. Research and investigations(1) Promotion of international collaborative research and international contributions

1) To promote collaborative research and researcher exchange more actively, efforts will be madeby utilizing J-FARD to improve information exchange and alliances with national and publicresearch organizations, universities, the private sector, overseas organizations, internationalorganizations, and JICA.

2) To contribute to problem-solving in developing regions and the improvement of technologies foragriculture, forestry, and fisheries, more than 1,000 researchers and research managers, mainlyfrom JIRCAS but including those from other IAAs and universities, will be dispatched toresearch organizations in the developing and developed countries and international researchorganizations affiliated with the CGIAR during the Second Medium-Term Goal period topromote smooth international collaborative research and to actively participate in internationalcontributions.

3) Research managers will be invited from research organizations in the developing regions toenhance collaboration and cooperation through consultation on the course of collaborativeresearch promotion.

4) More than 500 collaborative researchers and research managers will be invited fromagricultural, forestry, and fisheries research organizations in the developing regions during theSecond Medium-Term Goal period to conduct collaborative research or improve the capacity ofthe researchers concerned.

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5) At least 80 effective Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) and other similar contracts onresearch implementation between JIRCAS and overseas research organizations will be constantlymaintained during the Second Medium-Term Goal period.

6) In an effort to contribute to the promotion of international collaborative research in agriculture,forestry, and fisheries, a project will be launched through tie-ups with the government sector toprovide financial incentives to researchers at agricultural, forestry, and fisheries researchorganizations in the developing regions.

(2) Direction of research promotionIn line with the course of research indicated in “the Promotion Policy of International AgriculturalResearch” and the “Basic Plan for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research” (decided at themeeting of the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council on March 30, 2005), JIRCASwill carry out the following priority research projects by utilizing J-FARD and taking into accountthe “Strategy for International Collaborative Research [JIRCAS’s role]”, summarizing the results ofJIRCAS international symposia and researches with overseas research organizations, and theopinions of external experts.1) Research projects targeting the developing regions will be launched to help reduce by half the

world’s hungry population, as indicated in the U.N. Millennium Development Goals. For thispurpose, crops tolerant to unfavorable environmental conditions that make crop productionunstable, such as drought, salinity, and disease, will be jointly developed by researchorganizations affiliated with CGIAR.

2) Many problem-solving research projects will be enhanced, with a focus on the utilization ofbiological resources, environmental resources management, and measures to addressenvironmental and food problems in Asia, designated as an area in which the strategic alliance inscience and technology needs to be strengthened according to a new “Science and TechnologyBasic Plan.”

3) JIRCAS will support international contributions to Africa as indicated in the Progress Report bythe G8 Africa Personal Representatives on implementation of the Africa Action Plan at theGleneagles G8 summit (held in July 2005) in the field of research and development.Technologies related to crops and the soil will be developed to increase crop production inAfrica.

4) To contribute towards achieving the target of CO2 reductions imposed by the Kyoto Protocol,research into biomass will be undertaken by JIRCAS in Southeast Asia as a research institutecapable of developing a technology for biomass utilization on-site.

5) There are many large and small islands in the Asia-Pacific area. They are vulnerable toenvironmental changes, and production activities tend to affect their surrounding environment.Concerning the protection and sustainable utilization of environmental resources on the islands,JIRCAS will also tackle problems with the production environment on such islands by makingthe most of the geographical advantages of the Tropical Agriculture Research Front and byworking in line with the collaborative action plan adopted at the Third Pacific Islands Leaders’Meeting (PALM) (held in May 2003).

A. Research and development on agricultural, forestry and fisheries technology geared towardsproviding solutions to international food and environmental problems

(1) Development of technologies to utilize biological resources for stable production and multi-purpose applications under adverse environments

1) Elucidation of the mechanism of tolerance to abiotic stress and production of tolerant crops Thisproject aims at developing an evaluation method for tolerance to abiotic stress such as drought,screening of a wide range of germplasms of rice, wheat, and soybean to identify tolerantgermplasms, and acquiring DNA markers linked to this tolerance that can be efficiently used inbreeding programs. In parallel with these conventional approaches, we will search for new genesthrough elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of stress tolerance, and will introduce thesecandidate genes into crops. The resultant transformants will be evaluated for their adaptability toadverse environments and their agronomic performance.

2) Improvement of drought and submergence tolerance of rice in Africa, including NERICA To improve the drought and submergence tolerance of rice varieties in Africa such as NERICA(New Rice for Africa), a wide range of rice germplasm will be evaluated for tolerance in order toselect tolerant types, and then from these, DNA markers linked to the tolerance will hopefully beacquired. The selected tolerant germplasm and the DNA markers can be used in breeding

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programs to improve their tolerance. As a molecular approach to drought tolerance, genes whichconfer abiotic stress tolerance, such as DREB, will be introduced into a NERICA variety.

3) Identification of pathogenic races of important diseases and selection of resistant germplasm inmajor crops To deal with rice blast, which is extensive in tropical Asia; Fusarium head blight of wheat andsoybean rust, which is currently spreading in South America, a system to identify thepredominant races of each pathogen and sources of resistance in the host crops will be built,novel resistant germplasms will be identified, and breeding materials will be developed.

4) Development of biomass utilization technology suited to Southeast AsiaWe will develop a system to efficiently produce ethanol fuel from unutilized biomass, such ascassava residues and the wastes of oil palm trees mass grown in East Asia, as well as atechnology for producing useful material such as biodegradable composites.

5) Elucidation of the functionality and quality parameters of traditional food and agriculturalproducts in Asia and development of effective utilization technologyWe will clarify the functionality of the antioxidization and antimutagenic characteristics oftraditional Asian foods and tropical farm products such as vegetables and their quality factors,including texture. We will also develop a process technology that allows the improvement andeffective utilization of such functionality and quality.

6) Effective utilization of genetic resources in tropical and subtropical cropsTo improve the productivity of crops in tropical and subtropical areas such as sugarcane andbeans, and to promote their diverse utilization, we will evaluate the characteristics of extensivecrop genetic resources, including wild relatives, and develop a technology to utilize valuablegenetic resources and produce breeding materials. We will also cooperate with the project of theNational Institute of Agrobiological Sciences Genebank, which has been set up as the centralnational gene bank.

7) Sustainable utilization of tropical and subtropical marine resources and development ofaquaculture technologyIn Southeast Asian waters, we will make a trophodynamic analysis, clarify the biologicalcharacteristics of target fish species such as their maturity and growth, as well as their interactionwith other living organisms; estimate stock abundance of commercially important fish andpropose stock management policies suited to the region. We will also develop aquaculturetechnologies for fish, crustaceans, and algae suitable for current conditions in the developingregions.

(2)Development of management technologies of environmental resources and production systems forsustainable agriculture, forestry and fisheries1) Development of sustainable management technologies for tropical soils

We will analyze the main materials applied to soils such as organic matters and fertilizers in theagropastoral areas in the Sahel region of West Africa, where production of organic matters islow, and will clarify the dynamics of key elements such as nitrogen in the soil-plant ecosystem.In Southeast Asia, which has a higher production of organic matters, we will also clarify soilnutrient dynamics, physical properties and changes in the biota of soil in response to the input oforganic materials. Based on the results of this analysis and clarification, we will develop atechnology for improving the fertility of tropical soils through proper management of organicmatter.

2) Integrated management system for improved water utilization aiming at increasing economicoptions for farmers’ incomesIn the rain-fed farming areas of Indochina, we will develop a management technology forcatchment and drainage that can be adopted efficiently and widely in existing cultivation systemsfor cash crops through a farmer-participatory approach. We will also propose technicalguidelines for increasing farmers’ incomes by diversifying and combining farming businessoperations through the efficient utilization of water resources and effective application of localresources. In addition, we will develop rice breeding materials suitable for water-savingcultivation in the irrigated paddy fields that stretch across Asia, and propose an environmentallysound technology for soil and crop management under conditions of reduced water availability.

3) Improvement of feeding technology for livestock in the tropics and the subtropics and theestablishment of sustainable agro-pastoral systems in Asian dry areasWe will identify the nutrient demand of beef cattle in tropical and subtropical areas and develop

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rational management technologies for feeding aimed at the effective utilization of local feedresources. We will also shed light on land degradation and the actual conditions of farming toprevent the advance of desertification due to excessive cultivation and overgrazing in the arid andsemi-arid regions from Northeast Asia to West Asia, and create a sustainable agro-pastoralproduction system. We will also develop technologies for sustainable management of farmlandand grassland, effective utilization of water resources, and advanced utilization of little-used feedresources. A model of sustainable farming will be produced by combining all these efforts toraise farmers’ incomes. A study will likewise be conducted to establish adaptable and effectivetechnologies for water resource utilization and vegetation restoration and to present a method toenhance the capacities of local government personnel and the local people to formulate amanagement plan for rangelands, as countermeasures for yellow sand in Southeast Asia.

4) Elucidation and exploitation of biological nitrification inhibition (BNI)Biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) is a natural phenomenon in which certain plant specieshave the capability to control nitrification in soils by releasing inhibitory compounds from theirroots. The development of next-generation crop/pasture varieties that have a built-in ability toself-regulate nitrification through inhibition will have a dramatic impact on minimizing nitrogenlosses that are associated with nitrification. We aim to (a) develop the genetic and physiologicaltools necessary for genetically exploiting the BNI attribute in crops and pastures and assess inter-and intra-specific variability of BNI, (b) characterize the physiological and biochemicalmechanisms of BNI and isolate BNI compounds followed by the elucidation of their biosyntheticpathways, and (c) clarify their interaction with environmental factors, particularly soil conditions,and its effect on modulating the functionality of BNI.

5) Development of environmental management technology for sustainable crop production intropical and subtropical islandsWe will develop a technology for effective utilization of water resources and fertilizer and anenvironmental management technology for reducing soil loss. These technologies are essentialfor sustainable crop production in the context of the environmental systems on tropical andsubtropical islands. We will also produce prediction models of environmental pollution such asthose of river soil loss and nutrient salt loss, and then evaluate the effectiveness of theenvironmental management technology scheduled for development.

6) Development of nurturing techniques for beneficial indigenous tree species in Southeast AsiaWe will propose a combined management of agricultural and forestry operations based on theutilization of useful indigenous tree species, while at the same time developing a technology fortree cultivation needed to promote the production of timber from useful indigenous trees in thetropical monsoon regions of Southeast Asia where forests have decreased sharply. We will alsopropose a method for selective logging while maintaining the genetic diversity of usefulindigenous tree species in natural dipterocarp forests on tropical hills.

7) Development of productive low-input cultivation technology for fruit trees in the tropicsWe will develop a cultivation technology for low-tree-height cultivation aimed at low input andeffective prevention of diseases such as rot disease in the production of tropical fruits, includingdurian, in Southeast Asia. We will also develop a technology for high-quality, high-yieldproduction, including improved pollination efficiency and fertilizer management.

(3) Elucidation of the impact of global environmental changes on agriculture, forestry, and fisheriesand development of mitigating technologies

1) Developing an impact assessment model and formulation of a food supply stabilization planTo conduct medium- and long-term evaluations of how environmental changes, such as changesin water supply and global warming, affect the supply and demand of major agricultural productsin East and Southeast Asia, we will improve the world food supply and demand model, andcreate a scenario of measures for food production such as rice aimed at minimizing the impact ofsuch environmental changes. We will also develop early warning systems to mitigate damage toagriculture from meteorological disasters and clarify specific measures to stabilize food supply.

2) Utilization of Geographic Information System (GIS) for the development of a land informationmonitoring technology in developing regionsWe will obtain past history data on land utilization, cropping, and growth patterns of agriculturalproducts, land degradation, and the occurrence of disasters to gain an understanding of spatialenvironmental changes in the developing regions and to quantitatively clarify the relationshipbetween such changes and agricultural production. We will also develop technologies to monitor

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the phenomena of various spatial scales using geographic information such as satellite data togain a better understanding of environmental changes in quasi-real time.

3) Formulation of agricultural development methodologies to tackle the environmental changes ofglobal warming and desertification.We will conduct a field study and develop a methodologythat combines different techniques of soil erosion prevention on farmlands or hillsides as well astechniques of water use and management to prevent desertification by soil degradation or saltaccumulation in developing areas. Likewise, we will establish a methodology for ruraldevelopment in a guideline that will meet the needs of rural people in developing countries suchas livelihood improvement by applying the international mechanism of greenhouse gas emissionreduction trading.

4) Development of management technology for major pests of tropical and subtropical crops. Wewill develop management techniques for major pests to stabilize crop production in the tropicsand subtropics. We will focus our efforts on the development of a control technology to preventcitrus greening disease, which hampers sustainable production of citrus fruits in Southeast Asiaand other regions.

B. Collection, analyses and dissemination of information to grasp trends related to international food,agriculture, forestry and fisheries and rural areas

(1) Collection and dissemination of information related to global food, agriculture, forestry, andfisheries.By strengthening ties with related organizations at home and abroad and through on-siteinvestigations, we will collect extensive information on supply and demand trends in food andagricultural, forestry, and fisheries products worldwide, including the developing regions; and onresearch and development, institutions, and policies, as well as industrial structures, relating toagriculture, forestry, fisheries, and their associated industries. The information collected will beprovided to the public through the expansion of databases, symposia and other means.

(2) Elucidation of the direction of technological development in developing regions and analysis ofsocioeconomic conditions influencing development in rural areas We will clarify the direction of technology development necessary for developing regions throughmanagerial and social evaluation of the selection, introduction, and establishment of technologiessuch as those for rice cultivation in Asia. We will also clarify the socioeconomic conditions anddevelopment methods that will encourage effective rural development in Asian countries whererapid changes are taking place in trade and distribution.

(3) Establishment of techniques and methodologies for the reconstruction of agriculture and ruralcommunities affected by natural disasters, etc.We will undertake a farmers’ participatory study on techniques and methodologies for thereconstruction of agricultural and rural communities affected by natural disasters, etc, and presentthe supporting reconstruction method as a guideline.

2. Promotion of the release and dissemination of research results(1) Securing interactive communication with the public

1) We will hold wherever possible open seminars and workshops on international collaborativeresearch projects, disclose research results collected and analyzed through multi-mediainformation , publish the results of research evaluations, engage in interactive communicationwith the public regarding collaboration on international research projects implemented byJIRCAS, and ensure public understanding and transparency of JIRCAS’ activities.

2) The research staff will work positively on outreach activities via open lectures for citizens. Theirefforts will be conscientiously evaluated.

3) We will establish a system for receiving and answering questions from the public on our website.4) We will conduct questionnaire-based surveys of our collaborative research partners to identify

research needs and exchange information.5) We will adopt a participatory approach in international collaborative research projects to

incorporate the needs of local residents and seek their understanding of and cooperation with ourresearch activities.

(2) Promotion of utilization of research results1) To ensure the prompt and practical application of research results, we will make efforts to

encourage the beneficiaries of technologies and research results to participate in research projectsfrom the planning stages, and to conduct such research activities by focusing on the utilization,

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diffusion, and commercialization of research results.2) To promote the dissemination of our research achievements, we will hold symposia related to the

research projects on site.3) To implement agricultural development effectively and efficiently in developing areas, we will

establish and publish the method of collaborative technology transfer performed by localgovernment organizations, local and international NGOs, universities, etc.

4) Of the research results concerned with international research on agriculture, forestry andfisheries, we will select at least 20 research results that can be transferred to the developingregions for diffusion based on external evaluations within the period covered by the SecondMedium-Term Goals.

(3) Public relations and the release of research results1) Research results will be released at academic meetings and symposia in Japan and overseas. At

least 560 refereed papers will also be published in academic journals and bulletins during theperiod covered by the Medium-Term Goals. At least 30 international symposiums andworkshops will also be held during that period, and research results will be widely released inJapan and overseas.

2) Details of research results will be released on Web sites and through exhibitions. To publicizethe roles of JIRCAS in solving problems facing world food and agriculture, we will also activelytake advantage of the mass media by making more than 30 press releases of major researchresults during the period covered by the Medium-Term Goals.

3) We will prepare various manuals and brochures for research results, and conduct public relationson such research achievements in the developing regions through international collaborativeresearch activities.

(4) Acquisition of intellectual property rights and promotion of their utilization1) In our efforts to acquire intellectual property rights, we will file at least 20 patent applications in

Japan and abroad during the period covered by the Second Medium-Term Goals, and will aim towin patent rights in consideration of the potential for patent licensing. We will also endeavor towiden the scope of patent licensing, stressing the practicality and utility of intellectual propertysuch as patents.

2) We will review registered patents as needed in the light of licensing revenue, and thedevelopment and invention of alternative technologies. If necessary, we will waive the patentrights.

3) Breeding research results which are applicable in Japan will be positively applied to theregistration of varieties based on the Seed and Seedling Law to promote their dissemination andutilization.

4) We will provide information on the intellectual property rights of JIRCAS through the internet,and promote their utilization through the Technology Licensing Organization (TLO) certified bythe Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.

3. Other social contributions in specialized fields(1) Analysis and appraisal

1) On request from the government, various organizations, and universities, JIRCAS will performanalyses and appraisals that will require the highly specialized knowledge it possesses and whichare difficult for other organizations to carry out.

(2) Training sessions and seminars1) We will hold training sessions and seminars as often as possible, and actively cooperate in events

sponsored by the government and other organizations.2) We will actively welcome trainees from other IAAs, universities, national and public

institutions, as well as the private sector to develop human resources, raise technical standards,and transfer technical information. We will also actively welcome trainees from abroad.

3) We will, when commissioned by the government, promote the nurturing of researchers engagedin international agriculture, forestry, and fisheries research.

(3) Collaboration with the governmentWe will send our staff to government committee meetings and conferences, and provide domesticand overseas technical information upon request. We will also help with international cooperationand exchanges on scientific technology provided by the government.

(4) Cooperation with international organizations and academic societiesAs an organization that carries out comprehensive research on agriculture, forestry, and fisheries,

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JIRCAS will dispatch its staff to committee meetings and conferences held by related internationalorganizations and academic associations. It will also provide domestic and overseas technicalinformation on request.

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FINANCIAL OVERVIEW Fiscal Year 2010

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Hiroto ARAKAWA Senior Special Advisor, Japan International Cooperation Agency

Toshihiko KOMARI Vice President, Corporate Strategy Division, Japan Tobacco Inc.

Toru MITSUNO Professor, Department of Environmental Management, Tottori Universityof Environmental Studies

Hajime NAKAMURA Adviser, Meiken Lamwood Corporation, Ltd.

Keiko NATSUAKI Professor, Faculty of International Agriculture and Food Studies, TokyoUniversity of Agriculture

Shin-ichi SHOGENJI Professor, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Universityof Tokyo

[Agro-environment]

Toshiaki IMAGAWA Director, Department of Planning and General Administration, NationalAgricultural Research Center for Western Region, National Agricultureand Food Research Organization

Nobuyuki KURAUCHI Associate Professor, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University

Takashi NISHIO Director, Soil Environment Division, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences

Kenji HATA Professor, Center of Field Education and Research, Faculty ofBioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University

[Crop Production]

Hiroaki INOUE Professor, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University

Masaaki NAKANO Research Manager, National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, NationalAgriculture and Food Research Organization

[Agro-biological Resources]

Tatsuhito FUJIMURA Professor, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences,University of Tsukuba

Kyuya HARADA Former Team Leader, Soybean Genome Research Team, Division ofGenome and Biodiversity Research, National Institute of AgrobiologicalSciences

Hitoshi NAKAGAWA Director, Biomass Research and Development Center, NationalAgriculture and Food Research Organization

[Animal Production & Grassland]

Hitoshi NAKAGAWA Director, Biomass Research and Development Center, NationalAgriculture and Food Research Organization

MEMBERS OF THE EXTERNAL EVALUATIONCOMMITTEE AND PROGRAM REVIEW MEETINGS

Members of the JIRCAS External Evaluation Committee

External Reviewers for the JIRCAS Program Review Meetings

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Fuminori TERADA Director, Department of Planning and General Administration, NationalInstitute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture andFood Research Organization

Kunihiko YOSHINO Professor, Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering,University of Tsukuba

[Fisheries]

Yukimasa ISHIDA Director, Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, FisheriesResearch Agency

Takashi MINAMI Former Professor, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, TohokuUniversity

Toshio TAKEUCHI Vice President, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology

[Development Research]

Masao TSUJI Professor, Faculty of International Agriculture and Food Studies, TokyoUniversity of Agriculture

Ryuichi SHIGENO Professor, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences,University of Tsukuba

Masaki UMEMOTO Research Manager, National Agriculture Research Center, NationalAgriculture and Food Research Organization

[Post-harvest Science & Technology]

Yoshiaki KITAMURA Director, Applied Microbiology Division, National Food ResearchInstitute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization

Tohjiro TSUSHIDA Professor, School of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences,Miyagi University

[Biomass Utilization]

Mitsutoshi NAKAJIMA Professor, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences,University of Tsukuba

Koichi YAMAMOTO Director, Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products ResearchInstitute

[Forestry]

Naoto MATSUMURA Professor, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University

Akira SATO Professor, Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University ofAgriculture

[Rural Development]

Tetsuro MIYAZATO Principal Research Coordinator, Japanese Institute of Irrigation andDrainage

Yoshihiko NISHIMURA Professor, Faculty of Tourism Sciences and Industrial Management,University of the Ryukyus

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OfficerAkira Hirokawa, Intellectual Property Expert

Public Relations OfficeMasanobu Ohura, Head

Public Relations SectionTadashi Hayakawa, HeadKenichiro KimuraInternational Relations SectionSatoshi Uchida, HeadKunimasa Kawabe, Senior ResearcherPublications and Documentation SectionMisako Nakao, HeadNoriko Yatabe, Managing Subsection Head(Librarian)Hiromi Miura, Network Subsection Head

Executive Chief Researcher Satoru Miyata

Tomoichi Mitomi, Director

General Affairs SectionHarumi Yakushiji, HeadKoichi Iioka, General Affairs Assistant HeadKeiji Tanaka, Personnel Management AssistantHeadKatsunori Kanno, General Affairs SubsectionHeadKazuyo Kadowaki, Welfare Subsection HeadGaku Takeda, Personnel Subsection 1 HeadAkemi Nomiya, Personnel Subsection 2 Head

Accounting SectionToshinori Baba, HeadKazuo Miyajima, Accounting and ExaminationAssistant HeadHiroshi Mizufune, Procurement and AssetManaging Assistant HeadKoichi Fuse, Financial Subsection HeadTetsuya Hirono, Accounting Subsection HeadToshiki Kikuchi, Overseas ExpendituresSubsection 1 HeadRyoichi Mise, Overseas ExpendituresSubsection 2 HeadYoshinori Kawasaki, Audit Subsection HeadYasuhiro Onozaki, Procurement SubsectionHeadTakashi Kitami, Procurement OfficerTsuneyoshi Sasaki, Supplies/EquipmentSubsection Head Kuniaki Katsuyama, Facilities Subsection Head

Administration Section (Tropical AgricultureResearch Front)

Kenji Iiyama

Masami Yasunaka

Shigeo Matsui Hitoshi Yonekura

Osamu Koyama, Director Hiroko Watanabe, Project Leader Kazumi Yamaoka

Regional Research CoordinatorsTomohide Sugino, Representative of Southeast Asia Office (Thailand)Tetsuji Oya, Representative of Africa Office

Makoto Nakatani, Director

Research Planning and Evaluation OfficeTakeshi Kano, HeadResearch Planning SectionNaruo Matsumoto, HeadMie Kasuga, Senior ResearcherHiroshi IkeuraResearch Evaluation SectionKoshun Ishiki, HeadKazuo Ise, Senior ResearcherJunya Onishi Field Management SectionTakashi Komatsu, Field Operator

Research Support OfficeKenichi Hatsuse, Head

Research Coordination SectionTakahiro Sato, HeadKazunari Iwafuchi, Assistant HeadYoshihiko Sumomozawa, CoordinationSubsection HeadJunichi Irino, International Relations SubsectionHeadResearch Support SectionHatsui Yashiro, HeadTakeshi Usuku, Budget Subsection HeadTakao Oga, Support Subsection 1 HeadGenichiro Hanaoka, Support Subsection 2

JIRCAS STAFF in FY 2010

President

Vice-President

Research Strategy Office

Executive Advisor & Auditor

Administration Division

Research Planning and CoordinationDivision

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Project LeadersJun Furuya, Agricultural EconomicsKazuo Nakamoto, Agricultural Economics Satoshi Uchida, Geographic InformationSystemsShigeki Yokoyama, Agricultural Economics

Senior ResearchersFumika Chien, Agricultural EconomicsAkira Hirano, Geographic Information SystemsHiroshi Komiyama, Development EconomicsShunji Oniki, Agricultural EconomicsRyuichi Yamada, Agricultural EconomicsToru Hisazome, Agricultural Economics Yukiyo Yamamoto, Geographic InformationSystems

ResearcherShintaro Kobayashi, Agricultural Economics

Kazuhiro Suenaga, Director

Project LeadersYoshimichi Fukuta, Rice BreedingSeiji Yanagihara (Tropical Agriculture ResearchFront)

Senior ResearchersHajime Akamatsu, Plant PathologyXu Donghe, Plant Molecular GeneticsYasunari Fujita, Plant Molecular BiologyTakuma Ishizaki, Plant Molecular Biology(Tropical Agriculture Research Front) Norihito Kanamori, Plant Molecular Biology Nobuya Kobayashi, Physiology and BreedingKyonoshin Maruyama, Plant Molecular BiologyKazuo Nakashima, Plant Molecular BiologyNaoki Yamanaka, Plant Molecular GeneticsTsutomu Ishimaru, Plant Breeder

ResearchersMitsuhiro Obara, Plant Physiology and Genetics

(Kazuko Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, Plant MolecularBiology)

Osamu Ito, Director

Project LeadersSatoshi Nakamura, Insect EcologyMasato Oda, Crop ManagementJunichi Sakagami, Crop Improvement Satoshi Tobita, Plant Physiology and NutritionHideto Fujii, Agricultural Hydrology

Hiroshi Jutori, HeadTomohiro Yumiza, General Affairs SubsectionHeadShuji Hirose, Accounting Subsection HeadMasafumi Sato, Accounting Officer

Hideo Azechi, Head

Takeshi Ohta, Director

Project LeaderNaoya Fujimoto

Senior ResearcherKazumi Yamaoka, Research Coordinator

Principal EngineersTakeru HigashimakiHirofumi IgaTsutomu Kobayashi Eiji MatsubaraRyo MiyazakiKimio OsugaHiroshi Suzuki Yukio Okuda

Senior EngineersShinji HirouchiKazuhisa KoudaTakeshi MatsumotoYasuyuki NakanishiMichio NaruokaKoichi TakenakaAkihiko SatoTaro IzumiMasakazu YamadaMamoru Watanabe

Chief EngineersHaruyuki DanKatsumi HasadaChikako HiroseHiroshi Ikeura Kenichiro KimuraYuzo ManpukuMasaki MorishitaNaoko OkaKeisuke OmoriJunya OnishiShutaro ShirakiToshihide Takeuchi

Masuo Ando, Director

Rural Development Planning Division

Audit Office

Development Research Division

Biological Resources Division

Crop Production and Environment Division

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Senior ResearchersKaoru Hamano, Aquatic Animal PhysiologySayaka Ito, Aquatic EcologyShinsuke Morioka, Fish BiologyKatsuhisa Tanaka, Marine ChemistrySatoshi Watanabe, Marine Ecology Tatsuya Yurimoto, Aquatic Biology

ResearcherTomoyuki Okutsu, Aquatic Animal Physiology

Yoshinobu Egawa, DirectorYoshimitsu Katsuda, Public Relations Officer

Islands Environment Management GroupGroup Head, Project LeaderKiyoshi Ozawa, Agrometeorology

Senior ResearchersShinkichi Gotoh, Soil ScienceFujio Nagumo, Soil Science

Crop Genetic Resources GroupStress-Tolerant Vigna Project TeamGroup HeadMariko Shono, Plant Physiology

Sugarcane Improvement Project TeamSenior ResearcherYoshifumi Terajima, Sugarcane Breeding

Crop Production and Protection GroupTropical Fruits Production Project TeamGroup Head, Project LeaderTatsushi Ogata, Pomology

Senior ResearcherShinsuke Yamanaka, Molecular Biology

Citrus Greening Disease ManagementProject TeamProject Leader Yasuo Ohto, Plant Pathology

Senior ResearcherKatsuya Ichinose, Entomology

ResearchersYouichi Kobori, EntomologyNaoko Kozai, Pomology

Technical Support SectionTsutomu Fushimi, HeadMasakazu Hirata, Machine OperatorHirokazu Ikema, Machine OperatorMasahide Maetsu, Machine Operator

Senior ResearchersKeiichi Hayashi, Soil ManagementYasukazu Hosen, Environmental Soil Science Takayuki Ishikawa, Plant PhysiologyHide Omae, Crop Science Guntur V. Subbarao, Crop Physiology andNutritionTakeshi Watanabe, Soil ChemistryMatthias Wissuwa, Physiology and GeneticsYoshiko Iizumi, Hydrological ScienceYoichi Fujihara, Agricultural Hydrology

ResearcherYasuhiro Tsujimoto, Crop Science

Akio Takenaka, Director

Project LeaderKazunobu Toriyama, Soil Science

Senior ResearchersYasuo Ando, Plant MicrobiologyMakoto Otsuka, Animal NutritionKazumasa Shindo, Pasture ManagementSeishi Yamasaki, Animal Nutrition

Yutaka Mori, Director

Project LeaderKazuhiko Nakahara, Food Chemistry

Senior ResearchersTakamitsu Arai, Molecular MicrobiologyTamao Hatta, Mineralogy and Geology Akihiko Kosugi, Molecular MicrobiologyYoshinori Murata, Applied MicrobiologySatoru Nirasawa, Food FunctionalityEizo Tatsumi, Food Chemistry

Ryuichi Tabuchi, Director

Senior ResearchersNaoyuki Furuya, Forest Management Iwao Noda, Forest ChemistryTatsuya Otani, Forest Ecology Tomoko Sugimoto, Forest Soil ScienceNaoki Tani, Forest Genetics Akihiko Yokota, Forest Products

Yukio Maeno, Director

Project LeaderMarcy N. Wilder, Crustacean Biochemistry

Post-harvest Science and Technology Division

Forestry Division

Fisheries Division

Animal Production and Grassland Division

Tropical Agriculture Research Front

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Yuho Maetsu, Machine OperatorYasuteru Shikina, Machine OperatorMasato Shimajiri, Machine OperatorMasashi Takahashi, Machine OperatorKoji Yamato, Machine Operator

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Annual Report 2010 summarizes the full extentof JIRCAS activities that occurred during thisperiod. The subsequent Annual Report willdetail events and programs from April 1, 2011,through March 31, 2012 (FY 2011).

The Japanese fiscal year is defined as theperiod of fiscal activity occurring from April 1through March 31 of the following year. Thus,Fiscal Year (FY) 2010 covers the period fromApril 1, 2010 through March 31, 2011. The

THE JAPANESE FISCAL YEARAND MISCELLANEOUS DATA

The Japanese Fiscal Year and the Annual Report 2010

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