Domains- Kindoms -Phyla OH MY!
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Transcript of Domains- Kindoms -Phyla OH MY!
Domains-Kindoms-Phyla OH MY!
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The three domains in the tree of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
• Domains are above the kingdom level. – proposed by Carl Woese based on rRNA studies of prokaryotes– domain model more clearly shows prokaryotic diversity
A bit more Accurate?
Why 3, or any domains?
• Domain Bacteria includes prokaryotes in the kingdom Bacteria.
– one of largest groups on Earth– classified by shape, mode of
nutrition, need for oxygen, and diseases caused
– 3.5 billion years old, so evolution has been extensive
Bacteria are members of the domain Prokarya and are in a kingdom of their own: Bacteria
Bacterial cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells
Bacterial cells are found in a variety of shapes: coccus, bacillus, spirillium, vibrio
Bacterial cells can cluster together: diplo, strepto, staphylo
Bacterial cells have murein walls, cell membranes, 70S ribosomes in cytosol, and a nucleoid with naked circular DNA
Bacteria lack nucleus, mitochondrion, or chloroplast
Bacteria have many modes of nutrition within: photoautotrophic, chemoautotrophic, photoheterotrophic and chemoheterotrophic
Bacteria can do photosynthesis, respiration and fermentation depending upon species
Bacteria became endosymbionts in ancient times and evolved into chloroplasts and mitochondria
Bacteria can grow very rapidly, dividing every 20 minutes, doubling in both size and number
Bacteria move using flagella made of flagellin, but other methods of locomotion are also known
Bacteria reproduce by cell division: known as binary fission...not mitosis!
Bacterial recombination is achieve by conjugation, but bacteria can receive foreign DNA by transformation and transduction
Bacteria respond to light (phototaxis), food (chemotaxis), magnetic field (magnetotaxis), and to each other (conjugation)
– known for living in extreme environments
• Domain Archaea includes prokaryotes in the kingdom Archaea.
– cell walls chemically different from some bacteria
– differences discovered by studying RNA
Archaebacteria;• developed about 3.5 billion years ago and like to live in
enviroments like early earth• are prokaryotic• live in extreme enviroments such as deep sea vents, hot
springs or salty places• are all chemoautotrophic• are anerobic• are unicellular• Lack the peptidoglycan of eubacteria.• Have different membrane lipids than eubacteria.• DNA sequence of archaebacteria is more like those of
eukaryotes.• Based on DNA evidence, scientists have suggested that
archaebacteria may be the ancestors of eukaryotes.
• Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes.
– kingdom Protista ?????http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist
– kingdom Plantae– kingdom Fungi– kingdom Animalia
Bacteria & Disease• Pathogen - a disease causing agent.• Bacteria are harmful because they damagetheir host's tissues by:
• a direct attack on the host's cells.• releasing poisonous toxins.
• Heat and cold help protect food from bacterialcontamination.• Pasteurization is a common industrial practice thatinvolves heating the product to a temperature thatkills most bacteria.
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Bacteria and DiseaseDisease Pathogen Areas
affectedMode of transmission
Botulism Clostridium botulinum Nerves Improperly preserved food
Cholera Vibrio cholerae Intestine Contaminated water
Dental Caries Streptococcus mutans, sanguis, salivarius
Teeth Environment to mouth
Gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae Urethra, fallopian
Sexual contact
Lyme disease Berrelia burgdorferi Skin, joints Tick bite
Rocky Mountain SF
Rickettsia recketsii Blood, skin Tick bite
Salmonella Salmonella Intestine Contaminated food, water
Strep throat Streptococcus pyogenes URT, blood, skin
Sneezes, coughs, etc.
Tetanus Costridium tetani Nerves Contaminated wounds
Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lung, bones
coughs
Bacteria Spreads• By Air - airborne water droplets– sneezing, coughing, spitting - Most airborne diseases affectthe respiratory tract– Ex. TB, scarlet fever, whooping cough• By Sexual Contact– Ex. syphilis• By Insects– Examples• Lice- typhus• Ticks- Lyme disease• Fleas- carry bacteria that causes the Plague or “Black Death”• By Touch– Ex. Leprosy, Staph infections• By Contaminated Food/Water– Ex. Cholera, Salmonella and E-coli
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Helicobacter pylori is the pathogenic
bacteria that can causes stomach
ulcers
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Leprosy, caused by
Mycrobacterium leprae is a
bacterial infection that decreases
blood flow to the extremities
resulting in the deterioration of toes, ears, the nose and the
fingers.
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BOTULISM
Clostridium botulinum is an anaerobic bacteria that can sometimes grow in improperly canned foods. The toxin produced, is oderless and tasteless and can cause flaccid paralysis and death.
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CHOLERA
Cholera is caused by Vibrio cholerae a bacteria which commonly can be found in shellfish.
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DENTAL CAVITIES
Cavities are caused a bacterium found in your mouth called Streptococcus mutans which thrives on the sticky film called plaque. So brush your teeth!
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LYME DISEASE
Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi which is a bacterium that can be transmitted via the deer tick!
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SALMONELLASalmonella poisoning can be caused by the bacterium Salmonella spp. Can be found in some undercooked chicken, reptiles, eggs, etc.
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STREP THROAT
Strep throat is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, a bacterium that can inhabit the back of the throat, the tonsils and the respiratory tract.
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TUBERCULOSIS
Caused by Mycrobacterium tuberculosis. Complications include chronic weakening of the lungs, damage to other organs, and death.
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Common AntibioticsAntibiotic Mechanism Target bacteria
Penicillin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Gram Positive
Ampicillin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Broad spectrum
Bacitracin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Gram Positive – Skin Ointment
Cephalosporin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Gram Positive
Tetracycline Inhibits Protein Synthesis Broad spectrum
Streptomycin Inhibits Protein Synthesis Gram Neg. tuberculosis
Sulfa drug Inhibits cell metabolism Bacterial meningitis, UTI
Rifampin Inhibits RNA synthesis Gram Pos., some Neg.
Quinolines Inhibits DNA Synthesis UTI
Problems with Antibiotic Resistance• Bacteria reproduce quickly.– They mutate.• Antibiotics kill most of the harmful bacteria.• The few that survive will reproduce and are resistantto the antibiotic.• People cause Antibiotic Resistance– Overuse of antibacterial products.– Overuse of antibiotics, not finishing the full courseof treatment.– Use of antibiotics in our food supply - cattle,poultry etc.
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Viruses and Human Disease
Control and Prevention of spread. Vaccination & Antiviral drugs
Ex.) chickenpox vaccine, AZT, Acyclovir, protease inhibitors.
Emerging Viruses – exist in isolated habitats Do not usually infect humans unless
environmental conditions favor contact. Several viruses are now linked to cancers
such as leukemia, liver cancer, Burkitt’s lymphoma, cervical cancer.
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Jenner was a doctor in the 1700's and found that a certain milkmaid was immune to smallpox she worked around cows who had cowpox So he was able to develop a vaccine based on this information.
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This was the first kid who got smallpox vaccine which eventually led to the eradication of smallpox
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Dead viruses, vaccines, are injected into a healthy person which activates the immune system. This causes the immune system to have a 'memory' for detecting this harmful virus. If the person comes in contact again with the virus, the immune response is faster.
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HERPES VIRUSES
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After polio infections, the killer T-cell have destroyed the motor
neurons that are producing the virus. The result is a loss of
muscle control including the
diaphragm. The iron lung changes the pressure to pump air
in and out of the lungs.
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Which US President had polio?
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F.D.R.
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MYXOVIRUSES
BACK
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RHABDOVIRUSES
BACK
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RETROVIRUSES
BACK
An exception to the central dogma. Rna to Dna
AIDS- acquired immuno deficiency syndrome
Attacks your immune system
EBOLA virusEbola is the virus Ebolavirus (EBOV), a viral genus, and the disease Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), a viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF). The virus is named after the Ebola River Valley in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire), which is near the site of the first recognized outbreak, a mission hospital run by Flemish nuns, in 1976Hemorrhagic fever is serious and deadly. It can cause bleeding from orifices and can be transmitted through saliva and blood
References:
http://kdhellner.tripod.com/id15.htmlhttp://plantphys.info/organismal/lechtml/bacteria.shtml