Down and Up Along the Proton Dripline Heavy One-Proton Emitter Light One-Proton Emitter Light...
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Down and Up Along the Proton Dripline
Heavy One-Proton Emitter
Light One-Proton Emitter
Light Two-Proton Emitter
Heavy Two Proton Emitter
Proton Radioactivity
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40 Centrifugal (l=5)
Coulomb
Nuclear
Radius (fm)
V (
MeV
)
20 40
Strong Influence on Angular Momentum
V (
MeV
)
l=0
l=5
T1/2(l=0) = 3s
T1/2(l=5) = 81ms
E=1.25 MeV
Radius (fm)
-40
-20
0
20
20 40 8060
Lu15171 80
Heavy Proton Emitter
Long lifetimes due to Coulomb and angular momentum barrier Produce in fusion evaporation reactions or fragmentation Separate and subsequently stop in a detector for identification Use segmented silicon strip detectors for a delayed decay
1p Separation Energies (Odd p-numbers)
T. Radon et al., Pramana 53 (1999) 69
1p Separation Energies (Even p-numbers)
T. Radon et al., Pramana 53 (1999) 69
Structure and Deformed Emitters
C. J. Gross et al. 113Cs
A. A. Sonzogni et al. 131Eu, 141Ho, 145Tm
J. Uusitalo et al. 155Ta
K. Rykaczewski et al. 140Ho, 141Ho
T. N. Ginter et al. 150Lu
K. S. Toth et al. 151Lu
P. J. Woods and C. N. Davids, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 47 (1997) 541
Q-Values and Branching Ratios
R. J. Irvine et al., Phys. Rev. C 55 (1997) R1621
C. N. Davids et al., Phys. Rev. C 55, (1997) 2255
161Re167Ir
Where is the Proton Dripline?
“Short”-Lived Proton Emitters
C.R. Bingham et al.
100Sn
K. Sümmerer et al., Nucl. Phys. A616 (1997) 341c
rp - Process
5352515049
525150
5049484746
CoFe45
8079
8382
Zr
Nb
Mo
81
8483
M. F. Mohar et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 66 (1991) 1571
B. Blank et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 (1996) 2893
B. Blank, J. Phys. G 24 (1998) 1385
New Isotopes Along the Dripline
B. Blank, J. Phys. G 24 (1998) 1385B. Blank et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 (1996) 2893
Prompt Decay from a Well-Deformed Band
p
D. Rudolph et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (1998) 3018
First Proton Radioactivity
7/2-
3.04
0
19/2-
247 ms
0
3.19
(7/2-)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Ene
rgy
(MeV
)
0.840 0+
2+(19/2-)
+
26Fe2753
26Fe2652
27Co2653
1.5%
Joseph Cerny and J. C. Hardy, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 27 (1977) 333
-Delayed Proton Emitters
S. Czajkowski et al., Nucl. Phys. A628 (1998) 537
Light Proton Emitter
(Very) short lifetimes due to small Coulomb and no or very small angular momentum barrier (l=0,1,2)
Produce in transfer reactions or fragmentation Identify by complete kinematic reconstruction in flight
151Lu and 12O
Definition of Radioactivity
Joseph Cerny and J. C. Hardy, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 27 (1977) 333
“…should lead to lifetimes longer than 10-12 sec, a possible lower limit for the process to be called radioactivity.”
“…should lead to lifetimes longer than 10-12 sec, a possible lower limit for the process to be called radioactivity.”
Search for Di-Proton Emitters
Predicted by Goldansky in 1960 Until recently (?) elusive In-Flight Decay (Short lifetimes)
Ground State Excited States
Resonance Scattering Coulomb Excitation Neutron-Stripping
Implantation/Decay (Long lifetimes) Beta-Delayed Emitters Ground-State Emitters
Potential Two Proton Emitter
Definitions
Di-Proton Decay Sequential Decay
12O
11N+p
10C+p+p
12O
10C+2p
10C+p+p
12O 10C+2p11N+p 12O 10C+2p11N+p
Simultaneous Decay
12O
10C+p+p
12O 10C+2p11N+p
Three Body Model
L. V. Grigorenko et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (2000) 22
Three-Body Decay Paths
L. V. Grigorenko et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (2000) 22
Light Two-Proton Emitters
Two-Proton Decay of 6Be
g.s.
1.67
0.59
-1.374He+2p
5Li+p6Be
(0+)(3/2-)
(2+)
D.F. Geesaman et al., Phys. Rev. C15 (1977) 1835
Transfer Reactions with Radioactive Beams
O13O13 O12
O12
Be9 Be10
TelescopeC10
p Light ChargedParticle Arrayp
Production and Identification of short-lived Nuclei
Decay Energy Spectrum of 12O
= 575 keVEDecay = 1.77 MeV
Two-Proton Angular Distribution
Di-Proton
Sequential
Decay Width
Sequential Decay
12O
11N+p
10C+p+p
12O 10C+2p11N+pHowever:
Γcalc 10 keV
Γmeasured = 575 keV
Elastic Resonance Scattering
L. Axelsson et al., Phys. Rev. C 54 (1996) R1511
Ground State of 11N
A. Azhari, et al. Phys. Rev. C57, 628 (1998)
J. M. Oliviera, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 628 (2000)
K. Markenroth, et al. Phys. Rev. C62, 034308 (1998)
1.45 MeV
1.63 MeV1.27 MeV11N
Two Proton Decay of 12O
Old
New
??2.0 MeV1.8 MeV
1.8 MeV ~1.5 MeV
12O 11N+p 10C+2p
Di-Proton Decay of 16Ne?
L. V. Grigorenko et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (2002) 042502
New Shell Structure?
Z=8
N=8
N=16 ?
N=20
??
Vanishing of the Proton Z=8 Shell ?
11N (-1.92MeV)
7B – 11N – 15F
5Li – 9B – 13N – 17F
Z=8
Vanishing of the Proton Z=8 Shell ?
11N (-1.27MeV)15F ??
Mass of 15F ??
11N 15F ??
Previous 15F Measurement
G. J. KeKelis et al., Phys. Rev. C 17, 1929 (1978)
Binding Energy
of 15F : –1.47 MeV
= 1 MeV
Theoretical Prediction
S. Grevy, O. Sorlin, and N. Vinh Mau, Phys. Rev. C56 (1997) 2885
Invariant Mass Measurements at GANIL
2%
87%
11%
Primary Beam: 24Mg Secondary Beams:
20Mg, 18Ne, 17F Fragments Energies:
35-43 MeV/nucleon Stripping Reactions Detectors:
SPEG SpectrometerMUST array
15F 14O + p
T. Zerguerras et al., to be published
Relative to KeKelis et al.
Binding Energy of 15F : Egs = –1.00 0.08MeV
= 1.23 0.22MeV
Mass of 15F !!
11N 15F !!
Two Proton Decay of 16Ne
Old
New
1.5 MeV1.4 MeV
1.4 MeV 1.0 MeV
??
16Ne 15F+p 14O+2p
15F
Two Proton Decay of 19Mg ??
Masses of 19Mg and 18Na are not known
Stripping reactions:20Mg 18Na 17Ne + p20Mg 19Mg 17Ne + 2p
~1.8 MeV
~1.2 MeV ??
19Mg 18Na+p 17F+2p
Theoretical Predictions
First Measurement of the Mass of 18Na
No events observed for 20Mg 19Mg 18Na + 2p
Binding Energy of 18Na : Egs = –0.411 0.05 MeV
= 0.34 0.09 MeV
Decay of 19Mg Sequential ??
~1.2 MeV
19Mg 18Na+p 17F+2p
0.41 MeV
Two-Proton Decay will most likely be sequential..
.. unless the mass of 19Mg is also underpredicted
Measure the mass of 19Mg
Intermediate (1p) Nuclei
Two-Proton Decay of 14O*
2HeSequential
12C+2p
13N+p
14O
6.57
0
4.63
2.37
3.517.77
6.59
5.17
9.72
1/2+
3/2+
2+
0+
0+
C.R. Bain et al., Phys. Lett. B373 (1996) 35
Level and Decay Scheme of 17Ne
-Decay of the First Excited State
M. J. Chromik et al., Phys. Rev. C55 (1997) 1676
Experimental Setup
Decay Energy Spectrum of 17Ne
Cou
nts
Experimental Setup
17Ne
Position sensitivedetectors
15O p
Target
40x40 Silicon strip detector: Low gain: ==> 15O position High Gain: ==> proton position
2x2 Silicon quadrant detector: 15O energy loss
2x2 Silicon quadrant detector: 15O energy
48 element CsI detector proton energy
40x40 Silicon strip detector proton position energy
2x2 Silicon quadrant detector: proton energy loss
Breakup Reactions in the Detectors can be identified using the new Setup
15O,2p17Ne
15O,2p17Ne
Reaction in the Target
Breakup in the First Pin
E in Pin1 [MeV]
17Ne Penetrating the first Pin
Breakup Pos. [m]
Coulomb Excitation of 17Ne
Decay Energy [keV]
Nu
mb
er
of C
oun
ts
M. Chromik et al, to be published
18Ne 17Ne* 15O + 2p
No evidence for 2p decay from
the first excited state in 17Ne
Two-Proton Decay of 18Ne?
J. Gomez del Campo et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (2001) 43
One and Two Proton Decay
1p= 50 keV
2p= 21-57 eVJ. Gomez del Campo et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (2001) 43
Correlated or Uncorrelated?
Relative Energy Opening Angle
J. Gomez del Campo et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (2001) 43
2p and 3p Decay of 31Ar
31Cl
31Ar18.55
12.34
-decay
7.45
4.706.10
30S+p
29P+2p
28Si+3p
IAS
2p
3p
D. Bazin et al., Phys. Rev. C45 (1992) 69
I. Mukha et al., Nucl. Phys. A630 (1998) 394c
Two-Proton Radioactivity
W. E. Ormand, Phys. Rev. C53 (1996) 2145
W. E. Ormand, Phys. Rev. C55 (1997) 2407
B. A. Brown, Phys. Rev. C43 (1991) R1513
38Ti (0.4-2.3)x10-12 ms 39Ti 0.4-2000 ms 45Fe 10-5-10-1 ms 48Ni 0.01-3660 ms 63Se 0.3-5000 ms
Decay Width and Lifetime Predictions
L. V. Grigorenko et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (2000) 22
45Fe: 2-Proton Decay at GSI
M. Pfützner et al., to be published
45Fe: 2-Proton Decay at GANIL
J. Giovinazzo et al., to be published
45Fe: Di-Proton or Sequential?
G. Audi and A.H. Wapstra,
Nucl. Phys. A595 (1995) 409
Bridging the Waiting Points
H. Schatz et al., Phys. Rep. 294 (1998) 167
Two-proton emitters and the (2p,) rates
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/index.html
17Ne ( ,2p) 15O
15O+2p 16F+p 17Ne
p
p
p
15O(2p,)17Ne
15O+2p 16F+p 17Ne
p
p
p
Q
-QzQz+1
Does the (2p,) compete with the ()
4
8
12
16
20
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0.1 1
Total Reaction Rate
T (GK) T (GK)
Den
sity
[g /
cm3 ]
Lines of equal rates:
p
p
20Ne(3He,6He)17Ne
V. Guimarães et al. Phys. Rev. C58 (1998) 116
New Level Scheme for 17Ne
V. Guimarães et al. Phys. Rev. C58 (1998) 116
5/2_
5/2_1/2+
1/2+
Modified Reactions Rates for 16F(p,)
Total Reaction Rate
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0.1 1
T (GK)
Does the (2p,) compete with the () now?
4
8
12
16
20
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
T (GK)
Den
sity
[g /
cm3 ]Lines of equal rates:
p
p
Use (,2p) to study (2p,)
Final nucleus following (2p,) is particle stable Use Coulomb dissociation (,2p) on stable nucleus Potential waiting point candidates:
15O(2p,)17Ne 18Ne(2p,)20Mg 38Ca(2p,)40Ti
64Ge(2p,)66Se 68Se(2p,)70Kr 72Kr(2p,)74Y
J. Görres, M. Wiescher, F.-K. Thielemann, Phys. Rev. C51, 392 (1995)
F. Käppeler, F.-K. Thielemann, and M. Wiescher,Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 48, 175 (1998)
68Se(2p,)70Kr
68Se+2p 69Br+p 70Kr
p
p
p
High T (>2GK) : total = (Z) + f(T)*exp(Q)*(Z+2)
Q
-QzQz+1
Low T (<2GK) : total = (Z) + g(T)*exp(-Qz)*p
Reduction of Stellar Lifetime
H. Schatz et al., Phys. Rep. 294 (1998) 167
Energies and decay properties of the Z(waiting point +2) nucleus:
Coulomb excitation: () and (,2p)
70Kr(,2p)68Se
Mass of the unstable Z(waiting point +1) nucleus:
Transfer reaction:
9Be(70Br,69Br)
68Se + p
What is needed?
Beam Intensities
70Kr(,2p)68Se 70Br
70Kr
68Se 9Be(70Br,69Br)
RIA: 8x107/s 70BrRIA: 4x104/s 70Kr
CC : 7x105/s 70BrCC : 3x102/s 70Kr
Conclusions
Still no conclusive evidence for di-proton decay Light nuclei:
“Phase space wins”: If it can decay sequential, it will Ground-state di-proton decay very unlikely Lower ground-state energies measured for 11N, 15F and 18Na Still unresolved problem of large width in 12O Measure 19Mg !!
Heavier nuclei: First evidence for two-proton decay in 45Fe Determine the proton correlations Measure the mass of 44Mn Deformation, structure and mass measurements