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National Science Foundation - Annual Report 1985.Thirty-Fifth Annual Report for Fiscal Year 1985.National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.NSF-86-18575p.Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.Reports General (140)

MF01/PC03 Plus Postage.Annual Reports; Awards; College Science; Computers;Engineering Education; *Federal Programs; *FoundationPrograms; Higher Education; Policy; *ProgramDescriptions; Research and Development Centers;Research Projects; Science Education; *ScientificResearch*National Science Board; *National ScienceFoundation

ABSTRACTThe 35th Annual Report of the National Science

Foundation (NSF) describes recent achievements of NSF sponsoredresearch in viral structure, semiconductors, genetic engineering,Mayan culture, astronomy, physiology, paleontology, robotics,physics, material science and pollution. Major 1985 initiativesincluded: (1) establishing six university Engineering ResearchCenters; (2) four Supercomputer Centers; (3) College ScienceInstrumentation Program; (4) Precollege Science Education Programs;(5) National Science Week; (6) Presidential Young InvestigatorAwards; (7) Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee; (8) Officeof Biotechnology Coordination; (9) increased mathematics support by15 percent; and (1) procedures for reporting on science in othercountries. Reviewed are several examples of cutting-edge research andeducational activities, including special interdisciplinary researchand educational communities. The report includes awards, notes seniorstaff appointments, presents organizational changes, provides policynotes and lists senior foundation and board officials. Futuredirections for support of research are explored. Appendixes include:(1) National Science Board Members and NSF staff; (2) financialreport for fiscal year 1985; (3) patents and inventions resultingfrom NSF supported activities; and (4) Advisory Committee for fiscalyear 1985. (JM)

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National Science Foundation

Annual Report 1985

Thirty-Fifth Annual Report for Fiscal Year 1985

For sale br the Superintendent of Documents, LI S Governmeni Printing (Vice, Washington, I) C 20402

About the National Science Foundation

The National Science Foundation isan independent federal agency

created by the National ScienceFoundation Act of 1950 (PL 81-507)Its aim is to promote and advancescientific progress in the United StatesThe idea of such a foundation was anoutgrowth of the importantcontributions made by science andtechnology during World War II Fromthose first days, NSF has had a uniqueplace in the federal government. It isresponsible for the overall health ofscience across all disciplines Incontrast, other agencies supportresearch focused on specific missions

NSF funds research in all fields ofscience and engineering. It does thisthrough grants and contracts to morethan 2,000 colleges, universities, andother research institutions in all partsof the United States The Foundationaccounts for about 28 percent offederal support to academicinstitutions for basic research

NSF receives more than 27,000proposals each year for research andgraduate fellowships and makes morethan 12,000 awards These go touniversities, colleges, academicconsortia, nonprofit institutions, andsmall businesses The agency operatesno laboratories itself but does supportNational Research Centers, certainoceanographic vessels, and Antarcticresearch stations The Foundation alsoaids cooperative research between

il NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

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universit:es and industry and U Sparticipatton in international scientificefforts.

NSF is structured much like auniversity, with grant-making divisionsfor the various disciplines and fields ofscience and engineering TheFoundation's staff is helped byadvisors, primarily from the scientificcommunity, who serve on formalcommittees or as ad hoc reviewers ofresearch proposals. This advisorysystem, which focuses on bothprogram direction and specificproposals, involves more than 50,000scientists and engineers a year. NSFstaff members who are experts in acertain field or area make final awarddecisions, applicants get verbatimunsigned copies of peer reviews andcan appeal those decisions.

Awardees are wholly responsible fordoing their research and preparing theresults for publicatim Thus theFoundation does not assumeresponsibility for such findings ortheir interpretation

NSF welcomes proposals on behalfof all qualified scientists and engineersand strongly encourages women,minorities, and the handicapped tocompete fully in its programs.

Letter of Transmittal

Washington, D.0

DEAR MR. PRESIDENT:

I have the honor to transmitherewith the Annual Report forFiscal Year 1985 of the NationalScience Foundation, forsubmission, to the Congress asrequired by the National ScienceFoundation Act of 1950.

Respectfull).;

Erich Bloch[bream' ,Vanonal Suence toundanon

/he HonorableThe Press( lent of the t puled State

NATIONAI F FOUNDATION

Cover

Fractal patterns generatedby simple mathematicalexpressions (photo byRobert L Devaney, BostonUnit,ersity)

13

IV NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

An Ongoing Commitment to Excellence

Contents

Director's Statement1 A 35-Year Report

Special Section2 Recent Achievements Supported by NSF

Chapter 112 Meeting the Challenges

Major 1985 Initiatives16 Special Focus on Supercomputer Centers20 Special Focus on Engineering Research Centers

Chapter 224 Basic Research and Education

The Historic Responsibility

24 Materials Research GroupsMiddle-Sized Science for Big Problems

27 Chemistry of Life ProcessesChemical Methods for Biological Problems

28 Ocean Drilling and the Continental LithosphereProgram

30 The Very Long Baseline ArrayA 5,000-Mile Radio Telescope

32 Molecular and Cellular BiosciencesHow Cells Know What to Do

33 Behavioral and Neural SciencesHow a Rabies Virus Works

34 Science and Engineering Education

36 Special Research CommunitiesCutting Across Disciplinary Boundaries

Chapter 338 Operations Report38 NSF Awards: People Who Met the Challenges

Vannevar Bush AwardAlan T. Waterman Award

39 Senior Staff Appointments in FY 198539 Organizational Changes40 Policy Notes41 Senior Foundation and Board Officials

Chapter 442 Moving Ahead

Appendixes45 Appendix A. National Science Board Members

and NSF Staff (FY 1985)

47 Appendix B. Financial Report for FY 1985

50 Appendix C. Patents and Inventions Resultingfrom Activities Supported by the NationalScience Foundation

51 Appendix D. Advisory Committee for FY 1985

NATIONAL SCIENCE. FOUNDATION V

Directors StatementFiscal \ear 1985 marked theNational Science Foundations

35th year of operationsyears that sawthe Foundation grow from an agencywith a few research programs to onesupporting an increasingh broadrange of activities in science andengineering research and education

Our mission has alwas beenchallenging we are the only federalagency charged with promotinggeneral scientific progress, rather thana specific area such as space, health, oragriculture But the way we carry outthat broad charge is very differenttoday from what it was in the 1950s

In fact, the contrast between thenand nov is dramatic Today forexample, we must be more vigilantthan ever before about supporting thebasic research required to keep outeconomy healthy and competitiveand our defense and social needssatisfied as well

Thirty-five years ago we were securein the knowledge that, in most cases,each discipline defined a wellhounded subject area The linkagesbetween the fields were not matters ofgreat concern Today we find thatthese neat boundaries are breakingdown eNerywhere, and frequently themost exciting science is going on atthe interface of established disciplines

Thirty-five years ago the Foundationdealt almost entirely with theuniversity research communityIndustrial research was separate, andfew were concerned with possibleconnections between the two. Todaywe seek linkages between academicand industrial research in several NSFprograms, because we understand howmuch each has to offer the other

Over these 35 years we have seenscience policy swing from the lar.:cz

faire attitudes of the post-World War IIyears, to a frenzy of activity in thedecade after the Sputnik launch in1957, and then to a period when weassumed that science should heoriented to some extent toward socialproblems Today we have a moresettled view of the place of scienceand engineering research and aclearer understanding of what thefederal government should do, whatIndustry should do, and what thestates, local governments, andunnersities should do for themselves

"Today we have a clearerunderstanding of what the federalgovernment should do, whatindustry should do, and what thestates, local governments, anduniversities should do forthemselves."

The most salient aspects ofeconomic life today are its globalnature and its ubiquitous challengeThirty-five years ago the United Stateswas economically supreme, secure inits technological lead and the com-petitiveness of its industries. Todayour industries are threatened with

erosion of their home markets, andthey have difficult competing inforeign markets Our traditionaltrading partners are more competitivein an economic and research sense,and challenges are arising from thenewly industrialized countriesSuddenly ow industries must heconcerned with global competitivenessif they want to survive

Key Themes and InitiativesIn th., new world the National

Science Foundation has a greatlyenh iced role to play Three themesnow dominate our programs.

Continuing support for the bestresearch in every field While em-phasis and attention may shift fromone area to another, we need always toremember that basic research, isunpredictable, and that core supportmust he maintained in all areas

Concern for freeing researchfrom arbitrary limits imposed bydisciplinary bounds The connectionsbetween the disciplines have oftenbeen the least explored, and thus areoften the most productive And as welook for the most challengingproblems on which to focus ourresearch, we find that many of themost important ones are inherentlymultidisciplinary

Cooperation in everything wedo. Universities and industry mustcooperate because industry has theproblemsand often the resources tosolve themwhile universities havethe research talent and ideasIndustries must cooperate amongthemselves because many researchproblems are beyond the reach of anysingle company but will yield to jointapproache, The federal govern-ment mus ..00perate with ind.stryacademia, and state and local gov-

A 35-Year Reporternments because we must use allour resources in the most efficient waypossible And researchers themselvesmust cooperate, necause themultidisciplinary problems that we areincreasingly concerned with will rarelyield to the efforts of a singleinvestigator working within thebounds of a traditional discipline

During 1985 the Foundation madethe first awards in an important newprogram Engineering ResearchCenters. From 140 proposals, weselected 6 for awards. All are in areasthat offer new research opportunities,all focus on problems that areimportant to industry and all deal withthe concepts and technologies thatAmerican industry will need to remaincompetitive in the years ahead But

"As we look for the mostchallenging problems on which tofocus our research, we find thatmany of the most important onesare inherently multidisciplinary."

they are also areas in which thechallenges involve the most basicresearch and thus require theimagination and innovative thinkingthat are characteristic of the best inthe universities. Finally all of the areasthe Engineering Research Centersw ill work in are thoroughlymultidisciplinary

These centers can be dependedupon to produce important research,but they will have another effect aswell. the move toward multi-disciplinary collaboration will begin tochange the way Ametican universitiesoperate. The established disciplinesserve many useful purposes in struc-turing research, defining importantquestions, and maintaining quality Butas the nature of research changes thesocial structure for performing it mustchange also, and the Engineering

Research Centers are an indicator ofthe way we will move

Advanced Supercomputing Centers(and access to them by universityresearchers) is another new programthat demonstrates the themes ofcooperation across the disciplines andbetween different sectors of societySupercomputing centers will makeavailable the resources needed tosolve advanced problems, throughthem the computer can also be usedto simulate and model complexsystems and interactions Resources ofthis sort are beyond the ability of mostuniversities to provide for themselvesAmong the kinds of cooperationneeded here are universitycooperation with industry to developthe machines that will do the fobtomorrow

In Science and EngineeringEducation, as in other programs, weare pursuing the themes ofcooperation and a multidisciplinaryapproach During Fiscal Year 1985 theeducation programs of the Foundationwere redefined. The revised prog-rams stress cooperation betweenresearchers in universities andeducation professionals at theprecollege level between educationspecialists and disciplinary specialists,and between local industry and localeducation officials. The goal of theseprograms is to improve education inscience and engineering at all levels,so that the nation, will have the peoplewe need for success in a technologicalworld

The Foundation took a big step in1985 toward improving publicawareness of science, mathematics,and technologyespecially awarenessamong young people With financialsupport from private industry NSFlaunched the first National ScienceWeek during May 1985. As part of theWeek's activities, organtzations allover the countryelementary and sec-ondary schools, universities, libram2s,

museums, community groups, andprofessional associatif,nsparticipatedin science and math competitions,lectures, exhibits, science fairs, openhouses, teacher workshops, and muchmore

National Science Week is animportant way to reach young peopleand stimulate them to considerscience or engineering as a career. Itis also a good example of cooperationbetween government, industry andprivate groups. For 1986, NationalScience Week will be held May 11-17

Cooperation and multidisciplinaryapproaches will continue to be thedominant themes of the Foundation'snew activities in the coming year. We

"Cooperation and multidisci-plinary approaches will continueto be the dominant themes of theFoundation's new activities in thecoming year."

expect to expand the concept ofEngineering Research Centers to otherareas, and we will encourage thedevelopment of cooperative effortsin our other programs The goal,however, will remain the same: toensure that the nation's basic researchcapacity in science and engineeringand the people employed in thoseenterprisesare the best that we canmake them

There was never a time when thismission was more important, andthere was never a time when theopportunities for developing andexploiting new knowledge were morepromising The Foundation can heproud of its accomplishments so far,but the future has a potential farbeyond anything we have yet seen Weface that future with hope, withconfidence, and with excitement

ERICH BLOCHDIRECTOR

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 1

Recent Achievements Supported by NSF

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A supercomputer success Purdue'sMichael Rossmann (above) and thecold virus model, at right, that heand his coworkers developed

2 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

Mapping aCommon Cold Virus:

Researchers have finally seen theirfirst three-dimensional picture of ananimal virus Michael Rossmann atPurdue University, Roland Reuckertat the University of Wisconsin atMadison, and their colleagues used theCornell High Energy SynchrotronSource and a supercomputer to lookin detail at the structure of a commoncold virus

A cold virus (there are nearly 100different ones) is a twisted strand ofRNA, surrounded and protected by acoat made of a number of differentproteins The structure of that coatwhat the proteins are and how theyare put together--determines whatcells the virus can attack In otherwords, knowing the structure of thecoat might tell us how the virus causesinfections and how medicine couldintervene. So far this particular coldvirus, named HRV14, has a coat thatthwarts any straightforward medicalintervention, so there is still no curefor the common cold. Nevertheless,Rossmann's and Reuckert's techniqueswill make mapping other viruseseasier. And that in turn should helpwith a general understanding of howviruses infect, and how we can makevaccines to stop them.

1i

The FastestSemiconductorDevice:

Electronic devices for sending andreceiving signals, like those used incommunications systems and com-puters, are am'ogous to devicesfor sending and receiving Morse codeto send a lot of information, send itfast, to send it fast, have a fast-operating on-off signal switch. A teamfrom both AT&T Bell Laboratories andthe Submicron Structures Facility atCornell University has made asemiconductor device as pact of acircuit that can switch on or off in 5.8trillionths of a second.

The semiconductor circuit, called aring oscillator, is engineered so that anelectric signal will cross it Quickly andhe easy to control. The circuit is reallya series of devices, tiny switches eachunder a thousandth of a millimeter, orsubmicron-sized Each switch is builtup of alternating layers of compoundsemiconducting materials, each onlyatoms thick To get layers that thin,researchers had to make each surfaceexquisitely smooth, and (using a veryhigh vacuum apparatus) lay down thenext layer with exquisite uniformityThese semiconducting layers behaveelectronically with propertiesintermediate to conductors andinsulators Electric signals going acrossa semiconductor film are easy tocontrol by turning the device switchon or off And each switch's submicronsize and thin layers ensure that anelectric signal will cross it quickly

In effect, the ring oscillator acts likea bucket brigade, each bucket camingan electric signal The signal passesfrom one bucket to the next in 5 8trillionths of a second. The Bell Labs-Cornell ring oscillator is the fastestone yet

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 3

Antarctic BacteriaMake GeneticEngineering Easier.

Biologists from the University ofSouthern California (USC) found agroup of bacteria that live in freezingseas under two meters of ice,conditions that would kill roost oftheir kind Furthermore, the biologistslearned that these bacteria manu-facture an enzme that will makegenetic engineering much easier.

In the sea ice of McMurdo Sound InAntarctica, Cornelius scullnan, HiroakiSI Avila, and ihromt Kohon foundcolonies c: mcteria that serve as foodfor krill and other tiny crustaceansWhile studying the way these bacteriaoperate in such extreme cold, theresearchers discoveied that theyproduce a kind of enzme calledalkaline phosphatase, or APase This

Antarctic field camp enzyme is wideh used by geneticengineers to cut out certain sections ofstrands of DNA or RNA, in oz der tosubstitute one section for anotherMost APase used for this purpose ismanufactured by the ubiquitousbacteria Eschertcbta colt But the APasefrom E colt vmrks slowly and requiresan elaborate procedure to get it out ofthe experimental solution once it is nolonger wanted

1 he USC team found that APasetrom the antarctic bacteria works 50times faster than as counterpartMoreover, because the bacteria's nativeem ironment is so cold, as APase canbe cleared out of a solution lust IAheating it up to 104 degreesFahrenheit

Recent Achiezonents Supported 13), NSF

4 NATIONAL SCIENCF FOL NDA ['ION

Graves Offera New View ofMayan Culture

From around 250 AD until 900 AD,the Mayas of Central America builtspectacular and intricate pyramidsAfter that period, they seemed to buildonly on lesser scales, archeologistsassumed that Mayan civilization wasaccordingly in decline

Recenth, D:ane and Arlen Chase,archeologists at the University ofCentral Florida in Orlando, found atomb that challenged that assumptionThe tomb, from the mid-1500s, held askeleton decorated with a type of jadeand turquoise ear jewelry that theMayas did not make The Chasessurmise that these decorations hadbeen traded for, probably from theAztecs

This finding, combined with otherartifacts, implies that perhaps theMayas shifted their attention awayfrom building pyramids and towardmaking political and commercialalliances with their wealthy andpowerful neighboi s. The Chasespostulate that the Mayan civilizationflourished right up until the arrival ofthe Spanish conquistadores, only toperish at their hands The con-quistadores brought with them theinfectious diseases that, within 150years, killed three-quarters of theMayas

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Mayan artifacts. Dr. Arlen Chaseexplores tomb of a Mayan rulerAmong the artifacts found by theChase team were two figurinesdepicting blood-letting rituals.and a limestone bowl

SAFIONAI, s( ItN( 1- 1-0t NDATION S

Astronomers MakeSafer X-Ray ExamsPossible:

Astronomers trying to capture onphotographic plates the faint lightfrom galaxies near the edge of theuniverse and biomedical researcherslooking for ways to reduce exposurein X-ray exams can now use the sametechniques In 19', University ofFlorida -astronomer Alex Smith and hiscolleagues developed a technique thatmade photographic plates moresensitive to t!- faint light from distantgalaxies. Their method, gently bakingthe plates in a mixture of nitrogen andhydrogen, is now standard practice inobsexatones around the world Morerecentl:,; however, Smith proposed thatthe approach which worked so wellfor astronomical photography mightalso work for medical X-rays

Together with Catherine Phillips, abiomedical researcher at DuPont andEduard Hahn of Eastman Kodak.Smith experimented with baking X-rayfilms in the same gas mixture Theydiscovered that treated films weretwice as sensitive as untreated ones,reducing the possible exposure topatients having X-ray examinationsAnd, in an interesting reversal, Smithtook the treated X-ray film hack to histelescope and found it to be evenmore sensitive to light than was anemulsion widely used bs astronomers

Why Seals Don't Get the Bends:Weddell seal in McMurdo Sound,lntarcticaZealand, Canada, and the United Statesstudied Weddell seals from theMcMurdo Sound in Antarctica Unlikehuman divers, seals can function forlong periods using the oxygen storedin tissue. The team fitted the seals withdevices to monitor the nitrogen levelsin their bloodstreams They found thatsuch levels did increase slowly down toaround 200 feet, then declined slowly

The researchers speculate that ataround 100 feet, the lungs of sealscollapse because of water pressure,preventing further exchange of gasesbetween the lungs and bloodNitrogen in the blood is in partredistributed into blubber andmuscles where it will not cause bends.

Just as interesting as these results,which confirmed an earlier theory, wasthe way the were found Theinternational team glued -a cigar -box-sized compoter to the back of eachseal Attached to the computer weredevices to monitor the animal's heartrate, blood pressure, breathing rate,and body temperature, plus a syringefor taking blood samples Researcherson the surface directed the computeron the diving seal to activate each ofthese devices, when the seal returnedto the surface, the researchers readout the data the computer hadcollected The technique, like thatof an underwater Viking Lander,essentially -allowed biologists to divewith the seals into pressures tootremendous for humans to stand

The bends are an occupationalhazard of human divers who breatheair at high pressure for more thanshort periods of time. Seals, bycontrast, do not seem to get thebends. Some in antarctic waters diveto nearly 2,000 feet and pop back upwith no ill effects at all Members ofan international team working in theantarctic now believe they know moreabout this phenomenon

Normally a human diver inhalesnitrogen along with other gases in theair If divers go down long enoughand deeply, i e , at high pressures, alarge volume of nitrogen in the lungsbecomes dissolved in the blood Thenwhen they swim hack up to lowerpressures, the nitrogenlike carbondioxide in a just-opened bottle ofsoda -bubbles back out of the blood.The bubbles collect and expand in thespinal column, damaging or destroyingthe major nerves. The result is thebends, which can kill

To find out how seals avoid thebends, the team of scientists from WestGermans; Denmark, Australia, New


6 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION11

How the Moon Was Ban.Scientists have always speculated

about the origin of the moon Perhapsit was a passing asteroid captured bythe Earth's gravitational field. Perhapslong ago another planet-sized objecthit the young Earth, anu the debrisfrom both coalesced Into the moonOr perhaps the moon and Earth bothgrew out of the same primordial cloudof gas and dust. All these speculationspresent problems. The moon isspinning more slowly, has less spinangular momentum, than the Earth,how then could the moon have oncebeen part of a rapi21), spinning youngEarth% The moon has much less ironthan the Earth, how could the moonand Earth have been formed from thesame cloud%

Richard Damen, an astronomer atIndiana Universit); has added a newspeculation about the moon's originwhich solves some of the problems ofthe older ones Durisen used asupercomputer to simulate how aspinning fluid object might becomeunstable and fall apart He found that

such an object would not split Intotwo others but into a single objectsurrounded by a thick ring If the earl)Earth was spinning and not solid butmolten, part of the ring that spun off itcould have condensed Into the moonThe rest of the ring then would havebeen fragmented and lost, in theprocess, It would have carried awaymuch of the spin angular momentumof the original system Furthermore. inany molten, spinning object, theheavier elements sink to the centerand the lighter float to the outside Asa consequence, more iron would havecollected in the center that becamethe Earth than in the outer ring thatbecame the moon

At this writing, Durisen is applyingthe same model to the solar system tosee if he can explain why its outerplanetsJupiter, Saturn, Uranus,Neptune, and Pluto--are so much lessdense than Inner ones

15NATIONAL SCIENCE EOINDATION 7

figlaelliageliillteninte,AKIMMIII*0

Pollution in Clean Rooms:The manufacture of computer chips

and other tiny precision devicesrequires a room absolutely free of dustand dirt Researchers had known thatmost pollution comes from humans, inthe form of what they shed, such ashits of skin or hairs Now engineerStuart- Hoenig at the University ofArizona has found that smokers, evenwhen not smoking, are also a sourceof contamination

Hoenig discovered that 10 minutesafter finishing a cigarette, a smoker

Recent Achievements Sipported hy NSF


Clean room. A technicianexamines a solid-state device in anenvironmentally "clean" area at theEastman Kodak Company

still breathed out 35 times moreparticles than did a nonsmoker. Theparticles, (hough invisibly small, arelarge enough to foul precisionmachinery Hoenig is also looking intowhether eating or drinking mitigatesthe number of particles in a smoker'sbreath 13s identifying s et anotherform of human pollution, Hoenigsdiscovers' should help researcherskeep a clean room cleaner

16

New Finds inDinosaur Research:

Paleontologist jack Homer and histeam from the Museum of the Rockiesin Bozeman. Montana, continued theirmuch-publicized work with dinosaurfossils, exploring new dig sites during1985 Among their discoveries werethe skeleton of a small dinosaur thatmay be the earliest of the triceratops,a rare three-horned creature from theCretaceous Period, and an iguanadont(ancestor of the duck- hills) Overall,the 1985 field season was the mostproductive yet for the research group

Homer began the year in France,where he and associate Jill Petersonjoined with renowned paleohistologistArmand de Ricqles at the Universityof Paris for a two-month study ondinosaur growth rates The teamhopes to produce a physiologicalmodel that will lend credence to theargument that the ancient reptileswere arm- blooded, contrary toprevious assumptions

Horner has been featured on theNSF-funded public television show"3-2-1 Contact," discussed in chapter 1of this report. He also appeared in aCBS television special in the fall of1985 and was a popular guest lecturerin Washington, DC during the firstNational Science Week, another NSFactivity described elsewhere in thisreport.

Dinosaur model at Academy ofNatural Sciences in Philadelphia.

The Most DistantGalaxy Ever Seen:

Heron Spntrad at the Universit ofCalifornia at Berkeley and StanleyDjorgotslel at the Harvard-SmithsonianCenter for Astrophysics have found themost distant galaxy yet observed at thiswriting In our universe, which isabout 20 billion vears old, they founda galaxy around 14 5 billion light searsaway That means it was giving off light14 5 billion years ago, not that longafter the universe began

Cosmologists know that galaxies areancient but do not know how theywere horn. One way to find out is toexamine the light of the most distant,and therefore, earliest, of thesecelestial systems. Spinrad's andDjorgovski's galaxy though it may notsettle the question of how galaxieswere born, is two to three times moredistant than any others Finding moreof these distant Systems and analyzingtheir light with better techniquescould fill in this missing piece of theuniverse's history

NATIONAL SCIEN( L FOUNDATION 9

Six-Legged RobotTakes Its First Steps:

In the fall of 1985, in a llboratory atOhio State University, a three-ton, six-legged robot took ;ts first steps Thedinosaur-sized robot has infrared lasereyes, sonar ears, a gyroscope to help itbalance, and a brain-16 computPrs--in its interior Its builders, RobertMcGhee and Kenneth Waldron, say thatsix legs help it balance, walk, and runbetter than four would, in order to seewhat gaits are most effective for six-legged creatures, they watched insects.

Originally built to test theories ofrobotics (and funded in its first yearby NSF), the robot is also the result ofdiscoveries in the fields of computercontrol, biology, and anatomy Themachine already has suggested newapplications in making artificial limbsfor humans For the future, its strongbut delicate legs should be able tocarry humans over fragile arcticenvironments, its greater agility shouldbe helpful in places such as theinteriors of nuclear reactors



A Trap for anElectron:

Evidence for the theory of theelectromagnetic force at its mostfundamental lies in measuring thecharacteristics of an electron: howmuch charge it carries, what mass ithas, how it spins But not only doelectrons move constantly, they exist inthe environments of atoms, and anymeasurements must subtract out theeffects of that environment For reallyaccurate measurements, physicistsneed to get an electron free of itsoutside trappings and hold it stillHans Dehmelt, at the University ofWashington in Seattle, has found a wayto trap a single electron in anelectromagnetic field and bring itessentially to rest

Dehmelt injects a single electroninto a magnetic field which in turn isin a high vacuum He places anelectric field perpendicular to themagnetic field so that the electron,slowly following the magnetic fieldlines, has its motion limited by theelectric field. The confining fields areso gentle that they have little effect onthe electron, but they nonetheless trapand hold it to a tiny area. Fle thenslows the electron down by coolingthe whole system to a fraction of anabsolute degree With his trap,Dehmelt is able to measure thecharacteristics of an electron andthereby verify predictions of the basictheory of quantum electrodynamics, toan unprecedented accuracy of 12significant figures

Quasicrystal patterns.

Quasicrysta4 a New Form of SolidScientists have always believed that

solids come in two forms. Disorderedsolids, such as glass, look like asnapshot of a liquid Their atoms arearranged haphazardly; no set distancesapart, and their nearest neighbors arelikely to be found in any directionwhatsoever. In perfectly orderedsolids, or crystals, atoms sit in strictrows regular distances apart Theatoms in a crystal are arranged in aregularly repeating geometricalstructure, of the sort one obtains bystacking a child's building blocks,leaving no empty spaces The nearestneighbors of any atom in a crystal arealways in fixed directions, along theedges of the repeating blocksObviously, only certain buildingblocks, including cubes, will repeatregularly and fill all available space;others, such as a 20-sided icosahedron,will leave holes between repeats.

Paul Steinhardt and Dot, Levine, at

the University of Pennsylvania, werestudying configurations of atoms inwhich the directions to the nearestneighbors are obtained from anicosahedron They found that by

assembling blocks called Penrose tiles(after mathematician Roger Penrose),they could construct solids whoseneighbors are always in theseforbidden (for a crystal) directions,but whose building blocksalthoughthey fill spaceare not regularlyrepeated These solids, which theycalled quasicrystals, are a third form,somewhere between crystals andglasses

Meanwhile, Dan Schechtman, IlanBlecb, Dens Gratias, and John Cahnat the National Bureau of Standardshad been experimenting with coolingdifferent metal alloys rapidly to seehow their properties would changeOne alloy of aluminum and man-ganese, when examined at the atomiclevel, turned out to have the sameforbidden patterns as Steinhardt andLevine's quasicrystal Since then,researchers have made other alloysand found more quasicrystals Natureapparently connives in breaking herown rules

1 9NATIONAL S( ILN( F 1(M 11

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Meeting the Challenges

The responsibility of the NationalScience Foundation, unlike that of

any other go% ernment agency is topromote the overall progress ofscience and to advance education inscience and technology The strengthof science and engineering is fun-damental to this country's quality oflife, its national defense, and itseconomic vitality In the past, theUnited States has been unarguablypreeminent in both basic research andtechnological development Of the 286Nobel Prizes awarded scientists be-tween 1961 and 1983, for Instance,the United States alone won exactlyhalf. In 1985, five L'.S. citizens won orshared in these prizes. Two of themHerbert Hauptman, who shared theNobel Prize in Chemistry and FrancoModigliani, who won the Prize forEconomicshave been supported bythe National Science Foundation

But these honors reflect past re-search, recently this nation's preemi-nence in science and engineering hasbeen challenged on several fronts

One challenge is external andeconomic Competition from industryin other countries is increasing,especially in the fields of materialsresearch, computer science, andbiotechnology True, productivity inthe United States remain., higher inabsolute terms than anywhere elseBut in relative terms it has beendeclining rapidly according to a 1985report of the President's Commissionon Economic Competitiveness From1973 to 1983, U.S. productivity rose atan annual rate of only 0.3 percent (seefigure 1) The annual gain for Britainwas almost five times that French andGerman productivity rose seven times

12 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDA1 ION

as fast as ours, Japan's rate was ninetimes ours, and Korea's fifteen Al-though the L S rate has improvedconsiderably in the last two years orso, this country continues to loseground relaue to its competitors

Another challenge is internaland technological In the fields ofengineering, computer sciences, andthe physical sciences, where dis-coveries often depend on more andmore powerful instruments, only aneighth of the university equipment isstate-of-the-art Fully a quarter of it isobsolete More than 90 percent ofdepartment heads in those fields havereported that researchers were unableto do critical experiments because oflack of equipment

A third challenge is internal andhuman Over the last 20 years, inJapan, West Germans; Britain. France,and Russia, the proportion of scientistsand engineers engaged in researchand development has been growingIn the United States, that proportion isabout the same as it was 20 .ears ago(see figure 2) Nor is the situationimproving Between 1974 and 1983,the number of entering freshmenintending to major in science andengineering did not growin fact itdropped from 33 co 32 percent In the 300000

last decade, the general population of22-year-olds rose, while the number ofthose receiving bachelor's degrees inscience fell (see figure 3) Even inengineering, where enrollments havebeen rising in recent years, only about7 of every 1,000 students receive adegree in engineering, in Japan thefigure is 40 By not training enoughyoung people, this nation is per-petuating its deficiencies

The response to these challengesmust come from all sectorsthefederal, state, and local governments,

Figure I Aerage Annual Products it} (aim, 1973-835 0

a0

30

10

10

a8

U KOREA RANC GERMANY JAPAN

Sou., S OtARTMENT Of 11104, 11.714,1u 0, ,,1.0,1S, ,S MA

Figure 2 Scientists and Eng neers Engaged inResearch and Development

100

75

50

25

(Per 10,000 labor force)

USSRHIGH ESTIMATE

/- USSRLOW ESTIMATE

UNIT ED STATES

JAPAN

WEST- - GERMAN',/,'

rr-

17; : -

FRANCE

\ UNITED KINGDOM

0 I i r, t I t t I .)) I

1965 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83

Source Science InOcators The 196e, Report Nabonal Soence Board 1986

Figure 3 S/E Bachelor's Degrees and 22-Near-OldPopulation

200 000

100 000

50 000

PROJECTED

22 YEAR OLDS

4 000 000

22 YEAR OLDS

3 000 000

2 000 000

1 000 000

SCIENCES

ENGINEERING

0 1 1 1 1... 1 1

1960 1965 1970 1975 1900 1985 1990 1995Nat nr,a1 £1,1, 10, Educafinn SIoIsIcsand Census Bureau 0.114 1985

Major 1985 Initiatives

1

Shedding some light. Judy Leak is co-host of "3-2-1 Contact," thechildren's public television series onscience. (See page 14.) Here she visitsSan Francisco's Exploratorium tolearn about the properties of light.

21

CHILDREN'S TV WORKSHOP

MELTING tiff. ( HALLENL,LS 13

St.1.,

Scene from "The Voyage of theMimi," a science series for TV andclassroom use, funded in part byNSF

unive.sities, and the private sector,including industry The NationalScience Foundation, for its part,continues to sponsor excellent basicresearch in science and engineering.And in addition to its historicresponsibility, NSF is now fundinginitiatives specifically to meet thenew challenges of internationalcompetition, technological de-velopment, and decreasing numbers ofscientists Furthermore, theseinitiatives either encourage or requirecooperation between government, theuniversities, and industry

The major initiatives.In 1985, the first awards were

made for six univesity EngineeringResearch Centers Each Center isdedicated to an area of research that iscritical to the country's economiccompetitiveness but at the same timerequires a multidisciplinary approachThe areas of research are robotics,telecommunications, compositematerials manufacturing, systemsresearch, intelligent manufacturingsystems, and biotechnology processengineering. Industry will participateactively in the Centers, partly byproviding funding, equipment, andfacilities; partly by lending themresearchers; partly by offering adviceAnd the Centers, because they arelocated at universities, will giveundergraduate and graduate students achance to learn on up-to-date


equipment and in a uniquely cross-disciplinary atmosphere For moreabout the research done atEngineering Research Centers, see the"Special Focus" section following

Four Supercomputer Centeislocated at the University of Californiaat San Diego, the University of Illinoisat Champaign/Urbana, CornellUniversity; and near PrincetonUniversityare the nucleus of agrowing national network of advancedcomputers. Supercomputers are tocomputers what computers are tocalculators. Because they allowconsideration of complex problemspreviously thought impossible,supercomputers are increasinglycrucial to reseachers in all disciplinesThe Centers will bring togetherscientists and computer specialists, willtrain students, and will stimulate thecomputer industry to develop evenbetter supercomputers in the futureSupport for this program comes partlyfrom funds leveraged both fromindustry and from state and localgovernment For a salmi !ing of recentprojects done with supercomputers,see the "Special Focus" sectionfollowing

This was the first year of theCollege Science InstrumentationProgram, which helps to providecritically needed scientific equipmentto four-year colleges. Obsolescence,changes in laboratory techniques, andthe advent of new tools such ascomputers make their instrumentationshortage at least as critical as that ofthe research universities. NSF made234 awards under this program, for atotal of $5.5 million. An additional $5million came from local sources.

The revlinped Precollege ScienceEducation Programs are designed toemphasize the quality of educationfor elementary and high schoolstudentsreaching young people at atime when critical skills and conceptsare established, together with life-longattitudes and career decisions. Oneprogram focuses on the competenceof working science teachers, updatingtheir knowledge of scientificdevelopments and instructional

4,"2

techniques through workshops withlocal universities, scientific societies,laboratories, and museums

Another program supportscooperative efforts by publishers,universities, and educators to developinstructional materials that fill gapsin existing curricula, offer betterpresentation of traditional subjects, orimprove the breadth and quality ofscience and mathematics education inelementary and high schools.

Still another program supportslearning outside the school, from suchinformal sources as television andmuseums Widely acclaimed televisionseries like "3-2-1 Contact," "The Brain,""Reading Rainbow," and a new dailymathematics program are com-plemented by museum activitiesand traveling exhibits visited bymillions of adults and children.

NSF sponsored the first NationalScience Week during May 12-18, 1985Communities of every size in all 50states held programs to boost publicawareness of science and technologyand to encourage young people tostudy science. Research facilities heldopen houses, schools had science fairsand competitions, and museums andlibraries sponsored lectures andspecial exhibits National Science Weekis a partnership between NSF,professional societies, communitygroups, educators, and industry. In

Poster for National Science Week 1985.

1985, It was underwritten by grantsfrom the DuPont Company EastmanKodak Company General Elect, andIBM

The Presidential YoungInvestigator Awards program, in itssecond year in 1985, addresses thegrowing faculty shortages in highlycompetitive fields of engineering andscience The awards represent apartnership between outstandingresearchers starting their careers, theirinstitutions, private industry and thefederal government. NSF gives eachawardee an annual base grant of$25,000 for up to five years TheFoundation will also provide up to$37,500 in additional funds each year,matching dollar-for-dollar any fundsmade available to the awardee fromthe industrial sector. Altogether, thisfive-year package provides a significantstart to an academic teaching andresearch career, in 1985 awards wentto 200 investigators, about half of themengineers.

In 1985, NSF headed a committeeof 11 federal agencies seeking tocomply with the Arctic Research andPolicy Act. The Interagency ArcticResearch Policy Committee wascreated to set research priorities andeliminate duplication of effort in arcticresearch. It will also explore ways tomatch the more advanced tech-nologies of other countries witharctic borders, most notably the SovietUnion. The Commie :,e recommendsresearch priorities, develops policy;and coordinates industry, government,and local cooperation in arcticresearch matters.

NSF increased support formathematics by 15 percent In 1981,the National Research Council in theNational Academy of Sciencesappointed an ad hoc committee onResources for the MathematicalSciences. Chaired by electricalengineer Edward David, thecommittee was asked to review thehealth of mathematical research in theUnited States The David Report,published in 1984, found that between

Museum talk Children learn aboutdinosaurs via computer atPhiladelphia's Academy of NaturalSciences

1900 and 1980, federal support ofmathematics declined by a third

Mathematics is the fundamentallanguage of most of the othersciences It plays an increasingly vitalrole in technology and the computersciences and has had, in that 20-yearperiod, what the Report called "adazzling record of achievement" Inone two-year span, four U S scientistswon Nobel Prizes in astrophysics,medicine, economics, and physics,for work that was essentiallymathematical The National ScienceBoard urged all federal agencies,especially NSF, to bring the funding ofmathematics to a more appropmcelevel.

Last spring, NSF created an Officeof Biotechnology Coordination.Biotechnology includes any techniquethat uses living organisms to makeproducts or to improve plants oranimals NSF supports the basicresearch needed to develop thattechnology (about $80 million of theFoundation's budget in 1985)Biotechnology-related research cutsacross numerous NSF divisionsChemistry, Chemical, Biochemical, andThermal Engineering; Biotic Systemsand Resources, Behavioral and Neural!-7-lences; Cellular Biosciences;Molecular Biosciences, Emerging andCritical Engineering Systems, andEngineering Cross-DisciplinaryResearch The Office of BiotechnologyCoordination provides a centralclearinghouse for planning, budgeting,and reporting on biotechnology-related research It also advises onenvironmental concerns about thepotential effects of such research

In addition to its own biotechnologyoffice, NSF is one of five federalagencies' on the BiotechnologySciences Coordinating r-ommitteeThat group's iob is to developregulatory mechanisms that ensureadequate protection of the public fromsubstances engineered by scientificresearch At this writing the ,roup is

23

chaired by NSF's Assistant Director forBiological, Behavioral, and SocialSciences

In 1985, NSF established severalprocedures for reporting on sciencein other countries. One procedureallows for identification of theresearch areas that are progressingmost rapidly in other countries. Atechnique called bibliometric analysisshows which research in whichcountry is cited by other researchersmost often. Once NSF identifies areasof exceptional international scient.ficactivity it can make plans forcooperation between the countries

Another procedure allows forIncreased reporting on trends inJapanese scientific policy and on thestate of Japanese science. Thesereports are disseminated widelythroughout U.S. government agenciesA third procedure makes possible thepublication of international scienceindicatorswhat resources go intoscience from public and privatesectors internationally how manyinternational patents are granted, whatundergraduate and graduateenrollments in other countries are.

'Other members of the group The NationalInstitutes ot Health, the Ern ironmentalProtection Agency, the Food and DrugAdministration, and the I S Department ofAgriculture

MEE. rING THE CHALLEN6Es I S


Special Focus on Supercomputer Centers

MakingImpossibleResearchPossible


UT nu! recently; researchers with thekind of complex problem that

could only be solved with a super-computer faced difficulties Theyhad to buy and schedule time on amachine in industry; or clear securitymeasures in a government laboratorydedicated to military research, ortravel to a foreign university In 1985NSF made supercomputers muchmore accessible to universityresearchers. by funding four Super-computer Centers, the beginningof a national network

A problem that would takehundreds or thousands of hours on acomputer will take hours or evenminutes on a supercomputer. Mostimportantly, supercomputers canhandle problems that a computercould not do at all, making possibleresearch that was previouslyimpossible. Supercomputer graphicsallow researchers to see theunseeableevents that happened toofar away; or too long ago, or that aretoo large, too hot, too brief, too small.Biologists can model the way. atomscombine into molecules, moleculesinto proteins, proteins into virusesand they can find vaccines effectiveagainst the viruses. Physicists cancalculate how best to hold and heat analready hot, charged, turbulent gasuntil it reaches the temperaturenecessary for fusion Atmosphericscientists can simulate the flow of airo' er whole hemispheres, using thesimulation as a base for accurate, long-range weather forecasts. Astronomerscan model how stars are born, howmaterial falls into a black hole, andhow galaxies formed

4111 4

1

Ronald Levi' at Rutgers Universityhas used supercomputer simulationsto understand how protein moleculeswork A protein molecule is a chain ofamino acids, their exact configurationon the chain is called the protein'sstructure The structure determineswhat the whole protein moleculedoeswhether it binds to food andhelps digest it, whether it binds to abacterium and hills it, or whether itbinds to oxygen and carries it throughthe bloodstream Change the aminoacid, or move it (even by the slightestfraction), and the structure of thewhole protein changes As a result, thebinding will happen differently or notat all.

Normally scientists find the structureof a protein with X-rays The X-raypicture shows the protein at a fixedinstant with a certain structureUnfortunately; in real life the proteinspins, vibrates, collides with othermolecules; as it does so, its structurechanges subtly

Levy tries to model the structure ofthe protein as it changes He puts allpossible positions of the molecule ona supercomputer, watching how thebinding tightens or loosens, or fails toconnect Once he finds a structure thatincreases the binding for, say; a proteinthat binds to and kills bacteria, thenperhaps protein engineers canrecreate that particular structure (inother words, create an antibiotic).Lev) s particular work has applicationto proteins that control blood pressureor store energy in muscles

Supercomputers are useful formodeling not only the very small butalso the very large. Drexel Universityphysicist Joan Centrella, working withcolleagues James Wilson at California'sLawrence Livermore Laboratory;

Cray supercomputer at University of Illinois (see page 14).

MEETING THE CHALLENGES I"

25

Richard Matzner at the t'niverslt\ ofTexas (Austin), and 'lbw Rothman inCapetm n, South Africa, has used asupercomputer to study the vas theearly universe may have developed

The eery earls universe apparenthwas a glowing ocean of elementaryparticles, which later combined intosimple hydrogen nuclei The universewas still so hot and so dense that thehydrogen nuclei collided with enoughenergy to fuse together and form theheavier nuclei of helium and deu-terium. Exactly how much heliumand deuterium were made depends onhow dense the universe was Earlierestimates of the amounts of heliumand deuterium were based on themore or less unverifiable assumptionthat the universe's density wasabsolutely uniform, the sameeverywhere

Centrella (also a Presidential Thunginvestigator) and her colleagues madethe opposite assumption, that gravitywould make some parts of theunnerse denser than others Theywanted to find out if these areas ofgreater density; these lumps, wouldchange the amount of helium anddeuterium They combined theequations of general relativity withthose describing the process of heliumand deuterium creation, and thosedescribing the motion of matter in asupercomputer In doing so, theytested not only the earlier estimates ofhelium and deuterium but also theoriginal assumption of a uniformuniverse (The density of the universeis of overriding interest to cos-mologists with enough density theuniverse will expand forever, with toomuch, it will stop expanding, contract,and eventually close up into one bigblack hole.)

0

0

z,

Cornell's IBM supercomputing equipment (see page 14).

18 NATIONAL SCIFNCF, FOUNDATION

Presidential Young Investigator andsupercomputer researcher JoanCentrella.

One field especially suited tosupercomputers is materials researchArthur Freeman, a physicist atNorthwestern University has used asupercomputer to model the precisestructure of a metal's surface. Muchfuture technology may depend onwhat goes on at the surface of metals.as transistors and computer chipsbecome thinner and thinner,understanding those surfaces isincreasingly important How a metalreacts, whether it conducts, andwhether it is magnetic depend in parton the exact structure of its surface

Freeman has modeled the surface ofa metal atom by atom. He builds agrid of atomic nuclei, then adds a seaof electrons. The electrons willdispose themselves around the nucleiin the configuration that requires theleast energy To determine what theconfiguration is, Freeman follows thepath of each electron, which meanssolving the equations of motion andenergy for each of them Using thesupercomputer to do this, Freemancan calculate which configuration ofelectrons is least energetic andtherefore most likely to resemble thesurface of a metal. Modeling thesurface opens the way for creatingnew materials with custom-designedproperties

Another problem that requiressupercomputers is heat flow. Abaseboard heater is really a heattransfer device in which water is

heated, warming its container, whichin turn heats the air outside Chemicaland power plants have tons of heattransfer e^nipment; on a much smallerscale, tiny e,. --)nic chips withmillions of electro.o 'aside them alsoneed to lose heat.

Bora Mikic at the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology has used asupercomputer to find how heat ismost efficiently transferred. Onetransfer method is standard: increasethe area of the surface that radiates theheat by carving grooves in it. In anormal process, then, fluid flows overa grooved surface and carries away theheat. Depending on the groove'sdesign, the fluid flows into it, thenback out, carrying heat with It To find

out how efficient the process is,standard procedure is to run a seriesof expensive experiments. Instead,Mikic runs a supercomputersimulation, feeding the complicatedequations that describe heat transferInto the supercomputer If the fluidstays in the groove longer, It cancollect more heat, then it is expelledforcefully Mikic has found this forcedtransfer to be a more efficient designImproved designs like this could heused to improve systems ranging frombaseboard heaters to power plants

27

Cyber 205 supercomputer

MEE rim, THE CHALLENGES 19


Special Focus on Engineering Research Centers

Industry/Univer, tyCollaborationand Cross-DisciplinaryActivities


The Engineering Research Centersfocus on areas requiring

cooperation between engineering andscience. Sometimes scientificunderstanding of a phenomenonprecedes an application for It; CharlesTownes and Arthur Shaw low, forexample, proposed that light wavescould be synchronized before anyoneknew of uses for a laser. Other times,engineers invent something thatscientists don't yet understand;Alexander Volta invented the battery40 ^ars before Michael Faradayexp.ained how it worked. But science,the more theoretical investigation ofphenomena, and engineering, themore pragmatic investigation ofsolutions to problems, are in factInterdependent. The EngineeringResearch Centers require thatscientists and engineers continue tobuild on one another's work

Not only do science andengineeringas well as universitiesand industryneed to cooperate, theparticular focus of each EngineeringResearch Center is also an area threquires various subdisciplines withinscience and engineering to cooperate.Depending on the area, researchersneed to come from fields as various aselectrical and computer engineering,mathematics, computer science,mechanical engineering, solid-statephysics, chemical engineering,polymer chemistry, biochemistry,biology, and the social sciences. Theparticular focus of each Engineering

?

Research Center is also an area crucialto our country's Industrialcompetitiveness.

The Center for Robotic Systems inMicroelectronics at the University ofCalifornia at Santa Barbara designs andbuilds robots that can manufacturesemiconductor devices, such ascomputer chips. Humans making thesedevices unfortunately bring with thema major disadvantage: they sluff offskin, hair, dandruff, makeup, and thelike, particles of skin alone come off atthe rate of 100,000 an hour. A hair 10microns wide can interfere with anetching on a computer chip 1 micronwide, causing defects that lead toelectric failures on the chip. TheCenter for Robotic Systems buildsrobots that not only make a "cleanroom" (the dirt-free productionarea) much cleaner but can alsomanufacture, assemble, and packagesemiconductor devices

The Engineering Research Centerfor Telecommunications at ColumbiaUniversity explores what It calls a"fully integrated telecommunicationsystem"a sort of combinationtelephone-personal computer with ascreen on which both parties canwrite, use graphics, see each other,and talk Such a device would requirethat all data be compressed into asingle stream and sent quickly, sothe Center is developing a singlecomputer chip that can handle bothoptical and electronic information.To cut down on the amount ofinformation on each chip, researcherswill have to edit out parts of the audioor video signal not normally per-

Engineering Research Center work. Computer graphics done at PurdueUniversity's Center for Intelligent Manufacturing Systems (see also page 22).

MEETING THE CHALLENGES 21

29

ceived. This device could revolutionizecommunications

The Center for CompositesManufacturing Science andEngineering at the University ofDelaware is affiliated with a programon ceramics at Rutgers UniversityComposites are generally com-binations of polymers with fibersof fabric, glass, or metal Automobiletires that combine fabric with rubberare one example, the tail of an F-16airplane that blends carbon fibers witha polymer is another. Composites haveboth great strength and light weight;depending on their materials, they willnot disintegrate. The car of the 1990smay have a replaceable engine in acomposite body that never wears out.

The Rutgers program extendspossible composite materials tocombinations of ceramic fibers withpolymers and metals The Center testsdifferent materials in terms of the waythey behavefor example, how they

respond to various stressesandwhether they can he manufacturedcheaply

The Center for Systems Research isa collaboration between the Universityof Maryland and Harvard UniversityThe systems investigated here can beanything from a videotape recorder toa robot arm to the process that makesan airplane flap move or breaks downcrude oil Researchers want to be ableto design these systems with the aid ofa computerfor example, feed acomputer information on thecomponents of the system and whatthey should do, add what the systemlooks like on the outside, and thecomputer will indicate how it can bebest designed to have high reliabilityand low cost The Center for SystemsResearch develops computerswith very-large-scale integrationarchitectures and writes programs forthem based on research into artificialintelligence.

The Center on BiotechnologyProcess Engineering at theMassachusetts Institute of Tech-nology concentrates on actuallyaccomplishing, in a marketable waythose techniques that the revolution inbiotechnology is making possible.Working together, geneticists,molecular biologists, chemists, andbiochemists can now alter the geneticcode on a DNA strand, change asequence of amino acids on a protein,and create wholly new proteins. Thesechanges in turn modify the activitiesand properties of living organisms.

Biotechnology's opportunitiesare enormous and diversepharmaceuticals to prevent, detect, ortreat diseases or genetic defects;herbicides or fungicides that aretarget-specific and thus en-vironmentally safer, improvementsin plant varieties; and chemicals todetect and degrade environmentalhazards. Until now, much of this


30)

science has been the painstaking workof individuals. The BiotechnologyCenter looks for ways to manufacturethese substances in bulk. To do that,engineers first need to understand thebasic biology of the substances. Thenthey need to design systems (calledbioreactors) that take an isolatedsubstance, culture It on large scales,keep viable those cells that do theactual manufacturing, keep thecultures pure, and extract the product.

The Center for IntelligentManufacturing Systems at PurdueUniversity focuses on ways toautomate the manufacture of Items insmall batches. Batch manufacturing isthe opposite of, say, the automobileindustry, which can mass produce

Robot at Purdue EngineeringResearch Center.

millions of the same V-8 engine overand over. Other products requiresmaller numbers and custombuildingfor example, a gadget thatcontrols overloading on an electricmotor needs to vary with differingmotors. The Center for IntelligentManufacturing Systems developssensors or computers, capable ofsemiautonomous reasoning, to reducethe cost, time, and mistakes involvedin such batch manufacturing

31

17

MEI TIN(, THE CHALLENGES 23

Basic Research and Education

The National Science Foundation'shistoric responsibility has been to

support basic research and scienceeducation Investigators doing basicresearch are working directly onneither technological development norimmediate application Nevertheless,basic research in this country isamazingly productive. For example,scientists studied the genetics ofbacteria in the 1950s without knowingthe results would be the fields ofgenetic engineering and bio-technology. Engineers inventedtransistors with no idea of moderncomputers in mind And recently

oceanographers exploring the oceanfloors learned how mineral ores form,a finding that will surely havetechnological implications

Discoveries come at an increasinglyfaster pace, and the gap between adiscovery and its application hasnarrowed abruptly A moderntechnological society without basicresearch is unthinkable, NSF fundsabout 27 percent of such researchperformed at universities

The Foundation supports nonmili-tary and nonchnical research andrelated activities in the astronomical,atmospheric, earth, and ocean sciences,

in the biological ; nd behavioralsciences, in the mathematical andphysical sciences, in engineering, inscience and engineering education;and in a broad, general area calledscientific, technological, and interna-tional affairs The Foundation is alsothe lead U S agency in Antarctica,managing a multidisciplinary researcheffort there according to terms of theAntarctic Treaty At this writing 32nations have signed that treaty.

Some examples of cutting-edgeresearch and educational activitiesfollow

MaterialsResearchGroups

Middle-Sized Sciencefor Big Problems

In studying metal, glass, ceramics,polymers, and the like, materialsresearchers want to know whichmaterials conduct electricity, hold upbest under pressure and temperatureextremes, resist aging, corrode least,are most flexible. These and a host ofother questions need to be answeredbefore using a material to, say, build abridge. Until this year, NSF fundedmaterials research in (Ale of two wayseither the science was smallanindividual investigator working on asingle question, on a grant averaging8100,000or the science was bigforexample, 14 Materials Research


Laboratories with grants averagingaround $4 million each, looking atbroader questions. As it turned out,NSF rarely funded middle-sizedscience, collaborations of 5 or 10researchers

Collaborations are especiallyimportant because materials researchis peculiarly interdisciplinaryanswering questions about any givenmaterial could involve physics,chemistry, metallurgy, mathematics,ceramics, and any of several fields inengineering In 1985, NSF began aprogram to fund middle-sizedcollaborations, called MaterialsResearch Groups each with grants ofaround $1 co $2 million At thiswriting, groups at five universitieshave formed such groups; eachdevotes its attention to a certainproblem.

A group at Rensselaer PolytechnicInstitute studies the stability of glass.Technologists are particularlyinterested in the use of glass to makefiber opticslong, flexible glass tubes

the size of a hair which, like copperwires, can be used to transmitinformation. Information is carried,however, not by electrons movingdown a wire, but by light wavesmoving along the glass tube. Theadvantage is that fiber optics carrymuch more information than electricwires do, and even under extremeconditions they last much longer-20to 100 years The disadvantage, ofcourse, is that glass breaks easily Inhopes of developing a more stableglass, the Rensselaer group studies theway glass reacts under high pressuresand high temperatures, and howcracks propagate under stress.

Another group, at the PolytechnicInstitute of New York, studies the wayblends of different polymers age.Polymers are long strings ofmolecules; examples are polyethylene,polyurethane, or polyvinyl chlorideSome polymers, such as the plastics,have been created to have certain

f)

The Historic Responsibility

2

Aurora austral's, the South Poleequivalent to the northernhemisphere's Aurora borealis.

. . 33

LAURA KAY

BASIC RESEARCH AND EDUCATION 25

qualities transparency flexibilitystrength Unfortunately they can losethese qualities when they age.cellophane tape, for example,becomes yellow and brittle. Recentlyresearchers have begun blendingseveral polymers together; the blendshave characteristics different fromthose of any of their constituents.

The Polechnic researcherssynthesize different blends, thenexpose them to light, high tem-peratures, or any other conditionunder which aging occurs By studyingwhat types of conditions cause whattypes of aging, the group hopes to findblends that resist degradation

A third Materials Research Group atPennsylvania State University isstudying new methods for makingceramics Ceramics are technologicallyimportant, most notably because of

Liquid crystals, a subject for study inmaterials research.

Materials research in polymers. Wet-spinning fibers of an electricallyconducting polymer.


their resistance to heat The hightemperatures at which they mwt hefired require a lot of energy andceramics are notoriously fragile. Thetechnique for making them is one ofthe oldest in the world. The group atPenn State modernizes that techniqueby bonding the ceramic powderstogether, not with high temperaturesbut with chemical binders. Thismethod not only makes ceramicscheaper to produce but may alsoovercome their inherent brittleness.Perhaps ceramics can even beengineered to have electronicproperties.

At the University of Texas at Austin,materials researchers work onunderstanding the fundamentals ofphotoelectrochemistry, the study ofhow light f..nergy is convertedefficiently into chemical energy Theyfocus especially on discovering anddesigning new materials to raise theefficiency of photoelectrochemicaldevices The Austin group studies,among other things, which semi-conductor can absorb differentwavelengths of light most efficientlyhow to stabilize a semiconductoragainst corrosion, and what catalystwill enhance the rates of specificphotoelectrochemical processes

The fifth Materials Research Group,at the California Institute of Tech-nology, studies at the atomic levelthe interfaces between different solidsand between solids and liquids. Theywant to know, for instance, whathappens when they cool liquidsquickly. Rapid cooling, calledquenching, takes a material from itsliquid to its solid state in hundredthsof a second. Cooling a material thisrapidly pi oduces new kinds ofmaterialsglasses whose normallydisorderly atoms now line up incrystals, metals whose normallyaligned atoms become randomwithinteresting magnetic properties.Exactly how that happens is thesubject of the Caltech Group'sinvestigations

3 4

Chemistry ofLife Processes

Chemical Methods forBiological Problems

Biologists have traditionally studiedliving systems such as plants andanimals, chemists analyze thesubstances of which plants andanimals are made. When the livingsystems under examination are cellsor molecules, biology and chemistrybegin to converge. 711,- convergence ismaking possible a revolution inbiotechnology researchers can, bycombining biologists' arid chemists'methods, design new molecules bytaking natural molecules apart andputting them back together differentlyThis year, four NSF divisionsChemistry, Molecular Biosciences,Cellular Biosciences, and Behavioraland Neural Biosciencesare part of ajoint effort called Chemistry of LifeProcesses. This activity has supportedsmall groups whose work in bio-technology requires the methodsand models of more than one field

One example is a collaboration atthe California Institute of Technologyby Harg Gray, an inorganic chemist,Judith Campbell, a biochemist,and John ' :chards, an X-raycrystallographer. They have beenstudying the fine details of respiration,exactly how our bodies mike energyfrom the oxygen we breatheHemoglobin in the blood carriesoxygen to all cells. There electronsnormally attached to iron and copperatoms in the hemoglobin areremoved The electrons join theoxygen, turning it into water Thistransfer releases energy, which isstored in the form of a high-energymolecule called adenosine tri-phosphate, or ATP Because the bodyuses ATP to run all its systems, thetransfer of electrons from iron andcopper to oxygen is a link essential tolife.

The Caltech group studies electrontransfer in detail Why do the electronsleave the iron and copper atoms inthe first place? How do they jump tothe oxygen over what, for them, arelong distances? And how are theyattached so accurately at the exactplace on the oxygen molecule that willaccept them? By creating a proteinwith an iron atom in one place andan atom of a second metal a fixeddistance away the group at Caltech candetermine exactly how far the electronjumps

A second collaborative effortexamines photosynthesis, the processby which green plants feed offsunlight. Photosynthesis takes placewhen certain molecules in membranesat the surface of the plant absorb lightTherese Cotton, a chemist at theUniversity of Nebraska at Lincoln, andMichael Seibert, a biophysicist at theUniversity of Denver, work with simplegreen plants, such as algae, to findwhich molecules are at or near thesurface of the cell membranes Thenthey determine where on the surfacethose molecules are.

Cotton and Seibert put the plantmembranes in a solution into whichthey have placed metal electrodesThose molecules on the surface of themembrane adhere to the surface ofmetal electrodes. Then, using a specialtechnique called Surface-SensitiveRAMAN Spectroscopy Cotton andSeibert can examine the electrode'ssurface and identify even tiny con-centrations of molecules on it Notonly should their work help inunderstanding photosynthesis, buttheir techniques are flexible enoughto use in identifying such things astraces of poisons in the environment.

35BASIC Id SliARCH AND EDUCATION 27

Ocean Drilling andthe ContinentalLithosphere Program

In an age of discoveries about otherplanets and distant galaxies. we knowsurprisingly little about the earthbeneath us. We have navigated theseas and explored the surface of theland for centuries, but only recently

have we had the tools to look beneaththe surface. There we see the base-ment structures and discover thedeep-seated dynamic processes thatassembled the earth and continue toaffect our lives through earthquakesand volcanic eruptions today

Two NSF activities, the OceanDrilling Program and the ContinentalLithosphere Program, are pioneerefforts to explore the "inner space"

below the earth's surface and tounderstand the processes that shapeour physical world, create its mineralresources, and occasionally unleashdramatic violence upon us

From 1966 to 1984 the drillshipGlonzar Challenger was used to obtaingeologic samples from the deepseafloor to document the history ofthe ocean basins. The scientificprogram sampled all the major seas

The drillship JOIDES Resolution(registered name: SEDCOMP 471).

3 628 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

except the Arctic Ocean Support wasprovided by the NSF and up to fiveadditional countries, reflecting theglobal thrust of this research

Earl expeditions providedconvincing confirmation of the thennew and revolutionary concepts ofseafloor spreading and plate tectonics.They founci evidence for a history ofdrastically changing climates withmore ice ages than were previouslyknown Major new insights developedconcerning the circulation of theoceans, the age and composition ofthe ocean crust, and the volcanicprocesses that form the deep oceancrust and other structures.

In 1985 NSFtogether with Canada,Germany France, Japan, and theUnited Kingdomagreed to a new 10-year scientific drilling program Amodern drillship called the JOIDESResolution was leased and equippedwith state-of-the-art scientific lab-oratories The new ship completedsix drilling "legs" by the end of 1985.Specific goals ranged from deter-mining the history and origins of thetropical carbonate banks forming theBahamas Island region to solving thetectonic and glacial history of BaffinBay off northern Canada. As oneexample, Leg 104 took the ship to thecoast of Norway There the coresshowed that the currents alongNorway had once been warm, theyalso detailed the history of an ice ageand documented a number of climaticcoolings. Unfortunately Leg 104 couldneither confirm nor deny a theory thatthe coast of Norway had once been apart of North America, ripped away byocean-floor spreading. The deepercores, however, did show somefragments of continental crust whichmay resemble the rocks of theAppalachian Mountains.

The Ocean Drilling Program is onlyone of a series of global ocean studiesthat attempt to understand the oceansas integrated physical, chemical,biological, and geological systems

Seismic tomograph. A picture of theEarth at a depth of about 90 miles,made by computer from earthquakeshear waves. Light areas representrelatively hotter material where thewaves travel more slowly. Darkerareas are relatively cooler material

These programs deal with the flowsand balances of water, energy plants,animals, minerals, and the influencesall these things have on one anotherand on the world's climate

The ocean floor has proved to hegeologically very young (less than 200million years old) and relativelysimple to understand in terms of theconcepts of plate tectonics Thecontinents, by contrast, are extremelyold (at least 3.8 billion years) andstructurally very complex; they recorda history of repeated rifting, collisions,subsidence, and uplift One of theFoundation's newest efforts is theContinental Lithosphere Programbegun in 1985 The lithosphere is theouter, rocky portion of the earth thatforms the tectonic plates and restsupon the hotter and more yieldinginterior. it includes the layer know n asthe "crust" (rocky layer ranging inthickness from about 3 miles underthe oceans to about 25 miles beneaththe continents), as well as the laversimmediately below the crust thatsupport and move with it

37

The new NSF program supportssome of the first concerted efforts byearth scientists to apply modern toolsto study the deeper parts of thecontinental lithosphere. These toolsinclude direct drilling to depthsas great as six miles as well asseismographic arrays that can createtomographic images of the earth'sinterior (these images resemblemedical CAT scans of the humanbody)

Using these tools, scientists hope toanswer such questions as How arecontinents put together? How doearthquake faults and other structuresseen at the surface change withdepth? Are there mineral resources atdepths greater than those we knowabout now What controls theirdistribution? Why do earthquakesoccur in the interior of plates as wellas at plate boundaries? Alreadyparticipants in the program believethey have found the ancient (and nowdeeply buried) suture zone in Floridaand Georgia that marks the formerboundary where Africa and NorthAmerica collided some 300 millionNears ago

BAsi( Iths'ARC ti AND EDU( ATION 29

The Very LongBaseline Array

A 5,000-Mile RadioTelescope

Normal optical telescopes miss a lotThey are equipped to receive onlythose wavelengths of light, around0000001 meters long, that our eyesalso see. But light from stars andgalaxies and clusters of galaxies comesin wavelengths that range between00000000000000001 and 1,000,000meters long. The longest are radiowaves, and the radio telescopes

=IV

41,


equipped to rece:ve them arecorrespondingh large

The largest such telescope to date,the Very Large ArraN; is actually 27telescopes operating as one,coordinated by computer, andcovering an area 20 by 20 miles.During 1985, the NSF-supportedNational Radio Astronomy Observatorybegan to build a new instrument. TheVery Long Baseline Arra; 10 telescopesoperating as one, will stretch 5,000miles, from Hawaii to the VirginIslands

With radio telescopes, astronomerscan see things not otherwisedetectable: radio waves can slipthrough clouds of gas or dust that

38

surround stars and galaxies and deterother wavelengths The Very LargeArrlh; for example, was used toobserve newly horn stars inside theircocoons of gas and dust, to watchdebris drift away from the explosionof a supernova, and to penetrate to theenergy source (probably a black hole)at the center of our galaxy Moreover,

The Very Large Array An assemblageof 17 steerable antennas that canmove on railroad tracks. The Arrayis the predecessor to the Very LongBaseline Array (VLBA), whose 10antennas are fully steerable butotherwise fixed. Projected VLBA sitesare shown on page 31.

with the Very Large Array astronomerscan see these things as precisely; in asmuch detail, as with a large opticaltelescope.

The resolution of a telescope,however, depends on its size Themuch larger Very Long Baseline Arraywill have unprecedented resolution,more than any optical telescopepresent or planned With a telescopeof this resolution, one could stand inNew York, pick out a dime in LosAngeles, and read its motto, "In GodWe Trust."

Astronomers will use this array tostudy; among other things, the ancient,violent quasars, starlike sources ofradio waves so far away they musthave formed soon after the universebegan Quasars may he young galaxies,or a type of galaxy that only formed

early on. Understanding them willhelp piece together the life history ofthe universe.

Quasars seem to he found at thecenters of galaxies The are so bright,however, that they outshine theirgalaxies. a quasar at the center of ourswould make the night sky brilliantAstronomers do not understand whyquasars are so bright. They speculatethat these objects are not stars at allbut black holes into which stars fall,colliding and swirling into a diskaround the black hole before theydisappear What the energy source atthe center of quasars actually is andhow if galaxies began as quasars, theysettled down into sable middle age,are questions astronomers hope toanswer with the Very Long BaselineArray

Less dramatic but equally importantis the fact that the Very Long BaselineArray will allow astronomers to fixexact distances to stars and galaxiesMeasurements of distance are crucialto theories of how stars evolve, howgalaxies are horn, how the unw erse

39

has developed, and how it will endThe most exact measurement ofdistance, a method called parallax,uses geometry known since theGreeks. The problem is, the distancesinvolved are so great that astronomerscan find the parallaxes of only a fewstars They estimate the distance to thenearest galaxy; Andromeda, only byinference, and they reckon theirinferences to the farthest galaxies mayhe wrong by 50 percent

With the new array; which will takeseveral years to build, astronomerswill he able to improve measurementsof distance by close to a thousandtimes That should put their theorieson the evolution of the universe andeverything in it on firmer ground

BASIL RLSF.AR( II AND EDUCATION 31

Molecular andCellular Biosciences

How Cells Know Whatto Do

Every cell in a human's body, or afrog's body; or a corn plant carriesdeoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. TheDNA makes the proteins that carryoxygen in blood, digest food, fightoff infections, make pigment, orphotosynthesize. Each cell in a givenindividual has the same DNA: a cell inyour bloodstream has the same DNAas a cell in your finger. That meansthat every cell has the capability tomake all the proteins the animal orplant needs to stay alive. The problemis immediately obvious If DNA makesproteins, and all cells in an individualhave the same DNA, then why don'tthe cells in a finger make hemoglobin?

No one knows the answer to that,although It is now one of the mostimportant Issues in genetics. VickyChandler; at the University of Oregonin Eugene and a Presidential YoungInvestigator, is trying to answer thequestion by focusing on the DNA of acorn plant. This plant's DNA makescertain proteins found in corn kernels;those proteins make a pigment calledanthocyanin, which turns the kernelsof Indian ccrn purple. The productionof anthocyanin is actually the last in aseries of steps, each making a differentprotein that makes the next steppossible. The whole pathway is master-minded by a gene called the B locus.If the B locus happens to mutate, thepathway is interrupted and the cornwill be colorless.

The B locus not only controls thepathway that ends with the kernelbeing purple; it also controls whether


IP

...

C

Model of a highly supercoiled DNAmolecule, above; double helix at right.

the puiple is pale or intense, whichtissue is to be colored, and when inthe life of the plant the coloring takesplace. And oddly enough, variantforms of the B !opus will turn not thekernels but the leaves purple.

Chandler suspects that perhaps theB locus is somehow responsible for acell's specificity To find out moreabout this locus, Chandler first clonesit, then takes it apart. Ultimately, shewould like to insert a clone of the Blocus into corn that lacks anthocyaninand see what happens. Her work withthe B locus should illuminate how acell knows to do its job and no othLrsThat in turn should teadi scientistsmore about the most fundamentalprocesses of living systems, andshould point out the most effectiveresponse when those processesas incancergo wrong.

4()

....M.O.-

"._ .I

A

Behavioral andNeural Sciences

How a Rabies Virus WorksA virus, a protein coat covering a

molecule of RNA or DNA, is one of thesimplest possible parasites It cannotreproduce on its own. Instead,through parts of the protein coat itattaches itself to a cell, breaches thecell membrane, and establishes itselfinside. The virus takes over the cell'sreproductive apparatus: the virus' RNAor DNA directs the cell's ownmetabolic systems to reproduce copiesof the virus. Unable to manufacturewhat it needs to stay alive, the celldies, releasing the virus' offspring toinvade another cell and continue thecycle

Some viruses are more or lessbenign, not noticed by their hosts,others are virulent. All attack only thecells of certain systems flu and coldviru es target primarily the respiratorysystem; rabies virus, the muscles andnerve cells. Researchers have notltiown exactly how the rabies virusaccomplishes this targeting, if they did,they could interfere with the processNow Thomas Lentz at thc 1,11e MedicalSchool has shown how a rabies virusseeks out muscle cells

In a way, the muscle cell seeks outthe rabies virus On the walls of these

"- are certain proteins that recog-nize and receive only acetylcholine, achemical substance that communicatesbetween nerves and muscles. Eachmolecule of protein has only a certainnumber of receptors with which it canbind to acetylcholine In fact, snakevenom and poisons such as curareparalyze by the simple expedient ofbinding to the same receptors on the

protein that acetylcholine normallydoes, thus using up all the availablebinding sites and preventing acetyl-choline from carrying a stimulus froma nerve cell to a muscle cell. Lentzfound that the rabies virus works thesame way

The coat of the rabies virus isstudded with spikes The heads of thespikes are modified to match exactlythe acetylcholine receptor on a musciecell, when the head and receptortouch, they stick avidly. Withacetylcholine receptors covered withrabies viruses, the muscles can receiveno stimulus from nerves and thepatient is to some extent paralyzedRabies is lethal because once the virustakes over the muscle cells andreleasus its offspring into thebloodstream, the offspring headstraight for the nervous system Newmuscle cells will replace the oneskilled by viruses, but nerve cells donot reproduce: after age two, humanshave all the nerve cells they ever willRabies eventually invades so manynerve cells that the body losesvoluntary control Ultimately, therabies virus moves to the brain

Lentz has synthesized peptides thatimitate the spikes on the rabies virus,he has found that his synthetics alsobind avidly to acetylcholine receptorsThe hope is that these synthetics couldprotect muscle cells from the rabiesvirus by tying up all their ace-tylcholine receptors The rabiesvirus also has a generic resemblanceto viruses that cause autoimmunediseases and to other slow viruses thataccount for many other illnesses Thiskind of basic research may eventuallylead to protection from thesemaladies

4'BASIC RESEARCH AND EDUCATION 43

Science andEngineeringEducation

NSF has always supported the"pipeline" of training for careers inscience and engineeringlargelythrough fellowships for graduate andpostdoctoral students and awardsto develop high-quality teachingmaterials at the high school level. Thescientists of the future, however, arenow in grade school, and many will

ME t>EY usr+,

11


lack the experience and motivationthey need unless the quality of earlgeneral education is greatly improved

Because these earl years arecritical 'SF's efforts include supportfor a. . .1-winning television series(aimed at bringing children to schoolwith a healthy interest and backgroundin science and mathematics), and forprograms that provide hands-onexperience through museums, clubs,and other nonschool activities

Following this are programs thatadd to the quality of education in the

schools through improved in-structional materials and workshopsthat help to prepare teachers andmaintain their skills These particularlyfocus on the status and prestige ofscience teaching as a profession

The Foundation also plays a key rolein a nationwide awards programlaunched by President Reagan in 1984Administered through the NationalScience Teachers Association, thePresidential Awards to,- Excellence inScience and Mathematics Teachinghonor 2 outstanding science and mathinstructors from each state, the Districtof Columbia, and Puerto Rico eachyear. The prestigious award, and a$5,000 grant for materials and training,are based on outstanding performancein the classroom, student progress,and professional endeavor.

Students entering the scientific andengineering disciplines in college areaided by the College Science In-strumentation Program (mentionedabove) Ukimatel% the most talentedgo on to graduate and postdoctoralfellowshipsand to researchapprenticeship as part of NSF's manydisciplinary research programs

These and other education-relatedprograms are a key part of NSF'songoing mission to promote theprogress of science in this nation.

Presidential Teaching Awardees.NSF Director Erich Bloch honors scienceteacher Almodovar Fonseca-Riverafrom Puerto Rico. In second photo(left to right), Nebraska scienceteacher Roger Rea, Ohio mathteacher Ruth E. Hubbar.1, andKentucky science teacher Sister MaryEthel Parrott join 1985 Nobel Prizewinning chemist Jerome Karle andhis wife, chemist Isabella Karle.

43


Special ResearchCommunities

Cutting Across DisciplinaryBoundaries

Several program clusters at NSFcut across disciplinary researchboundaries. Focusing on specialresearch communities, some of theseprogram clusters are designed toimprove the involvement of smallhigh-technology firms, women, andminorities in NSF research activities.Addressing special problemsassociated with the nation's scientificand eng ,eering infrastructure isanother focus for these programsforexample, the Experimental Program toStimulate Competitive Researchinvolves states that are relatively lesssuccessful in competing for federalresearch funds. Supporting the U.S.scientific and engineering communityin international cooperative scienceactivities is yet another programcluster; it increases access to uniqueresearch environments and facilitiesabroad and provides other benefits forU.S. researchers.

As part of a government-wideinitiative to convert scientific researchresults into technology NSF's SmallBusiness Innovation Research (SBIR)program provides seed money tosmall high-technology firms for high-risk research projects. The goal is toattract private-venture capital tocommercialize research findings, andresults have been encouraging. Severalfi:ms have been successful inleveraging NSF research investmentsof 1200-1300,000 into multimillion-

, dollar venture capital commitments;these will further develop researchresults into commercial products orsystems in areas such as genetictechnology, electronics, and materialsscience.


Increasing the number and researchcapability of minority scientists andengineers and strengthening in-stitutions with significant minorityenrollments are the goals of anotherset of NSF programs that cut acrossdisciplinary lines. Several researchersfunded under these programs havemade important contributions inmathematics, electronics, and polymerscience. Providing equipment andinstrumentation to minority in-stitutions enables them to establishfacilities for special research programs.The laboratory for monoclonalantibody technology at Nashville'sTuskegee Institute is an example.Another is a multidisciplinary researchinstrumentation laboratory at theUniversity of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez.It is unique in the Caribbean region.

Other key NSF goals include

BI)logist Don C Absbapanekinstructs a student at HaskellAmerican Indian Jr. College.

411

helping female scientists andengineers become engaged inresearch as Independent investigatorsand providing opportunities for femalePh.D.s to begin or resume researchafter a career interruption. Throughthese efforts, women who areestablished researchers in their fieldsact as mentors and counselors toscience and engineering students. As aresult, female scientists who had notpreviously considered submittingresearch proposals to NSF are nowdoing so in increasing numbers andwith growing success.

Several states are making majorattempts to provide additionalresources to their academicinstitutions as a result of theExperimental Program to StimulateCompetitive Research (EPSCoR).Catalyzing state and industry attention,

t.

2VPW awardee. Biologist GillianCooper-Driver is one of the 1985grantees under NSF's VisitingProfessorships for Women (VPW)program. Through this program,female Ph.D.s can begin or resumeresearch :n their fields and also actas mentors to science and engineer-ing students.

14*Aa

Anatomy professor Eldridge Johnsonexamines a specimen.

NSF grants have leveraged funding andheightened awareness of the need tostrengthen capabilities in academicscience and engineering research. InMontana, South Carolina, Arkansas,Maine, and West Virginia, researchtalent has been developed in suchareas as geology, marine sciences,physics, and chemistry. Broadening thebase of research funding in thesestates has allowed universityleadership to redirect scientificactivities and participate more fully inthe national research and developmententerprise.

Started in FY 1985, NSF'sIndustrialized Countries ExchangeProgram is providing opportunities for

Guayule processing in Mexico, anexample of an international programsupported by ME

45

younger U S scientists and engineersto gain research experience andprofessional contacts in the countriesof Western Europe and Japan. Specialscience and technology initiativeswith India and China offer otheropportunities for U.S. researchers toinvestigate monsoons, minerals, andother phenomena that are unique tothose regions. Joint research activitieswith foreign scientists are available toU.S. scientists and engineers in morethan 30 countries that have co-operative science agreements. Theseprograms are important as a means forcost and resource sharing as well asaccess to foreign scientific andtechnological development.

Small Business Innovation Research.This line electron beam apparatuswas supported by NSF's SmallBusiness Innovation Researchprogram


Operations Report

NSF Awards: PeopleWho MetThe Challenges

1985 Vannevar Bush Awardwinner Dr. Hans Bethe.

gz8V

Owizzr.

1985 Waterman Award winnerDr. Jacqueline Barton.


Vannevar Bush AwardThe National Science Board, NSF's

governing body, grants the prestigiousVannevar Bush Award, named for theengineer and World War H scienceadministrator who prepared thepresidential report recommendingestablishment of the National ScienceFoundation The honorary awardrecognizes individuals who have madeoutstanding contributions to the nationthrough public service activities inscience and technology

In 1985, the award was presented toHans Albrecht Bethe, professor emeritusat Cornell University, a theoreticalphysicist whose contr:butions haveranged over a lifetime

Bethe's research has focused on thebehavior of the nuclei of atoms Hismost famous work, in 1938-39, solvedan old problem Earlier theories hadheld that hydrogen and helium, 98percent of the universe, were madeduring the so-called htg bang phase ofcreation But no one could accountfor the origin of all the rest of theelements, that important 2 percentfrom which we are made. Bethe'sexplanation was that the wholeperiodic table of the elements wasmade either in the fiery cores of starsor in the split seconds of theirexplosive deaths. Subsequent workprovided precisely detailed supportfor his theory, which now is the basisfor scientists to understand thebehavior of our sun and the evolutionof stars.

In 1942, Bethe was one of the smallteam that studied the feasibility of theatomic bomb, and later he held acentral position on the ManhattanProject Bethe's current work focuses

4t.

on supernovas, the end stages ofmassive stars; recently he has been anoutspoken proponent of the nucleartest ban treaty Bethe has won, amongother important awards, the U.SNational Medal of Merit, in 1946, andthe Nobel Prize in Physics, in 1967.

Alan T WatermanAward

This award, named for NSF's firstdirector, is presented each year to are3earcher under 35 years of age andnot more than 5 years beyond receiptof the doctoral degree, whose researchshows excellence and innovation. Thisyear the award went for the first timeto a woman, Jacqueline K Barton, aninorganic and biophysical chemist atColumbia University

Barton, whose early training at agirl's school had to be supplementedby science courses at a nearby boy'sschool, is also a Sloan FoundationFellow and a Presidential YoungInvestigator. Her work has focused onthe relationship between the structureof a molecule of DNA and its function.The DNA molecule, the familiardouble helix that controls whatproteins the body makes, can spiraleither to the left or to the right Whichdirection it takes determines whatbiological processes it controls. Bartondesigned certain metal-containingmolecules that attach to the DNAmolecule in such a way thatdistinguishes a left-handed DNAmolecule from a right. Knowing thiswill allow scientists to design newpharmaceutical agents which couldaffect the way DNA controls lifeprocesses The experimental toolsBarton developed are necessary tobridge the fields of molecular biologyand inorganic chemistry

Senior Staff Appointments inFY 1985

John Moore, previously AssociateDirector and Senior Fellow of theHoover Institution in Stanford,California, became NSF's DeputyDirector. Dr. Moore has also beenserving as Chief International AffairsOfficer, assessing NSF's programs ininternational science

William J Merrell Jr was nominatedto be the new Assistant Director forAstronomical, Atmospheric, Earth, andOcean Sciences. (He was sworn intooffice at the start of fiscal year 1986.)Dr Merrell came from Texas A&MUniversity, where he was an AssociateDean and Director of the Division ofAtmospheric and Marine Sciences

Richard Nicholson, former StaffDirector of NSF, is now the AssistantDirector for Mathematical and PhysicalSciences. Dr. Nicholson also servedpreviously as head of NSF's chemistrydivision

Nam pm Sub, formerly a Professorof Mechanical Engineering at theMassachusetts Institute of Technology,was sworn in as the new AssistantDirector for Engineering.

3Organizational Changes

The major organizational change inFY 1985 was in the EngineeringDirectorate. Four engineeringdivisions and one office wereabolished, and five new divisions andone new office were established

The Engineering Directorate wasreorganized partly to adjust to adiverse and fast-moving discipline. themodern field of engineering hasanywhere from 30 to 40 differentsubfields, it is in general an area thathas changed with extraordinaryrapidity The directorate was _ .-,o

reorganized to accommodate theincreasing interdependence of scienceand engineering. Much of engineering,especially that involving complexsystems such as the turbulent flow offluids, has traditionally been driven byexperience and innovation, where adesign was based less on theory andmore on what seemed to work. Thislatter approach is increasinglyineffective; as a method of solvingproblems, it is relatively inflexibleThe most flexible approach is foundedon basic scientific principles

The new divisions and office areEngineering Science Division in

Chemical, Biochemical, and ThermalEngineering;

Engineering Science Division inMechanics, Structures, and MaterialsEngineering;

Engineering Science Division inElectrical, Communications, andSystems Engineering,

Division for Science BaseDevelopment in Design,Manufacturing, and ComputerEngineering;

Division for FundamentalResearch in Emerging and CriticalEngineering Systems,

47

the Office of Cross-DisciplinaryResearch

The Engineering Directorate hasalso instituted a new programdesigned to fund more high-risk/high-return projects These projects areeither those whose outcome isuncertain but whose success 'ould bea significant contribution, or thosewhose subjects do not fall into anystandard categories The new programdoes not bypass the peer reviewsystem, however, proposals that gotmixed reviews and therefore weredeclined funding might, under thisprogram, get a second chance.

The Science and EngineeringEducation Directorate also changed its

rganization, creating three divisionsand two offices.

The Division of MaterialsDevelopment and Informal ScienceEducation deals primarily with theimprovement of instructional materialsand techniques, the application ofadvanced teaching technology; andscience education programs inmuseums, the media, and othernonacademic settings

The Division of Research CareerDevelopment handles graduate,minority graduate, and certaininternational fellowships, along withthe Presidential Young Investigatorsprogram.

The Division of TeacherPreparation and Enhancementadministers such activities as thePresidential Awards for Excellence inScience and Mathematics Teaching, theHonors Workshops for PrecollegeTeachers, and similar teacherdevelopment efforts

OPERA' IONS 49

The Office of College ScienceInstrumentation manages the CollegeScience Instrumentation Program,described earlier, and the Office ofStudies and Program Assessmentmaintains a database and reports onthe status of precollege science andmath education.

Finally, there were realignments inthe staff offices that report to the NSFDirector. The Office of Audit andOvers'ght merged with the Office ofthe Controller to become the Office ofBudget, Audit, and Control. TheFoundation's computer servicesdivision moved from the Directoratefor Administration to become theOffice of Information Systems, underthe Foundation's Director, two officesthat boost small business involvementin science and technology moved fromthe Office of the Director to theDirectorate for Scientific,Technological, and InternationalAffairs.


Policy NotesNSF funds proposals for research

and equipment according to theproposals' excellence The judgment ofexcellence is made through andguaranteed by the system of peerreview, through which thousands ofscientists and engineers outside theFoundation evaluate proposals on anad hoc basis and adv. NSF staff as towhich should be supported. Recently,however, a number of universitieshave obtained millions of dollars foracademic projects directly fromCongress, thus bypassing the merit-based review system.

An ad hoc committee set up by theNational Science Board, called suchappeals to Congress a dangerousprecedent The committee's report'sate: that the merit review process isthe most reliable guarantor ofexcellence Direct appeals, the reportnoted, make science dependent onspecial interest politics, seriouslyundermining its objectivity, integrity,and automony

"The question facing Americanuniversities today is this," the reportstated: "Will they retain responsibilityfor the excellence of U.S. science andengineering, or will they cede it topurely political processes? The choiceis in the hands of the science andengineering community. The trend isin the wrong direction."

The report concluded thatuniversities resort to direct appealsbecause so many of their facilities aredeteriorating. The study recommendeuthat the National Science Board, theNational Academies of Science andEngineering, and the White HouseOffice of Science and TechnologyPolicy jointly call a conference of allinterested parties (which took place inthe summer of 1985), and that NSF setup a formal group to examine themerit review process.

Within a month of the report, NSFestablished an advisory committee of

'Report of the National Science BoardCommittee on Excellence in Science andEngineering, Feb 22, 1985

10 scientists, engineers, a..0 educators;the group is headed by NormanHackerman, Chairman of the ScientificAdvisory Board of the Robert A WelchFoundation in Houston At this writingthe Hackerman Committee (which willdisband in May 1986) is evaluating thepresent merit review system, assessingany inequities that might result from it,and preparing a final report onfindings and recommendations.

In 1985 NSF also considered thequestion of funding facilities ratherthan equipment or specific projects, anr le raised in prior years. The policyadopted is that the primary re-sponsibility for providing facilities tohouse researchers lies with collegesand universities. Although NSF willconsider funding facilities in certaincompelling cases, in general it willfund projects first, equipment second,and facilities third.

4S

Senior Foundation and Board Officials

Erich BlochDirector

Before becoming Direc-tor of the Foundation inAugust 1984, Mr. Blochwas Vice-President forTechnical PersonnelDevelopment at the IBMCorporation, which hejoined in 1952 as an elec-trical engineer. In 1985,Mr. Bloch was awarded theNational Medal ofTechnology by PresidentReagan, an award made forhis part in pioneeringdevelopments related tothe IBM/360 computer that"revolutionized the com-puter industry "

John MooreDeputy Director

Dr. Moore became NSF'sDeputy Director in June1985. He is on leave ofabsence from the HooverInstitution at StanfordUniversity, where he wasAssociate Director andSenior Fellow. Previouspositions includeeconomics professor andassociate director of theLaw and Economics Centerat Emory University, andresearch professor andassociate director at theUniversity of Miami's Lawand Economics Center

Roland W. SchmittChairmanNational Science Board

Dr. Schmitt is SeniorVice-President for Cor-porate Research andDevelopment at theGeneral Electric Company,where he has beenemployed since 1951. He isa member of GE's Cor-porate Executive CounLil,President of the IndustrialResearch Institute, and alsoserves on the NationalAcademy of EngineeringCouncil

4 9

Charles E. HessVice ChairmanNational Science Board

Dr. Hess has been Deanof the College ofAgricultural and Environ-mental Sciences at theUniversity of California,Davis, since 1975. He isalso Associate Director ofthe California AgriculturalExperiment Station and hasserved on numerous state,national, and internationaladvisory boards and com-missions in horticultureand forestry.

OPERATIONS 41

Moving Ahead

42 NATIONAL SCIENCF FOUNDATION

The present state of science andengineering will surely determine

the future But at present our L,untryis not adequately supporting basicresearchers, is not investingsufficiently in up-to-date equipment,and is not training enough youngresearchers

For the future, if our country is toremain economically competitive, itmust redress these inadequacies Inparticular it must fund those areaswhere international competition ismost fierce, and in general it mustcontinue to fund the best basicresearch

Both competition and potentialprogress are great in fields created bya new cooperation between scienceand engineering Biotechnologv; forexample, will drastically improveagriculture's ability to fted the worldand medicine's ability to prevent ortreat disease Fiber optics andsemiconductor devices are alteringwhat is possible in comniunicationsand computer science The com-bination of computer science,cognitive science, and artificialintelligence should prov:de thetechnologies for improving education

New computer architectures willincrease the already enormous speedof computing, making possible sciencethat was previously impossible Newmaterials and composites of materialswill he designed so that theirproperties match their uses; thus theywill he lighter, stronger, cheaper, andless likely to corrode

Basic research also has, and alwayshas had, intrinsic cultural value, and itoften has surprising practicalapplications as well In physics. thestudy of the most fundamentalconstitutents of nature combined withthat of the infinite, or nearly infinite,universe should produce newunderstandings of why matter behavesas it does and how space and time arelinked In mathematics, the mostabstruse and unworldly theories areincreasingly invaluable in describingcomplex systems, such as the weather,that do not obey simple laws of causeand effect. Earth scientists will putsatellites in the skies to chart the landand its movements Behavioralscientists are learning more about thechemical foundations of emotions,drives, and learning

By supporting both research of highintrinsic value and research that willcontribute to our competitiveness, theNational Science Foundation continuesto invcst in our nations future throughits ongoing commitment to excellence

4

MOVING AHEAD 4i

51

Appendix A

National Science Board Members and NSF Staff

(Fiscal Year 1985)

NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD

Terms Expire May 10, 1986

JA Vern Beck, Professor Emeritus ofMicrobiology, Brigham Young Universin,Provo, UT

Peter T Flawn, President, University of Texas,Austin, TX

Man L Good, President and Director ofResearch, Signal Research Center, DesPlaines, IL

Peter D Lax, Professor of Mathematics, CourantMathematics and Computing LaboratoryNew York University New York, NY

Homer A Neal, Provost, State University of NewYork at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY

Mary J Osborn, Professor and Head, Departmentof Microbiology; University of ConnecticutHealth Center, Farmington, CT

Donald B Rice, President, The RandCorporation, Santa Monica, CA

Stuart A Rice, Dean of the Division of PhysicalSciences, The James Franck Institute,University of Chicago, Chicago, IL


Warren J Baker, President, California PolytechnicState University San Luis Obispo. CA

Robert F Gilkeson, Chairman of the ExecutiveCommittee, Philadelphia Electric CompanyPhiladelphia, PA

Charles E Hess, Dean, College of Agriculturaland Environmental Sciences, University ofCahforr ia, Davis, CA

Charles L Hosier, Vice President for Research,Pennsylvania State University UniversityPark, PA

William F Miller, President and Chief ExecutneOfficer, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA

William A Nierenberg, Director, ScrippsInstitution of Oceanography, University ofCalifornia at Sari Diego, La Jolla, CA

Norman C Rasmussen, McAfee Professor ofEngineering, Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, Cambridge, MA

Roland W Schmitt, senior Vice President,Corporate Research and Development,General Electric Company, Schene-tach, NY


Perry L Adkisson, Depute Chancellor, TexasA&M Lniversin Sstem, College Station, TX

Annelise G Anderson, Senior Research FellowThe Hoover Institution, Stanford Unnersin,Stanford, CA

Craig C Black, Director, Los Angeles CountyMuseum of Natural History Los Angeles, CA

Rita R Colwell, Vice President for AcademicAffairs and Professor of MicrobiologyUniversity of Maryland, Adelphi, MD

Thomas B Day President, San Diego StateUniversity, San Diego, CA

James) Duderstadt, Dean, College ofEngineering, The University of Michigan,Ann Arbor, MI

K J Lindstedt -Siva, Manager, EnvironmentalSciences, Atlantic Richfield Company LosAngeles, CA

Simon Ramo, Director, TRw Incorporated,Redondo Beach, CA

Members Ex Officio

Erich Bloch, Director, National ScienceFoundation, Washington, DC

Thomas Ubois, Executive Officer, NationalScience Board, National ScienceFoundation, Washington, DC

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATIONSTAFF

(As of September 30, 1985)Director, Erich BlochDeputy Director, John H MooreSenior Science Advisor, Mary E ClutterDirector Office of Equal Opportunity, Brenda M

BrushGeneral Counsel, Charles Her/Director , Office of Legislative and Public Affairs,

Raymond E ByeController; Office of Budget, Audit, and Control,

Sandra D ToyeDirector Office of Advanced Scientific

Computing, John W ConnollyDirector; Office of Information Systems,

Constance K McLindon

53

Assistant Director for Astronomical, Atmospheric,Earth, and Ocean Sciences (Acting), AlbertL BridgewaterDeputy Assistant Director for Astronomical,

Atmospheric, Earth, and OceanSciences, Albert L Bridgewater

Director Division of Astronomical Sciences,Laura P Bautz

Director; Division of Atmospheric Sciences,Eugene W Bterly

Director; Division of Earth Sciences, James FHays

Director; Division of Ocean Sciences, MGrant Gross

Director; Division of Polor Programs, PeterE Wilkniss

Assistant Director for Biological, behavioral, andSocial Sciences, David T KingsburyHead, Office of Biotechnology

Coordination, Robert RabinDirector Ditision of Behavioral and Neural

Sciences, Richard T LoututDaector, Division of Biotic Systems and

Resources, John L BrooksDirector Division of Information Science

and Technology, Charles N BrownsteinDirector; Division of Cellular Biosciences

(Acting), Bruce L UmmingerDirector; Division V Molecular Biosciences,

James H BrownDirector, Division of Social and Economic

S. tence, Roberta B MillerAssistant D rector for Engineering, Nam P Suh

Deputy Acsistan' Director for Engineering.Carl W Hall

Head, Office of Cross Disciplinary Research,Lewis G Mayfield

Director Division of Lngineering Science inChemical, Biochemical and ThermalEngineering, Marshall M Lill

Director, Division of Engineering Science inElectrical, Communications, andSystems Engineering (Acting), Frank LHuband

Director Division of Engineering Science inMechanic.; Structures, ar 1 MaterialsEngineering, John A Weese

Director Duiston for Fundamental Researchin Emerging and Critical EngineeringSystems (Acting), Arthur A Ezra

Director; Division for Science BaseDevelopment in Design,Manufacturing, and ComputerFrig:neer:rig (Acting), Bernard Chern

APPENDIXES 4S

Assistant Director fur Mathematical and PhysicalSciences, Richard S NicholsonDirector,- Division of Chemistry, Edward F

HavesDirector; Duision of Materials Research,

Lewis H NosanowDirector; Division of Computer Research,

Kent K CurtisDirector; Division of Mathematical Sciences,

John C PolkingDirector; Division of Phjsics, Marcel Bardon

Assistant Director for Science and EngineeringEducation, Bassam Z ShalchashiriDeputy Assistant Director for Science and

Engineering Education, Walter LGillespie

Head, Office of College ScienceInstrumentation, Robert F Watson

Head, Office of Studies and ProgramAssessment, Vacant

Director; Division of Teacher Enhancementand Informal Science Education, JerryA Bell

Director; Division of Materials Developmentand Research (Acting), Raymond JHannapel

Director; Dunsion of Research CareerDevelopment, Terence L Porter

Assistant Director for Scientific, Technological,and International Affairs, Richard J GreenDeputy Assistant Director for Scientific,

Technological, and InternationalAffairs (Achng), Richard R Ries

Director; Office of Small Business Researchand Development, Donald Senich

Director Office of Small and DisadvantagedBusiness Utilization, Donald Senich

Director; Dii ision of Industrial Science andTechnological Innovation, DonaldSenich

Director; Division of Research Initiation andImprovement, Alexander J Morin

Director; Division of InternationalPrograms, Bodo Bartocha

Director; Division of Policy Research andAnalysis, Peter W House

Director; Division of Science ResourcesStudies (Acting), William L Stewart

Assistant antic,/ Admmistrat:on, GeoffreyM Fenstermacht,Deputy Assistant Director for

Administration, Kurt G SandvedDirector; Dituion of Financial

Management, Kenneth B FosterDirector; Division of Grants and Contracts,

William B Cole, JrDirector; Division of Personnel and

Management, Margaret L WindusDirector Division of Administrative Services.

Troy T Robinson

0r 446 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

Appendix B

Financial :epos # for Fiscal Year 1985(In thousands of dollars)

Research and Related Activities Appropriation

Fund AvailabilityFiscal year 1985 appropriationUnobligated balance available, start

of year . .

Adinsunents to prior year accounts

$1,306,012

2,0533,638

Fiscal year 1985 availability $1,311,703

0)-,iigationsAstronomical, Atmospheric, Earth, and Ocean S-iences.

Astronomical Sciences $82,764Atmospheric Sciences 95,064Earth ScienLes 45,962Ocean Sc...nces 121,276Arctic Research Program 7,961

Subtotal, Astronomical,Atmospheric, Earth, andOcean Sciences

Biological, Behavioral, and Social SciencesMolecular Biosciences $60,927Cellular Biosciences 52,385Biotic Systems and ResourcesBehavioral and Neural SciencesSocial and Economic SciencesInformation Science and

Technology . . ...Subtotal, Biological, Behavioral,

and Social Sciences

Engineering:Chemical, Biochemical, and

Thermal EngineeringMechanics, Structures, and

Materials EngineeringElectrical, Communications and

Systems EngineeringDesign, Manufacturing and

Computer Engineering ..Emerging and Critical

Engineering Systems .

Cross-Disciplinary Research .

Subtotal, Engineering

58,12144,37828,751

8,948

$29,178

23,310

25,805

17,'64

34,96119,910

$353,027

$253,510

$150,628

Mathematical and Physical SciencesMathematical SciencesComputer ResearchPhysicsChemistryMaterials Research

Subtotal, Mathematical andPhysical Sciences

$47,73J39,124

115,79587,563

106,976

Scientific, Technological, and International AffairsIndustrial Science and

Technological Innovation $13,436International Cooperative

Scientific Activities . 12,422Policy Research and Analysis 5,146Science Resources Studies -,,140Research Initiation and

Improvement 8,600

Subtotal, Scientific,Technological, andInternational Affairs

Advanced Scientific Computing

Program Development andManagement

Subtotal, obligations

Unobligated balance available, endof year

Ur, 'ated balance lapsing

. .41, fiscal year 1985availability for Research andRelated .^.;:z.v ,:ies

55

$397,188

$43,744

$41396

$71,951

$1,311,444

$197

$62

p1,311,703

APPENDIXES 47

U.S. Antarctic Program Activities Appropriation

Fund AvailabilityFiscal year 1985 appropriation $110,830Unobligated balance available, start

of year 68Adjustments to prior year accounts 2

Fiscal year 1985 Mailability $110,900

OFIgationsU S Antarctic Re_ arch Program $11,150Operations Support 99,685

Subtotal, obligations $110,841

Unobligated balance available, endof year $59

Total, fiscal year 1985availability for U S AntarcticProgram ArtiT.ies $110,900

Science and Engineering Education ActivitiesAppropriation

Fund AvailabilityI al year 1985 appropriation $82,000Unobligated balance available, start

31,/,50ci yearAdjustments to prior year accounts 37Deferred in FY 1985 (31,450)

Fiscal year 1985 availability

ObligationsResearch Career DevelopmentMaterials Development, Research,

and Informal Science EducationTeacher Preparation and

EnhancementStudies al... Program AssessmentCollege Science Instrumentation

Stibt ,tal, obligations

Unobilgated balance available, endof year

Unobligated balance lapsing

Total, fiscal year 1985availability for Science andEngineering EducationActivities


127,298

22,726

25,1881,748

4,996

182,03'

131,956

144

$3-7

4;82,03-

Special Foreign Currency Appropriation

Fund AvailabilityFiscal year 1935 appropriation $2,800Unobligated balance available, start

of year 3"Adjustments to prior year accounts 22

Fiscal year 1985 availability $2,859

ObligationsSpecial Foreign Currency $2,830Unohligated balance available, end

of year 2

Unobligated balance lapsing 2-

Total, fiscal year 1985availability for SpecialForeign Currency Program $2,859

Trust Funds/Donations

Fund AvailabilityUnobligated balance available, start

of year 12,791Receipts from nonfederal sources 6, ' 38

Fiscal year 1985 availability $8,929

ObligationsOcean Drilling Programs r.601Miscellaneous Program Activities 119

U S -Spain Scientific andTechnological Program 83

Subtotal, obligations 1-,803

Unobligated balance available, endof year 11,126

Total, fiscal year 1985availability for Trust Funds/Donations $8,929

SOURCES Fiscal Year 198' Supplementary Budget Schedules and Fiscallea 198' Budget to Congress

Table I Astronomical, Atmospheric, Earth, and OceanSciences, Fiscal Year 1985

( Dollars in Miilion,)

Number ofAwards Amount

Astronomical Scis , Nat'l ResearchCenters

Atmospheric Sciences, Nat'l ResearchCenters

Earth SciencesOcean SciencesArctic Research

Total

265 $82 'b

549 95 06652 45 96"17 121 28

68 96

2,251 $353 02

SOURCE Fiscal Year 198- Budget to Congress-Justification of Estimates ofAppropriations (Quantitative Program Data Tables)

Table 2 Biological, Behavioral, and Social Sciences,Fiscal Year 1985

(Dollars in Millions)


Molecular BiosciencesCellular BiosciencesBiotic Systems and ResourcesBehavioral and Neural SciencesSocial and Economic SoInfo Sci & Tech

Total

891"84"61798542121

$60 9352 3858 12-i-i 3828 758 95

3,89" $253 51

Table 3 Engineering Fiscal Year 1985(Dollars in Millions)


Chemical, Biochemical, and ThermalEngineering 534 $29 18

Mechanics, Structures, and MaterialsEngineering 365 23 31

Electrical, Communications andSystems Engineering 393 25 81

Design, Manufacturing and ComputerEngineering 188 1,46

Emerging and Critical EngineeringSystems 455 34 96

Cross-Disciplinary Research 50 19 91

Total 1,985 8150 63

Table 4 Mathematical and Physical Sciences,Fiscal Year 1985

( Dollars in :Millions)


Mathematical S-iences 1,16' 14''3Computer Research 352 3() 12Physics 528 115 80Chemistry 1,045 8" 56Materials Research 834 106 98

Total 3,926 $39" 19

Table 5. Science and Engineering Education,Fiscal Year 1985

(Dollars in Millicns)


Research Career Development 142 $27 30Materials Development, Research, and

Informal Science Education 98 22 72Teacher Preparation and

Enhancement 260 25 19Studies and Program Assessment 13 1'5College Science Instrumentation 234 5 00

Total "4" 181 96

Table 6 Scientific, Technological, and InternationalAffairs, Fiscal Year 1985

(Dollars in Millions)


Industrial S & T Innovation 194 $13 43Internat'l Coop So 625 12 42Policy Research and Analysis 6' 5 15Sciences Resource.; Studies 38 4 14Research Initiation and Improvement 71 860

Totai 995 $43'4

Table 7. U.S. Antarctic Program, Fiscal Year 1985(Dollars in Millions)


U S Antarctic Research Program 135 111 15Operations Support 11 99 69

Total 146 $11084

Table 8 Advanced Scientific Computing, Fiscal Year 1985(Dollars in Millions)


Avanced Scientific Computing 45 $41 39

5 7

APPENDIXES 49

Appendix C

Patents and Inventions Resulting from ActivitiesSupported by the National Science Foundation

During fiscal year 1985, the Foundationrecelvtd 117 invention disclosuresAllocations of rights to 58 of thoseinventions were made by September 30,

PATENTS ISSUED IN FY 1985:

NUMBER TITLE

1985 These resulted in dedication to thepublic through publication in 11 cases,retention of principal patent rights by thegrantee or inventor in 43 Instances, andtransfer to other government agencies in 4

INSTITUTION

4,243,433 Forming Controlled InsetRegions by Ion Implantationand Laser Bombardment

4,282,057 Vapor Growth of MercuryIodide for Use as High EnergyDetectors

4,385,830 Direct Measurement ofVoracity by Optical Probe

4,464,359 (2'-5')-011go(3"-Deoxyadenylate) andDerivatives Thereof

4,468,297 Degradation and Detoxificationof Halogenated OlefinicHydrocarbons

4,478,694 Methods for the Electro-synthesis of Polyols

4,481,531 Microchannel Spatial LightModulator

4,483,785 Electrically Conductive andCorrosion Resistant CurrentCollector and/or Container

4,485,265 Photovoltaic Cell

4,485,473 Mode Locking of TravellingWave Ring Laser by AmplitudeModulation


Stanford Unlyersit%

Purdue Universth

Cornell ResearchFoundation

ResearchCorporation

University ofCalifornia

SKA Associates

MassachusettsInstitute ofTechnology

University of UtahResearch

dation

Ham.. University

Cornell ResearchFoundation

cases Licenses were received by theFoundation in 61 patent applications filedby grantees and contractors who retainedprincipal rights in their inventions

4,487,637 Purification of Niobium

4.487,829 Production and Use ofMonoclonal Antibodies AgainstAdenoviruses

Cornell Researchfounda

MassachusettsInstitute ofTechnology

4,487,840 Use of Silicon in Liquid Cornell ResearchSintered Silicon Nitrides and FoundationSialons

Acidic Phallotoxin Derivatives Cornell Researchand Methods of Preparation Foundation

Fine Line Patterning Method Cornell Researchfor Submicron Devices Foundation

4,489,001

4,496,419

4,499,00' Stabilization of ConductivePolymers in AqueousEnvironments

MassachusettsInstitute ofTechnologi.

4,503,555 Semiautomatic Optical Ulayersin ofScanning Apparatus Utilizing CaliforniaLine I ntegrat ion

4512,964 71ethod for Forming Nitric MassachusettsOxide from Ammonia Institute of

Technologi.

4,521,308 Rotary Support for Vacuum University ofFiltration Apparatus California

4537,990 Method for Growing Single Cornell ResearchCrystals of L'rea Foundation

Appendi-. D

Advisory Committees for Fiscal Year 1985(Addresses effective as of September 30, 1985)

Office of the Director

NSF Advisory Council

Victoria BerginDeputy Commissioner for School SupportTexas Education Societl,Austin, TX

Dennis ChamotAssociate Director, Department for Professional

EmployeesAFL-CIO, Washington, DC

Mauna HomerPresidentRadcliffe College

William H KruskalDepartment of StatisticsUniversity of Chicago

John F Nib lackVice PresidentPfizer, IncGroton, CT

Roger NollProfessor of EconomicsStanford University

Robert NoviceVice Chairman of the BoardIntel CorporationSanta Clara, CA

Gail PesynaBiomedical DepartmentE I DuPont de NemoursWilmington, DE

Gerard PielChairman of the BoardScientific AmericanNew Ibrk, NY

Lois RiceSenior Vice PresidentControl Data CorporationWashington, DC

John G TruxalDepartment of Technology and SocietySONY at Storm Brook

Linda S WilsonAssociate Vice Chancellor for ResearchUnivetsity of Illinois, Champaign

Harry WoolfDirectorThe Institute for Advanced StudsPrinceton, NJ

Daniel YankeloyichYankelovich, Skelly and WhiteNew York, NY

Committee on Equal Opportunities inScience and TechnologyLenore BlumDepartment of Math and Computer ScienceMills College0-ckland, CA

Kimiko 0 BowmanOak Ridge National LaboratorcOak Ridge, TN

Bernard J BulkinVice President, Research and Graduate AffairsPolytechnic Institute of New York

Thomas W Cole, JrPresidentVest Virginia State Coi:ege

Mario J Gonzalez, JrDirector, Division of EngineeringUniversity of Texas, San Antonio

Priscilla GrewCommissionerCalifornia Public Utilities CommSan Francisco, CA

Phillip C JohnsonNational Oceanic and Atmospheric

AdministrationSeattle WA

Hairs G LangNational Technical Institute for the DeafRochester, NY

William K LeBoldDirector, Education, Research, and Information

SystemsPurdue University

Shirley M MalcomAmerican Assn for the Advancement of ScienceWashington, DC

Nelda Martinez-RiveraTJ Watson Research LabYorktown Hgts , NY

Shirley M McBayDean for Student AffairsMassachusetts Institute of TechnologN

5;j

Cann L !Nay%Raised Dot Computing IncMadison, WI

Ernest G tribeDepartment of BotanyWashington State Unnersit%

Sally WoodDepartment of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of Santa Clara, CA

Ex Officio

Simon RamoDirectorrmx: IncRedondo Beach, CA

Program Advisory Committee forAdvanced Scientific Computing

Joan M CentrellaDepartment of PhysicsDrexel UniversityPhiladelphia, PA

ames F GilbertUniversity of Ct lifornia at San DiegoLI Jolla, CA

Anthorn C HearnInformation Sciences DepartmentRand CorporationSanta Monica, CA

Neal LineChancellor

ni 'ersit of Colorado at Colorado Springs

Cecil E Leith, JrLawrence Livermore National LaboratorNLivermore CA

CA it's Le % inthal

Department of Bioloical SciencesColumbia Unnersit

Steven A OrszagDepartment of Mechanical Aerospace

EngineeringPrinceton Unnersit%

Christopher A SimsDepartment of EconomicsUnnersitv of Minne ,ota, Nlinneapolis

Frank H StillingerAT&T Bell LaboratoriesMuria% Hill, NI

APPENDIXI,s 51

Kenneth G \X ilsonNewman Laboratory of Nuclear StudiesCornell L niversit

Advisory Committee on Merit ReviewCharles J ArntzenDirector, Plant Science & Microbic) logsE I DuPont de Nemours, IncWilmington, DE

William D CaresAmerican Assn for the Advancement of ScienceWashington, DC

Norman HackermanChairman of the Scientific Advisory BoardRobert A Welch FoundationHouston, TX

Anna J HarrisonEmeritus ProfessorMt Holyoke College

Edward A KnappLos Alamos National LaboratonLos Alamos, NM

Gardner LindzeyCenter for Advanced Study in the Behavioral

sciencesStanford, CA

William F RaubNational Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD

Charles P SlichterProfessor of Physics and in the Center for

Advanced StudsUniversity of Illinois, Urbana

Nam P SuhAssistant Director for EngineeringNational Science Foundation

Michael WinstonVice President for Academic AffairsHoward niversits.Washington, DC

Leo YoungDepartment of DefenseWashington, DC

Alan T Waterman Award Committee

David BaltimoreDirectorWhitehead InstituteCambridge, MA

Richard B BernsteinUniversity or California, Los Angeles

Juan GiaeverGE R & D CenterSchenectady NY

Erwin L HahnDepartment of PhysicsUnnersits of California, Berke les

Leonard KleinrockProfessor of Computer SciencesUniversity of California, Los Angeles

52 NATIONAL SCIENCE. FOUNDATION

Peter W LikensPresidentLehigh L nivercit'Bethlehem, PA

Gardner LindzevCenter for Advanced Studs in the Behasiorai

SciencesStanford, CA

Harriet B RigasChairman, Department of Electrical & Computer

EngineeringNaval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey CA

Roy F SchwittersProfessor of PhysicsHarvard University

Robert M So lowProfessor of EconomicsMassachusetts Institute of Technology

W Clark Still, JrProfessor of ChemistnColumbia University

Torsten N WieselLaboratory of NeurobiologyRockefeller University

Ex Officio

Erich BlochDirector, National Science Foundation

Frank PressPresident, National Academy of Sciences

Roland W SchmittChairman, National Science Board

Robert M WhitePresident, National Academy of Engineering

President's Committee on the NationalMedal of Science

Kathenne S BaoLos Angeles, CA

Robert H Cannon, JrProfessor e. ChairmanDept of Aeronautics & AstronauticsStanford University

Thomas B DayPresidentSan Diego State University

Roger D HartmanOral Roberts University

OK

Laddie HughesPalo Alto, CA

Willie J Nunien'Adi Assoc Professor of Civil Eng neenngUniversity of Wisconsin, Madison

Gopal S PaiAnnandale, VA

Ryal R PoppaBMC Industries, IncSt Paul, MN

Rene F RodriguezJackson Heights, NY

b

Allan SpitzVice President for Academic Affairs and

Professor of Political Scienceniversity of Alabama, Huntsville

Ex Officio

George A Kevworth, IIScience Adviser to the Presidert andDirector, Office of Science & Technology Policy

Frank PressPresidentNational Academy of Sciences

Directorate for Astronomical,Atmospheric, Earth, and OceanSciences

Advisory Committee for AstronomicalSciences

Roger D BlandfordTheoretical AstrophsicsCalifornia Institute of Technology

Robert C BlessWashburn ObservatonUniversits. of Wisconsin, Madison

Bruce W Carnes:Dept of Physics & AstronomyL nwersity of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC

John A GrahamCerro Tololo Inter-American ObservatoryLa Serena, Chile

Donald N B HallInstitute for Astronomylnwersity of HawaiiHonolulu, HI

John W HarveyKitt Peak National ObsenatonTucson, AZ

Martha P HanesDepartment of AstronomyCornell Universits

Roberta M HumphreysSchool of Physics and AstronomyL ruyersity of Minnesota, Minneapolis

Frank J LossLunar and Planetan LahL niversits of Arizona, 'Limon

Harold A McAlisterDepartment of Physics ano AstronomyGeorgia State Universits, Atlanta

Richard A McCra'NASA/Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt MD

Donald E OsterbrockLick ObservatonVnisersits of California, Santa Cruz

Peter PeschCase Western Resent. I nne. sitsDepartment of AstronomyCleveland. OH

Irwin I ShapiroCenter for AistropInsicsCambridge, MA

Paul A Vanden BoutAstronorm DepartmentUniversity of Texas, Austin

Hugh M Van HornDepartment of Physics & AistrononnUnnersits of RochesterRochester, NY

Robert W WilsonRadio Physics Research Development

DepartmentBell LaboratoriesHolmdel. NJ

Advisory Committee for AtmosphericSciences

Lance F BosartDepartment of Atmospheric SciencesSONY at Albany

Stanley ChangnonIllinois State Water SurveyChampaign, IL

Robert A DuceGraduate School of OceanographyUniversity of Rhode Island

Robert A HouzeDepartment of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of Washington

Michael Kelle3School of Electrical EngineeringCornell University

James F KimpelDepartment of MeteorologyUniversity of Oklahoma

Margaret KivelsonInstitute of Geophysics & Planezan PhysicsUniversity of California, Los Angeles

Mukul KunduDepartment of AstronomL niversity of Mars land

Jennifer LoganCenter for Earth and Planetan Pln sicsHarvard University

Mildred H ReesGeophysical I .stituteUniversity of Alaska

Barry SaltzmanDepartment of Geology & GeophysicsYale University

Jesse J StephensDepartment of MeteorologyFlorida State t niversits

Max SuareiLaboratory for Atmospheric SciencesNASA/Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, MD

Subcommittee for Upper AtmosphericFacilities

William E GordoaSchool of Natural SciencesRice i'r ,.ersitr

William HansonCenter for Space SciencesI niersin of Texas

Andrew NagsDepartment of Atmospheric and Ocean SciencesUniversit% of Michigan

Robert W SchunkDepartment of Physicsl'tah State Universin

Advisory Committee for Earth Sciences

Samuel AdamsBoulder, CO

Don L AndersonDnision of Geological and Planetan ScienceCalifornia Institute of Technology

John R BookerGeophysics ProgramUniversity of Washington

W Gary ErnstDepartment of Earth and Space SciencesUniversity of California, Los Angeles

1rthur R GreenExxon Production Research CompanyHouston, TX

Stanley R HartDepartment of Earth and Planetary ScienceMassachusetts Institute of Technology

Miriam }WinerScripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California, San Diego

Susan W KeifferU S Geological Survey

James J PapikeDepartment of Geology and Geological

EngineeringSouth Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Karen L PrestegaardDepartment of GeologyFranklin & Marshall College

David M RaupDepartment of Geophysical SciencesUniversity of Chicago

Peter A ScholleChnron Oil Field Research CompamLa Habra, CA

Earth Sciences Proposal Review Panel

Fred BarkerU S Geological Sarver

Phillip M Bethkel'S Geological Survey

Arthur L BloomCornell l'niversitr*

Arthur BoucotOregon State University'

Anthony DahlenPrinceton 1 niversits.

David EgglerPennsvIvania State t niversm*

'geology or geological sciences department

' 41 6/

Robert GarrisonEarth Sciences BoardUnnersit3 of California, Santa City

David JamesDepartment of Terrestrial MagnetismCarnegie Institution of Washington

Miriam Ka.stnerScripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California, San Diego

William LeemanRice University'

Winthrop MeansSONY at Albans.'

Richard J 0 ConnellHarvard University'

Robert B SmithDepartment of GeophysicsUniversity of Utah

Arthur SnokeUniversity of Wyoming*

George R TiltonUniversity of California, Santa Barbara'

Rob Van der VooUniversity of Michigan*

David WalkerLamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryColumbia University'

'geology or geological sciences department

Advisory Committee for Ocean Sciences

Robert W CorellSea Grant ProgramUniversity of New Hampshire

Richard EppleyScripps Institution of OceanographUniversity of California, San Diego

William W Has.Museum Director and Curator of NannofossilsUniversity of Colorado

David M KarlDepartment of OceanographyUniversity of Hawaii

L Jar LangfelderDepartment of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric

SciencesNorth Carolina State Universin

Brian T LewisDepartment of OceanographnUniversity of Washington

Allan R RobinsonHarvard I'mversit3

Constance SancettaLamontDohert3 Gc 'logical ObservatoryColumbia I 'niversin

David R SchinkDepartment of OceanographyTexas A & M Unnerin

APPFNDIXES S3

Friedrich SchottRosenstiel School of Marine and Acmospherie:

Science.,Unwersit of Miami

Derek W SpencerAssociate Director of ResearchWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA

Advisory Panel for Ocean SciencesResearch

Farroq AzamInstitute of Marine ResourcesUniversity of California, San Diego

Michael P BaconChemistry DepartmentWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA

John DelaneyDepartment of OceanographyUniversity of Washington

Susan HenrichsInstitute of Marine SciencesUniversity of AlaskaFairbanks, AK

Andrew McIntyreLamont-Doherty Geological Otservaton'Columbia University

David NelsonSchool of OceanographyOregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR

Peter OrtnerNational Oceanic and Atmospheric

AdministraticiMiami, FL

Charles PetersonInstitute of Marine SciencesUniversity of North CarolinaMorehead City; NC

Thomas RoyerInstitute of Marine SciencesUniversity of AlaskaFairbanks, AK

David SchinkDepartment of OceanographyTexas A & M University

Thomas ShipleyInstitute of GeophysicsUniversity of Texas, Austin

Bernd SimoneitSchool of OceanographyOregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR

James SwiftSchool of OceanographyUniversity of Washington Seattle

Ad Hoc Panel on Oceanographic FacilitiesE R DieterInstitute of Marine ScienceUn:versity of AlaskaSeward, AK

George H KellerDean of ResearchOregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR


Marcus G LangsethLanyont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryColumbia Unnersity

Derek W SpencerAssistant Director foe ResearchWoods Hole Oceanogranhic Institution, MA

Carolyn A ThorouhgoodDean, College of Marine StudiesI'niversit of DelawareLewes, DE

Edward P ToddFalls Church, VA

Charles S YentschBigelow Laboratory for Ocean SciencesWest Boothbav Harbor, ME

Advisory Committee for Polar ProgramsIan W D DalzielLamont-Doherty' Geological Observatory'Columbia University

James R HeirtzlerDepartment of Geology and GeophysicsWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA

:ham W KelloggNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulder, CO

Louis J LanzerottiAT&T Bell LaboratoriesMurray Hill, NJ

Ursula Bailey MarvinSmithsonian Astrophysical ObservatoryCambridge, MA

James J McCarthyMuseum of Comparative Zoo I,,gyHarvard University

Gifford H MillerINSTAARUniversity of Colorado

Chnstopner N K MooersChairman, Department of OcemographyNaval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, CA

Ellen S Mosley-ThompsonInstitute of Polar StudiesOhio State University

Elmer RobinsonNational Oceanic and Atmospheric

AdministrationHilo, HI

Clayton M WhiteDepartment of ZoologyBrigham Young University

Directorate for Biological, Behavioral,and Social Sciences

Advisory Committee for Biological,Behavioral, and Social Sciences

Lawrence BogoradDepartment of BiologyHarvard Uniyersit%

David CohenDepartment of Neurobiolog% & BehmiorState Universit of New York, Storn Brook

Thomas KuhnDepartment of Linguistics & PhilosophyMassachusetts Institute of Technolog\

Frederick MostellerDepartment of Health Policy & ManagementHarvard University

Kenneth PreviaPresident, Social Science Research CouncilNew '.Ork, N.

Peter RavenDirectorMissouri Botanical GardenSt Louis, MO

Lucille ShapiroAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNew York, NY

Lofts A ZadehDepartment of Electrical Engineering &

Computer SciencesUniversity of California, Berke le\

bEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL SCIENCES-

Advisory Panel for Archaeology andPhysical Anthropology(All in university anthropology departmentsunless otherwise listed)Margaret ConkerSUNY at Binghamton

William FitzhughSmithsonian Institution

Johnathan S FnedlaenderTemple University

Donald GraysonUniversic of Washington

Clifford J JollyNew York Unneryt

William A Longacre, itUniversity of Arirona

Alan MannUniversity of Pennsylvania

Douglas W Ows le\Department of Geography and Anthropology.Lc aana State I nnersity

Gregor, Posseh!The University MuseumUniversity' of Pennsylvania

William T SandersPennsylvania State I inversity

Erik TrinkausUniversity of Mexico

David :. WebsterPennsylvania State Unmet it

62

Advisory Panel for AnthropologicalSystematic Collections

Barbara H ButlerMuseum StudiesUnnersity of Delanare

Nelson Gra\ burnUniversity of California, Berkele

Phillip LewisField Museum of Natural Histon

Raymond ThompsonArizona State MuseumUniversity of Arizona

Henry T WrightUniversin of Michigan

Advisory Panel for DevelopmentalNeuroscience

Er, c FrankDepartment of NeurobiologyNorthwestern University

Jack blienDepartment of ZoologyUniversity of Wisconsin

Rebekah LoyDepartment of AnatomyUniversity of Rochester, School of Medicine

Raymond D LundDepartment of Anatomy MedicalUniversity of South Carolina

Ronald McKayCold Spring Harbor Laboratory

Joseph H NealeDepartment of BiologyGeorgetown University

John PalkaDepartment of ZoologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, WA

C Dominique Toran-AllerandInst for the Srady of Human ReproductionColumbia University

Richard C Van SluytersSchool of OptometryUniversity of California, Berkeley

Advisory Panel for Integrative NeuralSystems

John H ByrneDepartment of Physiology & Cell BiologyUniversity of Texas Medical School

Anthony CaggiulaDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of Pittsburgh

Raymond J DingledineDepartment of PharmacologyUniversity of North Carolina

Eva FifkovaDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of Colorado

Josh WallmanDepartment of BiologyCity College of New York

Charles J WilsonDepartment of AnatonnUniversin of Tennessee

Advisory Panel for LinguisticsGeorge D AllenDepartment of Audiology & Speech SciencePurdue University

Sheila E BlumsteinDepartment of LinguisticsBrown University

Lyle CampbellDepartment of AnthropologySUNY at Alban

Sandra ChungDepartment of LinguisticsUniversity of California, San Diego

Lise MennDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of California, Los Angeles

Gregg C OdenDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of Wis .onsin

Susan U PhilipsDepartment of AnthropologyUniversity of Arizona

Advisory Panel for Memory and CognitiveProcesses

m untverstly psychology departments unlessothcrwtse listed)

Irving BiedermanSUNY at Buffalo

Charles E Clifton, JrUniversity of Massachusetts

Judy S DeLoachHuman Development & Family EcologyUniversity of Illinois

John JonidesHuman Performance CenterAnn Arbor, MI

Frank KeilCornell University

Richard M ShiffrinIndiana University

Linda B SmithIndiana University

James VossLearning Research and Development CenterUniversity of Pittsburgh

Advisory Panel for Molecular and CellularNeurobiology

Morris H AprisonInstitute of Psychiatric ResearchIndiana University School of Medicine

Marjorie A ArianoDepartment of Anatomy & NeurobiologyUniversity of Vermont

Michel BaudryDepartment of PsychobiologyUniversity of California, Irvine

63

Anne M EtgenDepartment of Biological SciencesRutgers Universin

Gordon G ,ffNational institutes of Health (N11-1)Bethesda, MD

Abel LajthaCenter for Ne irochemistnRockland Research InstituteWard's Island, NY

Janet V PassonneauLaboratory of NeurochemistryNIH

Ronald A PieringerDepartment of BiochemistryTemple University

Guillermo R PilarThe Biological Sciences GroupUniversity of Connecticut

Charles L SchaufDepartment of PhysiologyRush-Presbyterian, St Luke's Medical SchoolChicago, IL

Peter SterlingDepartment of AnatomyUniversity of Pennsylvania

Albert Y SunSinclair Comp Medical Research FarmUniversity of Missouri

John F TallmannDepartment of PsychiatryYale University

Timothy J TeylerDepartment of NeurobiologyNortheastern Ohio University

Advisory Panel for Psychobiology

(All In untversay psvchologv departments unlessotberuze listed)

Jeanne AltmannAllee Laboratory of Animal BehaviorUniversity of Chicago

Jelle AtemaBoston University Marine Program

A Charles CataniaUniversity of Man-land

Donald A DewsburyUniversity of Florida

Bert HolldoblerMuseum of Comparative ZoologyHarvard University'

Barn R KomisarukInstitute of Animal BehaviorRutgers University

Joan h LordenUniversity of Alabama

David S OltonJohns Hopkins Universin

Norman E SpearSUNY at Binghamton

Allan R WagnerYale Universin

APPENDIXES 55

Meredith J Westnit eisitt of North Carolina

Stephen C VoodsUniyersitt of Washington

Advisory Panel for Sensory Physiology andPerceptionRichard A AltschulerNational Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD

Gary K BeauchampMonell Chemical Sense, CenterPhiladelphia, PA

Carol CiceroneDepartment of PschologtUniversity of California, San Diego

Robert FoxDepartment of PsychologyVanderbilt L'niversit

Charles D GilbertCentral Visual StudiesRockefeller UniversityNew York NY

Peter H MarlineEte Research Institute of the Retina FoundationBoston, MA

Foteos MacridesWorcester Foundation for Experimental BiologyShrewsLun; MA

Robert F MillerDepartment of Oph:halmologtWashington University

Murray B SachsDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringJohns Hopkins University

Carol Welt WaismanCenter on Human Retardation and Human

DevelopmentUniversity of Wisconsin

William A YostDepartment of Psychology & OtolanngologYLoyola UniversityChicago, IL

Advisory Panel for Social and CulturalAnthropology

Rov D'AndradeUniversity of California, San Diego

Patrick FleuretAgency for International Development

Conrad KottakUniversity of Michigan

Shirley LindenbaumNew School for Social ResearchNew York, NY

Stuart M PlattnerUniversity of Missouri

Renato I RosaldoStanford Universitt


Advisory Panel for Social andDevelopmental PsychologyJack BrehmDepartment of Pm cliologt

nnersitt of Kansas

Marilyn B BreuerInstitute for Social Science ResearchUnnersitY of California, LA

Nancy E CantorInstitute of Social ResearchUnwersitt of Michigan

William GrazianoDepartment of PuchologtLniversity of Georgia

Carol Nag% JacklinUniversity of Southern Calitornia, Los Angeles

Dean G PruittDepartment of PsychologySUNY at Buffalo

Richard SchulzUniversity of Pittsburgh

BIOTIC SYSTEMS AND RESOURCES

Advisory Panel for Ecology

George 0 BatzliDepartment of Ecology Ethology and EtolutionUniversity of Illinois

David C ColemanNatural Resource Ecologt LaboratortColorado State University

D A CrossletDepartment of EntomologtUniversity of Georgia

Stanley I DodsonDepartment of ZoolopUniversity of Wisconsin

Hiram W Li

Department of Fisheries and WildlifeOregon State Unnersitt

Richard N MackDepartment of BotanyWashington State Uniyersitt

Patrice A \lorroeDepartment of Ecologt & Behavioral BiologtUniversity of Minnesota

Deborah RabinowitzSection of Ecology & St stematicsCornell University

Jack A StanfordFlathead Lake Biological StationUniversity of Montana

Donald R WhiteheadDepartment of Botany & Plant PathologyUniversity of Maine

Advisory Panel for Ecosystem Studies

Caroline S BledsoeCollege of Forest ResourcesUniversity of Washington

Jerry F FranklinForest Sciences LaboratoryOregon State l'niversity

64

Limes F KitchellDepartment of Zoologt

nnersitt of Wisconsin

Jerre MVoids Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA

It'd% L MeterDepartment of ZoologtUnnersitt of Georgia

Wdham J PartonNatural Resource Ecologt LabColorado State Unnersitt

Eldor A PaulDepartment of Plant & Soil BiologtUniyersitt of California, Berkeley

Herman H ShugartEnvironmental Science DivisionOak Ridge National Laboratory TN

Walter G WhitfordDepartment of BiologtNew Mexico State University

Advisory Panel for Population Biology andPhysiological Ecology

Warren AbrahamsonBucknell Universitt

Janis AntonovicsDepartment of BotarnDuke University

Steven ArnoldLim ersitv of Chicago'

Fakhri BazzazDepartment of Organismic & Etolutionart

BiologyHan ard Unnersin

Albert F BennettUniversity of California, In me'

James P CollinsDepartment of ZoologtArizona State Universitt

James EhleringerUniversitt of Utah"

Douglas FutuvmaSection of Ecologt & StstematicsCornell Unlyersitt

Lawrence E GilbertDepartment of ZoologyUniversity of Texas

David InouyeDepartment of ZoologtUnnersitt of Martland

Cathy C Laune-AhlbergDepartment of GeneticsNorth Carolina State I nnersitt

Susan RiechertDepartment of ZoologtUnivennt of Tennessee

Barbara A SchaalNX'ashington Universitt

Paul sIC ShermanSection of Neurobiologi & BehaviorCornell Lnnersth

Peter WiserPurdue Unnersai

biologi or biological sciences department

Advisory Panel for Systematic Biology

Gregory J AndersonUniversity of Connecticut`

Daniel C FisherMuseum of PaleontologyUniversity of Michigan

Jack B FisherFairchild Tropical GardenMiami, FL

John R GoldGenetics SectionTexas A & M Unwersiti

Gordon GordhDepartment of EntomologyUniversity of California, Riverside

Carole S HickmanDepartment of PaleontologyUniversity of California, Berkeley

Richard J JensenSt Mary's College`

James W KimbroughDepartment of BotanyUniversity of Florida

John KirschDepar:ment of ZoologyUniversity of Wisconsin

Norton G MillerBiological SurveyNew York State Museum

Beth C MullinDepartment of BotanyUniversity of Tennessee

Martha J PowellDepartment of BotanyMiami University

*biology or biological sciences department

CELLULAR BIOSCIENCES.

Advisory Panel for Cell Biology

George V BennettDepartment of Cell Biology & AnatomyJohns Hopkins School of Medicine

Lilly Yuen Wen BourguignonDepartment of Anatomy & Cell BiologyUniversity of Miami Medical School

David S FormanDepartment of AnatomyUniformed Services Um of the Health SciencesBethesda, MD

William T GarrardDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of Texas Health Science Center

Jonathan W JarvikCarnegie-Mellon University*

Edna Saiomi Kaneshironmersity of Cincinnati"

Richard D KlausnerLaboratori of BiochemistsNational Institutes of Health

Ala KumarDepartment of BiochemistryGeorge Washington Unnersiti Medical Center

George M LangfordDepartment of PhysiologyL nwersav of North Carolina-Chapel Hill

Elias LazandesCalifornia Institute of Technology*

Andrea M MastroDepartment of Biochemistr, Microbiology

Molecular & Cell BiologyPennsylvania State University

;in E Matherrepartment of Animal Science

my of MD-College Park

Peter W Melera WalkerLaboratory Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer

Thomas G O'BrienDepartment of Anatomy & BiologyThe Vistar InstitutePhiladelphia, PA

Lee H PrattDepartment of BotanyUniversity of Georg.a-Athens

Joel RosenbaumYale University*

Keith Ray SheltonDepartment of BiochemistryVirginia Commonwealth Universiti

Eugene L VigilUSDA Agricultural Research CenterBeltsville, MD

Christopher C WidnellDepartment of Anatomy & Cell BiologyUniversity of Pittsburgh

'biology or biological sciences department

Advisory Panel for Cellular Physiology

John CambierDivision of Basic ImmunologyNational Jewish Hospital & Research Center/

National A.sthma Center

Carol J DeutschDepartment of PhysiologyUniversity of Pennsylvania School of Sled

Norman Lee EberhardtMetabolic Research UnitUniversity of California, San Francisco

James C GairisonDepartment of PharmacologyUniversity of Virginia School of Medicine

Edward S GolubPurdue University'

Jeffrey M HarmonDepartment of DefenseUniformed Services University of the Health

SciencesBethesda, MD

65

Thomas VC HoneimanDepartment of PhisiologsL niversit of Massachusetts Medical School

Kathrn B HorwitzL niversiti of Colorado Health Sciences CenterDenier, CO

Joan K LunnelUSDA Agricultural Research CenterBeltsulle, MD

Terence M PhillipsGeorge Washington L niversiti Medical Center

Paul F PilchDepartment of BiochemistryBoston University

James L RobertsDepartment of BiochemistryColumbia Universit

Linda A ShermanDepartment of Immunology Scripps Clinic &

Re:,..arch Foundation

Margaret A. ShupnikMass General HospitalBoston, MA

Stuart R TaylorDepartment of PharmacologyMayo Foundation

Gregory W WarrDepartment of Biochemistry MedicalUniversity of South Carolina

Maurice ZaudererDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of Rochester

*biology or biological sciences department

Advisory Panel for Developmental BiologyJohn F AshUniversity of Utah"

Kate F BaraldDepartment of Anatomy & Cell BiologyUniversity of Michigan Medical School

Peter J BryantDevelopmental Biology CenterUniversity of California, Irvine

ohn J EppigJackson LaboratorBar Harbor, ME

John D GearhartDepartment of Pediatrics & GeneticsJohns Hopkins University

Marian R GoldsmithDepartment of ZoologyUniversity of Rhode Island

Thomas J GuilfovleDepartment of BotanyUniversity of Minnesota at St Paul

Lawrence H KedesVeterans Administration Medical CenterPalo Alto, CA

APPENDIXES 5'

Claudette KleinDepartment of BiochemistrySt Louis Univei sit), School of Medicine

Elizabeth M LordDepartment of Botarn & Plant SciencesUniversity of California, Riverside

Richard B MarchaseDuke University Medical Center**

Stephen P MeierCenter for Developmental BiologyUniversity of Texas

Laurens J MetsUniversity of Chicago'

Ron 0 MorrisDepartment of Agricultural ChemistrsO.egon State University

William t..) ParkDepartment of Biochemistry & BiophysicsTexas A & M University

Joan V RudermanHarvard Medical School"

David L StocumDepartment of Genetics & DevelopmentUniversit) of Illinois, Urbana

Lincoln Ta,zUniversit) of California, Santa Cruz*

William H TelferUniversity of Pennsylvania'

Gail L WaringMarquette University*

Fred H WiltDepartment of ZoologyUniversity of California Berkeley

Mar) A YundDepartment of GeneticsUniversity of California, Berkeley

'biology or biological sciences department"anatomy department

Advisory Panel for Eukaryotic GeneticsJames J BonnerIndiana University, Bloomington'

Adelaide C CarpenterUniversity of California, San Diego*

Robin E [knellKansas State University Manhattan*

Hugo K DoonerAdvanced Genetic Sciences, IncBerkeley CA

Christine GuthrieDepartment of Biochemistry & BiophysicsUniversity of California, San Francisco

Alan N HowellUniversity of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston

Joseph NadeauThe Jackson LaboratoryBar Harbor, ME

Oliver E Nelson, JrDepartment of GeneticsUniversity of Wisconsin, Madison

Rodney J RothsteinDepartment of Human Genetics & DevelopmentColumbia Universit'

SA NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

George A ScangosJohns Hopkins I nnersin"

Melvin I SimonCalifornia Institute of TechnologN"

Christopher R SomervilleDepartment of Botam & Plant PathologyMichigan State Universit

Jack W SzostakDepartment of Molecular BiologNHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA

Keith R YamamotoDepartment of Biochemistry & BiophysicsUniversity of California, San Francisco

Michael W YoungRockefeller UniversityNew York, NY

'biology or biological sciences department

Advisory Panel for Regulatory Biology

Gloria V CallardBoston 'mversity

Cynthia CareyDepartment of Environmental, Population, &

Organismic BiologyLnwersitY ot Colorado

John C S FrayUniversity of Mossachuserts Medical School

Michael J GreenbergWhitney Laboratory for Experimental Marine

Biology & MedicineUniversity of Florida

Gilbert S GreenwaldUniversity of Kansas Medical School

Jeffrey HazelDepartment of ZoologyArizona State Universit), Tempe

Cecil A HermanNew Mexico State niversin

Donald C JacksonDivision of Biology a. MedicineBrown University

Paul LichtDepartment of ZoologyUniversit of California, Berkeley

Harry J LipnerFlorida State University*

Peter K PangDepartment of Pharmacology & TherapeuticsTexas Tech University

Lynn M RiddifordDepartment of ZoologyUniversity of Washington

Milton H StetsonSchool of Life & Health ScienceUniversity of Delaware

John C WingfieldRockefeller UmversityNew York, NY

"biology or biological sciences department

66

MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES

Advisory Panel for Biochemistry

(All in unamity biochemistry departmentsunless otherwise lute&

Keith BreaUnnersit of Miami

Richard A BurgessMcArdle Laborator)Unnersit) ot Wisconsin

John CronanDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of Illinois

Richard CrossS,:NYUpstate Medical CenterNew York, NY

Robert J CrouchLaboratory of Molecular GeneticsNational Institutes of Health

Michael A CusanovichUniveit of Arizona

Ray GestelandDepartment of GeneticsUniversity of Utah

Gordon A HamiltonDepartment of ChemistryPenn State University

Lee F JohnsonOhio State University

Robert SchliefBrandeis Unnersin

Robert WebsterDuke University

Advisory Panel for BiologicalInstrumentation

Robert C CooksDepartment of ChemistryPurdue Lniversit

James Cronshas%Department of Biological SciencesUniversit) of California, Santa Barbara

Margaret K EssenbergDepartment of BiochemistryOklahoma State Unnersin

Alfred F EsserDepartment of Comparative & Experimental

PathologyUniversity of Florida, Gainesville

Robert P FutrelleDepartment of Genetics & DevelopmentUniversity of Illinois, Urbana

David G GorensteinDepartment of ChemistsUnn.ersitv of Illinois, Chicago

Fred L HeffronScripps Clinic and Research FoundationIA Jolla, CA

Jan HermannUniversit of North Carolina

Laarence KahanDepartment of Physiological ChemistryUniversity of u isconsin

John LangmoreBiophysics ResearchUniversity of Michigan

Richard A LaursenDepartment of ChemistryBoston University

Kenneth J RothschildDepartment of BiophysicsBoston University

John Michael SchurrDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Washington

Todd M ShusterDepartment of Biological ScienceUniversity of Connecticut, Storrs

John E SmartBiogen Research CorporationCambridge, MA

Advisory Panel for Biophysics

Kirk C AuneDepartment of BiochemistryBaylor College of Medicine

Stephen G BoxerDepartment of ChemistryStanford University

Ludwig BrandDepartment ci BiologyJohns Hopkins University

Edward DennisUniversity of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CA

Gerald FeigensonCornell University

Anthony FinkChemistry Board StudiesUniversity of California, Santa Cruz

Stephen Harvey1;niversity of Alabama, Birmingham

Richard MalkinDepartment of Plant & Soil BiologyUniversity of California, Berkeley

Peter MooreDepartment of Molecular Biophysics &

BiochemistryYale University

Jacqueline A ReynoldsDuke University Medical Center

Raymond SalemmeGenex CorporationGaithersburg, MD

Thomas SchleichDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of California, Santa Cruz

James P ThornberDepartment of BiologyUniversity of California, lc,' Angeles

Stephen WhiteDepartment of Physiology & BiophysicsUniversity of California, Irvine

Advisory Pane! for Metabolic Biology

Barbara K BurgessCharles F Kettering Research LaboratoryYellow Springs, OH

James W CampbellRice l'itiyers,ty

Eric E ConnDepartment of BiochemistnUniversity of California, Davis

Mary Lou Ernst- FonhergDepartment of BiochemistnQuillen-Dishner CollegeJohnson City; TN

Leonard B KirschnerDepartment of ZoologyWashington State University'

Edward R LeadbetterBiological Sciences GroupUniversity of Connecticut

Peter MaloneyDepartment of PhysiologyJohns Hopkins University

Thomas MooreDepartment of BotanyLouisiana State University

Jerome A. SchiffInstitute for PhotobiologvBrandeis University

Simon SilverDepartment of BiologyWashington University

Sidney SolomonDepartment of PhysiologyUniversity of New Mexico Medical School

Guy A ThompsonDepartment of BotanyUniversity of Texas, Austin

David ZakimCornell University Medical College

Advisory Panel for Prokaryotic GeneticsArnold J BerkDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of California, Los Angeles

Irving P CrawfordDepartment of Microbiology'University of Iowa

Maxwell E GottesmanNational Cancer InstituteFrederick, MD

Richard S HansonUniversity of Minnesota Medical School

Steven H HowellCenter for Developmental BiologyUniversity of California, San Diego

Stephen H HugesNational Cancer InstituteFrederick, MD

Robert A. OwensUSDA Agricultural kesearch CenterBeltsville, MD

John ReeveOhio State University

67

Philip NI SilyermanAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNew fork, NY

Loren R SnyderMichigan State University

Judith ZvskindSan Diego State University

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCE:

Advisory Panel for Decision andManagement ScienceAlfred BlumsteinS too: of Urban & Public AffairsCarnegie-Mellon Unicersity.

CasettiDepartment of GeographyOhio State University

Kenneth R HammondCenter for Research on Judgment and PolicyUniversity of Colorado

Yu-Chi HoDepartment of Engineering & Applied

MathematicsHarvard University

Gary L fallenCollege of Business AdministrationPenn State University

Andrew P SageAssociate Vice President for Academic AffairsGeorge Mason University

Advisory Panel for Economics

(All in university economics departments unlessotherwise listed)

Jonathan EatonLmversity of Virginia

Richard E KthIstromDepartment of FinanceUniversity of Pennsylvania

Thomas E MacurdyStanford University

Wallace E OatesUniversity of Maryland

Maurice ObstfeldColumbia University

Thomas SargentUniversity of Minnesota

Robert J ShtllerYale University

Nancy L StokesKellogg Graduate School of ManagementNorthwestern University

Jeffrey G WilliamsonHarvard University

Charles A WilsonNew fork University

Kenneth WolpinOhio State Unnersity

APPENDIXES 59

Advisory Panel for Geography andRegional Science

(All in university geography departments orschools unless otherwise listed)

William B BeyersUniversity of Washington

Marilyn BrownOak Ridge National Laboratory, TN

Patricia A. GoberArizona State University

Michael L McNultyUniversity of Iowa

Nelson It NunnallyUniversity of North Carolina

David It ReyncldsUniversity of Iowa

Billie L Turner, IIClark University

Advisory Panel for History and Philosophyof Science

(All in university history & philosophy of sciencedepartments unless otherwise listed)

Nancy CartwrightStanford University

Edward ConstantCarnegie-Mellon University

Joseph F HannaDepartment of PhilosophyMichigan State University

Robert H KargonJohns Hopkins University

Nancy Maul!Harvard University

Mary Jo NyeDepartment of History of ScienceUniversity of Oklahoma

Lawrence SklarUniversity of Michigan

Michael M SokalDepartment of HistoryWorcester Polytech Institute, MA

Advisory Panel for Law and SocialSciences

Jonathan D CasperDepartment of Political ScienceUniversity of Illinois, Urbana

Phoebe EllsworthDepartmcr.. of PsychologyStanford University

Joel B Grossmar.Department of Political ScienceUniversity of Wisconsin, Madison

Robert A. KaganDepartment of Political ScienceUniversity of California, Berkeley

Lynn M MatherDepartment of GovernmentDartmouth College


Albert J Reiss, JrDepartment of SociologyYale University

Daniel L RubinfeldLaw School University of California, Berkeley

Joseph SandersLaw CenterUniversity of Houston

Steven ShavellHarvard Law School

Advisory Panel for Measurement Methodsand Data ImprovementRobert F BoruchDepartment of PsychologyNorthwestern University

Clifford C CloggInstitute for Policy Research & EvaluationPenn Stare University

Martin H DavidDepartment of EconomicsUniversity of Wisconsin

A. Kimball RomneySchool of Social SciencesUniversity of California, Irvine

T Paul SchultzEconomic Growth CenterYale University

Judith 'PanurDepartment of SociologySUNY at Stony Brook

Kenneth W WachterDepartment of StatisticsUniversity of California, Berkeley

Harold W WattsVisiting FellowU S Bureau of the Census

Advisory Panel for Political Science(All in university political science/governmentdepartments unless otherwise listed)

Robert H BatesDivision of Social SciencesCalifornia Institute of Technology

David W BradyRice University

John It ChamberlinInstitute of Public Policy StudiesUniversity of Michigan

Robert JervisInstitute of War and Peace StudiesColumbia University

W Phillips ShivelyUniversity of Minnesota

Barbara D SinclairUniversity of California, Riverside

Herbert F WeisbergOhio State University

Advisory Panel for Regulation and PolicyAnalysis

Ronald It BraeutiganDepartment of EconomicsNorthwestern University

Richard J GilbertDepartment of F.LunomiLsUniversity of California, Berkeley

Paul L JoskowDepartment of EconomicsMassachusetts Institute of Technology

Roger G NollStanford University

Mancur L OlsonDepartment of EconomicsUniversity of Maryland

Sharon M OsterSchool of Organization and ManagementYale University

Wdhani H RikeiDepartment of Political ScienceUniversity of Rochester

Susan Rose-AckermanSchool of LawColumbia University

Advisory Panel for Sociology

(All in university sociology departments unlessotherwise listed)

Paul BursteinVandccbilt University

Mark GranovetterSUNY at Stony Brook

Robert HauserUniversity of Wisconsin

Frances E Kobrin-GoldscheiderBrown University

Peter V MarsdenUniversity of North Carolina

Linda D MolmEmory University

Lynne G ZuckerUniversity of California, Los Angeles

Directorate for Engineering.1111

Advisory Committee for EngineeringGeorge R AbrahamsonSRI InternationalMenlo Park, CA

D J ForbesExxon Research & Engineering CompanyFlorham Park, NJ

Elsa GarmireUniversity of Southern California, Los Angeles

Frederick W GarryGeneral Electric CompanyFairfield, CN

Lester A GerhardtRensselaer Polytechnic Institute

John F HolzrichterLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLivermore, CA

C Judson KingDean, College of ChemistryUniversity of California, Berkeley

Robert W LuckyAT&T Bell LaboratoriesHolmdel, NJ

John W LyonsDirector, National Engineering LaboratoriesNational Bureau of Standards

Gordon H MillarMoline, IL

Irene C PedenUniversity of Washington, Seattle

Herbert H RichardsonTexas A & M University

Daniel P SiewiorekCarnegie-Mellon University

Sheila WidnaliDepartment of Aeronautics & AstronauticsMassachusetts Institute of Technology

John H WigginsWiggins DivIsion/Nauonal Technical SystemsRedondo Beach, CA

Peter WillSchlumberger-DollRidgefield, CT

Advisory Committee for Chemical,Biochemical, and Thermal EngineeringArthur E Berg lesDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIowa State University

Patsy Ch-tppelearHudson Engineering CorporationHouston, D',

Robert C Dean, JrVerax CorporationHanover, NH

Thomas J FitzberaldTRW CorporationRedondo Beach, CA

Tomlinson Fort, JrCalifornia Stare University

Irwin GlassmanDepartment of Mechanical & Aerospace

EngineenngPrinceton University

Simon L GorenUniversity of California, Berkeley

Sandra HarrisClarkson College

Dan L HartleySandia National LaboratoryLivermore, CA

Louis L HegedusColumbia, MD

C Judson KingCollege of ChemistryUniversity of California, Berkeley

Henry C LimPurdue University

Benjamin Y N LiuMechanical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Minnesota

James F MathisExxon CorporationNew York, NY

Gary W PoehlinGeorgia Institute of Technology

John A QuinnUniversity of Pennsylvania

Joseph L Smith, JrDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology

Advisory Committee for the CriticalEngineering Systems SectionMihran AgbabianUniversity of Southern California

John E BreenPhil M Fergerson Structural Engineering

LaboratoryUniversity of Texas, Austin

Rolf EhassenMetcalf & Eddy IncPalo Alto, CA

John W FisherLehigh ,,,uversity

Rafik Y RaniWashington State University

Barclay G JonesDepartment of City and Regional PlanningCornell University

Joseph E MinorTexas Tech University

James L NolandAtkinson & Noland AssociatesBoulder, CO

Donald J O'ConnorManhattan College

Dwight A SangreyCarnegie-Mellon University

John H WigginsNational Technical SystemsRedondo Beach, CA

Lily Y youngDepar ment of Environmental Medicine &

V rrobiologyNew York University Medical Center

Advisory Committee for Design,Manulacturing, and Computer EngineeringBenjamin AgustaIBMIlesearch Triangle Park, NC

Les BeladyMicroelectronics Computer Technology CorpAustin, TX

Adam BellTechnical University of Nova Scotia

C Gordon BellEncore Computer CorporationWellesley Hills, MA

John BollingerUniversity of Wisconsin

69

Ralph CalvinSRC CorporationResearch Triangle Park, NC

Lynn ConwayUniversity of Michigan

Harvey C CragonUniversity of Texas

John A GoldakCarleton UniverFityOttawa, Ontario, Canada

Carver A MeadCalifornia Institute of Technology

Theodosios ?avilidisAT&T Bell Telephone LaboratoriesMurray Hill, NJ

Harriet B RigasU S Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, CA

Daniel P SiewiorekCarnegie-Mellon University

Harold S StoneIBMYorktown Heights, NY

Vijay TipnisTipnis, IncCincinnati, OH

Peter WillSchlumberger-DollRidgefield, CT

Advisory Committee for Electrical,Communications, and Systems Engineering

Ruzena BajcsyUniversity of Pennsylvania

Earl R BarnesIBM Watson Research CenterYorktown Heights, NY

Arthur G FoytUnited Technologies Research Cente,East Hartford, CT

Lester A GerhardtRensselaer Polytechnic Institute

William C HoltonSemiconductor Research CorporationResearch Triangle Park, NC

Robert W LuckyAT&T Bell LaboratoriesHolmdel, NJ

Nino A MasnariNorth Carolina State U- iversity

G L MillerAT&T Bell LaboratoriesMurray Hill, NJ

Irene C PedenUniversity of Washington, Seattle

Mischa SchwartzColumbia University

Leonard M SilvermanDean of EngineeringUniversity of Southern California, LA

APPENDIXES 61

Harold SorensonDepartment of Applied Mechanics &

Engineering ScienceUniversity of California, San Diego

Michael SpencerHoward University

Glenn R ThorenRaytheon CompanyBedford, ME

Joseph T VerdeyenUniversity of Illinois

Andrew ViterbiLa Jolla, CA

Advisory Committee for the EmergingEngineering Systems SectionMilton BirnbaumAerospace CorporationLos Angeles, CA

Thomas H 1,raserRephgen CorporationCambridge, MA

Elsa M GarmireUniversity of Southern California

John G LinvillStanford Univeimty

Cohn A. McLaarinUniversity of Virginia Medical School

Stewart D PersonickBell Communications Research, IncHolmdel, NJ

Alfred R PotvinEli Lilly CompanyIndianapolis, IN

Charles D ScottOak Ridge National Laboratory, TN

Hun H SunDrexel University

Advisory Panel for Engineering ResearchCentersWillis A. AdcockTexas Instruments, IncDallas, IX

Melvin BaronWeidlinger AssociatesNew York, NY

Gordon BrownEastman Kodak CompanyRochester, NY

Paul F CheneaGeneral MotorsPrescott, AZ

Richard DavisMartin MariettaNew Orleans, IA

John C HancockUnited Telecommunications, IncKansas City, MO

C Lester HoganFairchild Camera and Instrument CompanyMountain View, CA


Ernest KuhUniversity of Califon,ia

Terry LoucksNorton CompanyWorcester, MA

Gene M NordbyUniver,4 of Colorado

Harry PaxtonUnited States Steel CompanyPittsburgh, PA

Percy PierrePrairie View A&M University TX

K VenkatJ Heinz Company

Pittsburgh, PA

Eric WalkerPresident EmeritusPennsylvania State University

Advisory Committee for Mechanics,Structures, and Materials EngineeringDan K AlAluminum Company of AmericaAlcoa Center, PA

Samuel Aron'School of Architecture and Urban PlanningUniversity of California

Gordon BrownEastman Kodak CompanyRochester, NY

Dorald HarlemanMassachusetts Institute of Technology

Maurice HolmesXerox CorporationWebster, NY

Martin C JischkeUniversity of Oklahoma

William J LeMessunerLeMessuner AssociatesCambridge, MA

Karl N ReidOklahoma State University

James RiceHarvard University

A. William huff, JrNational Bureau of StandardsWashington, DC

Ronald F ScottCalifornia Irstitute of Technology

Sook P SungDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Connecticut

Branimir R Von ThrkovichUniversity of Vermont

James H Williams, JrMassachusetts Institute of Technology

Ward 0 WinerGeorgia Institute of Technology

Directorate for Mathematical andPhysical Sciences

Advisory Committee for Chemistry(All in university chemistry departments unlessotherwise listed)

Jacqueline K BartonColumbia University

Richard B BernsteinUniversity of California, Los Angeles

Donald J Dal enshourgTexas A&M University

William A Goddard, IIICalifornia Institute of Technology

David M HerculesUniversity of Pittsburgh

Ralph F Hirschman,Dohme Research laboratoriesRahway NJ

Jin JonasUniversity of Illinois

Emil T KaiserRockefeller UniversityNew York, NY

Jerry R. MohngCarleton CollegeNorthfield, MN

Joseph W NiblerOregon State University

William D PhillipsMallinckrodt, IncSt Louis, MO

Kenneth N RaymondUniversity of California, Berkeley

Patricia L WatsonE I DuPont De Nemours and CoWilmington, DE

J Michael WhiteUniversity of Texas, Austin

Mark S WrightonMassachusetts Institute of Technology

Advisory Committee for ComputerResearch

(All in university computer science departmentsunless otherwise listed)

Clarence EllisXerox Research CenterPalo Alto, CA

Gene H GolubStanford University

Arie N HabermannCarnegieMelion Univers' IN

Kenneth W KennedyRice Uniyersin

Lawrence H LandweherUniversm of Wisconsin

Wendy G LehnertUniversity of Massachusetts

Nancy A LynchMassachusetts Institute of Technology

Ray E MillerGeorgia Institute of Technology

Richard F RiesenfeldUniversity of Utah

Burton J SmithVice President, DENELCOR, IncAurora, CO

Lawrence SnyderUniversity of Washington

David L WaltzCoordinated Science LaboratoryUniversity of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign

Advisory Committee for MaterialsResearch

All S ArgonDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology

Robert H BraggDepartment of Materials Science & Mineral

EngineeringUniversity of California, Berkeley

Jerome B CohenDepartment of Materials Science & EngineeringNorthwestern University

Stuart L CooperDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin

Larry R DaltonDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Southern California

Douglas F FinnemoreDepartment of PhysicsIowa State University

Cohn P FlynnDepartment of Physics & Matey ials Research

LaboratoryUniversity of Illinois, Urbana

Stig B HagstromXerox Research CenterPalo Alto, CA

Pierre C HohenbergAT&T Bell LaboratoriesMurray Hill, NJ

Alan JacobsenExxon Research & Engineering CompanyAnnand9le, NJ

Samuel KrimmDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of Michigan

James S LangerInstitute of Theoretical PhysicsUniversity of California, Santa Barbara

Alexei A MaradudinDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of California, Irvine

Donald M SmythMaterials Research CenterLehigh University

Richard E TresslerDepartment of Materials Science & EngineeringPernsylvania State University

Advisory Committee for MathematicalSciences

(All in university mathematics departmentsunless otherwise listed)

Morris H deGrootDepartment of StatisticsCarnegi, Mellon University

Robert D Ecfr.ardsUniversity IA California, Los Angeles

Ramanathan GnanadesikanBell Communications ResearchMorristown, NJ

Les A. KarlovitzDean, College of Sciences & Liberal StudiesGeorgia Institute of Technology

Anatoly KatokCalifornia Institute of Technology

Nancy J KopellNortheastern University

Donald J LewisUniversity of Michigan

Andrew .1 MaidaPrinceton University

Louis NirenbergCourant InstituteNew York University

Linda P RothschildUniversity of California, San Diego

Alan D WeinsteinUniversity of California, Berkeley

Guido L WeissWashington University

Advisory Committee for Physics(All in university physics departments unlessotherwise listed)

John ArmstrongJohns Hopkins University

John A. ArmstrongIBM East Fishkill FacilityHopewell Junction, NY

Sam M AustinDepartment of Physics & AstronomyMichigan State Univers.ty

Gordon A. BaymUniversity of Illinois, Urbana

George B BenedekMassachusetts Institute of Technology

Peter G BergmannNew York University

Richard BlankenbeclerStanford Linear Accelerator Center, CA

Eugene D CommisUniversity of California, Berkeley

Stanley DeserBrandeis University

William A. FowlerCalifornia Institute of Technology

Gerald T GarveyDivision of Mathematics and PhysicsLos Alamos National Laboratory

71

Robert L GlucksternPhysics ProgramUniversity of ,.: ..'and, College Park

Joseph A. Johnson, IIICity College of the CityUniversity of New York

Walter KohnUniversity of California, Santa Barbara

Steven E KooninDivision of Physics and AstronomyCalifornia Institute of Technology

Leanne C PitchfordGTE Laboratories, IncWaltham, MA

Frank SciulliColumbia University

DOE/NSF Nuclear Science AdvisoryCommittee

Gordon A. PgymLoomis Laboratory of PhysicsUniversity of Illinois

D Allan BromleyWright Nuclear Structure LaboratoryYale University

Frank CalapriceDepartment of PhysicsPrinceton University

Herbert H ChenDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of California, Irvin,

Douglas ClineNuclear Structure LaboratoryUniversity of Rochester

Karl A ErhOak Ridge National laboratory TN

Hermann :. GrunderLawrence Berkeley LaboratoryBerkeley CA

Ole HansenAssociated Universities, IncBrookhaven National LaboratoryUpton, NY

Cyrus M HoffmanLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos Alamos, NM

Arthur K KermanDepartment of PhysicsMassachusetts Institute of Technology

Malcom H MacfarlaneDepartment of PhysicsIndiana University

Philip B RoosPhysics ProgramUniversity of Maryland

John P SchifferPhysics DivisionArgonne National laboratory; 11.

Ingo SickDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of Basel, Switzerland

APPENDIXES 63

Robert VandenboschDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Washington, Seattle

Erich W VogtTRIUMFUniversity of British Columbia

Directorate for Science andEngineering Education

Advisory Committee for Science andEngineering EducationJ Myron '.thinStanford University

George BumetIowa State University

Eugene H Cota-RoblesUniversity of California, Santa Cruz

Norman C CraigOberlin College

F Joe CrosswhiteOhio State University

Kay Davis FembankScience ',:enter Atlanta, GA

James D EbertCarnegie Institution of Washington

Patrick A. GrahamHarvard University

David A. HamburgCarnegie Corporation of New YorkNew York, NY

Irwin J HoffmanGeorge Washington High SchoolEnglewood, CO

Gerald J HoltonHarvard University

Philip W JacksonUniversity of Chicago

Edward C Keller, JrWest Virginia University

Margaret MacVicarMassachusetts Institute of Technology

Walter E MasseyUniversity of Chicago

Floretta D McKenzieDistrict of Columbia Public Schools

Roger L NicholsBoston Museum of Science

George C. PimentelUniversity of California, Berkeley

Henry 0 PollakBell Communication Research CenterMorristown, NJ

Mary 3. RoweUniversity of Florida

Susan SpragueMesa Public Schools Mesa, AZ

Jerry TheiseHoughton Minn CompanyPleasanton, CA


Gail E ThomasNational Research CouncilWashington, DC

J Ernest Wilkins, JrChicago, IL

Directorate for Scientific,Technological, and InternationalAffairs

Advisory Committee for Industrial Scienceand itchnological InnovationJohn F AmbroseGTE Laboratories, IncWaltham, MA

Tora Kay BiksonRand CorporationSanta Monica, CA

Alfred BrownWashington, DC

Wayne BrownSalt Lake Cir,r, UT

John T GarrityKendall Associates, IncNew Canaan, CN

Vladimir HaenselDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Massachusetts

Haivey D LedbetterMidland, MI

Lon MorganScientific Measurements Systems, IncAustin, DC

Jaime OaxacaNorthrop CorporationAnaheim, CA

Walter H PlosilaPennsylvania Department of CommerceHarrisburg, PA

William R PrindleComing Glass WorksComing, NY

Robert L UnderwoodHeizer CorporationChicago, IL

Albert B Van RennesU S Agency for International DevelopmentWashington, DC

Advisory Committee for Ethics and Valuesin Science and Technology

Rosemary ChalkAmerican Association for the Advancement of

ScienceWashington, DC

Clifford GrobsteinProgran. on Science, Tecnnology, and Public

AffairsUniversity of California, San Diego

Joseph B KadaneDepartment of StatisticsCarnegie-Mellon University

Barry LichterVanderbilt Umversin

Douglas E MacLeanCenter for Philosophy and Public PolicyUniversity of Maryland

Nicholas SteneckDepartment of HistoryUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Donald WarwickHarvard Institote for International DevelopmentCambridge, MA

Advisory Committee for InternationalPrograms

Nancy F JuneTexas Children's HospitalHouston, TX

Johii K. HulmWestinghouse Eectric CorporationPittsbuigh, PA

Hylan B Lyon, JrTexas Instruments, IncArlington, VA

Walter E MasseyUniversity of Chicago

Hugh L PopenoeUnivers,ty of Florida

J Thomas RatchfordAmerican Association for the Advancement of

ScienceWashington, DC

Anthony San PietroIndiana Un.versity

Larry L TieszenAugustana CollegeSioux Falls, SD

Conrad J WeiserOregon State University

David S WileyMichigan State University

Jean WilkowskiVolunteers in Technical AssistanceArlington, VA

F Karl WillenbrockSouthern Methodist University

Advisory Committee for Policy Researchand Analysis and Science ResourcesStudies

H Jack AllisonSchool of Electrical EngineeringOklahoma State University

Margaret C BroadSyracuse University

Jules J DugaBattelle Columbus LaboratoryColumbus, OH

Walter A Hahn, JrGeorge Washington Unnersity

Lyle V JonesUniversity of North Carolina, Chapel 'Jill

Charlotte V KuhAmerican Telephone & Telegraph CompanyBasking Ridge, NJ

Edward W LawlessMidwest Research InstituteKansas City, MO

L Max MagnerEl DuPont de NemoursWilmington, DE

Rodger G. NollCenter for Advanced Studies in the Behavioral

SciencesStanford, CA

7 3 APPENDIXES 6S

Other NSF Publications of GeneralInterest

About the National ScienceFoundation (brochure)NSF Bulletin (published monthlyexcept in July and August)Publications of the National ScienceFoundationGrants for Scientific and EngineeringResearch

Guide to ProgramsNSF Films (booklet)

Mosaic magazine

Single copies of these publications areavailable from Forms and Publications,NSF, 1800 G Street, N.W, Washington,D.C. 20550, (202) 357-7861.

The National Science Foundation hasTDD (Telephonic Device for the Deaf)capability which enables individualswith hearing impairment tocommunicate with the Division ofPersonnel and Management forinformation relating to NSF programs,employment, or general informationThis number is (202) 357-7492

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