ED 082 067

TITLE

INSTITUTION

PUB DATENOTEAVAILABLE FROM

EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS

IDENTIFIERS

ABSTRACT

DOCUMENT RESUME

CE 000 387

Private and Commercial Pilot: Gyroplane. Flight TestGuide, Part 61 Revised 1973, AC 61-60.Federal Aviation Agency (DOT), Washington, D.C.Flight Standards Service.7348p.Superintend A of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, WaE Algton, D.C. 20402 (Stock Number5011-00066, $0.45)

MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29*Certification; Equipment; *Flight Training; *Guides;Standards; *Tests*Gyroplane Pilot

This flight test guide assists the applicant and hisinstructor in preparing for the Private or Commercial Pilot RotocraftCertificate with Gyroplane Rating under Part 61 (revised) of FederalAviation Regulations. It contains information concerning pilotoperations, procedures, and maneuvers relevant to the flight-testrequired for these certificates. Preflight Operations, airport andtraffic pattern operations, normal and crosswind take offs andlandings, straight and level flight, climbs, descents, turns, flightmaneuvering by reference to ground objects, maneuvering at criticallyslow airspeeds, cross country flying, and emergency procedures areoutlined. A suggested flight test checklist is included. (KP)

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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATIONFEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION

FILMED FROM BEST AVAILABLE COPY

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AC 61-60

uJFLIGHT TEST GUIDE

[Part 61 Revised]

PRIVATE AND

COMMERCIAL PILOT

Gyroplane

1973

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATIONFlight Standards Service

PREFACEPart 61 (revised) of Federal Aviation

Regulations, effective November 1, 1973, es-tablishes a new concept of pilot training andcertification requirerurnts. To provide a

transition to these revisr:d requirements. Part61 (revised) permits the applicant, for aperiod of 1 yea. .after the effective date, tomeet either the previous requirements orchose contained n Um revised part. AC 61-30A, Private ana Coni,rercial Pilot GyroplaneFlight Test Glii6* d tted 1972, outlines theprevious requirerp,,,t..

This flight test gu].- e: AC 61-60, has beenprepared by Flight S' andards Service of theFederal Aviation Adr.inistration to assist theapplicant and his instructor in preparing forthe flight test for the ts:ivate or CommercialPilot Rotorcraft Certificate with GyroplaneRating under Part 61 (revised). It containsinformation and guidance concerning thepilot operations. procedures, and maneuversrelevant to the flight test required for thesecertificates. A suggested flight test checklistis included for the convenience of those whomay find such a checklist useful.

In addition to providing help to the appli-cant and his instructor, this guide will beuseful to FAA Inspectors and designated

111

pilot examiners in the conduct and stand-ardization of flight tests. Persons using thisguide in connection with pilot training andflight tests should also refer to the applicableFederal Aviation Regulations; Airman's In-formation Manual; Flight Training Handbook,AC 61-21; Basic Helicopter Handbook, AC61-13; and other pertinent advisory circulars.

Comments regarding this guide may bedirected to Department of Transportation,Federal Aviation Administration, Flight Stand-ards Technical Division, P.O. Box 25082,Oklahoma City. Oklahoma 73125.

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CONTENTSPage

Preface iiiApplicant's Flight Test Checklist ixGeneral Information 1

Pilot Operations 9

l PREFLIGHT OPERATIONS

A. Certificates and Documents ___ 9B. Gyroplane Performance and

Limitations 10

C. Weight and Balance 10

D. Weather Information 11

E. Line Inspection 11

F. Gyroplanc Servicino 12

G. Engine and Systems PreflightCheck 13

II. AIRPORT AND TRAFFIC PAT-TERN OPERATIONS

A. Radio Communication and ATCLight Signals 14

B. Airport and Runway Markingsand Lighting 14

C. Operation on the Surface 15

D. Traffic Patterns 15

E. Normal and Crosswind Take-offs 16

Page

F. Normal and Crosswind Ap-proaches and Landings 17

G. Go-Around 1.8

H. High Altitude Takeoff 19

1. High Altitude Approach andLanding 19

J. Maximum Performance (Short-Field) Takeoff and Lat:ding __ 20

K. Soft-Field Takeoff 22L. Soft-Field Approach and Land-

ing 22M. Collision Avoidance Precau-

tions 23N. Wake Turbulence Avoidance 24

III. NORMAL AND CROSSWINDTAKEOFFS AND LANDINGS(Commercial)

A. Normal and Crosswind Take-offs 24

B. Normal and Crosswind Land-ings 25

IV. STRAIGHT-AND-LEVELFLIGHT, CLIMBS, DECENTS,AND TURNS

A. Straighc-and-Level Flight 25

B. Climbs and Descents 25

C. Turns 26

D. 720° Power Turns (Com-mercial) 27

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Page

V, FLIGHT MANEUVERING BYREFERENCE TO GROUND OB-JECTS

A. Rectangular Course (Private) _ 28B. "S" Turns Across a Road

(Private) 28

C. Eights Along a Road (Pri-vate) 29

D. 720° Steep Turns About aPoint (Private) 30

E. Gliding Spirals About a Pylon(Commercial) 31

F. Eights Around Pylons (Com-mercial) 31

VI. MANEUVERING AT CRITI-CALLY SLOW AIRSPEEDS

A. Straight-and-Level, Turns, andDescents 32

B. High Rates of Descent andRecovery 33

VII. CROSS-COUNTRY FLYING

A. Flight Planning 35

B. Conduct of Plaorre-d-Flight _: 36

C. Diversion to an Alternate 37

VIII. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

A. Partial or Complete Power Mal-functions 37

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Page

B. System or Equipment Mal-functions 38

C. Lost Procedures 39

D. Simulated Liftoff at Low Air-speed and High Angle ofAttack (Commercial) 39

ti

viii

APPLICANT'S FLIGHT TEST CHECKLIST(Suggested)

APPOINTMENT WITH INSPECTOR

OR EXAMINER: Name

Time/Date

ACCEPTABLE GYROPLANEAircraft Documents:

Airworthiness CertificateRegistration CertificateOperating Limitations

Aircraft Maintenance Records.Airworthiness Inspections

FCC Station License

PERSONAL EQUIPMENTCurrent Aeronautical ChartsComputer and PlotterFlight Plan FormFlight LogsCurrent AIM

PERSONAL RECORDSPilot CertificateMedical CertificateSigned RecommendationWritten Test Results ,

LogbookNotice of Disapproval (if applicable)Approved School Graduation Certificate

(if applicable)FCC Radiotelephone Operator PermitExaminer's Fee (if applicable)

ix

GENERAL INFORMATION

PILOT TRAINING ANDCERTIFICATION CONCEPT

Part 61 of the Federal Aviation Regulationshas been revised and upgraded to reflect thecomplexity of the modern aircraft as well asits operating environment. in the past, airman certification requirements could be metby training a student to pass a written testand then to demonstrate his ability to performpredetermined flight training maneuvers dur-ing a flight test. Rather than merely dupli-cating on the flight test the maneuvers usedfor training, the z:z..,w training and certifica-tion concept requires that the applicant re-ceive insruction in and demonstrate hiscompetency in all pilot operations listed inpertinent sections of Part 61 (revised). Apilot operation, as used herein, is a group ofrelated procedures and maneuvers involvingskills and knowledge required to safely andefficiently function as a pilot. The specificprocedures and maneuvers used to teach thepilot operations are not listed in Part 61(revised). Instead, the instructor is per-mitted to select procedures and maneuversfrom FAA-approved training publicationspertinent to the certificate or rating sought.

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The instructor indicates by, logbook endorse-ment that the applicant has demonstratedcompetency in all the required pilot opera-tions and considers him qualified to pass theflight test. On the flight test, the examineeselects the procedures and maneuvers to beperformed by the applicant to show compe-tency in each required pilot operation.

The procedures and maneuvers appropriateto the Private and Commercial Pilot Rotor-craft Certificate with a gyroplane rating arecontained in either Flight Training Hand-book, AC 61-21; or Basic Helicopter Hand-book, AC 61 -13; or are !lose generallyaccepted by gyroplane operators and ex-plained in this flight test guide.

USE OF THIS GUIDE

The pilot operations in this flight test guide,indicated by Roman numerals, are requiredby Part 61 (revised)§ 61.107 for the privatepilot and § 61.127 for the commercial pilot.This guide is intended only to outline appro-priate pilot operations and the minimumstandards for the performance of each pro-cedure or maneuver which will be acceptedby the examiner as evidence of the pilot'scompetency. It is not intended that the ap-plicant be rested on every procedure or ma-

The word "examiner" is used hereafter in this'guide to denote either the Federal Aviation Admin-istration Inspector or designated pilot examiner whoconducts an official flight test.

2

neuver within each pilot operation, but onlythose considered necessary by the examinerto determine competency in each pilot opera-tion. Certain procedures and maneuvers,pertinent, only to the private pilot applicantor only to the commercial applicant, are soindicated. Procedures and maneuvers not soindicated apply to both applicants.

When, in the judgment of the examiner,certain demonstrations are impractical, com-petency may be determined by oral testing.Throughout the flight test several procedures/maneuvers may be evaluated concurrently,i.e., traffic patterns, straight-and-level flight,climbs, descents, and turns.

This guide contains an Objective for eachrequired pilot operation. Under each pilotoperation, pertinent procedures or maneuversare listed with Descriptions and AcceptablePerformance Guidelines.

1. The Objective states briefly the pur-pose of each pilot operation required onthe flight test.

2. The Description provides information.on what may be asked of the applicant

_

regarding the selected procedure or maneuver. The procedures or maneuverslisted have been found most effective indemonstrating the objective of that par-

. ticular pilot operation.

3. The Acceptable Performance Guide-lines include the factors which will be

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517-424 0 - 73 - 2

taken into account by the examiner indeciding whether the applicant has metthe objective of the pilot operation. Theairspeed, altitude, and heading toler-ances given represent the minimumperformance expected in good flyingconditions. However, consistently ex-ceeding these tolerances before correctiveaction is initiated is indicative of anunsatisfactory performance.. Any proce-dure or action, or the lack thereof, whichrequires the intervention of the examinerto maintain safe flight will be disquali-fying. Failure to exercise proper vig-ilance or to take positive action to ensurethat the flight area has been adequatelycleared for conflicting traffic will also bedisqualifying.

Emphasis will be placed on procedures;knowledge, and maneuvers which .are mostcritical to a safe performance as a gyroplanepilot. Areas of particular importance includespatial disorientation, collision avoidance, andwake turbulence hazards.

GENERAL PROCEDURESFOR FLIGHT TESTS

The ability of an applicant for a private orcommercial pilot certificate, or for an aircraft or instrument rating on that certificate,to perform the required pilot operations isbased on the following:

4

1. Executing procedures and maneuverswithin the aircraft's performance capa-bilities and limitations, including use ofthe aircraft's systems.

2. Executing emergency procedures andmaneuvers appropriate to the aircraft.

3. Piloting the aircraft with smoothnessand accuracy.

4. Exercising judgment.

5. Applying his aeronautical knowledge.

6. Showing that he is the master of theaircraft, with the successful outcome ofa procedure or maneuver never seriouslyin doubt.

If the applicant fails any of the requiredpilot operations he fails the flight test. Theexaminer or the applicant may discontinuethe test at any time when the failure of arequired pilot operation makes the applicantineligible for the certificate or rating sought.If the test is discontinued the applicant isentitled to credit for. only those entire pilotoperations that he has successfully performed.

FLIGHT TEST PREREQUISITES

An applicant for the gyroplane pilot flighttest is required by revised § 61.39 of theFederal Aviation Regulations to have: (1)passed the appropriate gyroplane pilot writtentest within 24 months before the date hetakes the flight test, (2) the applicable in-

5

struction and aeronautical experience pre-scribed for the pilot certificate he seeks, (3)at least a second class medical certificate issuedwithin the past 12 months for a commercialpilot or at least a third class medical certificateissued within the past 24 months for a private,(4) reached at least 17 years of age forprivate or 18 years for a commercial, and(5) a written statement from an appro-priately certificated flight instructor certify-ing that he has given the applicant flightinstruction in preparation for the flight testwithin 60 days preceding the date of appli-cation, and finus him competent to pass thetest and to have a satisfactory knowledge ofthe subject areas in which he is shown to bedeficient by his airman written test report.

GYROPLANE AND EQUIPMENTREQUIREMENTS FOR FLIGHT TEST

The applicant is required by revised § 61.45to provide an airworthy gyroplane for theflight test. This gyroplane must be capableof, and its operating limitations must notprohibit, the pilot operations required on thetest. The following equipment is relevant tothe pilot operations required by revised§ 61.107 for the private pilot flight test, andby revised § 61.127 for the commercial pilotflight test:

1. Two-way radio suitable for voice com-munications with aeronautical groundstations.

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2. A radio receiver which can be utilizedfor available radio navigation facilities(may be the same radio used for com-munications).

3. Engine and flight controls that areeasily reached and operated in a normalmanner by both pilots.

4. Operating instructions and limitations.The applicant should have an appropriatechecklist, an Owner's Manual/Handbook,or, is required for the gyroplane used,an FAA-approved Gyroplane Flight Man-ual. Any operating limitations or otherpublished recommendations of the manu-facturer that are applicable to the specificgyroplane will be observed.

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PILOT OPERATIONSProcedures/Maneuvers

I. PREFLIGHT OPERATIONS

Objective

To determine that the applicant can ensurethat he meets pilot, requirements, that thegyroplane is airworthy and ready for safeIhL:ht, and that suitable weather conditionsexist.

Procedures/Mcneuvers

A. Certificates and Documents

1. Description The applicant may beasked to present his pilot and medical certifi-cates and to locate and explain the gyroplane'sregistration certificate, airworthiness certifi-cate, operating manual or FAA-approvedGyroplane Flight Manual (if required), equip .ment list, and required weight and balancedata. In addition, he may be asked to ex-plain gyroplane and engine logbooks or othermaintenance record:.

2. Acceptable Perform-.4nce Guide-line..? The applicant shall be knowledgeable

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regarding the locations, purpose, and sig..nificance of each required item.

B. Gyroplane Performance and Limita-tions

Description The applicant may beorally quizzed on the performance capabili-ties and approved operating procedures andlimitations of the gyroplane used. This in-cludes power settings, placarded speeds, andfuel and oil requirements. In addition, themanufacturer's published recommendations orFAA-approved Gyroplane Flight Manualshould be used to determine the effects oftemperature, pressure altitude, wind, anduoss weight on performance.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall be evaluated ofhis ability to obtain, explain, and apply theinformation which is essential in determiningthe performance of the gyroplane used.

C. Weight and Balance

I. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate the application of theapproved weight and balance data for thegyro2lane used to determine that the grossweight and e.g. (center of gravity) locationare within limits. Charts and graphs pro-vided by the raanufacturer may be used.

10

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on the basis of his ability to deter-mine the empty weight, maximum grossweight, useful load (fuel', passengers, bag-gage) by reference to appropriate publica-tions, and his ability to apply this informationto determine that the gross weight and centerof gravity are within approved limits.

D. Weather Information

1.. Description The applicant may beasked to obtain Aviation Weather Reports,Area and Terminal Forecasts, and WindsAloft Forecasts pertinent to the proposedflight.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall demonstrate thathe knows what weather information is perti-nent and how to best obtain this information,and that he can interpirt and understand itssignificance with respect to his proposed

E. Line Inspection

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate a visual check to deter-mine the gyroplane's airworthiness and readi-ness for flight. This includes all required

11

equipment and documents. A checklist pro-vided by the manufacturer or operator shouldbe used.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide -.

lines The applicant shall use an orderly pro-cedure in conducting a preflight check of thegyroplane. He shall know the significance ofeach item checked and recognize any unsafecondition.

F. Gyropi,.zno Servicing

I. Description The applicant may beasked to ,demonstrate a visual inspection todetermine that tl-e fuel is of the proper gradeand type and the supply of fuel, oil, and otherrequired fluids is ac2equate for the proposedflight. He should take appropriate action toeliminate possible fuel contamination in thegyroplane.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall know the gradeand type of oil and fuel specified for thegyroplane and be able to determine. theamount of fuel required to complete theflight. He shall know where to find all fueland oil fillers, and the capacity of each tank,as well as the location of the battery. Heshall also know the proper steps for avoidingfuel contamination 'luring and followingservicing.

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G. Engine and .Systems Preflight Check

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate a check to determinethat the engine is operating within acceptablelimits and that all systems, equipment, and

----controls are functioning properly and adjustedfor takeoff. A checklist provided by themanufacturer or operator should be used.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall use proper proce-dures in engine starting and runup and inchecking gyroplane systems, equipment, andcontrols to determine that the gyroplane isready for flight. Careless operation in closeproximity to obstructions, ground personnel,or other aircraft shall be disqualifying.

II. AIRPORT AND TRAFFIC PATTERN

- OPERATIONS

Objective

To determine that the applicant can safelyand efficiently .conform to arrival and de-parture procedures and established traffic

patterns at controlled and noncontrolled air-ports, and can accomplish takeoffs and land-ings competently under various field and

wind conditions.

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Procedures/Maneuvers

A. Radio Communication and ATC LightSignals

I. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate the use of designatedfrequencies and recommended voice proce-dures to report position and state intentionsregarding the flight and to obtain pertinentinformatics and clearances. Where appli-cable, he is expected' to use Airport TerminalInformation Service, Airport Advisory Serv-ice, Control Tower, Approach and DepartureControl, UNICOM, and ATC light signals.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall determine the typeof communication facilities available, selectcorrect frequencies, and use appropriate cons-munications procedures to obtain and acknowl-edge necessary information. Failing tocomply with airport .traffic procedures or in-structions without permission to do so shallbe disqualifying.

B. Airport and Runway Markings andLighting

I. Description Where available, theapplicant may be asked to demonstrate theproper use of direction indicators; and mark-ings indicating closed runways, displacedthresholds, taxiways, holding lines, and basicrunways. He is also expected to be familiar

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with taxiway and runway lighting, rotatingbeacons, obstruction lights, and Visual Ap-proach Slope Indicator (VASI).

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall know the meaningof standard landing direction indicators,markings and lighting, and how they relateto gyrophine operation. Failure to properlyuse these aids, creating an unsafe situation,shall be disqualifying.

C. Operation on the Surface

I. Description. The applicant may beasked to demonstrate safe operating practiceswhile in close proximity to other aircraft;persons and obstructions. Emphasis shouldbe placed on use of brakes and power tocontrol taxi speeds, proper positioning offlight controls for existing wind conditions,awareness of possible ground hazards, andcompliance with taxi procedures and instruc-tions. The applicant is expected to take extraprecautions when taxiing behind large aircraft.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall maneuver the gyro-plane on the surface without endangeringpersons or property or conflicting with asmooth and orderly flow of traffic.

D. Traffic Patterns

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate prescribed arrival and

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517 -424 0 - 73 - 3

departure procedures. He is expected tomaintain z.ppropriate altitudes, airspeeds, andground track consistent with instructions re-ceived or the established traffic pattern.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicL :nt's performance shall beevaluated on the basis of his ability to ma-neuver the gyroplane relative to the runwayin use while properly applying wind driftcorrections, maintaining adequate spacing inrelation to other aircraft, as well as main-taining and controlling altitude and airspeed.

E. Normal and Crosswind Takeoffs

1. Description The applicant may beasked to perform normal and crosswind take-offs. He should align the gyroplane with thedesired direction of takeoff and then acceleratefrom a stationary position into forward movement. Directional control should be main-tained, and aft cyclic applied as necessary tobecome airborne when the appropriate lift-offairspeed is reached. From this point, thegyroplane should be accelerated to best rate-of-climb airspeed.

In crosswind takeoffs, he should use rudderand lateral cyclic as necessary to correct forany drifting moment during the ground run.The "crab" method should be used when cor-recting for wind drift during the climb-outleg.

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The applicant may be asked to make atleast one crosswind takeoff with sufficient

crosswind to require the use of crosswindtechnique, but not in excess of the crosswindlimitations of the gyroplane used.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance of normaland crosswind takeoffs shall be evaluated onthe basis of power application, smoothness,wind drift correction, coordination, and di-rectional control. The applicant shall main-tain climb speed within ±5 MPH of the bestrate-of-climb speed.

F. '4ormal and Crosswind Approachesand Landings

Y. Description The applicant may beasked to perform normal and crosswind ap-proaches' and landings. The approachesshould begin at not more than 1,000 ft.above the surface and a constant airspeedmaintained, power off, throughout a 180°'change in direction. As the surface is ap-proached, the normal landing attitude shouldbe attained and touct. down made in thatattitude.

In crosswind approaches and landings, theapplicant should correct for wind drift bymeans of a slip or crab, or a combination ofthese techniques. As the surface is approached,a crosswind landing attitude should be attainedand ground .contact made with wind drift

17

correction applied. This correction shouldbe maintained during the landing roll.

The applicant may be asked to make atleast one crosswind landing with sufficientcrosswind to require the use of crosswindtechnique, but not to exceed the crosswindlimitations of the gyroplane.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance of nor-mal and crosswind approaches and landingsshall be evaluated on the basis of his landingtechnique, judgment, wind drift correction,coordination, power technique, and smooth.ness. He shall maintain the proper final ap-proach speed within ±5 MPH and touchdownin the proper landing attitude within the por-tion of the runway or landing area specifiedby the examiner.

Touching down with an excessive side loadon the landing gear and poor directional con-trol shall be disqualifying.

G. Go-Around

I. Description The applicant may beasked to perform a go-around just prior toflare for touchdown. He should initiate themaneuver by adjusting power and attitudeas na.nssary to establish the best rate-of-climbspeed. he climb should be maintained untilreaching traffic pattern altitude.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall perform a safe and

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efficient go-atuund. His performance shall beevaluated on his prompt and smooth applica-tion of climb power while establishing properclimb attitude and maintaining directionalcontrol.

H. High Altitude Takeoff

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate a high altitude takeoff.He should initiate this takeoff in the samemanner as the normal takeoff, except theground run will be longer. Rotation shouldbe initiated just prior to reaching best angle-of-climb airspeed. When lift-off occurs, thegyroplane should be accelerated near thesurface until reaching best rate-of-climb air-speed.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance of a highaltitude takeoff shall be evaluated on thebasis of power application, smoothness, winddrift correction, coordination, and directionalcontrol. The applicant shall maintain climbspeed within ±5 MPH of the best rate-of-climb speed.

I. High Altitude Approach and Landing

7. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate a high altitude approachand landing. He should establish a stabilizedfinal approach at normal power-off approachairspeed, but with sufficient power applied tomaintain an approach angle of 10° or less.

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Corrections to the angle of approach shouldbe made with throttle. As the gyroplanenears the surface, the landing attitude shouldbe attained and throttle reduced as necessaryto complete a smooth touchdown. Aftertouchdow,,. 'he throttle should be completelyclosed.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance of a highaltitude approach and landing shall beevaluated on the basis of his landing tech-nique, judgment, wind drift correction, coor-dination, power technique, and smoothness.He shall maintain the proper final approachspeed within ±5 MPH and touchdo,in in theproper landing attitude within the portion ofthe runway or landing area specified by theexaminer.

Touching down with an excessive sideload on the landing gear and poor directionalcontrol shall be disqualifying.

J. Maximum Performance (Short- field)Takeoff and Landing

I. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate a maximum perform.ance takeoff from a field with assumed ob-stacles. He should align the gyroplane withthe desired direction of takeoff, release brakes,and apply full power. He should rotate forlift-off just as the best angle-of-climb airspeedis reached. He should maintain that airspeeduntil clear of the assumed obstacles, then ac-

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celerate to the best rate-of-climb speed. Theapplicant should know and understand theeffectiveness of the best rate-of-climb and bestangle -of -climb airspeeds to obtain maximumclimb performance.

The applicant may be asked to demon.strate a short -field approach and landing fromover an assumed 50-ft. obstacle. He shouldestablish a final approach with a moderatelylow power setting, using an airspeed whichwill result in little or no floating during theflare. Touchdown should be made in a nor-mal landing attitude within the area specifiedby the examiner. As the touchdown is made,the throttle should be dosed.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on the basis of his planning, coor-dination, smoothness, and accuracy.

In the maximum performance takeoff,the liftoff and climb-out shall be performedwithin -.J-5 MPH of the best angle -of -climbairspeed until the assumed obstacle is cleared,and then the airspeed shall be maintainedsithin ±5 MPH of the best rate-of-climbairspeed.

In the short field approach and landing,the applicant shall adequately clear the as-sumed obstacle, and touchdown it the properlanding attitude beyond and within 100 ft.of a line or mark designated by the examiner.Loss of directional control during the landingroll shall be disqualifying.

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K. Soft-Field Takeoff

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate a soft-field takeoff. Heshould initiate this takeoff in the same manneras the normal takeoff, except the rotor discshould be held in a relatively high angle ofattack to lighten the load on the landing gearas soon as possible. Lift-off should be madeat the minimum possible airspeed, and thelanding gear held just clear of the surfaceuntil best rate-of-climb airspeed is reached.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance of a soft-field takeoff shall be evaluated on the basisof power application, smoothness, wind driftcorrection, coordination, and directional con-trol. The applicant shall maintain climbspeed within ±5 MPH of the best rate-of-climb speed.

L. Soft-Field Approach and Landing

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate a soft-field approach andlanding. He should initiate the final approachusing an airspeed compatible with the softestpossible touchdown. As the gyroplane nearsthe surface, the landing attitude should beattained and the touchdown completed assoftly as possible. Heavy braking should beavoided during the landing roll.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance of a soft-

22

field approach and landing shall beevaluated on the basis of his landing tech-nique, judgment, wind drift correction, coordi-nation, power technique, and smoothness. Heshall maintain the proper final approachspeed within ±5 MPH and touch down in theproper landing attitude within the portion ofthe runway or landing area specified by theexaminer.

M. Collision Avoidance Precautions

1. Description The applicant is ex-pected to exercise conscientious and contin-uous surveillance of the airspace in whichthe gyroplane is being operated to guardagainst potential mid-air collisions, In addi-tion to "see and avoid" practices, he is ex-pected to use VFR Advisory Service atnenradar facilities, Airport Advisory Serviceat nontower airports or FSS locations, andRadar Traffic Information Service, whereavailable.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall maintain continuous vigilance for other aircraft and takeimmediate actions necessary to avoid anysituation which could result in a mid-air col-lision. Extra precautions shall be taken,particularly in areas of congested traffic, toensure that his view of other aircraft is notobstructed by his gyroplane's structure. Whentraffic advisory service is used, the applicantshall understand terminology used by the

23

radar controller in reporting positions ofother aircraft. Failure to maintain propersurveillance shall be disqualifying.

N. Wake Turbulence Avoidance,

1. Description The applicant may beasked to explain how; where, and when wing-tip vortices are generated, their character-istics and associated hazards. He shouldfollow recommended courses of action to re-main clear of these hazards.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall identify the conditions and locations in which wingtip vorticesmay be encountered and adjust his flight pathin a manner to avoid these areas. Failure tofollow recommended procedures for minimiz-ing the likelihood of flying into wingtipvortices shall be disqualifying.

III. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKE-OFFS AND LANDINGS (Commercial)

Objective

To determine that the applicant can com-petently execute takeoffs and landings invarious wind conditions.

Procedures/Maneuvers

A. Normal and Crosswind Takeoffs (seeII, E, on page 16).

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B. Normal and Crosswind Landings (seeII, F, on page 17).

IV. STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT,CLIMBS, DESCENTS, AND TURNS

ObjectiveTo determine that the applicant can com-

petently maneuver the gyroplane while divid-ing his attention using-instrument and outsidevisual references.

Procedures/Maneuvers

A. Straight-and-Level Flight

1. Description The applicant may beasked to maintain selected altitudes, headings,and airspeeds using outside references andflight instruments. This may be demonstratedin conjunction with other maneuvers, i.e.,traffic patterns.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-:Ines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on his ability to maintain altitude,heading, and airspeed within the followingtolerances:

Private Commercial±100 ft. Altitude ±50 ft.±10 MPH Airspeed ±5 MPH

Heading ±5°

B. Climbs and Descents

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate climbs and descents.

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He should adjust power and attitude to gainor lose altitude at a specified rate and air-speed. During power changes, sufficient rud-der should be applied to counteract the effectsof torque. During level-offs, power and atti-tude should be adjusted to return the gyro-plane to straight-and-level flight. This maybe demonstrated in conjunction with othermaneuvers, i.e., traffic patterns.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on his ability to perform climbsand descents while remaining within the fol-lowing tolerances:

Private Commercial

±100 ft. Level-off altitude __ ±50 ft.±10 MPH Airspeed +5 MPH+10° Heading +5°

C. Turns

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate turns to the left and tothe right. He should apply sufficient lateralcyclic to bank the gyroplane as desired.Cyclic control should be used to maintain thedesired bank, and power and attitude ad-justed, as necessary, to maintain desired air-speed and altitude. During the roll-outsfrom *urns, power and attitude should be ad-justed to return to straight-and-level flight.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall be

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evaluated on his ability to perform turnswhile remaining within the following toler-ances:

Private Commercial

100 ft. Altitude _ 50 ft.±-10 MPH Airspeed ±5 MPH-±-10° Bank -±5°

D. 720° Power Turns (Commercial)

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate 720° power turns to theright and to the left. The angle of bankshould be between 35° and 45°. Power andattitude should be adjusted, as necessary, tomaintain desired airspeed and altitude. Turnentries and roll outs should be accomplishedaccurately and smoothly.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on his ability to maintain orienta-tion during the turns while remaining withinthe following tolerances:

Altitude ±100 ft.Airspeed +15 MPHHeading on roll-out -±I0°

V. FLIGHT MANEUVERING BY REFERENCETO GROUND OBJECTS

Objective

To determine that the applicant can ma-neuver the gyroplane at approximately traffic

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pattern altitude over a predetermined groundpath while_ dividing his attention inside andoutside the gyroplane.

Procedures/Maneuvers

A. Rectangular Course (Private)

1. Description The applicant may beasked to follow a rectangular or square coursearound and outside a selected area. He isexpected to correct for wind drift so that theground track is parallel to the sides of theselected area and equidistant from each side.A constant altitude should be 'maintainedthroughout the maneuver. This patternshould be performed both to the right and tothe left.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall readily select theground reference and maintain the desiredtrack in relation to that reference. Properlycoordinated turns, smooth control usage, anddivision of attention shall be required. De-viation of ±100 ft. from the selected altitudeshall be considered disqualifying unless cor-rected promptly. Also, excessive maneuveringto correct for wind drift, flight below minimum safe altitude prescribed by Regulations,and inadequate clearance from other aircraftshall be disqualifying.

B. "S" Turns Across a Road (Private)

L Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate a series of "S" turns

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across a straight ground reference line ap-proximately perpendicular .to the wind. Heis expected to plan bank variations to com-pensate for wind so that each half circle isequal on opposite sides of the line. At eachreversal of direction, he should cross the lineat a 90° angle in a level attitude. A constantaltitude should be maintained throughout themaneuver.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall readily selectground references and maneuver the gyro-plane in relation to these references. Prop-erly coordinated turns, smooth control usage,and division of attention shall be required.Deviation of ±100 ft. from the selected alti-tude shall be considered disqualifying unlesscorrected promptly. Also, excessively steepbanks, flight below minimum safe altitudeprescribed by Regulations, and inadequateclearance of other aircraft shall be disquali-fying.

C. Eights Along a Road (Private)

1. Description The applicant may beasked to maneuver along a ground trackstarting over and parallel to a road, thenperforming a 360° turn in each direction.He is expected to vary the bank to correctfor wind so as to arrive back over the roadat the starting point upon completion of each360° turn. The ground track should be inthe form of a figure "8".

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2. Acceptable Porformance Guide-lines The applicant shall maneuver thegyroplane so the loops of the eight are sym-metrical. Performance shall be evaluated onthe basis of proper wind drift correction, air-speed control, coordination, altitude control,and vigilance for other aircraft. Deviationof ±100 ft. from the selected altitude shallbe considered disqualifying unless correctedpromptly. Also, excessively steep banks,flight below safe altitude prescribed by Regu-lations, and inadequate clearance of otheraircraft shall be disqualifying.

D. 720° Steep Turns about a Point(Private)

1. Description The applicant, may beasked to demonstrate 720° 'steep turns abouta point, to the left and to the right.' Heshould follow a ground track in which thebank is varied to compensate for wind drift,so as to circle and maintain a constantradius from a prominent reference point onthe ground. The angle of bank should notexcee.d 45° throughout the turns. Attitudeand power should be adjusted during turnentries and roll-outs to maintain the desiredaltitude and airspeed.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on the basis of his wind drift cor-rection, airspeed control, coordination, alti-tude control, orientation, and vigilance for

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other aircraft. Deviation of more than ±100ft. from the 3e!,cted altitude shall be consid-ered disqualifying unless corrected promptly.Also, excessively steep banks, flight belowminimum safe altit, ,te prescribed by Regu-lations, anal inadequate clearance from otheraircraft shall be disqualifying.

E. Gliding Spirals About a Pylon (Com-mercial)

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate right and left glidingspirals through three full turns around a-selected ground reference point. He shouldvary the bank to compensate for wind driftso as to circle and maintain a constantradius from the reference point. The angleof bank should not exceed 45° throughoutthe turns.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on the basis of his wind drift correction, airspeed control, coordination, orien-tation, and vigilance for other aircraft.Excessively steep banks, flight below mini-mum safe altitude prescribed by Regulations,and inadequate clearance of other aircraftshall be disqualifying.

F. Eights Around Pylons (Commercial)

I. Description The applicant may beasked to perform right and left turns \aroundtwo ground reference points or pylons. The

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bank throughout each turn should be variedto correct for wind drift so as to maintain aconstant radius from the pylons. Theground track is in the form of a figure "8".

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall maneuver the gyro-plane so that both loops of the "8" are ofequal size. Performance shall be evaluatedon wind drift corrections, airspeed control,coordination, altitude control, and vigilancefor other aircraft. Deviation of ±100 ft.from the selected altitude shall be considereddisqualifying unless corrected promptly. Also,excessively steep banks, flight below minimumsafe altitude prescribed by Regulations, andinadequate clearance of other aircraft shallbe disqualifying.

VI. MANEUVERING AT CRITICALLY SLOWAIRSPEEDS

ObjectiveTo determine that the applicant can main-

tain effective control of the gyroplane whilemaneuvering at abnormally slow airspeeds.To determine that the applicant can recognizea high rate of descent and can accomplishprompt, positive, and effective recoveries.

Procedures/ManeuversA. Straight-and-level Turns, and De-

scents

1. Description .The applicant may beasked to maneuver the gyroplane at such air-

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speeds that effective control is minimized.Power and attitude should be adjusted asnecessary to decelerate to and maintain theminimum possible airspeed without loss ofheading or altitude. The maneuvers shouldinclude medium banked level and descendingturns, as well as straight-and-level flight.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall be evaluated onhis ability to establish the minimum possibleairspeed, and to maneuver and positivelycontrol the gyroplane while remaining withinthe following tolerances:

Private Commercial+10 MPH Airspeed 4.5 MPH±100 ft. Level flight +50 ft.

10° Heading ±5°

B. High Rates of Descent and Recovery

1. Desefipiion The applicant may beasked to enter a high rate of descent withpower off and demonstrate a recovery withoutpower. He should begin the maneuver. byclosing the throttle aml placing the gyroplanein a relatively nose.high attitude. When ahigh rate of descent is recognized, the recov-ery should be accomplished by lowering thenose and establishing a n_ ormal p:weroffglide.

The applicant may be asked to enter ahigh rate of descent with power off and dem-onstrate a recovery with power. He shouldbegin the maneuver by closing the throttle

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and placing the gyroplane in a relativelynose-high attitude. When a high rate of de-scent is recognized, the recovery should beaccomplished by adding full power and re-turning the gyroplane to straight-and-levelflight. As the airspeed approaches normalcruise, power should be reduced to maintainthat airspeed.

The applicant may be asked to to entera high rate of descent with full power anddemonstrate a recovery without power. HeShould begin the maneuver by placing thegyroplane in a relatively nose-high attitudeand adding full power. When a high rate ofdescent is recognized, the recovery should beaccomplished by closing the throttle, loweringthe nose, and establishing a normal poweroffglide.

The applicant may be asked to enter ahigh rate of descent with lull power and dem-onstrate a recovery with power. He shouldbegin the maneuver by placing the gyroplanein a relatively nose-high attitude and addingfull power. When a high rate of descent isrecognized, the recovery should be accom-plished by returning to straightand-levelflight. As the airspeed approaches normalcruise, power shoule be reduced to maintainthat airspeed.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall recognize the con-ditions which result in high rates of descent,and shall promptly, and correctly recover from

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those descents. He shall be disqualified if itbecomes necessary for the examiner to takecontrol of the gyroplane to avoid hazardoussituations.

VII. CROSS-COUNTRY FLYING

Objective

To determine that the applicant can preparefor and conduct a safe, expeditious cross-country flight.

Procedures/Maneuvers

A. Flight Planoing

1. Description The applicant may beasked to plan a cross-country flight to a pointat least 2 hours away, at the cruising speedof the gyroplane used. At least one inter-mediate stop. should be included. Planningshould include the procurement of pertinentand available weather information; plottingthe course on an aeronautical chart; selectingcheckpoints; measuring distances; and com-puting flight time, headings, and fuel require-ments. The Airman's Information Manualshould be used as a reference for airport in-formation, NOTAMS, and such other appro-priate gukance as may be extracted from itscontents.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines All flight planning operations shall bemeaningful, accurate, and applicable to the

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trip proposed. The applicant shall explainhis plan for the flight, verify his calculations,and present his sources of information anddata.

B. Conduct of Planned Flight

1. Description The applicant may beasked to perform the planned flight usingpilotage, dead reckoning, and VOR or ADFradio aids as appropriate to the equipmentin the gyroplane. He should make good thedesired track, determine position by referenceto landmarks, and calculate estimated timesof arrival over checkpoints. He may also beasked to intercept and follow a VOR radial,or an NDB bearing using ADF, recognizestation passage, and determine position bymeans of cross bearings.

The applicant should set out on the cross-country flight vihich he has planned beforetakeoff. The planned course should be fol-lowed at least until the applicant establishesthe compass heading necessary to stay oncourse, and can give a reasonable estimate ofhis groundspeed and time of arrival at hisfirst point of intended landing.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall: (1) establish andmaintain headings req tired to stay on course;(2) correctly identify. position; (3) providereasonable estimates of times of arrival overcheckpoints and destination with an apparent

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error of not more than 10 minutes; and (4)maintain altitude within -2.-200 ft. of theplanned altitude.

C. Diversion to an Alternate1. Description When requested by the

examiner to divert to an alternate airport, asmight be necessary to avoid adverse weather,the applicant is expected to turn to the newcourse promptly. This may be accomplishedby means of pilotage, dead reckoning, orradio navigation aids.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall establish the ap-propriate heading for the course to the alter-nate and within a reasonable time give anacceptable estimate of the flying time andrequired fuel.

VIII. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

ObjectiveTo determine that the applicant can react

promptly and correctly to emergencies' whichmay occur during flight. To determine thatthe applicant can use techniques appropriateto "behind the power curve" situations.

Procedures/ManeuversA. Partial or Complete Power Malfunc-

tions

1. DDscription The applicant may beasked to demonstrate a knowledge of correc-

37

tive actions for partial loss of power, completepower failure, rough engine, carburetor ice,and fuel starvation. The examiner may, withno advance warning, reduce power to simulateengine malfunction. The applicant is ex-

pected to perform emergency procedures forloss of power.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines Performance shall be evaluated on theapplicant's prompt analysis of the situationand on his corrective course of action. Heshall perform the emergency procedures incompliance with the manufacturer's publishedrecommendations. Any action which createsunnecessary additional hazards shall be dis-qualifying.

B. Systems or Equipment Malfunctions

Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate a knowledge of correc-tive actions for inoperative electrical system(generator, alternator, battery or circuitbreaker) and electrical fire or smoke in cock-pit. Where practicable, the examiner may,with no advance warning, simulate a mal-function. The applicant is expected to per-form the appropriate emergency procedures.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines Performance shall be evaluated on theapplicant's prompt analysis of the situationand his corrective actions. He shall performthe emergency procedures in compliance with

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the manufacturer's published recommenda-tions. Any action which creates unnecessaryadditional hazards shall be disqualifying.

C. Lost Procedures

I. Description The applicant may beasked to explain the proper courses of actionto be taken in the event he becomes lost, istrapped on top of an overcast, loses radiocommunications, or encounters unanticipatedadverse weather.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines Performance shall be evaluated on theapplicant's ability to promptly analyze thesituation and describe the appropriate correc-tive action.

D. Simulated Liftoff at Low Airspeedand High Angle of Attack (Commercial)

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate a takeoff using less thanfull available power, thus simulating a "be-hind-the-power-curve" situation. The rota-tion for takeoff should be initiated prior toreaching normal liftoff airspeed. Once airborne, at low airspeed and with the rotor discat a high angle of attack, the nose should belowered as necessary to accelerate so as toestablish a climb. Power should be limiteduntil the maneuver has been satisfactorilydemonstrated. Full power should be applied,

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however, anytime it becomes necessary toprevent a hazardous situation.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on his judgment and technique.Failure to add full power when needed, orcontinuing the takeoff run when the aircraftwill obviously not become airborne, shall bedisqualifying.

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U.S. C ../VERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1973 0-517-424