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DOT/FAA/AR-02/97 Office of Aviation Research Washington, D.C. 20591
Shear Stress-Strain Data for Structural Adhesives November 2002 Final Report This document is available to the U.S. public through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, Virginia 22161.
U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration
NOTICE
This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for the contents or use thereof. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturer's names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the objective of this report. This document does not constitute FAA certification policy. Consult your local FAA aircraft certification office as to its use. This report is available at the Federal Aviation Administration William J. Hughes Technical Center's Full-Text Technical Reports page: actlibrary.tc.faa.gov in Adobe Acrobat portable document format (PDF).
Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. DOT/FAA/AR-02/97
2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No.
5. Report Date November 2002
4. Title and Subtitle SHEAR STRESS-STRAIN DATA FOR STRUCTURAL ADHESIVES
6. Performing Organization Code
7. Author(s) John Tomblin, Waruna Seneviratne, Paulo Escobar, and Yap Yoon-Khian
8. Performing Organization Report No. 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS)
9. Performing Organization Name and Address Department of Aerospace Engineering Wichita State University Wichita, KS 67260
11. Contract or Grant No.
00-C-WSU-00-00713. Type of Report and Period Covered Final Report
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Office of Aviation Research Washington, DC 20591
14. Sponsoring Agency Code ACE-110
15. Supplementary Notes The FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center COTR was Peter Shyprykevich.16. Abstract The main objective of this investigation was to generate characteristic shear responses for several adhesives used for aerospace structural bonding applications. The shear responses consisted of shear stress-strain curves obtained by standardized tests and characterizing subsequent failure modes at three different environmental conditions. Six of these adhesives were film and the remaining were paste adhesive. In addition, the effects of heat and humidity on the apparent shear strength, shear modulus, and failure modes of each adhesive were investigated by testing at elevated temperatures with humidity-conditioned specimens. The characteristic shear responses were generated using the ASTM D 5656 thick adherend test method. The primary purpose of this report was to make this data available for use in future design and modeling efforts.
17. Key Words Adhesive properties, Shear response, Environmental effects, ASTM D5656, KGR-Type extensometer
18. Distribution Statement This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, Virginia 22161.
19. Security Classif. (of this report)
Unclassified
20. Security Classif. (of this page)
Unclassified
21. No. of Pages
60
22. Price
Form DOT F1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge the guidance and support of Peter Shyprykevich and Larry Ilcewicz of the Federal Aviation Administration, and Cessna Aircraft Company and Cirrus Design Corporation for supplying materials.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vii 1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Objectives 1 1.2 Background 1
2. ADHESIVES 1
3. TEST MATRIX 3
4. PANEL FABRICATION AND MACHINING 4
4.1 Adhesive Test Panel Fabrication 4 4.2 Machining of ASTM D 5656 Lap Shear Adhesive Specimens 8
5. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 9
5.1 Specimen Conditioning and Dimensioning 9 5.2 Test Setup 9 5.3 Modified KGR-Type Extensometer 10 5.4 Data Reduction 10 5.5 Failure Modes of Adhesive Joints 12
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 12
6.1 Film Adhesives 13 6.2 Paste Adhesives 13 6.3 Failure Modes 20
7. SUMMARY 20
8. REFERENCES 20
APPENDICES A—Characteristic Shear Responses B—Adhesive Apparent Shear Strength and Modulus With Respect to the Environment C—Failure Modes With Respect to the Environment
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Spacer Locations for Paste Adhesive Test Panels 5
2 Paste Adhesive Application for ASTM D 5656 Test Panels 6
3 Vacuum Bagging Adhesive Test Panels 6
4 Cure Cycle Information Adhesive Systems Used in Task 1 7
5 Nomenclature for Adhesive Test Specimens 8
6 Test Setup for ASTM D 5656 Adhesive Lap Shear Test 9
7 Modified KGR-Type Extensometer (Four-Pin Configuration) for Measuring Adhesive Shear Strain 10
8 Typical Shear Stress-Strain Curve for Adhesives 11
9 Failure Modes of Adhesive Test Specimens 12
10 Environmental Effects on Shear Strength of Film Adhesives 16
11 Environmental Effects on Shear Strength of Paste Adhesives 17
12 Environmental Effects on Shear Modulus of Film Adhesives 18
13 Environmental Effects on Shear Modulus of Paste Adhesives 19
LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Test Matrix for Task 1 4 2 Average Shear Strength and Shear Modulus for Film Adhesives 14 3 Average Shear Strength and Shear Modulus for Paste Adhesives 15
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The main objective of this investigation was to generate characteristic shear responses for several adhesives used for aerospace structural bonding applications. The shear responses consisted of shear stress-strain curves obtained by standardized tests and characterizing subsequent failure modes at three different environmental conditions. Six of these adhesives were film and the remaining were paste adhesive. In addition, the effects of heat and humidity on the apparent shear strength, shear modulus, and failure modes of each adhesive were investigated by testing at elevated temperatures with humidity-conditioned specimens. The characteristic shear responses were generated using the ASTM D 5656 thick adherend test method. The primary purpose of this report was to make this data available for use in future design and modeling efforts.
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1. INTRODUCTION.
1.1 OBJECTIVES.
The main objective of this investigation was to generate characteristic shear responses for several adhesives used for aerospace structural bonding applications. This task involved generating characteristic shear stress-strain data at three different environmental conditions: room temperature dry (RTD), elevated temperature dry (ETD), and elevated temperature wet (ETW). This study generated characteristic shear responses for 18 different adhesive systems that are currently being investigated for use in manufacturing applications, as well as several that have been used historically in aircraft primary structural bonding. Six of these adhesives were film and the remaining were paste. In addition, the effects of heat and humidity on the apparent shear strength, shear modulus, and failure modes of each adhesive were investigated. 1.2 BACKGROUND.
The motivation for this study was the increased use of adhesive bonding in construction of general aviation aircraft. Additional impetus was to study the effects of elevated temperature on adhesive behavior as lower cure temperature (than previous military applications) is being used in such constructions. The adhesive strength and modulus were determined according to ASTM D 5656 (Standard Test Method for Thick-Adherend Metal Lap-Shear Joints for Determination of the Stress-Strain Behavior of Adhesives in Shear by Tension Loading [1]). Testing was conducted in three different environmental conditions: RTD, ETD (~180°F), and ETW (~180°F). The substrate material, provided by Cessna Aircraft Company of Wichita, Kansas, was phosphorically anodized 2024-T3 aluminum. Using the ASTM D 5656 test method, the effects of environment on the aircraft or subcomponent-bonded joint may be determined quantitatively. Combining this type of information with a thermal model for the aircraft will aid future designers in selecting the correct joint application in combination with the environmental exposure to be expected. The adhesive shear deformation was measured using two modified KGR-type port and starboard extensometers. Thick adherend, recommended in ASTM D 5656, reduces the peel stress of lap joint specimens; therefore, test results may not represent the actual adhesive joint behavior. However, this method can be used to generate characteristic shear stress-strain curves and evaluate adhesive properties rather than adhesive joint properties. It should be noted that, although this test method is in common use, the method is very complicated, requiring careful specimen preparation, load introduction, and sensitive measurement instruments. One of the main purposes of this report was to present this information to allow one to do analysis of bonded joints (including nonlinear effects) and establish relevant failure models for structural joints in the future. This report also provides useful information for ongoing certification issues related to the application of lower temperature cure adhesive systems. 2. ADHESIVES.
To select the adhesives used for this investigation, several general aviation companies and personnel from the Federal Aviation Administration were consulted. Adhesives were supplied by Cessna Aircraft Company of Wichita, Kansas, and Cirrus Design Corporation of Duluth,
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Minnesota. Some general information about various adhesives obtained from material vendors and aircraft companies is listed below. • Film Adhesives
AF 126 – First generation epoxy film adhesive used in the aerospace industry for more than 30 years, thermosetting and nonvolatile for structural bonding of metals, excellent strength with a high degree of tack in the uncured state.
EA 9628 – Modified epoxy film adhesive designed for structural bonds requiring
toughness, as applied in composite, metal, and honeycomb bonding. EA 9695 – Bonding film adhesive with excellent environmental resistance used in
composites structural repair, cure and cocure with composite laminates, and metal and honeycomb bonding.
EA 9696 – Moisture-resistant modified epoxy film used in composites structural repair,
cure and cocure with composite laminates, and metal and honeycomb bonding; some space applications designed to withstand extremes of temperature, such as assemblies in the International Space Station.
FM 300 – 350°F cure structural adhesive used in the aerospace industry for more than 30
years in metal-to-metal and composite bonding. FM 73 – Fracture-tough modified epoxy adhesive used in bonded repairs, and metal-to-
metal and composite bonding applications, typically cured at 250°F for 1 hour; used in the U.S. Air Force’s successful Primary Adhesively Bonded Structures Technology (PABST) program in the 1970s and currently used in bonded composite repair of cracked metallic aerospace structures, operational temperatures up to 180°F.
• Paste Adhesives
EA 9309.3 NA – Two-component paste-toughened adhesive with excellent peel strength
containing 5 mil/0.13 m glass beads for bond line thickness control. EA 9346.5 – One-component paste adhesive with a moderate viscosity, high-peel and
shear strengths, and outstanding hot/wet properties for structural repairs, low viscosity wet layups, composite bonding, etc.
EA 9359.3 – Two-component paste adhesive system with excellent peel strength for
bonding a variety of substrate materials and for structural repairs. EA 9360 – Structural adhesive exhibiting excellent peel strength used for structural
repairs, composite bonding, and liquid shim; service temperature up to 300°F.
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EA 9392 – Toughened adhesive with excellent shear strength at high temperatures and durable over a wide temperature range used for structural repair, potting, composites bonding, liquid shim, etc; service temperature up to 350°F.
EA 9394 – Thixotropic adhesive with structural properties up to 350°F and a low peel
strength used for potting, structural repair, composite bonding, liquid shim, and metal-composite bonding, i.e., titanium end fittings to composite parts.
EA 9396 – Low viscosity adhesive with structural properties up to 350°F used for
structural repair, composite bonding, and low viscosity wet layups. 3M DP-460 EG – Two-component epoxy adhesive with a low outgassing for potting,
magnet bonding, hard disk drive assembly, bearing cartridge assembly (nontypical for aerospace structural bonding).
3M DP-460 NS – Two-component non-sag epoxy adhesive with an outstanding shear and
peel at RTD, and high level of durability; non-sag formulation is excellent for vertical applications or any application requiring minimal adhesive flow from the bond line.
3M DP-820 – Two-component toughened acrylic adhesive with excellent shear and peel
strength at RTD, good impact resistance and durability; bonded well to many metals, ceramics, wood, and most plastics; non-sag with 20 minute work-life.
3. TEST MATRIX.
The test matrix includes specimens in three different environmental conditions: RTD, ETD ~180°F, and ETW ~ 180°F. Two different cure cycles were investigated for EA 9360, EA 9392, and EA 9359.3 paste adhesives. A second cure cycle, similar to the first, was performed for an additional 48 hours under ambient conditions. Two replicates were proposed for each environmental condition. Testing was conducted according to the guidelines in ASTM D 5656. The thick adherend test method was used to minimize the peel stress from asymmetric loading. Table 1 shows the test matrix for eighteen different adhesive systems, including the six film and twelve paste adhesives.
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TABLE 1. TEST MATRIX FOR TASK 1
Number of Coupons per Test Condition Adhesive Name
Cure Cycle RTD ETD ETW
AF 126 1 2 2 2 FM 73 1 2 2 2 EA 9628 1 2 2 2 EA 9696 1 2 2 2 EA 9695 1 2 2 2 FM 300 1 2 2 2 EA 9346.5 1 2 2 2 EA 9309.3 NA 1 2 2 2 EA 9394 1 2 2 2 EA 9396 1 2 2 2 3M DP-460 NS 1 2 2 2 3M DP-460 EG 1 2 2 2 3M DP-820 1 2 2 2 EA 9360 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 EA 9392 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 EA 9359.3 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 MGS L418 1 2 2 2 PTM&W ES 6292 1 2 2 2 TOTAL 42 42 42
RTD – Room Temperature Dry (76°F) Testing Condition ETD – Elevated Temperature Dry (180°F) Testing Condition ETW– Elevated Temperature Wet (180°F) Testing Condition
4. PANEL FABRICATION AND MACHINING.
4.1 ADHESIVE TEST PANEL FABRICATION.
Specimens were fabricated according to the guidelines in the ASTM D 5656 standard. Test panels were fabricated using two 10- x 10-inch subpanels with a thickness of 0.375 inch, phosphoric-anodized and bond-primed, following ASTM D 3933, by Cessna Aircraft Company of Wichita, Kansas. The side with minimal surface scratches, especially in the test area, was selected to contact with the adhesive. On that face, two parallel lines were drawn 0.5 inch away from the centerline and perpendicular to the grain direction (figure 1). On the other face, 12 reference points were marked, and the thickness at each point was measured using a digital micrometer.
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FIGURE 1. SPACER LOCATIONS FOR PASTE ADHESIVE TEST PANELS
Subpanels were grouped into sets of two, and reference points were marked so that bonded test panels would have the same reference point on both sides. Subpanel surfaces were cleaned several times with acetone and lint-free cotton towels, using a sweeping motion in the direction of the grain. This step in the process is important to ensure that the surface is adequately prepared for proper bonding of the aluminum-adhesive interface. Care was taken not to scratch the surface but to remove grease and other foreign substances. This procedure was repeated at least once to produce a clean surface. Poorly cleaned surfaces increase the chance of failure in an adhesive specimen, due to voids in the aluminum-adhesive interface.
Panels for six different film adhesives and twelve different paste adhesives were fabricated. To achieve a constant bond line thickness, brass shims/spacers were placed in specific areas using an aluminum template designed to position the spacers between specimens and the panel border. Care was taken not to leave any spacers in the gauge section. Once locations were marked using the template, spacers were bonded to the aluminum plate using either liquid glue (super glue) or double-sided tape. Following several iterations, the double-sided tape was found to provide a more even distribution of thickness than liquid glue. After the spacers were bonded, this subpanel surface was cleaned again with acetone.
Paste adhesives were applied in two different methods. Typically, the resin and accelerator were mixed in a cup using a prescribed mix-ratio and then applied to the subpanel. Another method used adhesives that were supplied in premeasured dual-syringe plastic Duo-Pak cartridges and then inserted into an applicator system. A nozzle attached to each applicator automatically mixed parts A and B. Each time a new cartridge was used, a small amount of adhesive was expelled before applying the remaining resin over the panel to avoid the use of any unmixed resin. Care was taken to evenly distribute the adhesive over the subpanel with the spacers and especially over the gauge section (figure 2). A thin layer of adhesive was applied over a second subpanel to provide a wet surface and diminish potential voids in the adhesive-aluminum interface. Immediately after that, the second subpanel was tilted and placed over the first subpanel to expel any trapped air.
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FIGURE 2. PASTE ADHESIVE APPLICATION FOR ASTM D 5656 TEST PANELS
For film adhesives, the required number of layers were cut and placed on one subpanel. After positioning each layer, the entire structure was rolled using a rubber roller to expel the trapped air between the surface and the film. To maintain a constant bond line thickness, a rectangular opening was cut in each layer to accommodate the spacers, using the same spacing template as in the paste adhesive panels.
Once the adhesive was applied, subpanels were taped with flash breaker tape to avoid any movement during the cure cycle. To ensure both plates were entirely closed, 4000 psi of pressure was applied using a 150-ton pneumatic press for 5 to 6 minutes. The plates were then vacuum bagged and maintained at an integrity of 27-in Hg (figure 3).
Each adhesive was cured according to the specified temperature and pressure obtained from the manufacturers data sheet (figure 4). A 3′ x 5′, 1000°F, 400-psi autoclave was used to regulate the cure process. The temperature control thermocouple monitored the adhesive temperature.
FIGURE 3. VACUUM BAGGING ADHESIVE TEST PANELS
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Adhesive Cure Temperature Range Cure Method
Film Adhesives AF 126 EA 9628 EA 9695 EA 9696 FM300 (U065004) FM73 (U064164)
Paste Adhesives EA 9309.3 NA EA 9346.5 EA 9394 (U000941) EA 9396 (U000940) 3M DP-460 NS 3M DP-460 EG 3M DP-820 PTM&W ES 6292 MGS L418/418 EA 9360 (CC1) EA 9360 (CC2)** EA 9392 (CC1) EA 9392 (CC2)** EA 9359.3 (CC1) EA 9359.3 (CC2)**
73ºF 120°F 160ºF 180ºF 200°F 245ºF 260ºF 345ºF 360ºF Autoclave 50-55 psi
Oven Vacuum Bag >22 Hg
Room Temp.
60-90 minutes 60-90 minutes 60-90 minutes 60-90 minutes
60-90 minutes 60-90 minutes
a a a a a
90-120 minutes 60-90 minutes
90-120 minutes 90-120 minutes
7 days 24 hrs 48 hrs
1 hour 3 hours
60 min 30 min 60 min 30 min 60 min 30 min
♣ ♠
a a a a
a a a a a a a a
a a a
Post Cure: 5 hours at 180°-200°F Post Cure: 10 hours at 175°-200°F
** Additional 48 hours at ambient temperature after cure cycle CC (Cure Cycle)
♣ ♠
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FIGURE 4. CURE CYCLE INFORMATION ADHESIVE SYSTEMS USED IN TASK 1
Once the panels were cured, the final thickness was measured at the reference points in order to calculate the bond line thickness, which was used in two of the machining steps, discussed in the next section.
4.2 MACHINING OF ASTM D 5656 LAP SHEAR ADHESIVE SPECIMENS.
Adhesive lap shear specimens were machined according to the recommendations of ASTM D 5656 using a Bridgeport® CNC machine. Tool paths were created using MasterCam Version 7. First, the 1/2-inch loading pinholes were drilled and reamed with a 0.51-in reamer using the CNC machine, and panels were rough-cut into 1.25-in-wide strips using a band saw. These were cut oversized to avoid overheating and stressing of the adhesive, which can alter adhesive properties. Next, the specimen was machined (surface ground) to the final dimensions specified in ASTM D 5656. Eighth-in slots were made across the width of the specimen, resulting in a 0.375-in gauge section. Finally, 1/16-in pinholes were drilled on both sides of the gage section for the KGR-type extensometer attachment. CNC machining was conducted with abundant coolant to ensure that the specimens were not overheated during the machining process.
Following machining, for the purpose of tracking, specimens were named using the nomenclature shown in figure 5.
X X
Cure Cycles 1 – 2 Accordingly
Test Condition A – RTD G – ETD (180°F) F – ETW (180°F)
Panel Number 1 – 3 per Adhesive system
Adhesive Type F – Film P – Paste
Bond line Thickness/100 10 – 56 Accordingly
Specimen Number 1 – 7 per Panel
ADHESIVE SYSTEM
A AF 126 B - AF 163 C EA 9628 D - EA 9695 E EA 9696 F FM 300 G FM 73
L - EA 9309.3 NA M EA 9346.5 N - EA 9359.3 O - EA 9360 P EA 9392 Q - EA 9394 R EA 9396 S - MGS L418 T - PTM&W ES6292 U - 3M DP-460 EG V - 3M DP-460 NS W 3M DP-820
X X X X X X
-
-
---
-
-
-
-
FIGURE 5. NOMENCLATURE FOR ADHESIVE TEST SPECIMENS
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5. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE.
5.1 SPECIMEN CONDITIONING AND DIMENSIONING.
Wet test specimens (ETW) were conditioned at 145°F and 85% relative humidity for 1000 hours (approximately 42 days) [2] in a humidity chamber in the NIAR Composites Laboratory at Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas. Prior to this, ETW were dimensioned using digital calipers that automatically recorded the dimensions in a data file. Two gage-width readings and two gage-length readings were recorded. In addition, the adhesive thickness was calculated by subtracting the subpanel thickness obtained before specimen fabrication from the panel thickness after final fabrication.
5.2 TEST SETUP.
Adhesive lap shear testing was conducted according to the recommendations in the ASTM D 5656 standard (see figure 6). All testing was done in tension loading in the displacement control mode. Two self-aligning clevis fixtures were used at each end of the specimen to load it in tension. Half-inch steel bushings were inserted into the loading holes of the specimen, and 0.375″ steel dowel pins were used to attach the specimen to the clevis arrangement. Experiments were performed on 22-kip MTS servohydraulic load frames at a rate of 0.05 in/min. Elevated temperature testing was conducted using a computer-controlled environmental chamber. The temperature of the chamber was monitored with a thermocouple taped to the gauge section of the specimen. Soak time for ETD and ETW specimens was 3 minutes after the gauge section reached the test temperature. The temperature was maintained within ±3°F of the targeted value of 180°F.
FIGURE 6. TEST SETUP FOR ASTM D 5656 ADHESIVE LAP SHEAR TEST
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The displacement of the gauge section was recorded using two axial extensometers modified to function as KGR-type extensometers with four pin configurations. A detailed description of the KGR-type extensometer is discussed in the next section.
5.3 MODIFIED KGR-TYPE EXTENSOMETER.
The KGR extensometer [3] was modified to accommodate various bond line thicknesses. Two aluminum parts were attached to each arm of a MTS extensometer (figure 7). A fourth pin was added to the original KGR extensometer design to reduce the rotation and slippage of the extensometer attachment caused by peeling stresses [4 and 5]. The KGR-type extensometer used in this investigation was modified with knife edges so that extra calibration was not necessary. As the specimen extended in the loading direction, the knife edges allowed the extensometer arms to rotate so that the pins stayed perpendicular to the specimen.
FIGURE 7. MODIFIED KGR-TYPE EXTENSOMETER (FOUR-PIN CONFIGURATION) FOR MEASURING ADHESIVE SHEAR STRAIN
5.4 DATA REDUCTION.
Data reduction was performed according to the ASTM D 5656 test standard. The apparent shear stress, τi, on the adhesive at each point was calculated using equation 1 below.
τ i = A Pi (1)
where Pi is the axial load and A is the initial overlap area (overlap length times width). The next step in the process was to find the adhesive shear strain. A correction for the displacement of the adherend that occurred between the pins and the adherend/adhesive interface, δm, was found by using equation 2,
δm = p − t M
L Fa (2)p 1000
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where p is the average point gap and t is the bond line thickness. M is the metal displacement at 1000 lbf, as found in the all-aluminum dummy sample [1 and 4], and L is the load at displacement δa. Fa is the relationship between the all-aluminum correction factor and the simulated bond line thickness for tsimulated given by equation 3a or 3b [6].
Fa = −1.73tsimulated + 1.065 [t ~ inches] (3a)
Fa = −0.0683 ⋅ tsimulated + 1.065 [t ~ mm] (3b)
The shear strain, γi, at each point is calculated using equation 4, taken from the ASTM D 5656 standard, assuming a small-angle theory,
δ −δa mγ i = t (4)
where δa is the measured displacement of the KGR-type extensometer and δm is the ASTM correction factor for the adherend displacement that occurs between the measuring points and the adherend/adhesive interface.
The slope of the shear stress-strain curve in the initial linear range (figure 8) is the adhesive shear modulus, G. The adhesive shear modulus is found by
∆τG = ∆γ
(5)
where ∆τ is the adhesive shear stress variation in the linear range and ∆γ is the adhesive shear stress variation in the linear range. To find the initial shear modulus from the adhesive shear stress-strain graph, a curve fit was applied to the initial linear section of the stress-strain curve. This is illustrated in figure 8, where the data points for the average reading of both KGR-type devices was curve fit. The slope of this line is defined as the adhesive shear modulus, G, in this report.
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Y = M*X + C
Shear Strain
FIGURE 8. TYPICAL SHEAR STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR ADHESIVES
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Shea
r St
ress
(psi
)
As seen from figure 8, one of the most distinguishing features of the test results using the ASTM D 5656 test method is the ability to characterize the adhesive shear response in the nonlinear range. These nonlinear results are extremely hard or impossible to obtain using other standard test methods and make the data presented in the report very valuable. This nonlinear data is needed for analytical models to predict failure of bonded joints.
5.5 FAILURE MODES OF ADHESIVE JOINTS.
To gain a full understanding of the properties of the adhesive and the joint being investigated, the mode of failure must be characterized. In adhesive technology, there are three typical characterizations for the failure mode of an adhesive joint (figure 9).
• Cohesive failure is characterized by failure of the adhesive itself.
• Adhesive failure is characterized by a failure of the joint at the adhesive/adherend interface and is typically caused by inadequate surface preparation, chemically and/or mechanically. Specimens that fail adhesively tend to have excessive peel stresses that lead to failure and often do not yield a strength value for the adhesive joint but rather indicate unsuitable surface qualities of the adherend.
• Substrate failure is characterized by failure of the adherend instead of the adhesive. In metals, this occurs when the adherend yields. In composites, the laminate typically fails by way of interlamina failure, i.e., when the matrix between plies fails. In substrates, failure occurs when the adhesive is stronger than the adherend in the joint being tested.
FIGURE 9. FAILURE MODES OF ADHESIVE TEST SPECIMENS
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.
The apparent shear strength and shear modulus results for film and paste adhesives are summarized in tables 2 and 3, respectively. These results reflect the average value obtained from
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two or three replicates. Figures 10 through 13 illustrate the apparent shear strength and shear modulus results for various adhesives. The details of the results presented in figures 10-13 are presented in appendix A, which show the characteristic stress-strain curves of each individual test. The results presented in appendix A are the primary goal of this report and are merely summarized on a comparative basis in figures 10-13. Appendix B shows a similar summary
hich presents the results from tables 2 and 3 in a graphical format for each adhesive.
The apparent shear strength and shear modulus indicated a significant decrease as the adhesives
me o bration in extensometer ata; consequently, additional specimens were tested. The following sections summarize the
6.1 FIL
w
were exposed to heat and moisture. The environmental effects on these two adhesive properties follow the general trend, RTD > ETD > ETW, which was observed in previous experimental data [4]. So f the shear modulus results were not reported, due to excessive vidresults for film and paste adhesives.
M ADHESIVES.
for AF 126, EA 9628, FM 73, and FM 300 were fabPanels ricated with spacers to provide an ven thickness distribution. For the thick bond lines, the use of spacers is imperative to obtain a
producpresentadhesiv e
ast reduction (17.6%) at ETD. The FM 300 adhesive system performed better at both ETD and ETW conditions compared to others selected in this investigation. In addition, the shear strength of FM 300 at RTD conditions was the highest (6.8 ksi), and the shear modulus was 0.142 Msi. Shear strength and modulus results for FM 73 were among the lowest test values obtained in this investigation. Even though AF 126 had higher values under RTD conditions, it had the lowest test results under ETD and ETW conditions. Compared to RTD conditions, shear strength of AF 126 under RTD and ETW conditions dropped 38.4% and 80.2%, respectively. The shear modulus of AF 126 under ETD and ETW conditions also dropped 82.3% and 98%, respectively. As bond line thickness increased, failure modes indicated greater adhesive failure and a significant drop in apparent shear strength for all environmental conditions. EA 9628 failure modes were mostly cohesive and not significantly affected by bond line thickness or environmental conditions. 6.2 PASTE ADHESIVES
euniform baseline. Except for FM 73 (RTD) where the strengths were equal, thinner bond lines
ed higher shear strength results than thicker bond lines. This agrees with the data ed in reference 4. When compared to RTD conditions, the shear strength of EA 9628 film es had the least reduction (8.7%) at ETD, while the shear modulus of EA 9695 had th
le
.
Except unde hest among aste adhesives. In addition, this adhesive had the highest retention (with respect to RTD) under
of EA 9392 had the highest retention (with respect to RTD) under ETW condition.
r ETD conditions, EA 9394 shear strength and modulus were the higpETD conditions. The shear strength
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4.27
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53
0.05
34
EA 9
695
0.01
1 1
6.48
16
0.14
16
5.49
93
0.08
11
5.34
12
0.07
88
EA 9
695
0.03
4 2
5.94
97
0.13
32
4.97
12
0.08
10
4.73
14
0.08
04
EA 9
696
0.01
1
6.75
82
0.11
79
5.51
99
0.05
64
4.71
51
0.04
27
FM 3
00
0.01
4 1
6.80
42
0.11
50
5.30
61
0.08
36
5.00
03
0.08
26
FM 3
00
0.03
3 2
6.72
60
0.12
78
4.67
95
0.08
41
4.45
69
0.07
96
FM 7
3 0.
019
1 4.
9333
0.
0878
3.
5780
0.
0322
2.
4119
0.
0117
FM 7
3 0.
028
2 5.
0695
0.
0772
3.
2015
0.
0256
1.
3772
0.
0045
14
N
OTE
: **
- Ex
cess
ive
vibr
atio
n in
ext
enso
met
er d
ata
15
TAB
LE 3
. A
VER
AG
E SH
EAR
STR
ENG
TH A
ND
SH
EAR
MO
DU
LUS
FOR
PA
STE
AD
HES
IVES
RT
D
ET
D
ET
W
Adh
esiv
e N
ame
Avg
. Bon
d lin
e T
hick
ness
C
ure
Cyc
le
Pane
l N
umbe
rSt
reng
th(k
si)
Mod
ulus
(M
si)
Stre
ngth
(ksi
) M
odul
us(M
si)
Stre
ngth
(ksi
) M
odul
us(M
si)
EA 9
309.
3 N
A
0.04
0
4.
2210
0.
0932
0.
9552
**
0.
6597
0.
0009
EA 9
346.
5 0.
044
5.51
58
0.10
43
4.14
99
0.05
33
3.17
79
0.04
78
EA 9
359.
3 0.
032
1
3.27
16
0.08
09
0.91
63
0.03
08
0.72
66
0.01
30
EA 9
359.
3 0.
038
2
4.36
99
0.11
45
1.65
52
0.03
06
1.19
79
0.01
57
EA 9
360
0.03
6 1
1
1 2
4.86
13
0.09
21
2.63
26
0.04
84
1.77
73
0.04
23
EA 9
360
0.03
2 3.
8758
0.
0918
2.
0457
0.
0510
1.
7826
0.
0430
EA 9
360
0.05
1 2
2 4.
0690
0.
1053
2.
3427
0.
0568
1.
7702
0.
0535
EA 9
392
0.03
3 1
5.
6257
0.
0982
2.
6520
0.
0668
3.
0793
0.
0598
EA 9
392
0.04
2 2
5.
5889
0.
1500
3.
4632
0.
0924
3.
7709
0.
0775
EA 9
394
0.
042
6.15
55
0.17
53
3.56
53
0.13
53
4.08
56
0.09
87
EA 9
396
0.03
4
4.
2492
0.
1012
2.
4954
**
1.
8653
0.
0589
MG
S L4
18
0.05
6
1.
7477
0.
0571
1.
0173
0.
0409
1.
0221
0.
0419
PTM
&W
ES
6292
0.
052
3.67
75
0.10
09
2.02
25
0.07
17
1.71
39
0.06
90
3M D
P-46
0 EG
0.
045
4.32
08
0.09
54
0.44
00
**
1.34
04
0.00
11
3M D
P-46
0 N
S 0.
040
4.55
18
0.11
33
0.61
00
0.00
08
0.86
30
0.00
10
3M D
P-82
0 0.
051
3.73
43
0.08
66
1.09
98
**
0.72
80
0.02
02
NO
TE:
** -
Exce
ssiv
e vi
brat
ion
in e
xten
som
eter
dat
a
3
7
7
7 6 5
RTD
E
TD
ETW
16
Shear Strength (ksi) 4 3 2 1 0
126
FA
26
0
FM0
FM3
FM3
8
8
95
EA969
EA96
5
6
EA969
0
962
AE
962
AE
M30
F
1 FA
Film
Adh
esiv
e
FIG
UR
E 10
. EN
VIR
ON
MEN
TAL
EFFE
CTS
ON
SH
EAR
STR
ENG
TH O
F FI
LM A
DH
ESIV
ES
6
-
7R
TD
ETD
E
TW6 5
17
Shear Strength (ksi)
4 3 2 1 0
18
5. E
3 9. E
3 9.
A
0 E
0 EA 0
2 E
2 E
4 E
6 MG
S
820
-
GE D
246
0-
936
AE
936
A
36 9
939
AE
939
A
939
A
939
A
629
0 N
N
L4 S M
934
935
935
3
P D
6
9. 0
S
4
AE
A
A
E
93 AE
3M
P
P D3M
W &
3M
TP
Pas
te A
dhes
ive
FIG
UR
E 11
. EN
VIR
ON
MEN
TAL
EFFE
CTS
ON
SH
EAR
STR
ENG
TH O
F PA
STE
AD
HES
IVES
2
62
9
9
9
3
7
0.20
0.18
0.15
RTD
E
TD
ETW
18
Shear Modulus (Msi) 0.13
0.10
0.08
0.05
0.03
0.00
26
126
FA
968
AE
98
EA
965
AE
965
AE
966
AE
0
FM0
00 3FM
FM3
FM73
1 FA
Film
Adh
esive
FIG
UR
E 12
. EN
VIR
ON
MEN
TAL
EFFE
CTS
ON
SH
EAR
MO
DU
LUS
OF
FILM
AD
HES
IVES
939
9
82
RTD
E
TD
ETW
0.20
0.18
0.15
19
Shear Modulus (Msi)
0.13
0.10
0.08
0.05
0.03
0.00
18
5
3 9. EA935
3 9.
A EA
0
0 E
0 EA 2
2
EA939
E
4 EA 6 MG
S 3M
P-0
D
G -
622
6.
36 9
936
AE
936
A
939
A
39 9
60 N
4
3 N 9.
0 E
4
34 9
935
LS M&
6 -4
EA
S
930
AE
AE
EW
MDP
3MDP
3
TP
Past
e Ad
hesi
ve
FIG
UR
E 13
. EN
VIR
ON
MEN
TAL
EFFE
CTS
ON
SH
EAR
MO
DU
LUS
OF
PAST
E A
DH
ESIV
ES
Com460EG, DP-460NS, DP-820, and EA 9309.3NA iETW76.6% to 99.1%. At elevated temcaused scatter in the exdefor The additional 48-hour amimshear strength and shear mrespectively, for the second cure cycle. Inim 6.3 FAILURE MODES
Failure mdifferent enand ETW conditions. Figurdid not change with respect to a few cases where the failuinciden 7. SUMMARY
This report provides shear stress-strain data for industry. Inelevated temperature and m
20
pared to the results for RTD conditions, average shear strength and modulus for 3M DPndicated a significant drop under ETD and
conditions, ranging from 70.5% to 84.4%, while the shear modulus drop ranged froperatures, these adhesives indicated highly plastic behavior and
tensometer data. In addition, they indicated significantly high-shear mation at elevated temperatures (appendix A).
bient cure for EA 9360, EA 9392, and EA 9359.3 paste adhesives proved apparent shear strength and shear modulus at ETD and ETW conditions. The apparen
odulus of EA 9359.3 at RTD was improved by 33.6% and 41.6%, addition, the shear modulus of EA 9392 wa
proved by 52.8% for the second cure cycle.
.
odes of the specimen were found to be strongly dependent on the adhesives’ ductility at vironments. Appendix C shows the failure mode of each specimen at RTD, ETD,
es C-1 through C-3 show that the failure modes of some adhesivesthe environment. However, for the same environment there were
re mode did change. The apparent shear strength of each of these ts indicated significant change due to different failure modes.
.
several structural adhesive systems used in addition to ambient conditions, these adhesive systems were also characterized in
oisture conditions. The primary purpose of this report was to mthis data available for use in the industry for design and analysis of bonded joints. The test data generated in this study shows that adhesives become weak and ductile at h h temperatures and brittle at low temperatures. In general, the yield stress and modulus of all adhesives decrease with increasing temperature. The plastic behavior of adhesives at elevtemperatures caused scatter in extensometer data and significant shear deform Additionally, mechanical properties of adhesives were degraded by the absorption of moisture from humid environmental conditions due to either water diffusion to the adhesive or water migration to the adhesive-adherend interface. 8. REFERENCES.
1. ASTM D 5656—Standard Test Method for Thick-Adherend Metal Lap-Shear Joints for Determination of the Stress-Strain Behavior of Adhesives in Shear by Tension Loading, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1997, Vol. 15.06, pp. 470-475.
2. Bonded Joints, MIL-HDBK-17-1E, Working Draft, pp. 7-44 – 7-62. 3. Krieger Jr., R. B., “Stress Analysis Concepts for Adhesive Bonding of Aircraft Primary
Structure,” Adhesively Bonded Joints: Testing, Analysis, and Design, ASTM STP 981,
-
m
t
s
ake
ig
ated ation.
W.S. Johnson, ed., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, 1988, pp. 264-275.
4. Tomblin, J., Yang, C., and Harter, P., “Investigation of Thick Bond line Adhesive
Joints,” DOT/FAA/AR-01/33, FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center, Atlantic City International Airport, NJ, July 2001.
5. Tomblin, J., Harter, P., Seneviratne W., and Yang, C., “Characterization of Bond line
Thickness Effects in Adhesive Joints,” ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation, JCTRER, Vol. 24, No. 2, April 2002, pp. 332-344.
6. Yang, C., Huang, H., and Tomblin, J., “Evaluation and Adjustments for ASTM D 5656—
Standard Test Method for Thick Adherend Metal Lap Shear Joints for Determination of vior of Adhesives in Shear by Tension Loading,” ASTM Journal of
Testing and Evaluation, JTEVA, Vol. 29, No.1, January 2001, pp. 36-43. Stress-Strain Beha
21/22
APPENDIX A—CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSES
Characteristic shear responses of various structural adhesives are shown in this section. Curves were truncated at the shear strain of 0.3 radians for more clarity and focus on the initial region of the response. Therefore, the apparent shear strength presented in tables 2 and 3 may actually be more than depicted in the plots shown in appendix A. Figure 5 is repeated here for clarity and ease of using the plots in appendix A. Note that the last letter in the code represents the environment in which the response was measured.
Adhesive System A - AF 126 B - AF 163 C - EA 9628 D - EA 9695 E - EA 9696 F - FM 300 G - FM 73
L - EA 9309.3 NA M - EA 9346.5 N - EA 9359.3 O - EA 9360 P - EA 9392 Q - EA 9394 R - EA 9396 S - MGS L418 T - PTM&W ES6292 U - 3M DP-460 EG V - 3M DP-460 NS W - 3M DP-820
Specimen Number 1 – 7 per Panel
Bond line Thickness/100 10 – 56 Accordingly
Adhesive Type F – Film P – Paste
Panel Number 1 – 3 per Adhesive system
Test Condition A – RTD G – ETD (180°F)F – ETW (180°F)
Cure Cycles 1 – 2 Accordingly
X X X X X X X X
A-1
0
10 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 0 . 10 0 . 15 0 . 2 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 3 0
Shear Strain
Shea
r St
ress
(psi
) A11F0 11AA11F0 12 AA11F0 13 GA11F0 14 GA11F0 17 GA11F0 15 FA11F0 16 FETD
ETW
RTD
FIGURE A-1. CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF AF 126 FILM ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.013″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
FIGURE A-2. CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF AF 126 FILM ADHESIVE
(BOND LINE = 0.042″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
0
10 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 0 .0 5 0 . 10 0 . 15 0 . 2 0 0 .2 5 0 . 3 0
Shear Strain
Shea
r St
ress
(psi
) A12 F0 4 1AA12 F0 4 2 AA12 F0 4 7 AA12 F0 4 3 GA12 F0 4 4 GA12 F0 4 5 FA12 F0 4 6 F
ETD
ETW
RTD
A-2
0
10 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0 .0 0 0 .0 5 0 .10 0 . 15 0 . 2 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 3 0
Shear Strain
Shea
r St
ress
(psi
)
C11F0 2 1A
C11F0 2 2 A
C11F0 2 7 A
C11F0 2 5 F
C11F0 2 6 FETW
RTD
FIGURE A-3. CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF EA 9628 FILM ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.010″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
0
10 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 0 . 10 0 . 15 0 . 2 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 3 0
Shear Strain
Shea
r St
ress
(psi
)
C12 F0 3 1A
C12 F0 3 2 A
C12 F0 3 3 G
C12 F0 3 4 G
C12 F0 3 5 F
C12 F0 3 6 F
ETD
ETW
RTD
FIGURE A-4. CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF EA 9628 FILM ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.031″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
A-3
0
10 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0 .0 0 0 .0 5 0 . 10 0 . 15 0 . 2 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 3 0
Shear Strain
Shea
r St
ress
(psi
)
D11F0 11A
D11F0 12 A
D11F0 13 G
D11F0 14 G
D11F0 15 F
D117 0 16 F
ETD
ETW
RTD
FIGURE A-5. CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF EA 9695 FILM ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.011″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
0
10 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 0 . 10 0 . 15 0 .2 0 0 . 2 5 0 .3 0
Shear Strain
Shea
r St
ress
(psi
)
D12 F0 3 2 A
D12 F0 3 7 A
D12 F0 3 3 G
D12 F0 3 4 G
D12 F0 3 5 F
D12 F0 3 6 F
ETD
ETW
RTD
FIGURE A-6. CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF EA 9695 FILM ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.034″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
A-4
FIGURE A-7. CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF EA 9696 FILM ADHESIVE
(BOND LINE = 0.011″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
0
10 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0 .0 0 0 .0 5 0 .10 0 . 15 0 .2 0 0 .2 5 0 . 3 0
Shear Strain
Shea
r St
ress
(psi
)E11F0 11A
E11F0 17 A
E11F0 13 G
E11F0 14 G
E11F0 15 F
E11F0 16 F
ETD
ETW
RTD
0
10 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 0 . 10 0 . 15 0 . 2 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 3 0
Shear Strain
Shea
r St
ress
(psi
)
F11F0 11A
F11F0 12 A
F11F0 13 G
F11F0 14 G
F11F0 15 F
F11F0 16 F
ETD
ETW
RTD
FIGURE A-8. CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF FM 300 FILM ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.014″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
A-5
0 .
0
10 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 0 . 10 15 0 . 2 0 0 .2 5 0 .3 0
Shear Strain
Shea
r St
ress
(psi
)
F12 F0 3 1A
F12 F0 3 2 A
F12 F0 3 3 G
F12 F0 3 4 G
F12 F0 3 6 F
F12 F0 3 7 F
ETD
ETW
RTD
FIGURE A-9. CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF FM 300 FILM ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.033″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
0
10 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 0 . 10 0 . 15 0 . 2 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 3 0
Shear Strain
Shea
r St
ress
(psi
)
G11F0 11AG11F0 12 AG11F0 13 GG11F0 14 GG11F0 17 GG11F0 15 FG11F0 16 FETD
ETW
RTD
FIGURE A-10. CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF FM 300 FILM ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.019″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
A-6
0
10 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 0 . 10 0 . 15 0 . 2 0 0 .2 5 0 .3 0
Shear Strain
Shea
r St
ress
(psi
)
G12 F0 3 1AG12 F0 3 2 AG12 F0 3 3 GG12 F0 3 4 GG12 F0 3 7 GG12 F0 3 5 FG12 F0 3 6 FETD
ETW
RTD
FIGURE A-11. CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF FM 300 FILM ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.028″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
0
10 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 0 .0 5 0 .10 0 .15 0 .2 0 0 .2 5 0 . 3 0
Shear Strain
Shea
r St
ress
(psi
)
L11P 0 4 1A
L11P 0 4 7 A
L11P 0 4 3 G
L11P 0 4 4 G
L11P 0 4 5 F
L11P 0 4 6 F
ETD ETW
RTD
FIGURE A-12. CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF EA 9309.3NA PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.040″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
A-7
0 .
0
10 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 0 . 10 15 0 . 2 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 3 0
Shear Strain
Shea
r St
ress
(psi
)
M11P 0 4 1A
M11P 0 4 2 A
M11P 0 4 3 G
M11P 0 4 4 G
M11P 0 4 5 F
M11P 0 4 6 FETD
ETW
RTD
FIGURE A-13. CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF EA 9346.5 PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.044″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
0
10 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 0 . 10 0 . 15 0 . 2 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 3 0
Shear Strain
Shea
r St
ress
(psi
)
N11P 0 3 1A
N11P 0 3 2 A
N11P 0 3 7 G
N11P 0 3 5 F
N11P 0 3 6 FETD
ETW
RTD
FIGURE A-14. CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF EA 9359.3 PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.032″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
A-8
0
10 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0 .0 0 0 .0 5 0 . 10 0 . 15 0 .2 0 0 . 2 5 0 .3 0
Shear Strain
Shea
r St
ress
(psi
)
N2 1P 0 3 2 A
N2 1P 0 3 3 A
N2 1P 0 3 4 G
N2 1P 0 3 1G
N2 1P 0 3 6 F
N2 1P 0 3 7 FETD
ETW
RTD
FIGURE A-15. CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF EA 9359.3 PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.038″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
0
10 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0 .0 0 0 .0 5 0 .10 0 . 15 0 .2 0 0 .2 5 0 .3 0
Shear Strain
Shea
r St
ress
(psi
)
O11P 0 3 1A
O11P 0 3 2 A
O11P 0 3 3 G
O11P 0 3 4 G
O11P 0 3 5 F
O11P 0 3 6 F
ETD
ETW
RTD
FIGURE A-16. CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF EA 9360 PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.036″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
A-9
0
10 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 0 . 10 0 . 15 0 . 2 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 3 0
Shear Strain
Shea
r St
ress
(psi
)
O 12 P 0 5 1A
O 12 P 0 5 2 A
O 12 P 0 5 3 G
O 12 P 0 5 4 G
O 12 P 0 5 5 F
O 12 P 0 5 6 F
ETD
ETW
RTD
FIGURE A-17. CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF EA 9360 PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.032″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
0
10 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 0 . 10 0 . 15 0 .2 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 3 0
Shear Strain
Shea
r St
ress
(psi
)
O 2 2 P 0 5 1A
O 2 2 9 0 5 2 A
O 2 2 P 0 5 3 G
O 2 2 P 0 5 4 G
O 2 2 P 0 5 5 F
O 2 2 P 0 5 6 F
ETD
ETW
RTD
FIGURE A-18. CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF EA 9360 PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.051″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
A-10
0
10 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0 .0 0 0 .0 5 0 . 10 0 .15 0 . 2 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 3 0
Shear Strain
Shea
r St
ress
(psi
)
P 11P 0 3 1A
P 11P 0 3 2 A
P 11P 0 3 7 A
P 11P 0 3 3 G
P 11P 0 3 5 F
P 11P 0 3 6 F
ETD ETW
RTD
FIGURE A-19. CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF EA 9392 PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.033″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
0
10 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 0 . 10 0 . 15 0 .2 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 3 0
Shear Strain
Shea
r St
ress
(psi
)
P 2 1P 0 4 2 A
P 2 1P 0 4 3 A
P 2 1P 0 4 4 G
P 2 1P 0 4 5 G
P 2 1P O4 6 F
P 2 1P O4 7 F
ETD ETW
RTD
FIGURE A-20. CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF EA 9392 PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.042″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
A-11
0
10 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 0 . 10 0 . 15 0 . 2 0 0 .2 5 0 .3 0
Shear Strain
Shea
r St
ress
(psi
)
Q11P 0 4 1A
Q11P 0 4 2 A
Q11P 0 4 4 G
Q11P 0 4 7 G
Q11P 0 4 5 F
Q11P 0 4 6 F
ETD
ETW
RTD
FIGURE A-21. CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF EA 9394 PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.042″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
0 .
0
10 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 0 . 10 15 0 . 2 0 0 .2 5 0 .3 0
Shear Strain
Shea
r St
ress
(psi
)
R11P 0 3 1AR11P 0 3 2 AR11P 0 3 7 AR11P 0 3 3 GR11P 0 3 4 GR11P 0 3 5 FR11P 0 3 6 F
ETD
ETW
RTD
FIGURE A-22. CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF EA 9396 PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.034″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
A-12
0
10 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 0 . 10 0 . 15 0 . 2 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 3 0
Shear Strain
Shea
r St
ress
(psi
)
S 11P 0 5 2 A
S 11P 0 5 7 A
S 11P 0 5 3 G
S 11P 0 5 4 G
S 11P 0 5 5 F
S 11P 0 5 6 FETD
ETW
RTD
FIGURE A-23. CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF MGS L418 PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.056″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
0
10 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 0 . 10 0 . 15 0 .2 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 3 0
Shear Strain
Shea
r St
ress
(psi
)
T11P 0 5 1A
T11P 0 5 2 A
T11P 0 5 5 G
T11P 0 5 6 G
T11P 0 5 3 F
T11P 0 5 4 F
ETD
ETW
RTD
FIGURE A-24. CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF PTM&W ES 6292 PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.052″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
A-13
0
10 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 0 . 10 0 . 15 0 . 2 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 3 0
Shear Strain
Shea
r St
ress
(psi
)
U11P 0 4 1A
U11P O 4 3 G
U11P 0 4 4 G
U11P 0 4 2 A
U11P 0 4 5 F
U11P 0 4 6 FETD ETW
RTD
FIGURE A-25. CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF 3M DP-460EG PASTE
ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.045″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
0
10 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 0 . 10 0 . 15 0 . 2 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 3 0
Shear Strain
Shea
r St
ress
(psi
)
V11P 0 5 1AV11P 0 5 2 AV11P 0 5 7 AV11P 0 5 3 GV11P 0 5 4 GV11P 0 5 5 FV11P 0 5 6 F
ETD ETW
RTD
FIGURE A-26. CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF 3M DP-460NS PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.040″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
A-14
0
10 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 0 . 0 5 0 . 10 0 . 15 0 . 2 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 3 0
Shear Strain
Shea
r St
ress
(psi
)W11P 0 5 1A
W11P 0 5 2 A
W11P 0 5 3 G
W11P 0 5 4 G
W11P 0 5 7 G
W11P 0 5 6 F
ETD
ETW
RTD
FIGURE A-27. CHARACTERISTIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF 3M DP-820 PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.051″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
A-15/A-16
APPENDIX B—ADHESIVE APPARENT SHEAR STRENGTH AND MODULUS WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
AF 126 [Bondline = 0.013 inch.]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
RTD ETD ETW
Shea
r St
reng
th (k
si)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
Shea
r M
odul
us (M
si)
StrengthModulus
FIGURE B-1. APPARENT ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH AND SHEAR MODULUS OF AF 126 FILM ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.013″) WITH RESPECT TO THE
ENVIRONMENT
AF 126 [Bondline = 0.042 inch.]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
RTD ETD ETW
Shea
r St
reng
th (k
si)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
Shea
r M
odul
us (M
si)
StrengthModulus
FIGURE B-2. APPARENT ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH AND SHEAR MODULUS OF AF 126 FILM ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.042″) WITH RESPECT TO THE
ENVIRONMENT
B-1
EA 9628 [Bondline = 0.010 inch.]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
RTD ETD ETW
Shea
r St
reng
th (k
si)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
Shea
r M
odul
us (M
si)
StrengthModulus
FIGURE B-3. APPARENT ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH AND SHEAR MODULUS OF EA 9628 FILM ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.010″) WITH RESPECT TO THE
ENVIRONMENT
EA 9628 [Bondline = 0.031 inch.]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
RTD ETD ETW
Shea
r St
reng
th (k
si)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
Shea
r M
odul
us (M
si)
StrengthModulus
FIGURE B-4. APPARENT ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH AND SHEAR MODULUS OF
EA 9628 FILM ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.031″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
B-2
EA 9695 [Bondline = 0.011 inch.]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
RTD ETD ETW
Shea
r St
reng
th (k
si)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
Shea
r M
odul
us (M
si)
StrengthModulus
FIGURE B-5. APPARENT ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH AND SHEAR MODULUS OF
EA 9695 FILM ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.011″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
EA 9695 [Bondline = 0.034 inch.]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
RTD ETD ETW
Shea
r St
reng
th (k
si)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
Shea
r M
odul
us (M
si)
StrengthModulus
FIGURE B-6. APPARENT ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH AND SHEAR MODULUS OF
EA 9695 FILM ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.034″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
B-3
EA 9696 [Bondline = 0.011 inch.]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
RTD ETD ETW
Shea
r St
reng
th (k
si)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
Shea
r M
odul
us (M
si)
StrengthModulus
FIGURE B-7. APPARENT ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH AND SHEAR MODULUS OF
EA 9696 FILM ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.011″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
FM 300 [Bondline = 0.014 inch.]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
RTD ETD ETW
Shea
r St
reng
th (k
si)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
Shea
r M
odul
us (M
si)
StrengthModulus
FIGURE B-8. APPARENT ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH AND SHEAR MODULUS OF FM 300 FILM ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.014″) WITH RESPECT TO THE
ENVIRONMENT
B-4
FM 300 [Bondline = 0.033 inch.]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
RTD ETD ETW
Shea
r St
reng
th (k
si)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
Shea
r M
odul
us (M
si)
StrengthModulus
FIGURE B-9. APPARENT ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH AND SHEAR MODULUS OF FM 300 FILM ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.033″) WITH RESPECT TO THE
ENVIRONMENT
FM 73 [Bondline = 0.019 inch.]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
RTD ETD ETW
Shea
r St
reng
th (k
si)
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
Shea
r M
odul
us (M
si)
StrengthModulus
FIGURE B-10. APPARENT ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH AND SHEAR MODULUS OF FM 300 FILM ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.019″) WITH RESPECT TO THE
ENVIRONMENT
B-5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
RTD ETD ETW
Shea
r St
reng
th (k
si)
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
Shea
r M
odul
us (M
si)
StrengthModulus
FIGURE B-11. APPARENT ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH AND SHEAR MODULUS OF FM 300 FILM ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.028″) WITH RESPECT TO THE
ENVIRONMENT
EA 9309.3 NA [Bondline = 0.040 inch.]
0
1
2
3
4
5
RTD ETD ETW
Shea
r St
reng
th (k
si)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Shea
r M
odul
us (M
si)
StrengthModulus
FIGURE B-12. APPARENT ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH AND SHEAR MODULUS OF
EA 9309.3NA PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.040″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
B-6
EA 9346.5 [Bondline = 0.044 inch.]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
RTD ETD ETW
Shea
r St
reng
th (k
si)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
Shea
r M
odul
us (M
si)
StrengthModulus
FIGURE B-13. APPARENT ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH AND SHEAR MODULUS OF EA 9346.5 PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.044″) WITH RESPECT TO THE
ENVIRONMENT
EA 9359.3 [Bondline = 0.032 inch.]
0
1
2
3
4
RTD ETD ETW
Shea
r St
reng
th (k
si)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Shea
r M
odul
us (M
si)
StrengthModulus
FIGURE B-14. APPARENT ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH AND SHEAR MODULUS OF
EA 9359.3 PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.032″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
B-7
0
1
2
3
4
5
RTD ETD ETW
Shea
r St
reng
th (k
si)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
Shea
r M
odul
us (M
si)
StrengthModulus
EA 9359.3 [Bondline 0.038 inch.]
FIGURE B-15. APPARENT ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH AND SHEAR MODULUS OF
EA 9359.3 PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.038″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
EA 9360 [Bondline = 0.036 inch.]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
RTD ETD ETW
Shea
r St
reng
th (k
si)
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
Shea
r M
odul
us (M
si)
StrengthModulus
FIGURE B-16. APPARENT ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH AND SHEAR MODULUS OF EA 9360 PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.036″) WITH RESPECT TO THE
ENVIRONMENT
B-8
0
1
2
3
4
5
RTD ETD ETW
Shea
r St
reng
th (k
si)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Shea
r M
odul
us (M
si)
StrengthModulus
FIGURE B-17. APPARENT ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH AND SHEAR MODULUS OF
EA 9360 PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.032″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
EA 9360 [Bondline = 0.051 inch.]
0
1
2
3
4
5
RTD ETD ETW
Shea
r St
reng
th (k
si)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
Shea
r M
odul
us (M
si)
StrengthModulus
FIGURE B-18. APPARENT ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH AND SHEAR MODULUS OF EA 9360 PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.051″) WITH RESPECT TO THE
ENVIRONMENT
B-9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
RTD ETD ETW
Shea
r St
reng
th (k
si)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
Shea
r M
odul
us (M
si)
StrengthModulus
EA 9392 [Bondline 0.033 inch.]
FIGURE B-19. APPARENT ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH AND SHEAR MODULUS OF
EA 9392 PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.033″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
EA 9392 [Bondline = 0.042 inch.]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
RTD ETD ETW
Shea
r St
reng
th (k
si)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
Shea
r M
odul
us (M
si)
StrengthModulus
FIGURE B-20. APPARENT ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH AND SHEAR MODULUS OF EA 9392 PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.042″) WITH RESPECT TO THE
ENVIRONMENT
B-10
0
2
4
6
8
RTD ETD ETW
Shea
r St
reng
th (k
si)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
Shea
r M
odul
us (M
si)
StrengthModulus
EA 9394 [Bondline 0.042 inch.]
FIGURE B-21. APPARENT ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH AND SHEAR MODULUS OF EA 9394 PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.042″) WITH RESPECT TO THE
ENVIRONMENT
0
1
2
3
4
5
RTD ETD ETW
Shea
r St
reng
th (k
si)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
Shea
r M
odul
us (M
si)
StrengthModulus
FIGURE B-22. APPARENT ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH AND SHEAR MODULUS OF
EA 9396 PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.034″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
B-11
MGS L418 [Bondline = 0.056 inch.]
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
RTD ETD ETW
Shea
r St
reng
th (k
si)
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Shea
r M
odul
us (M
si)
StrengthModulus
FIGURE B-23. APPARENT ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH AND SHEAR MODULUS OF MGS L418 PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.056″) WITH RESPECT TO THE
ENVIRONMENT
PTM&W [Bondline = 0.052 inch.]
0
1
2
3
4
RTD ETD ETW
Shea
r St
reng
th (k
si)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
Shea
r M
odul
us (M
si)
StrengthModulus
FIGURE B-24. APPARENT ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH AND SHEAR MODULUS OF
PTM&W ES 6292 PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.052″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
B-12
3M DP 460 EG [ ondline 0.045 inch.]
0
1
2
3
4
5
RTD E
Shea
r St
reng
th (k
si)
FIGURE B-25. APPARENT ADHESIVE SH3M DP-460 EG PASTE ADHESIVE (BO
ENVIR
0
1
2
3
4
5
RTD
Shea
r St
reng
th (k
si)
FIGURE B-26. APPARENT ADHESIVE SH
3M DP-460 NS PASTE ADHESIVE (BOENVIR
B
TD ETW0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
Shea
r M
odul
us (M
si)
StrengthModulus
EAR STRENGTH AND SHEAR MODULUS OF ND LINE = 0.045″) WITH RESPECT TO THE
ONMENT
ETD ETW0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
Shea
r M
odul
us (M
si)
StrengthModulus
EAR STRENGTH AND SHEAR MODULUS OF ND LINE = 0.040″) WITH RESPECT TO THE
ONMENT
B-13
0
1
2
3
4
RTD ETD ETW
Shea
r St
reng
th (k
si)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Shea
r M
odul
us (M
si)
StrengthModulus
FIGURE B-27. APPARENT ADHESIVE SHEAR STRENGTH AND SHEAR MODULUS OF
3M DP-820 PASTE ADHESIVE (BOND LINE = 0.051″) WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
B-14
C-1
APPENDIX C—FAILURE MODES WITH RESPECT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
40
60
0
10
2015
40
20
75
10
30
10
90
1010
10
2025
8080
85
10
0
15
6060
5
60
40
100
90
8085
60
80
25
90
70
90
10
9090
90
8075
2020
15
90
100
85
4040
95
0102030405060708090100
A11F
01XA
A12F
04XA
C11F
02XA
C12F
03XA
D11F
01XA
D12F
03XA
E11F
01XA F1
1F01
XAF1
2F03
XAG1
1F01
XAG1
2F03
XA L11P
04XA
M11P
04XA
N11P
03XA
N21P
03XA
O11P
03XA
O12P
05XA
O22P
05XA
P11P
03XA
P21P
04XA
Q11P
04XA
R11P
03XA
S11P
05XA
T11P
05XA
U11P
04XA
V11P
05XA
W11P
05XA
SPEC
IMEN
NAM
E
% OF FAILURE
COHESIVE
ADHESIVE
FIG
UR
E C
-1.
FAIL
UR
E M
OD
ES F
OR
RTD
SPE
CIM
ENS
C-2
XG
10
20
1010
3025
55
25
80
20
57
15
60
07
0
1510
55
75
30
10
00
30
20
7
90
80
9090
7075
45
75
20
80
43
85
40
100
9310
0
8590
45
25
70
90
100
100
70
80
93
0102030405060708090100
A11F
01XG
A12F
04XG
C11F
02XG
C12F
03XG
D11F
01XG
D12F
03XG
E11F
01XG
F11F
01XG F1
2F03
XGG1
1F01
XGG1
2F03
XGL1
1P04
XGM1
1P04
XGN1
1P03 N21P
03XG
O11P
03XG
O12P
05XG
O22P
05XG
P11P
03XG
P21P
04XG
Q11P
04XG
R11P
03XG
S11P
05XG
T11P
05XG
U11P
04XG
V11P
05XG
W11P
05XG
SPEC
IMEN
NAM
E
% OF FAILURE
COHESIVE
ADHESIVE
FI
GU
RE
C-2
. FA
ILU
RE
MO
DES
FO
R E
TD S
PEC
IMEN
S
C-3/C-4
XF
0
25
0
10
2530
2525
60
30
55
70
80
0
90
10
30
10
60
70
60
10
00
30
2015
100
75
100
90
7570
7575
40
70
45
30
20
100
10
90
70
90
40
30
40
90
100
100
70
8085
0102030405060708090100
A11F
01XF
A12F
04XF
C11F
02XF
C12F
03XF
D11F
01XF
D12F
03XF
E11F
01XF
F11F
01XF F1
2F03
XFG1
1F01
XFG1
2F03
XF L11P
04XF
M11P
04XF
N11P
03XF
N21P
03 O11P
03XF
O12P
05XF
O22P
05XF
P11P
03XF
P21P
04XF
Q11P
04XF
R11P
03XF
S11P
05XF
T11P
05XF
U11P
04XF
V11P
05XF
W11P
05XF
SPEC
IMEN
NAM
E
% OF FAILURE
COHESIVE
ADHESIVE
FI
GU
RE
C-3
. FA
ILU
RE
MO
DES
FO
R E
TW S
PEC
IMEN
S