Dona Aña ET Studies By A. Salim Bawazir, Ph.D. and J. Phillip King, Ph.D., P.E Civil and Geological...
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Dona A Dona A ñ ñ a ET Studies a ET Studies By A. Salim Bawazir, Ph.D. and J. Phillip King, Ph.D., P.E Civil and Geological Engineering Department NMSU, Las Cruces, NM This project is funded by the Lower Rio Grande Water Users Organization and administered by the New Mexico Water Resources Research Institute
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Transcript of Dona Aña ET Studies By A. Salim Bawazir, Ph.D. and J. Phillip King, Ph.D., P.E Civil and Geological...
Dona ADona Añña ET Studiesa ET Studies
By
A. Salim Bawazir, Ph.D.
and
J. Phillip King, Ph.D., P.E
Civil and Geological Engineering DepartmentNMSU, Las Cruces, NM
This project is funded by the Lower Rio Grande Water Users Organization and administered by the New Mexico Water Resources Research Institute
Study Goal and ObjectiveStudy Goal and Objective
• Quantify, using diverse data, the consumptive use of water by crops in the Rincon and Mesilla Valleys
• Measure Evapotranspiration (ET) of the Pecan
GoalGoal
ObjectiveObjective
Study Goal and ObjectiveStudy Goal and Objective
• Identify major crops in the valleys that have been thoroughly researched such as Cotton and Alfalfa etc.
• Use historical crop yields and weather data to estimate ET based on Penman method (Jensen et al., 1990)- Penman method Vs. SCS Modified Blaney - Criddle Method
•Measure actual ET of Pecan
Crop Acreage and YieldCrop Acreage and Yield
• Data compiled from 1986 to 1995 and summarized by
Elephant Butte Irrigation District (EBID)El Paso County Water Improvement District #1 (EPWCID#1)Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District (MRGCD)
• Other Data Compiled and summarized from 1987 to 1997
Mesilla Valley (New Mexico)Mesilla Valley (Texas)Rincon Valleys
Crop Acreage Variability from 1978 through 1999Crop Acreage Variability from 1978 through 1999In the Mesilla and Rincon ValleysIn the Mesilla and Rincon Valleys
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Acr
eag
e
Other
Cereals
Lettuce
Onions
Chile
Cotton
Alfalfa
Pecans
Other, 1,585
Forage/Other Hay, 3,138
Alfalfa, 15,973
Pecan, 20,936
Cotton, 16,820
Vegetables, 6,467
Not Ordering, 25,720
2003 EBID Crop Mix
ET EstimatesET Estimates
Leyendecker Plant Science Research Center, about 24 km (15 miles) south of Las Cruces (lat 32o12'4.44" N, long 106o44'32.88" W; elevation 1168 m).
Horticulture Weather Station is located about 3.2 km (2 miles) east of Mesilla (lat 32o16′43.02′ N, long 106o46′15.6″ W; elevation 1183 m).
Temperature Comparison 1995
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
MonthT
em
pe
ratu
re,
OF
LeyendeckerNWSHorticultureGolf
Relative Humidity Comparison 1995
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month
Re
lative
Hu
mid
ity (
%)
Leyendecker
NWS
Horticulture
GOLF
Relative HumidityRelative Humidity
Ambient TempAmbient Temp
24 hr-Means Solar Radiation at Layendecker Weather Station, 1999 - 2003
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1 29 57 85 113 141 169 197 225 253 281 309 337 365
Day of Year
So
lar
Ra
da
tion
(M
J/m
^2)
Clear Sky, Rso
Extraterrestial, Ra
Solar Radiation, Rs
24 hr-means Solar Radiation at Layendecker Weather Station, 1999 - 2003
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1 29 57 85 113 141 169 197 225 253 281 309 337 365
Day of Year
So
lar
Ra
da
tion
(M
J/m
^2)
Clear Sky, Rso
Extraterrestial, Ra
Solar Radiation, Rs
Solar Rad.Solar Rad.
Alfalfa: Kc = 4.05E-01 + 1.11E-03(GDD) - 4.25E-07(GDD)2 + 3.56E-11(GDD)3
Pecan: Kc = 2.93E-01 + 1.11E-03(GDD) + 1.85E-07(GDD)2 -3.23E-10(GDD)3
Cotton: Kc = 4.24 E-04 +1.20E-03(GDD) - 4.62E-07(GDD)2 +5.77E-10(GDD)3
Crop Coefficient Based on Heat UnitsCrop Coefficient Based on Heat Units
Example:
26.43 (1.0 0.53 ) ( )s aETp Q G U e e
Penman Equation:
Blaney-Criddle Equation:
0.95(1 ) 2.68Q Rs Penman-Sammis:
ET K f tiET K K f
i0.0173T -0.314tiK 100
tPf
Alfalfa Alfalfa Pecan Pecan Cotton CottonPenman(48) Penman(Sammis) Penman(48) Penman(Sammis) Penman(48) Penman(Sammis)
ETo ETp ETo ETp ETo ETpYear mm/yr mm/yr mm/yr mm/yr mm/yr mm/yr
1983 1457.56 1781.59 1193.80 1463.96 786.35 946.951984 1428.07 1732.33 1304.73 1576.25 738.04 863.341985 1337.93 1644.70 1245.66 1540.09 749.11 897.461986 1275.27 1553.58 1179.04 1429.55 678.07 797.831987 1349.85 1653.45 1253.25 1571.08 746.02 895.731988 1318.21 1599.06 1194.74 1445.58 691.68 804.051989 1300.55 1596.04 1179.45 1447.26 696.47 820.791990 1359.40 1658.61 1250.65 1537.96 734.45 877.351991 1359.88 1680.92 1102.24 1361.84 704.07 846.771992 1460.98 1861.33 1339.05 1708.92 850.12 1061.241993 1352.80 1697.48 1272.08 1595.98 752.28 925.851994 1429.31 1802.08 1306.33 1636.37 787.42 970.161995 1498.98 1878.07 1391.75 1884.03 817.64 1086.871996 1414.41 1754.23 1327.16 1631.82 746.58 883.291997 1319.15 1605.93 1272.74 1556.91 716.43 845.791998 1333.05 1608.37 1227.57 1503.75 721.73 858.111999 1431.74 1718.17 1315.70 1554.60 719.79 847.322000 1303.80 1602.49 1224.51 1482.17 716.14 854.182001 1349.47 1529.64 1304.82 1480.77 757.25 832.612002 1362.88 1631.08 1305.23 1604.16 761.04 903.992003 1443.43 1790.92 1352.16 1648.27 840.53 1022.66
Mean (mm) 1375.56 1684.77 1263.94 1555.30 748.15 897.25Mean (ft) 4.51 5.53 4.15 5.10 2.45 2.94
Pecan ET Based on Penman Equation and CummulativePecan ET Based on Penman Equation and CummulativeGrowing Degree Days In the Mesilla and Rincon ValleysGrowing Degree Days In the Mesilla and Rincon Valleys
Alfalfa ET
YearSCS MOD
B-C B-CSCS MOD
B-C B-C
1983 49.20 56.62 41.77 44.251984 49.37 56.80 41.75 44.341985 49.47 56.84 41.88 44.511986 48.56 56.61 41.22 44.031987 47.60 55.87 40.26 43.721988 46.12 55.36 38.95 43.131989 50.88 57.65 43.10 45.071990 50.31 57.24 42.45 44.741991 47.30 55.93 40.08 43.511992 46.03 55.16 39.00 43.131993 52.65 58.47 44.69 45.531994 53.09 58.52 45.00 45.731995 50.04 57.31 42.60 44.591996 51.34 57.84 43.47 44.991997 50.03 57.14 42.37 44.681998 49.66 56.93 42.10 44.461999 51.99 57.99 43.98 45.272000 53.06 58.61 44.88 45.592001 51.61 57.91 43.68 45.33
Mean (in) 49.91 57.09 42.28 44.56Mean (ft) 4.16 4.76 3.52 3.71
Arizona Kc New Mexico KcYear Cotton Corn Cotton Corn1983 32.62 24.83 31.49 25.011984 32.17 24.68 30.40 24.581985 32.31 24.63 30.68 24.511986 31.87 24.17 29.64 23.451987 32.01 24.22 29.94 23.581988 31.17 23.56 28.08 22.111989 32.47 24.69 31.01 24.651990 32.31 24.65 30.68 24.591991 31.69 24.00 29.22 23.061992 31.63 23.71 29.12 22.481993 33.11 25.26 32.47 25.971994 33.31 25.49 33.03 26.571995 32.39 24.67 30.92 24.641996 32.66 24.93 31.43 25.191997 32.56 24.85 31.23 24.961998 32.64 24.83 31.41 24.941999 32.75 25.25 31.82 26.002000 33.13 25.19 32.45 25.762001 32.92 25.04 31.99 25.44
MEAN (in) 32.41 24.67 30.90 24.60ft 2.70 2.06 2.57 2.05
B-C SCS MOD B-C
PM PM-Samis B-C SCS MOD B-Cft ft ft ft
Pecan 4.15 5.1Alfalfa 4.51 5.53 3.71 3.52Cotton 2.45 2.94 2.7 2.57Corn 2.06 2.05
4.83* 4.75*(4.86)
Summary of Crop ET Summary of Crop ET in the Mesilla and Rincon Valleysin the Mesilla and Rincon Valleys
PECAN (ET) ?
ALTERNATIVE ALTERNATIVE ET METHODSET METHODS
• Eddy covariance methods – 3DECS and OPEC Systems
• LIght Detection And Ranging - lidar (Raman Water-Vapor Lidar)
• Heat Pulse Technique (Transpiration)
• Gas Exchange – Stomata Conductance
• Others
• Monitor Groundwater
• Soil Moisture• Meteorological
• Remote Sensing
ALTERNATIVE ALTERNATIVE ET METHODSET METHODS
Eddy Covariance
[ ]
[ ]pH c COV wT
E COV wq
NetRadiation
Soil HeatStorage
Sensible Heat
LatentHeat
Q
G
H E
Land Surface
Q G H E The Energy Budget:
Relative Humidity/Air Temperature
Evapotranspiration StudiesInstrumentation Setup
Lightning Rod
{
{
OPEC
Data LoggerEnclosure
Data Logger
Grounding RodSoil Heat Flux Plate
Soil Heat Flux Plate
Soil Temperature
Moisture Sensor
Solar Pannel
3D-SEC/Krypton
Net Radiometer
Wind Speed/Direction
Yaggi Antenna
Piezometer
Meteorological
( ) s aRn G f u e eE
2
2
9000.408 ( ) ( )
273(1 0.34 )
s aQ G U e eTETr
U
Penman-Montieth FAO-56 EquationPenman-Montieth FAO-56 Equation
Modified Penman EquationModified Penman Equation
or ET Kc ETr Kc ETp
Crop Coefficient
NORTH
SOUTH
WEST
EAST
PECAN TREE CANOPY APROXIEMETLY 16M (52FT)
ONE PROPELLER EDDY COVARIANCE SYSTEM (OPEC)
WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION
Q.7 NET RADIOMETER
CSAT
KH20
3D SONIC ANEMOMETER & KRYPTON HYGROMETER
A highly sensitive three-dimensional
sonic anemometer (3D-CSAT3) and a krypton hygrometer (KH2O) were
also installed at a height of 18.44 m (60.5 ft) as check
for OPEC system from June 11 DOY 162) through July 31, 2001 (DOY 212).
THERMO- COUPLEPROPELLER
OPEC SYSTEM
GROUNDWATER MONITORINGUSING WATERLOGGER
Sample Results - OPEC System
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
270 270.2 270.4 270.6 270.8 271
DOY 270 (Year 2001
Fku
x D
en
sit
y (
W/m
2)
Net Radiation
Soil Heat Flux
Sensible Heat1
Sensible Heat 2
30 - min means Fluxesat Pecan Tow er
GRAPH 1A
GRAPH 1-A
-86
-84
-82
-80
-78
-76
-74
-72
-70
-68
163 173 183 193 203 213
DOY
Wa
ter
lev
el b
elo
w s
urf
ac
e (
in)
DTW (in)
PECAN GROUNDWATER DEPTHPECAN GROUNDWATER DEPTH(June and July)(June and July)
IrrigationIrrigation
Pecan ET Monthly Totals Period Year 2001 Year 2002 Year 2003
n days
ET mm
n days
ET mm
n days
ET mm
January - - 13 14.82 31 33.30 February - - 17 21.39 28 47.41 March - - 27 31.89 31 46.81 April - - 30 105.84 30 109.73 May - - 31 184.15 31 182.35 June 12 88.80 30 236.03 30 240.14 July 31 237.64 27 188.09 31 239.97 August 31 219.71 31 209.03 31 220.10 September 30 187.23 30 171.61 30 174.84 October 31 142.73 31 113.84 31 125.46 November 30 48.88 30 41.13 30 44.44 December 31 26.03 31 32.66 31 14.22 Total
196 951
(37 in) 328
1350 (53 in)
365 1479
(58 in)
Pecan Evapotranspiration M easured in 2003
1 29 57 85 113 141 169 197 225 253 281 309 337 365
D ay of Year 2003
0
2
4
6
8
10
Eva
potr
ansp
irat
ion
(m
m/d
ay)
B
Measured ET of PecanMeasured ET of Pecan
1 29 57 85 113 141 169 197 225 253 281 309 337 365
D ay o f Year 2003
-260
-250
-240
-230
-220
-210
-200
-190
-180
-170
-160
Dep
th to
Gro
undw
ate
r (c
m)
24 -h r m eanIrriga tion In te rva ls
B
1 29 57 85 113 141 169 197 225 253 281 309 337 365
D ay o f Year 2002
-260
-250
-240
-230
-220
-210
-200
-190
-180
-170
-160
De
pth
to
Gro
un
dw
ate
r (c
m)
Irriga tion In te rva l
24-hr m ean
A
More Work and Future GoalsMore Work and Future Goals
• Improvement in weather data collection – Net radiation • Continue to collect Pecan ET measurements• Young Pecan ? • Leaf Area Index for Pecan• Measure Soil Moisture • Remote Sensing• Estimate amount of water applied – for management• Real Time Data Collection
