FIRST SEMESTER

MA2104 PROBABILITY, RANDOM VARIABLES AND STOCHASTIC PROCESSES

[3 1 0 4]

           Statistical Methods: Correlation and Regression. Statistical Inference: Z-test, t-test, F-test, Chi-square test, Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Parameter Estimation- point and interval. Stochastic Processes: Introduction, generating functions, Markov chains, transition probabilities, Chapmen Kolmogorov equations, Classification of states, Chains of Markov process, Stability of Markov systems, limiting behavior. Random Processes: Introduction, Special types of Random Processes, Stationary Process, Random Walk, Poisson Process, Derivation of Poisson process, Properties of Poisson process, Related Distributions. Queuing Theory: Introduction, general concepts, Birth and Death processes, M/M/1 and M/M/S models and their steady state and transient behavior.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. K .K. Das and D. Bhattacharjee, A Treatise on Statistical Inference and Distributions, Asian Book Private Limited, 2008.

2. A.M. Natarajan and A. Tamilarasi, Probability, Random Processes and Queuing Theory, New Age International publisher, 2010.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. J. Medhi, Stochastic Processes, New Age Science, 3rd Edition, 2009.2. Papoulis & S.U. Pillai, Probability, Random Variables and Stochastic Processes,

McGraw Hill, 2002. 3. P. Z. Peebles Jr., Probability, Random Variables and Random Signal Principles, McGraw

Hill International Edition, Singapore, 2001.

EC2101 ADVANCED DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS [3 1 0 4]

Communication Link Analysis: The channel, received signal power and noise power, link budget analysis, noise figure, noise temperature and system temperature, sample link analysis, satellite repeater, system trade-offs. Modulation and Coding Trade-Offs: Error probability plane, Nyquist minimum bandwidth, Shannon – Hartley capacity theorem, bandwidth-efficiency plane, modulation and coding trade-offs, defining, designing and evaluating digital communication systems, bandwidth efficient modulation. Synchronization: Definition, cost versus benefits, approach and assumptions, receiver synchronization, network synchronization. Multiplexing and Multiple Access: Allocation of the communication resources, multiple access communication system and

School of Electrical, Electronics & Communication EngineeringDepartment of Electronics & Communication Engineering

M.Tech. (E&CE) Syllabus

architecture, access algorithms, multiple access techniques for local area networks. Spread Spectrum Techniques: Model for direct-sequence spread spectrum, PN sequences, direct-sequence spread spectrum systems, frequency hopping systems, synchronization, jamming considerations.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. B. Sklar, Digital Communication - Fundamental and applications, Pearson education (Asia) Pvt. Ltd., 2nd edition, 2001.

2. S. Haykin , Communication Systems, 4th edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2014.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. B. P. Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 3rd edition, Oxford University Press, 1998.

2. J.G Proakis, M. Salehi, “Digital Communications”, 5th edition, McGraw-Hill International, 2008.

3. B. Carlson, P.B. Crilly, J.C. and Rutledge, “Communication Systems: An Introduction to Signals and Noise in Electrical Communication”, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill, 2002.

EC2102 DIGITAL CMOS DESIGN [3 1 0 4]

VLSI design methodologies: VLSI design flow, design hierarchy, Concepts of Regularity, Modularity and Locality, VLSI design styles, Design Quality and Computer Aided Design. MOS Transistor theory: Operation and characteristics, Threshold voltage, Body effect, Sub threshold conduction, Channel length modulation, mobility variation, Tunneling, Drain punch through and Hot electron effect; MOS models, small signal AC characteristics; CMOS inverter, βn/βp ratio, noise margin, static load MOS inverters, tri-state inverter; Advantages of CMOS over NMOS, CMOS/SOI technology, CMOS/Bulk technology, latch up in bulk CMOS and its prevention. Principles of Digital VLSI Design using CMOS: Principles of circuit design using pass transistors and transmission gates; Combinational Logic circuit design using CMOS logic; Sequential logic Circuit design using CMOS, Flip Flops, synchronous sequential circuits and clocked storage elements. Basic circuit concepts and performance estimation: Introduction, Resistance Estimation Capacitance Estimation and switching characteristics of CMOS gates; Transistor Sizing, Power dissipation, Sizing Routing Conductors, Design Margins and Reliability. BiCMOS Logic circuits: Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) structure and operation, Dynamic behavior of BJTs, Basic BiCMOS Circuits - static Behavior, switching delay in BiCMOS logic circuits and BiCMOS applications. Dynamic CMOS logic and clocking: Introduction, static CMOS design, Pseudo-NMOS circuits, Domino CMOS structure and design, Charge sharing, Clocking, clock generation and distribution. Semiconductor memories & I/O circuits: Read only memory (ROM) circuits, Static Read/Write memory (SRAM) circuits and Dynamic Read/Write memory (DRAM) circuits, Erasable PROMs and flash memories. ESD

protection, Input circuits, Output circuits, VLSI Packaging technology.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Sung, M. Kang & Y. Leblebici, “CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits: Analysis and Design”, TMH, 2003.

2. N. Weste & K. Eshragian, “Principles of CMOS VLSI Design: A System Perspective”, Pearson Education, 2000.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. M. Jan, Rabaey, et al, Digital Integrated Circuits: A Design Perspective, Prentice Hall, 2003.

2. D. A Pucknell & K. Eshraghian, Basic VLSI Design, PHI, 2005.

EC2103 ADVANCED DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING [3 1 0 4]

Review of Spectral Analysis: theory of random processes, Defined approaches using the periodogram and DFT methods, Nonlinear estimations, Applications to signal analysis and linear prediction. Linear Analytical Codings: Autocorrelation and covariance implementations, Design and interpretation of lattice filters, Applications to speech, bioinformation processing, and geophysics Multirate Digital Signal Processing-applications, Sampling rate conversion, Polyphase implementation of FIR filters for rate conversion. Short Time Fourier Analysis: Interpretation as linear filter vs. Fourier transform Filter design techniques, Application to speech and music analysis, Generalized time-frequency representations, Wigner distributions and wavelets. Adaptive Filtering Techniques: General introduction and overview, FIR filters: the MMSE, LMS, and RLS algorithms, Lattice filters: filter derivation and design, Convergence of transversal and lattice filters, The RLS and related algorithms, Multisensor adaptive array processing and beamforming.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. M. Hayes, “Statistical Digital Signal Processing and Modeling”, Wiley, 1996.2. D. G. Manolakis, V. K., Ingle, S. M. Kogon, “Statistical and Adaptive Signal

Processing”, Artech House Publishers, 2005. 3. J. G. Proakis, C. M. Rader, F. Ling, and C. L. Nikias, “Advanced Digital Signal

Processing”, Macmillan, 1992.

REFERENCE BOOKS:1. S. L. Marple, “Digital Spectral Analysis with Applications”, Prentice-Hall, 1989.2. S. M. Kay, “Modern Spectral Estimation: Theory and Application”, Prentice-Hall, 1999.

3. L. R. Rabiner, “R.W. Schafer, Theory and Application of Speech Processing”, Pearson, 2010.

4. T. F. Quatieri, “Discrete-Time Signal Processing of Speech: Principles and Practice”, Pearson, 2001.

5. B. Widrow, and S. D. Stearns, “Adaptive Signal Processing”, Prentice-Hall, 1985. 6. S. Haykin, “Adaptive Filter Theory”, Prentice-Hall, 5th edition, 2013.

EC2104 NUMERICAL METHODS AND OPTIMIZATION [3 1 0 4]

Errors and Approximations: Types of Errors: Absolute, Relative, Algorithmic, Truncation, Round off Error, Error Propagation, Concept of convergence-relevance to numerical methods. Roots of Equation: Bisection Method, False position Method, Newton Raphson method and Successive approximation method. Simultaneous Equations: Gauss Elimination Method, Partial pivoting, Gauss-Seidal method and Thomas algorithm for Tridiagonal Matrix. Optimization: Introduction to optimization, Classification, Constrained optimization: Graphical and Simplex method. One Dimensional unconstrained optimization: Newton’s Method. Modern Optimization Techniques: Genetic Algorithm (GA), Simulated Annealing (SA). Curve Fitting & Interpolation: Curve Fitting: Least square technique- Straight line, Power equation, Exponential equation and Quadratic equation. Interpolation: Lagrange‘s Interpolation, Newton‘s Forward interpolation, Hermit Interpolation, inverse interpolation. Numerical Integration: Trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s Rule (1/3rd and 3/8th), Gauss Quadrature 2 point and 3 point method. Double Integration: Trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s 1/3rdRule. Numerical Solutions of Differential Equations: Ordinary Differential Equations [ODE]: Taylor series method, Euler Method, Modified Euler Method (Iterative), Runge Kutta fourth order Method, Simultaneous equations using Runge Kutta 2nd order method. Partial Differential Equations [PDE]: Finite Difference methods: Introduction to finite difference method, PDEs- Parabolic explicit solution, Elliptic explicit solution.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. S. C. Chapra, R. P. Canale, Numerical Methods for Engineers, Tata McGraw Hill 6th

edition, 2009. 2. B. S. Grewal, Numerical Methods in Engineering and Science, Khanna Publishers, 2014.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. S. C. Chapra, “Applied Numerical Methods with MATLAB for Engineers and Scientist”, Tata Mc-GrawHill Publishing Co-Ltd, 2012.

2. R. V. Dukkipati, “Applied Numerical Methods using MATLAB”, New Age International Publishers, 2010.

3. Gerald and Wheatley, “Applied Numerical Analysis, Pearson Education Asia”, 6th

edition, 2002. 4. E. Balagurusamy, “Numerical Methods, Tata McGraw Hill”, 1st edition, 1999.5. P. Thangaraj, “Computer Oriented Numerical Methods”, PHI, 2008. 6. S. S. Sastry, “Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis”, PHI, 5th edition, 2012.

RM2101 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY [2 0 0 2]EC2131 MODELLING & SIMULATION LAB [0 0 4 2]

In this lab students are going to understand and execute the mathematical modelling of desired system with implementation of the same with the help of MATLAB and various other Software tools like Scilab, Octave. They will design the mathematical model of a system, and simulate the same to see various desired results. Students will learn to write user-defined code of the mathematical model & how to improve the desired output through implementation of various intelligent algorithms with comparison. Later on they will implement various optimization with or without evolutionary techniques like neural network or Fuzzy Logic or hybridization of both.

SECOND SEMESTER

EC2250 MODERN ANTENNA TECHNOLOGY [4 0 0 4]

Antenna Terminology: Basic antenna parameters, patterns, isotropic antenna, Gain, Directivity, lobes, polarizations, Field regions. Reflector antenna- Introduction, plane Reflector, corner, parabolic, spherical reflector. Horn Antennas: Introduction, types, Derivation of near fields & far field of Horn antennas. Microstrip antennas: Microstrip radiators, various microstrip antenna configurations, Analytical models for microstrip antennas, Transmission line model, Cavity Model, Full wave analysis of microstrip antennas. Modern antennas: Frequency Independent antenna, Reconfigurable antenna, Active antenna, Dielectric antennas, Electronic band gap structure and applications. Smart Antennas –Introduction, smart antenna analogy, smart antenna benefits & drawbacks, antenna beamforming. Antenna Measurements: Introduction, Antenna ranges, Radiation pattern, Return loss, Gain /Directivity measurements, Polarization measurements.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. C. A. Balanis, “Antenna Theory”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, U.K. 2005.2. J. D. Kraus, “Antennas”, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1988. 3. R. E Collin, “The Receiving Antennas”, McGraw-Hill,1969.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. C. Fernandes, R. K. Jha, C. Salema, “Solid Dielectric Horn Antennas”, Artech House, 1998.

2. S. Drabowitch, “Modern Antennas”, 2nd edition, Springer Publications, 2007.

EC2251 MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND WIRELESS NETWORKS [4 0 0 4]

Introduction to Cellular Mobile Systems: A basic cellular system, performance criteria, uniqueness of mobile radio environment, operation of cellular systems, planning of cellular system, overview of generations of cellular systems. Elements of Cellular Radio Systems Design and interference: General description of the problem, concept of frequency reuse channels, co-channel interference reduction factor, desired C/I from a normal case in an omni directional antenna system, cell splitting, consideration of the components of cellular systems, introduction to co-channel interference, co-channel measurement design of antenna system, antenna parameter and their effects. Cell Coverage for Signal & antenna structures: General introduction, obtaining the mobile point to point mode, propagation over water or flat open area, foliage loss, propagation near in distance, long distance propagation, point to point prediction model-characteristics, cell site, antenna heights and signal coverage cells, mobile to mobile propagation. Characteristics of basic antenna structures, antenna at cell site, mobile antennas: Frequency Management & Channel Assignment, Hand Off & Dropped Calls, Frequency management, fixed channel assignment, non-fixed channel assignment, traffic & channel assignment. Types of hand off and their characteristics, dropped call rates & their evaluation. Modulation method and coding for error detection and correction: Block coding, convolution coding and Turbo coding.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. C. Y. Lee and William, “Mobile Cellular Telecommunications”, McGraw Hill, 2nd

edition, 2001.2. M. Schwartz, “Mobile Wireless Communications”, Cambridge Univ. Press, UK, 2005.

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. T. S. Rappaport, “Wireless Communication Principles and Practice”, Pearson Education, 2nd edition, 2002.

EC 2252 FIBER - OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS [4 0 0 4]

Lightwave systems: Introduction, system architectures, design guidelines, power budget, rise-time budget, long – haul systems, sources of power penalty. Optical Amplifiers: Basic concepts, semiconductor optical amplifiers, Raman amplifiers, Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, Ytterbium-doped fiber amplifiers. Dispersion Management: Introduction, precompensation and post compensation schemes, dispersion compensating fibers, optical filters, fiber Bragg gratings, optical phase conjugation, long haul lightwave systems, high-capacity systems. Multichannel Systems: WDM lightwave systems, WDM components, system performance issues, time-division multiplexing, subcarrier multiplexing, code-division multiplexing. Solition Systems: Fiber solitons, Soliton-based communications, high-speed soliton systes, WDM soliton systems. Coherent Lightwave Systems: Basic concepts, modulation formats, demodulation schemes, BER, sensitivity degradation, system performance.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. G. P. Aggarwal, Fiber Optic Communication Systems, John Wiley & Sons, 4th Edition, 2010.

2. J. M. Senior, Optical Fiber Communications –Principles and Practice, Pearson Education, 2nd Edition, 2009.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. G. Keiser, “Optical Fiber Communication Systems”, Tata McGraw Hill, 4th edition,2010.

2. D. K. Mynbaev Lowell and Scheiner, “Fiber Optic Communication Technology”, PearsonEducation Asia, 2009.

3. F.J.H. Franz and V.K. Jain, “Optical Communication System”, Narosa Publishing House,New Delhi, 2000.

EC 2253 PHOTONICS IC AND OPTICAL SWITCHING [4 0 0 4]

Introduction to Photonic Integrated Circuits: Analysis of optical waveguides and devices. Planar waveguides, chanel waveguides, graded index, waveguides, coupled mode theory, variational method, beam propagation method. Materials and fabrication Technology: General fabrication steps, Photolithography, Ti: LiNbO3 process, Proton exchange process, Silicon based IC process, Compound semiconductor process, Sol gel and other processes. Dynamic and active Devices: Electro-optic devices, Acousto-optic devices, Thermo-optic and magneto-optic device, integrated optical amplifiers, optical sensors optical switches. Applications to communication, optical computing. Optical Integrated Circuits: OICs Non-linear integrated circuits, optoelectronic integrated circuits, silicon based PICs. Micro and Nanophotonics: Nanophotonic structures, MOEMS, biophotonic applications, recent developments in PIC‟s.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. C R Pollock and M Lipson, Integrated photonics, Kluwer Pub, 2003.2. T Tamir, Guided wave opto-electronics, Springer Verilag, 1990.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Bahaa E. A. Saleh, Malvin Carl Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics, John Wiley & Sons, 1991.

2. J. Wilson and J.Hawkes, Opto Electronics – An Introduction, Prentice Hall, 3rd Edition, 1998.

EC2254 NETWORK AND INFORMATION SECURITY [4 0 0 4]

Introduction and Security Threats: Threats to security: Viruses and Worms, Intruders, Insiders, Criminal organizations, Terrorists, Information warfare; Logic bombs; Introduction: Attacks, Services, and Mechanisms; Security Attacks; Types of attack: Denial of service (DOS), sniffing, spoofing, TCP/IP Hacking, Phishing attacks.Organizational Security: Password selection, Piggybacking, Shoulder surfing, Dumpster diving; People as Security Tool: Security awareness, and Individual user responsibilities; Physical security: Access controls Biometrics: finger prints, hand prints, Retina, Patterns, voice patterns, signature and writing patterns. Conventional Encryption: Conventional Encryption Model: Introduction to Symmetric encryption & Asymmetric encryption; Steganography; Simplified DES; Block Cipher Principles; The Data Encryption Standard (DES); Encryption algorithm / Cipher, Encryption and Decryption using: Caesar’s cipher, shift cipher; Block Cipher Design Principles. AES and Confidentiality: Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)- Evaluation Criteria for AES, AES Cipher; Contemporary Symmetric Ciphers- Triple DES, Confidentiality using Symmetric Encryption- Placement of Encryption Function, Traffic Confidentiality. Public-Key Encryption And Hash Functions: Modular Arithmetic System (GCD algorithm-Public Key Cryptography and RSA- Principles of Public Key Cryptosystems, RSA Algorithm; Hash Algorithms- MD5 Message Digest Algorithm; Secure Hash Algorithm. Network Security Practice: Authentication Applications- Kerberos; Electronic Mail Security- Pretty Good Privacy, S/MIME; Web Security- Web Security Considerations, Secure Sockets Layer and Transport Layer Security. System Security: Intruders- Intruder Detection; Malicious Software- Virus and Related Threats; Firewalls- Firewall Design Principles.TEXT BOOKS:

1. W. Stallings, Cryptography and Network Security, 4th Edition. Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 2004.

2. W. Stallings, Network Security Essentials, Prentice Hall of India, , 2nd edition, 2004.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. C. Kaufman, Network Security: Private Communication in Public World, Prentice Hall of India, 2nd edition, 2004.

EC2255 RADAR SYSTEMS [4 0 0 4]

Introduction to Radar Systems: Radar block diagram, Radar Equation, Target echo information extraction, Integration of Radar Pulses, Pulse Repetition Frequency and Range Ambiguities, General Radar range equation, Beacon and Repeater equations. Radar transmitters and Receivers: high power transmitting devices, low noise receivers, Duplexer, Indicators and Displays. Radar Antennas: parameters Radar antenna, different types of antennas, Radomes. Tracking Radar: Tracking with Radar, Sequential Lobing, Conical Scan. Monopulse Tracking Radar: Amplitude Comparison Monopulse (one- and two- coordinates), Phase Comparison Monopulse; Target Reflection Characteristics and Angular Accuracy; Tracking in Range. Doppler Weather Radars: Navigations and Radio Direction Finders, High Resolution Radar: Synthetic Aperture Radar, Bistatic Radar, comparison of bistatic and monostatic radar.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. M. I. Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems, 3rd Ed., McGraw Hill, 2003. 2. P. Z. Peebles Jr., Radar Principles, John Wiley, 2004. 3. E. Byron, Radar: Principles, Technology, Applications, Prentice- Hall education, 2004.

REFERENCE BOOKS:1. D. Barton, “Radar system analyses and Modeling”, Artech house, 2005. 2. M. Antonio, “Bistatic radar emerging technology”, John Wiley, 2008.

EC2256 MODERN SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS [4 0 0 4]

Introduction to Satellite communication: Introduction to satellite communication, advantages and disadvantages of satellite communication, Active and passive satellites, current status of satellite communication. Satellite subsystems: Power supply subsystem, Altitude and orbit control system, Telemetry, Tracking and Command, Communication Subsystem Components. Satellite Channel and link design, system noise temperature, uplink, downlink, effects of rain. Earth station technology: Earth station antenna design-large earth station antenna, design of large earth station antenna, small earth station antennas, design of small earth station antennas. Satellite applications: satellite for earth observation, satellite for weather forecast, satellite for scientific studies, satellite for military applications, VSAT, Global positioning system (GPS), applications of GPS technology, Modern satellites.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. I. S. Merrill, Introduction to radar systems, Tata McGraw Hill, India, 2004.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. T. Pratt, Satellite communication systems, John Wiley and Sons, 2006.

EC2257 NON - LINEAR FIBER OPTICS [4 0 0 4]

Fiber Characteristics and Non–Linearities: Optical losses - Chromatic dispersion, Modal birefringence, Non-linear refraction, Stimulated Inelastic scattering, Importance of non–linear optical effects. Group Velocity Dispersion and Self-Phase Modulation: Different propagation regimes, Higher order dispersion, Implications for Optical Communication Systems, SPM induced spectral broadcasting, Frequency chirp, Effect of GVD, Self steepening. Optical Solitons and Pulse Compression: Modulation instability, Fundamental and higher order Solitons, Soliton lasers, Soliton based communication systems, Soliton interaction –Design aspects, Higher order non-linear effects, Optical pulse compression, Introduction, Grating pair, Fiber grating

compressors, Soliton Effect compressors. Cross-Phase Modulation: XPM, Induced nonlinear coupling, Nonlinear Birefringence effects, Optical Kerr effect, pulse shaping, Effect of birefringence on solitons, XPM induced modulation stability, Implications for Optical Communication Systems. Stimulated Raman And Brillouin Scattering: Raman Gain and Threshold, Fiber Raman lasers, Fiber Raman Amplifier, Soliton effects in stimulated Raman scattering, Brillouin Gain and Threshold, Fiber Brillouin lasers, Fiber Brillouin Amplifier, Four wave mixing.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. G.P. Agarwal, “Non linear Fiber Optics”, 5th edition, Academic Press, 2012.2. G. P.Agrawal, “Fiber Optic Communication Systems”, 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons,

2012.3. G. Keiser, “Optical Fiber “Communication Systems””, 4th edition, Tata McGrawHill.

Edition, 2010.4. John M. Senior, “Optical Fiber Communications –Principles and Practice”, Pearson

Education, 2009.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. F.J.H. Franz and V.K. Jain, Optical Communication System, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi 2000.

EC2258 LOW POWER VLSI DESIGN [4 0 0 4]

Introduction: Need for Low Power VLSI chips, Sources of power dissipation in Digital Integrated circuits. Emerging low power approaches, Hierarchical Low Power Design Methodologies. Device & Technology Impact on Low Power: Physics of power dissipation in CMOS devices; Dynamic and static power dissipation, Transistor sizing & gate oxide thickness; Impact of technology Scaling and Device innovation. Power estimation, Simulation and Power analysis: SPICE circuit simulators, gate level logic simulation, capacitive power estimation, static state power, gate level capacitance estimation, architecture level analysis. Circuit level Power reduction techniques: Power consumption in circuits; Design of Flip Flops and Latches; Low Power Dynamic logic families & adiabatic logic families. Logic level Power reduction techniques: Gate reorganization, pre-computation logic, signal gating, logic encoding, state machine encoding, reduction of power in address and data buses. Low power Architecture and Systems: Power and performance management, switching activity reduction, parallel architecture with voltage reduction, flow graph transformation, low power arithmetic components, low power memory design. Low power Clock Distribution: Power dissipation in clock distribution, Single driver versus Distributed buffers, Zero skew versus Tolerable skew, chip and package co design of clock network. Algorithm and Architectural level Methodologies: Introduction, design flow, Algorithmic level analysis and optimization, Power aware software designs, Architectural level estimation and synthesis.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. G. K. Yeap, “Practical Low Power Digital VLSI Design”, KAP, 2002.2. Rabaey and Pedram, “Low power design methodologies”, Kluwer Academic, 1997.

REFERENCE BOOKS:1. K. Roy, S. Prasad, “Low Power CMOS VLSI Circuit Design”, Wiley, 2000.2. K. Samir, R. S. Yeo, W. L. Goh, “CMOS/BiCMOS ULSI Low Voltage Low Power”,

Pearson, 2002. EC2259 ANALOG CMOS IC DESIGN [4 0 0 4]

Introduction: MOS FET device I/V characteristics, second order effects, Capacitances, body bias effect, Biasing Styles, MOS small signal Model, NMOS verses PMOS devices. Single Stage Amplifiers: Basic Concepts, Common-Source Stage, Common-Source Stage with Resistive Load, CS Stage with Diode-Connected Load, Common Drain and gate amplifiers. Passive and Active Current Mirrors: Basic Current Mirrors, Cascode Current Mirrors, Active Current Mirrors, Large-Signal Analysis, Small-Signal Analysis, Common-Mode Properties. Differential Amplifiers: Single-Ended and Differential Operation, Basic Differential Pair, Qualitative Analysis ,Quantitative Analysis, Common-Mode Response ,Differential Pair with MOS Loads, Gilbert Cell. Operational Amplifier: Half circuits; Single stage OP-AMP; Two stage OP-AMP; High frequency model of a MOS transistor; Common source amplifier frequency response; Pole splitting; Common drain and common gate amplifier frequency responses. Negative feedback amplifiers: Statistical Characteristics of Noise, Noise Spectrum, Types of Noise, Thermal Noise, Flicker Noise. Negative feedback amplifiers with one, two, or more poles in feedback; Loop gain and stability criteria; Phase margin; Frequency compensation Voltage-controlled and current-controlled voltage sources using an Op-AMP. Introduction to mixed signal, issues & applications like Data converters, filters & PLL.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. B. Razavi, “Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits”, Tata McGraw Hill 2002.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Sedra & K. Smiths, “Microelectronic Circuits”, 5th edition, Oxford University Press, 2007.

2. P. Gray, R. Meyer, S. Lewis and P. Hurst, “Analog Integrated Circuits”, 3rd edition, John Wiley, 2007.

EC2260 CAD ALGORITHMS FOR SYSTEM SYNTHESIS [4 0 0 4]

Introduction to VLSI CAD: Motivating factors and some trends, digital hardware modeling: logic and system level modeling, hardware description languages (VHDL and Verilog). RTL simulation: synchronous and asynchronous system design; verification methodology: simulation, BDD, formal methods. Architectural synthesis: strategies for architectural optimizations, logic synthesis: two level logic optimization technology mapping, ASIC design methodology, FPGA

based system design and prototyping. Basic CMOS technology and design rules, layout synthesis: the physical design, timing analysis; graph algorithms and their application in IC design. CAD tools and their use; Design for testability; Verification.

TEXT BOOKS: 

1. G. D. Micheli, “Synthesis and Optimization of Digital Circuits”, Tata McGraw Hill, 1994.

2. S.H. Gerez, “Algorithms for VLSI Design Automation”, Wiley-India, 1999.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. D. D Gajski, “High Level Synthesis: Introduction to Chip and System Design”, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992.

2. N. A. Sherwani, “Algorithms for VLSI Physical Design Automation”, Kluwer Academic Publisher, 1995.

3. M. Sarrafzadeh and C.K. Wong, “An Introduction to VLSI Physical Design”, McGraw Hill, 1996.

4. G. D. Hachtel, F. Somenzi, “Logic Synthesis and Verification Algorithm”, Kluwer Application Specific ICs Academic Publication, Boston, 2002.

5. S. Trimberger, “Introduction to CAD for VLSI”, Kluwer Academic publisher, 2002.

EC2261 DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN & FPGA [4 0 0 4]

Finite State Machines: Introduction, Moore, Mealy and Mixed type Synchronous State Machines. Synchronous sequential design of Moore, Melay Machines, Top down Design, State Transition Table, State assignments for FPGAs, Realization of state machine charts using PAL, Alternative realization for state machine charts using microprogramming, linked state machine, encoded state machine. Algorithmic State Machine- An Algorithm with inputs, digital solution, Implementation of traffic light controller, ASM charts, Design Procedure for ASMs, Data path and Control design. Introduction to VHDL/Verilog- Data types, Concurrent statements, sequential statements, behavioral modeling. FPGAs Architecture: Field Programmable Gate Arrays- Logic blocks, routing architecture, design flow, technology mapping for FPGAs, Case studies Xilinx XC4000 & ALTERA’s FLEX 8000/10000 FPGAs. Introduction to advanced FPGAs: Xilinx Virtex and ALTERA Stratix. System Level Design: Controller, data path designing, Functional partition, Digital front end digital design tools for FPGAs. System level design using mentor graphics/Xilinx EDA tool (FPGA Advantage/Xilinx ISE), Design flow using FPGAs. Case studies: Design considerations using FPGAs of parallel adder cell, parallel adder sequential circuits, counters, multiplexers, parallel controllers.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Navabi , “Analysis and modeling of digital systems”, McGraw Hill, 1998.2. S. Brown & Z. Vransesic , “Fundamental of digital Logic with Verilog design”, TMH,

2000.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. J. Bhaskar, “A VHDL Prime”r, Addison Wesley, 2000.2. Perry, “Modeling with VHDL”, McGraw Hill, 1994.3. S. Trimberger, “Field Programmable Gate Array Technology”, Kluwer Academic

Publications, 1994.4. Z. V. Kohavi, “Switching and finite automata theory”, 2nd edition, TMH, 1970.5. J. P. Hayes, “Computer Architecture and Organization”, 3rd edition, Tata Mc Graw Hill,

1998.EC2262 VLSI PHYSICAL DESIGN & AUTOMATION [4 0 0 4]

Basic algorithms-Basic terminology: Complexity Issues and NP-Hardness: algorithms for NP-hard problems-Basic algorithms: Graph algorithms, computational Geometry algorithms- Basic data structures-Graph algorithms for physical design: classes of graphs in physical design, relationship between graph classes, graph problems in physical design, algorithms for Interval graphs, permutation graphs and circle graphs. Partitioning and clustering-Partitioning and Clustering Metrics: Move-Based Partitioning Methods, Mathematical Partitioning, Formulations Clustering: Hierarchical Clustering, Agglomerative Clustering, Multilevel Partitioning. Floorplanning and placement: Early research: Slicing floorplan, Floorplan representation, Packaging floorplan representation, recent advances in floor planning. Placement: Introduction, Problem formulation, Simulation based placement algorithms, Partitioning based placement algorithms, cluster growth, Quadratic assignment and resistive network optimization. Routing and compaction: Global Routing, Detailed routing, over the cell routing and via minimization, clock and power routing. Problem Formulation: Classification of Compaction algorithms, 3/2 dimensional compaction, 2D compaction, Hierarchical compaction, Recent trends in Compaction. Routing issues- Timing driven Interconnect synthesis-Buffer insertion basics-Generalized buffer insertion-Buffering in layout environment-Global interconnect planning & modelling.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. N.A. Sherwani, “Algorithms for VLSI Physical Design Automation”, Kluwer Academic, Publishers, 2002.

2. S.H. Gerez, “Algorithms for VLSI Design Automation”, John Wiley & Sons, 2008.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. S. K. Lim, “Practice Problems in VLSI physical design Automation”, Springer, 2008.2. C. J. Alpert, D. P. Mehta, S. S. Sapatnekar, “Hand Book of Algorithms of Physical

design Automation”, CRC press, 2009.3. J. D. Ullman, “Computational Aspects of VLSI”, Computer Science Press, 1984.4. S. M .Sait, H. Youssef, “VLSI Physical design automation theory and Practice”, World

Scientific Publishing, 1999.

EC2263 VLSI TESTING & TESTABILITY [4 0 0 4]

Introduction to testing and testability: Need for testing, digital and analog testing, Controllability and observability, Design-for-test (DFT), Test process and ATE, Test economics. Fault modeling: Introduction to faults in digital circuits, Fault models - Stuck-at faults, Bridging faults, Iddq faults, delay faults, intermittent faults. Testing of combinational circuits: Various types of faults. Functional v/s structural approach to testing, test vector generation for a single stuck-at-fault in combinational logic. Algorithms: Algebraic algorithms: Boolean difference method; Structural algorithms: D-algorithm, FAN, PODEM algorithm, SOCRATES, Recursive learning; Pseudorandom test pattern generation; Test optimization and fault coverage. Testability Techniques: Need for enhancing controllability and observability through the addition of DFT hardware, partitioning, adhoc and structured approaches to DFT, various scan design approaches, scan-path testing, Boundary scan. Testing of sequential circuits: Test pattern generation for sequential circuits, Exhaustive, non-exhaustive and pseudorandom test pattern generation, Delay fault testing. Signatures and self-test: Testing with random patterns; LFSRs, random test generation and response compression, Built-in self-test (BSIT), Input compression Output compression Arithmetic, Reed-Muller and spectral coefficients, Coefficient test signatures, Signature analysis and Online self-test. Analog testing: DSP based analog test and model based analog test; Testing techniques for Filters, A/D Converters.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. M. L. Bushnell & V. D. Agrawal, “Essentials of testing for digital, memory and mixed-signal VLSI circuits”, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.

2. M. Abramovici, M. A. Breuer, and A.D. Friedman, “Digital Systems Testing and Testable Design”, Piscataway, New Jersey: IEEE Press, 1994.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. M. L. Bushnell & V. D. Agrawal, “Essentials of testing for digital, memory and mixed-signal VLSI circuits”, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.

2. Miczo, “Digital Logic Testing and simulation”, New York: Harper & Row, 1986. 3. P.K. Lala, “Fault Tolerant & Fault Testable hardware Design”, BS Publications, 1998.

EC2264 VLSI PROCESS TECHNOLOGY [4 0 0 4]

Introduction to VLSI Technology: Concept of clean rooms, Vacuum systems and safety requirements, Crystal growth and wafer preparation, Wafer cleaning processes. Diffusion Methods, Different Oxidation Techniques, Mask generation, Lithography, Multi-level metallization schemes, and failure mechanisms in metal interconnects, Plasma and rapid thermal processing techniques, Wire bonding and packaging techniques. Fabrication Techniques: Spin Coating, Thermal Evaporation, RF/DC Sputtering, MBE, CVD, PECVD, Photolithography, Electron-beam Lithography, Advanced Nano-Lithography techniques for VLSI/ULSI technology. Characterization Techniques: XRD, Scanning Probe Microscopy, Electron Microscopy (TEM, SEM), Photon Spectroscopy, Nano Manipulators. Future Aspects of VLSI

Process Technology: Molecular Semiconductors and Metals, Electronic conduction in molecules, Molecular Logic Gates, Quantum point contacts, Quantum dots and Bottom up approach, Performance analysis of next generation optical detectors, Carbon Nano-tube and its applications, Organic Electronics (OLEDs, Organic Solar Cells), Hetero-junction devices (HEMTs, HBTs), Piezoelectronic nanogenerators.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. S.M. Sze,”VLSI Technology”, 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill, 1988.2. S.K. Gandhi, “VLSI Fabrication Principles”, John Wiley Inc., New York, 1994 (2nd Edit

ion).

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Plummer, Deal, Griffin, “Silicon VLSI Technology: Fundamentals, Practice & Modeling”, PHI,2001.

2. P. VanZant , “Microchip Fabrication”, 5th Edition, MH , 2000.3. W. Wolf, “Modern VLSI Design”, 3rd edition, Pearson, 2002.

EC2265 NANOELECTRONIC DEVICES AND MATERIALS [4 0 0 4]

Overview: Nano devices, Nano materials, Nano characterization. Definition of Technology node, Basic CMOS process flow, MOS scaling theory, Issues in scaling MOS transistors: Short channel effects, Description of a typical 45 nm CMOS technology. Requirements for Non classical MOS transistor, MOS capacitor, Role of interface quality and related process techniques, Gate oxide thickness scaling trend, SiO2 vs High-k gate dielectrics. Integration issues of high-k, Interface states, bulk charge, band offset, stability, reliability, CV and IV techniques. Metal gate transistor: Motivation, requirements, Integration issues, Transport in nano MOSFET, velocity saturation, ballistic transport, injection velocity, velocity overshoot, SOI - PDSOI and FDSOI, Ultrathin body SOI - double gate transistors, integration issues. Vertical transistors - FinFET and Surround gate FET, Metal source/drain junctions - Properties of schottky junctions on Silicon, Germanium and compound semiconductors, Work function pinning, Germanium Nano MOSFETs: strain, quantization, Advantages of Germanium over Silicon, PMOS versus NMOS, Compound semiconductors - material properties, MESFETs, Compound semiconductor MOSFETs in the context of channel quantization and strain, Hetero structure MOSFETs exploiting novel materials, strain, and quantization. Synthesis of Nanomaterials, Compound semiconductor hetero-structure growth and characterization, Thickness measurement techniques: Contact-step height, Optical - reflectance and ellipsometry, Characterization techniques for nanomaterials and their Applications. Emerging nano materials:  Nanotubes, nanorods and other nano structures, LB technique, Soft lithography.

TEXT BOOK:

1. S.M. Sze ,”VLSI Technology”, 2nd edition, McGraw Hill, 1988.

2. Y. Taur and T. Ning, “Fundamentals of Modern VLSI Devices”, Cambridge University Press, 2001.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Plummer, Deal, Griffin, “Silicon VLSI Technology: Fundamentals, Practice and Modelling”, Pearson Education India, 2001.

2. B. C.Richard, E. Charles, “Encyclopaedia of Materials Characterization”, Elsevier. 3. S .K. Gandhi, “VLSI Fabrication Principles”, John Wiley Inc., New York, 2nd edition,

1994.

EC2231 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LAB [0 0 4 2]

Experiments on hardware/ kits in order to acquire sufficient knowledge and understand practical limitations/ implications of various communication techniques. Designing graphical user interfaced models of various communication systems/ subsystems with the help of suitable software (some suggested software are Labview, ADS(Agilent)) for detail study of their operating principle and their performance vis-à-vis practical limitations like, channel bandwidth, noise, attenuation etc.

EC2232 SYSTEM DESIGN LAB [0 0 4 2]

This lab is software based (some suggested software are Xilinx Vivado, ADS (Agilent)) which includes design and simulation of digital circuits using CMOS and other logic families like dynamic, domino logic family, transmission gates. Design & simulation of Analog circuits using CMOS like amplifiers, Op-Amp. Power calculation and delay calculations of the circuits. Layout of the CMOS circuits.

OPEN ELECTIVES

EC2290 INTRODUCTION TO CMOS VLSI [3 0 0 3]

Basic MOS Technology: Introduction to VLSI, VLSI Design Flow, Full custom, semi- custom design, Enhancement and depletion mode MOS transistors. NMOS fabrication. CMOS fabrication. MOS Transistor Theory: Introduction, MOS device current equations, Scaling, CMOS inverter-DC characteristics, static load MOS inverters. Design of Inverters. Combinational Circuit using CMOS logic families: Design of Logic gates and various combinational circuits using CMOS, Pseudo NMOS, Transmission Gate & Pass Transistors. Sequential Circuit using CMOS logic families: Design of flip flops and various sequential circuits using CMOS, Domino, Dynamic, zipper, NORA Circuits. CMOS subsystem design processes: General considerations, process illustration, ALU subsystem, adders, multipliers, memory elements, memory cell arrays REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. S.M. Kang and Y. Leblebici, “CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits: Analysis and Design”, TMH, 2003.

2. N. Weste & K. Eshragian, “Principles of CMOS VLSI Design: A System Perspective”, Pearson Education, 2000.

3. J. M. Rabaey, “Digital Integrated Circuits: A Design Perspective”, Prentice Hall, 2003.4. D. A Pucknell and K. Eshraghian, “Basic VLSI Design”, PHI, 2005.

EC2291 MODERN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS [3 0 0 3]

Modern Microwaves Engineering: Effect of Microwaves on human body, Medical and Civil applications of microwaves, Electromagnetic interference/Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMI / EMC), Monolithic Microwave IC fabrication, RF MEMS for microwave components, Microwave Imaging. Wireless Communication: Introduction to wireless channel, channel models, noise and interference. System capacity and outage, Diversity and Space-Time coding, Wireless Networks and Resource Management, Multiple Access Techniques / Modulation, Wireless Wide Area Network, Wireless WAN & CDMA Evolution, Wireless Local Area Networks, Wireless Personal Area Networks, Point-to-point communication: detection, diversity and channel uncertainty. Cellular systems: multiple access and interference management. Introduction to universal space-time codes.

Satellite Communication: Introduction to satellite communication, advantages and disadvantages of satellite communication, Active and passive satellites, current status of satellite communication. Satellite subsystems-Power supply subsystem, Altitude and orbit control system, Telemetry, Tracking and Command, Communication Subsystem Components, Earth station, Satellite applications. Optical Communication: Introduction to Optical fiber communications Historical perspective, Block diagram of Lightwave systems; Optical fibre fundamentals Geometrical-optics description, Dispersion and attenuation in fibers Optical transmitters and receivers Fundamental of Laser Diodes, Light Emitting Diodes, and Photo Diodes

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. T. Pratt, Satellite communication systems”, John Wiley and Sons (2006).2. G. Keiser, “Optical Fibre Communications, 3rd Edition, McGraw Hill, 2000. 3. G. P. Agrawal, “Fiber-Optic Communications Systems”, 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons,

Inc 2002.4. D. M. Pozar, “Microwave Engineering”, 4th edition, Wiley India, 20115. R.E.Collin, “Foundations for Microwave Engineering”, 2nd edition, John wiley & sons,

2007.6. S. Ramo, J.R.Whinnery and T.V.Duzer, “Fields and Waves in Communication

Electronics”, 3rd Edition, Wiley India, 1994.7. C. Y. Lee and William, “Mobile Cellular Telecommunications”, 2nd edition, McGraw

Hill. 20018. M. Schwartz, “Mobile Wireless Communication”, Cambridge Univ. Press, UK, 2005.