Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system? · marine fishes request fish meal as...

Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system?

Werner Kloas

Department Ecophysiology & Aquaculture

6th WRHC Berlin 17-18 June 2015

by 2050 we’ll need to feed two billion more people - advanced food production e.g. high quality animal protein- BUT shrinking resources (space, water, nutrients: P, N), climate change,

overfishing of sea, negative impacts by unsustainable farming

Global demands require a change in concepts of water, energy and nutrient management – footprint reduction for the water-food-energy nexus:

Global challenge: feeding the world


waterresources

wateravailability food

energy

2

water saving, reuse, recycling

nutrient management, recycling

energy savings, alternative energies

Does (fish) aquaculture add resilience to the global food system?

Fish supply has great importance dependent on regions!36th WRHC Berlin 17-18 June 2015

Global fish utilization

Global fish utilization

7-10 mill tonnes12 mill tonnes

17 mill tonnes

6 mill tonnes

131 mill tonnescapture & aquaculture

173

mill

tonn

es

DiscardPost-harvest

losses

Direct Human Food8-fold increase ofproduction (since 1950)18.8 kg/capita/year

Fishmeal, Fish oil

Ornamental, Bait, etc.

modified from Bene et al. (2015), data from FAO (2012) and Shepherd & Jackson (2013)


Global meat production

Fish is globally the largest animal protein source for humans!FAO forecasts an increase of more than 25 mill. t fish/a until 2030!

FAO (2012)


Global fish productionFAO (2012)

Aquaculture is the fastest booming sector of agriculture! Any further increase in fish production relies completely on aquaculture!


Aquaculture fastest growing sector of agriculture mostly freshwater fish fish as high value protein for human nutrition limitations for space, freshwater, feed resources (fishmeal!) needs to be sustainable by saving resources - “blue aquaculture“

“Blue aquaculture“ - requests no contamination or use of landscape of natural ecosystems sustainable fish feed – alternatives for fish meal! minimizing/avoiding emissions (CO2, N, P,…) integration into agricultural production, bioeconomy organic pond/creek/lake culture of carp, trout,…sustainable but…

…limited space & freshwater resources, productivity too low for feedingthe world – sustainable alternatives?

How can blue aquaculture add resilience to the global food system?76th WRHC Berlin 17-18 June 2015

Advantages• indoor facilities independent of location rural/urban • intense production of fishes according to animal welfare• protection against environmental impacts, no emissions into ecosystems• most efficient use of freshwater (only 5-10% freshwater/d)

Closed recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS)

Disadvantages• high tech, high investment technology• fish “wastewater“ with high load of nutrients (N, P), sewage treatment

Aquaculture - saving water resources


600 –1,500 L

3,900 L

4,800 L

15,500 L

flow-through trout: ~ 220,000 Lcarp: ~ 5,000 L

RAS

Water footprint[ water L/kg biomass ] based on fish meal diet!


Aquaculture – reducing water foot print by RAS

~1

~2

~3

~8

Feed consumption[ kg feed/kg biomass ] (De Silva & Anderson, 1995)


Aquaculture - saving feed resources

1.8

3.1

3.6

19.4

Carbondioxide emission[ CO2-emission kg/kg biomass ] (Danish Ministry of Agriculture, 2008)


Aquaculture – reducing carbondioxide emissions

RAS produce 5-10%/d nutrients containing waste water!

Development of a sustainable ecotechnologyto integrate aquaculture and horticulture by value added chains to save water and to minimize emissions.

aquaculture (fish) + hydroponic (fruits, vegetables) = aquaponics

production of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and tomatoes - “tomato fish“

+

Improving sustainability of RAS


hydroponicnutrition film technique (NFT)

mech.

filter

biofilter

sediment

fertiliser

water/fertiliser (NO3 & P )/essential minerals/pHwater

fish rear ring

recirculation aquaculturesystem (RAS)

nitrification(NH4 -> NO3)

RAS water contains NO3 & P!Water use for 1 kg tomatoes?Field-grown: 100-300 L vs NFT: 30-50 L!

Improving sustainability of RAS


Sun,alternative energy

ASTAF-PRO - aquaponics system for (nearly) emission freetomato and fish production in green houses

aquaponics- sink for waste heat- CO2-fertilization

for hydroponic- value-added chains

for NO3, P, CO2 &water (2.7%/d)Sustainable

feed?

water regain by aircondition!

CO2

O2

one way valve


waste heat

CO2

14 14

biogas plantbiogas plant

1.3

3.1

3.6

19.4

Carbondioxide emission[ CO2-emission kg/kg biomass ] (Danish Ministry of Agriculture, 2008; own results)

-0.7

RAS vs ASTAF-PRO aquaponics:

net sink for CO2 in tomatoes


Improving sustainability of RAS by aquaponics

600 –1500 L

3900 L

4800 L

15500 L

Water footprint[ water L/kg biomass ]

based on fish meal diet!

RAS vs ASTAF-PRO:

~ 200 L water! NO wastewater!+ 5 kg tomatoes


Improving sustainability of RAS by aquaponics

~1

~2

~3

~8

16-23% protein/kg feed~12 MJ energy/kg feed



Feed consumption[ kg feed/kg biomass ] (De Silva & Anderson, 1995)

32% protein/kg feed~19 MJ energy/kg feed

protein/energy requests for nutrition!

Sustainable fish feed?Fish meal as ingredient is not sufficiently available!Alternative protein resources?Plant proteins cause increase ofwater foot print.Maggot meal (insects) to regainprotein from bio waste is moresustainable!


Improving sustainability by alternative fish feed

Sustainability of fish species by feed requirements

nutrition of fishes is mainly based on protein and lipids, not on carbohydrates! freshwater fishes need less energy (feed) for metabolism than marine species! marine fishes request fish meal as essential part of their diet omnivorous freshwater fishes can cope with alternative protein sources!

>> >

….THUS fishes differ markedly!protein/energy requests for nutrition in aquaculture

32% protein/kg feed 50-60% 70-80% protein/kg feed~19 MJ energy/kg feed ~25 MJ ~25 MJ energy/kg feed

freshwater seawaterNO fish meal needed! fish meal at least in part essential!


tilapia salmon halibut

1 kg fish produced tilapia salmon halibutProtein in diet 32% 60% 80%Fish [kg] for fish meal diet 1.5-2 3-4 4-5CO2 emission [kg] 1.3 2.3 3.0Fish meal replacement 100% 50% 50%Water foot print [L]based on diet protein Fish meal negligible negligible negligiblePeas dry 3000 3000 4000Soybean 2100 2100 2800Rape seed oilcake 1100 1100 1500Maggot meal (insect) negligible negligible negligible

Comparison of production of fishes in aquaculture

Protein efficiency:

CO2 emission: Fishes more sustainable than chicken, pig, cattle

Water foot print: depending on feed sources, plant proteins increase water foot print!

> > ~ > >

water footprint calculatedaccording to data fromMekonnen & Hoekstra (2013)

sustainable?


Aquaculture is globally the fastest developing sector of agriculture and the largest source of animal protein for humans. The increasing demands for fish production can only become accomplished by blue aquaculture.

How can aquaculture add more resilience to theglobal food system? – Perspectives

Improvement of resilience by blue aquaculture via sustainable feed, replacement of fish meal by alternative protein

sources - maggot meal (insects) from degrading bio waste!


freshwater species rather than marine fishes; best protein efficiency, lowest CO2 emission, lowest water foot print in RAS

integration of RAS into water-food-energy nexus; in front of any irrigation (globally 70% freshwater) (hydroponics, algae culture, open field), associated with alternative energy production, e.g. aquaponics

improving quality of used/polluted water sources such as grey water for aquaculture by simple bioreactors

Blue aquaculture can add more resilience to the global food system!

Thank you for yourattention!


CO2

O2

Sun,alternative energy

Improving sustainability of aquaponics – fish feed

Protein of overdonefoodstuffs or spoiltharvest is regained byblacksoldier fly larvae!Only freshwater fishescan grow normallywithout fish meal in their diets!

Sustainablefeed


one way valve

http://www.allmystery.de/img?n_pic=336129&prev=tbf31a6_lebensmittelpyramide.jpg

Does aquaculture add resilience to theglobal food system?

Red meat consumption per capita increases with growing income

World fish utilization

Vietnam - Pangasius >1 Mill. t/aeutrophication by effluents

Great demand for aquaculture products-> examples for non-sustainable aquaculture!

Southeast Asia –shrimps instead rice:antibiotics & salinization

myostatin inhibition (2010) additional gen human growth hormone!

Transgenic fishes:US FDA 12/2012

“Frankenfish”!salmon & conger

CongerMacrozoarces americanus

Fish meal for fish feed! Fish - animal welfare!

Non-sustainable aquaculture!Use of genetically modified organisms (GMO)!

Recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS)

(1) rearing tank(2) gauze filter(3) biofilter - nitrification(4) biofilter - denitrification(5) oxidation unit(6) recirculation tube

NO3 about 300 to 500 mg/lwithout denitrification ~ 10% water use/dwith denitrification ~4% water use/d

mech.

filter

biofilter

sediment

fertiliser

water

fish rea ring

nitrification(NH4 -> NO3)

one-way valve

“Separation“ ofaquaculture (RAS) and hydroponic systemsby a one-way-valve,no disadvantages - optimum productivities!

Improving sustainability of RAS - aquaponics

Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system? · marine fishes request fish meal as...

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