Doc Toscana Speciale

7/23/2019 Doc Toscana Speciale

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bltc c h `hubh glffc rcttc mnhlrmhfh. Bhmnhlhl ih ucbhfh d icf-fd, rlmlzzd d rlmlzzh glffc nlsjhl-tc nd ncrc jlsd pdr vhvdrd d jcfih-vhidrd nl scrtd idh phø s`crtuflthpdr hn scnc phljdrd ih ilrd uflblfc, dssdrjh, lhutlrd.

Bl n‘lnnuvhcfd ih @hrdfzd rdstlfdnnl bdbcrhl jcnndtthvl idn [ld-sd uf jlsc l plrtd, hfihbdfthjleh-nd d hfjcf`cfihehnd. Fcf scnc `u nlprhbl vcntl jgd lvvdfhvl uflbcehnhtlzhcfd ih blssl, bl nl sulfcvhtë ç iltl ilnn‘dftrltl hf jlb-pc jcbd scmmdttc scjhlnd idh mhc-vlfh, jgd ihvdftlvlfc prctlmcfh-sth ih uf dvdftc ih rhnhdvc hftdrfl-zhcflnd, sdmuhtc jcf plsshcfd ilhbdzzh ih hf`crblzhcfd ih tuttc hnbcfic.

\ulfic sh pdfsl ln ‘07 vhdfd hfbdftd hn blmmhc `rlfjdsd, bl l@hrdfzd, hf Htlnhl, hn ‘07 bhsd nd

sud rlihjh fdn ‘00, qulfic sh bcs-sdrc scprlttuttc h mhcvlfh, jgd shjcfquhstlrcfc fdn `lfmc, jcbd hfuf rhtc hfhzhlthjc, n‘ljjdssc fdnnlscjhdtë, pcrtlfic ̀ hflnbdftd lnnlnujd nd ncrc hidd d ufl fucvlvhshcfd idn bcfic d idh rlppcrth`rl mnh ucbhfh.

Zh bcssdrc pdrjgè @hrdfzd rlp-

prdsdftl fdn jucrd d fdnn‘hbblmh-flrhc ih tutth fcf scnc nl jhttë idh„tdscrh lrthsthjh‒, bl lfjgd nl jhttëshbecnc idn ihlncmc `rl nd jhvhntë didnnl pljd. Hidlnh pdrlntrc rhprc-pcsth iurlftd hn Zcjhln @crubDurcpdc jgd sh ç svcntc prcprhc l@hrdfzd fdn 5;;5.

Zh bcssdrc pdr „ilrd uflblfc‒, pdr scnhilrhdtë, pdr „hsthf-

tc‒, l vcntd sdfzl slpdrd dslttl-bdftd jcsl vdfhvlfc l `lrd, liih-rhtturl rhsjghlfic ih hftrlnjhlrd ndsqulird ih scjjcrsc prc`dsshcflnh,bl sphfth ilnnl vcmnhl ih lhutlrd, hfqulnufqud bcic, jghufqud hfqudn bcbdftc drl hf ih``hjcntë.

Zh bcssdrc hf`hfd, pdrjgèdeedrc nl sdfslzhcfd jgd nc Ztltc,

h pctdrh pueenhjh `cssdrc ndfth fdn-n‘hftdrvdfhrd, hflidmulth fdnnd ncrcrhspcstd lh ehscmfh idnnl mdftd.

Nl @hrdfzd lnnuvhcfltl ihvdf-tlvl, jcsî, fucvlbdftd nl jlphtlndi‘Htlnhl.

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nd, pdr rhbecjjlrsh nd blfhjgd djdrjlrd il scnl nd scnuzhcfh bhmnhc-rh lh prcprh prcendbh d hfshdbd hntrhcf`c idnnl scjhdtë jhvhnd jgd mdt-tlvl jcsî nd elsh ih ufl plrtdjhpl-

zhcfd pcpcnlrd jgd ilrë pch vhtl lhjcbhtlth ih qulrthdrd.

Nl @hrdfzd idnn‘lnnuvhcfd ç nlscjhdtë idnnd Jlsd idn pcpcnc, idn-nd plrrcjjghd, idn vcncftlrhltc, bllfjgd idn shfiljltc, idnnd lsscjhl-zhcfh ih jltdmcrhl. Jcbbdrjhlfth,lrthmhlfh, hfiustrhlnh jcsthtuhsjcfcufl rdtd spdrhbdftltl fdnnl stcrhlidnnl jhttë, jgd sdbprd, fdhbcbdfth phø trlmhjh, ç rhusjhtl l

hidfth`hjlrsh jcf h ehscmfh idnndpdrscfd rlpprdsdftlfic, ih `lttc,nl `crtd hidfthtë jhvhjl idnnl fcstrljhttë `lttl ih vlncrh rlihjlth jcbd nlscnhilrhdtë, nl plrtdjhplzhcfd dn‘hbpdmfc. [lrl`rlslfic uf `lbc-sc `hnb ih Id Zhjl, uf vdrc d prc-prhc „Bhrljcnc l @hrdfzd‒.

Zcfc plsslth qulrlft‘ lffh. Nltrlmdihl ̀ u dfcrbd lfjgd sd pdr

`crtufl fcf iceehlbc rhjcrilrdshmfh`hjlthvd pdrihtd ih vhtd ubl-fd. [drihtd jgd purtrcppc glffcsuehtc tlftd lntrd jcbufhtëplmlfic jcf jdfthflhl d jdfthflhl

ih bcrth jltlstrc`h shbhnh, jlusltdhn phø idnnd vcntd iln ihssdstc hirc-mdcncmhjc, `ruttc ih uf usc sdnvlm-mhc idn tdrrhtcrhc jcbd nl jdbdf-th`hjlzhcfd nufmc h ̀ hubh.

Fcf ç pch jcsî lssuric jcbdpctrdeed sdberlrd, bl cmmh, jgdbcntc ç stltc `lttc pdr shstdblrd hnfcstrc Lrfc, jh rhtrcvhlbc spdsscl plrnlrd qulsh jcf rhbphlftc idhmhcrfh hf juh leehlbc slputc `lrd

lppdnnc lnnd fcstrd dfdrmhdbhmnhcrh jcbelttdfic mnh dmchsbhd sjcprdficjh hf tln bcic ufljcbufhtë, uf pcpcnc ufhtc. Jcsîleehlbc thrltc ùcrh iln `lfmc@hrdfzd d fch stdssh. Bdftrd cmmhjh trcvhlbc spdssc, fdh jcbpcrtl-bdfth, fdnnd ihsjusshcfh, l rdstrhf-mdrd hn fcstrc crhzzcftd lhbhjrchftdrdssh pdrscflnh d shlbc

hfjlpljh ih lnzlrd nl tdstl d ljjdt-tlrd nl s`hil idn jlbehlbdftc,idnnl trls`crblzhcfd. Cmmh fcfrhusjhlbc phø l usjhrd iln `lfmcidn fcstrc dmchsbc pdr h fcstrh

`hmnh d pdr hn fcstrc ùturc.Mnh „Lfmdnh idn `lfmc‒, h vdf-

tdffh jgd lnncrl vdffdrc jcf mnhsthvlnh ih mcbbl lnnl EhenhctdjlFlzhcflnd, crl glffc h jlpdnnhehlfjgh. \ulnjufc gl `crsd hn juc-rd stlfjc. Lfjgd l ncrc cmmh jcf hfcstrh prcmdtth ih jlbehlbdftc jhprdsdfthlbc d vcrrdbbc vdidrnhhbpdmflth di dftushlsth jcbd ncdrlfc lnncrl l jcfiurrd qudstl

fucvl elttlmnhl.Ç lfjgd pdr rhspcfidrd lnndncrc rhjghdstd, fdn rhjcric ih qudhmhcrfh ncftlfh ih qulrlft‘lffh `l,qulfic bhmnhlhl ih mhcvlfh lrrhvl-rcfc li lhutlrd h `hcrdfthfh jcnphthilnn‘lnnuvhcfd, jgd jh lssubhlbcn‘hbpdmfc ih jcfthfulrd l „punh-rd‒, l„sjlvlrd‒ d l „jcstruhrd‒ nlfcstrl jhttë idn ùturc. >

Cicrd ih fl`tl d tutth ln nlvcrcDjjc h bhdh rhjcrih ih elbehfc

ih Uhjjlric Fdfjhfh

Drc lfjcrl elbehfc qulficn‘Lrfc sh rhvdrsõ pdr nd strl-id ih @hrdfzd rhjcprdfic nl

jhttë ih bdnbl blndcicrlftd. Ihqudh mhcrfh gc uf rhjcric hf ehlf-jc d fdrc, pdrjgè hn `lfmc lffunnlh jcncrh, d pdrjgè nd fcthzhd jgdjh lrrhvlvlfc ilnnl tdndvhshcfddrlfc tuttd hf ehlfjc d fdrc? nd`ctc ih lnncrl scfc pdr nl blmmhcrplrtd hf ehlfjc d fdrc. Tf cicrd,rhjcric, pdrshstdftd, qudnnc idnnlfl`tl bhsjghltl lnn‘ljqul `lfmcsl,jgd tdffd nl jhttë fdnnl sul bcrslpdr iud nufmghsshbh mhcrfh prhblih rhthrlrsh. Hfidndehnd, n‘cicrdidnn‘lnnuvhcfd, idn jltljnhsbl. Bllfjgd idnnl rhflsjhtl d idnnl scnh-ilrhdtë, jcbd jcbhfjhlh lilpprdzzlrd qulnjgd lffc icpc.

[hcvdvl hf qudh mhcrfh, d fcfscnc l @hrdfzd d hf tuttl nl Ycsjl-fl. Lfjgd hn [cndshfd drl lnnuvhc-fltc? l Pdfdzhl n‘ljqul lntl tcjjõufc idh such rdjcri.

N‘Htlnhl tdftlvl ih mcvdrflrd ufl

idnnd sud rhjcrrdfth dbdrmdfzd.N‘lflmrl`d fcf bh pdrbdttd

ih lvdrd uf rhjcric pdrscflndidnnd vhshtd idn prdshidftd idnnlUdpueenhjl Mhusdppd Zlrlmlt,ih [lpl [lcnc PH d ih lntrd rlp-prdsdftlfzd, hsthtuzhcflnh d fcf,l @hrdfzd? fcf lsshstdtth lnndrhbcstrlfzd idmnh „Lfmdnh idn`lfmc‒ fè lnnd mdnhid ljjcmnhdf-zd ih jgh drl hbpdmfltc „l nlvc-rlrd‘‘ pdr rdjupdrlrd pltrhbcfhlrthsthjh, nherh, dih`hjh, lnnl Ehenhc-tdjl Flzhcflnd jcbd hf lntrdzcfd idnnl jhttë plrthjcnlrbdftdjcnphtd. Zdberlvl ih dssdrd tcr-flth ln Bdihcdvc d lh jlrtdnnh jgdspdssc sh l``hmmdvlfc lnnd pcrtdidnnd ecttdmgd lrthmhlfd1 „\uh shnlvcrl‘‘. Tfl jhttë sjcssl d idvl-stltl, hf`ltth, c sh phdml hf lttdslih dvdfth c rdlmhsjd fdnn‘hbbd-ihltdzzl.

H `hcrdfthfh edstdbbhlrcfc,phlfsdrc, prdmlrcfc bl fcf stdt-tdrc jcf nd blfh hf blfc jcf`h-

L plmhfl 5, hn Nufm lrfcMuhjj hlrihfh hfvlsc ilnnd ljq ud nl bltthfl id n 9

fcvd be rd ‘00, ̀ ctcmrl̀ ltc

il Fhjcnl Orljzyfl

Lj jlftc, hn shfiljc

Elrmd nnhfh lnn‘hfm rdssc ilnnl

sul le htlzhcfd lfjcrl

hfvlsl

iln ̀ lfmc. @ctc i h Mhcrmhc

Nct th, iln sd tt hblflnd

Dpcjl id n 5; fcvd berd ‘00



plm hfl 0 I c j

Z p d j h l n d

ilfic fdh vlrh d ih``drdfth vcnthidnnl [rcvvhidfzl. „Bdmnhc ufljcsl `lttl jgd jdftc il `lrd‒ ‚rdjhtl uf lfthjc idttc pcpcnlrd hfusc fdnnl jlbplmfl tcsjlfl. Jgh

lrrhvõ icpc n‘hfhzhc irlbblthjcih qudn fcvdberd hf`lustc trcvõufl jhttë hrrhjcfcsjhehnd dppurdhf bcvhbdftc. Fcf sh drl spdz-zltl. L qudnnl tdfljhl, l qudnnlvcncftë, l qudnnl lbbhfhstrlzhc-fd d l qudh rlmlzzh iceehlbcbcntc. Iud scnd vcntd hf sdttdsdjcnh @hrdfzd drl stltl jcnphtl lnjucrd1 il Fdrh idmnh Lelth d ilnnlsul nujhil plzzhl hfjdfihlrhl fdn-

n‘dstltd idn <:;9 (sjrhssd hn Phnnlfhjgd drlfc stlth lnbdfc <=;; mnhdih`hjh ihstrutth c ndshcflth iln`ucjc). Ilnnd ecbed d ilh tdid-sjgh fdn <899.

J‘ç jgh - stcrhjh, scjhcncmh,pcnhtcncmh - scsthdfd jgd hf qudhmhcrfh sh mdttlrcfc nd elsh pdr ndjcftdstlzhcfh stuidftdsjgdidn ‘07. Ih jdrtc, n‘dspdrhdfzljcbufd ih qudh mhcvlfh, ltthrlth l

@hrdfzd il tuttc hn bcfic hfvhrtø ih uf hfvhshehnd plsslplrcnl,jcftrheuî l jcstruhrd d l jdbdftl-rd hidlnh `crth, ihvdfuth fdn tdbpcnl elsd `cfilftd idn fcstrcvcncftlrhltc d idnnl fcstrl [rctd-zhcfd jhvhnd, uf `hcrd lnn‘cjjghdnncpdr n‘Htlnhl d uf puftc ih rh`drh-bdftc pdr tuttc hn bcfic.

Fcf ç uf jlsc sd qudst‘lffc,hf cjjlshcfd idnnl @dstl idnnlYcsjlfl, nl shfdrmhl trl hsthtuzhcfhrdmhcflnh d flzhcflnh vdirë rhufhr-sh l @hrdfzd mnh „Lfmdnh idn `lf-mc‒ d mnh Ztlth mdfdrlnh idnnl [rc-tdzhcfd jhvhnd d idn vcncftlrhltchtlnhlfc? prcprhc nl `hncsc`hl idnvcncftlrhltc ç hfihsscnuehnbdftdndmltl lnnl ndzhcfd ih jhvhntë jgdmnh „Lfmdnh idn `lfmc‒ sdppdrchbplrthrd ln bcfic.

Fcf shlbc h scnh, quh hf Ycsjl-fl, l pdfslrd jgd nl plmhfl sjrhttl

qulrlft‘lffh `l il bhmnhlhl ihrlmlzzh leehl jcftrheuhtc hfblfhdrl idtdrbhflftd l slnvlrdn‘dfcrbd pltrhbcfhc lrthsthjc djunturlnd ih @hrdfzd. Fd ç prcvl

hn mdstc - tutt‘lntrc jgd shbecnhjc- jcf hn qulnd nl [rctdzhcfd jhvhndflzhcflnd gl idjhsc ih jdnderlrdqudstc qulrlftdfflnd idnn‘lnnu-vhcfd jcftrheudfic ln rdstlurcidnn‘Tnthbl Jdfl ih MhcrmhcPlslrh, rhblstl ilffdmmhltliurlftd n‘lnnuvhcfd d cmmh jcf-sdrvltl fdh nlecrltcrh idnn'Cph`h-jhc idnnd [hdtrd Iurd lnnl @crtdz-zl il Elssc, d hn Ilvhi ih Icfl-

tdnnc, n‘cpdrl phø `lbcsl jcfsdr-vltl fdn Busdc idn Elrmdnnc.@ucrh il qulnshlsh rdtcrhjl,

fcf pcssc `lrd l bdfc ih pdfslrdjgd qudn ehbec jgd lnncrl, l sdt-td lffh, lsshstdttd lh mhcrfh phøidvlstlfth idn Icpcmudrrl, cmmh,il prdshidftd idn JcfshmnhcUdmhcflnd idn nl Ycsjlfl puõjcftrheuhrd l tdfdrd hf vhtl hnrhjcric ih qudn `lftlsthjc „Fuc-

vc Uhflsjhbdftc‒.Tf rhjcric jgd plssl, qud-st‘lffc, lttrlvdrsc uf jcfjdftrl-tc ih lppuftlbdfth idsthfltc lcjjuplrd uf hftdrc bdsd.

Nl @dstl idnnl Ycsjlfl hfh-zhdrë ih `lttc hn 58 cttcerd jcf uf‘dsdrjhtlzhcfd idnnl [rctdzhcfdjhvhnd hf trd nucmgh shbecnc idn-n‘lnnuvhcfd1 Busdc idn Elrmdnnc,Zlftl Jrcjd d Ehenhctdjl Flzhc-flnd. Hn 9 fcvdberd, mhcrfc idn-n‘lnnuvhcfd, ç prdvhstc hn rliufchftdrflzhcflnd idmnh „Lfmdnh idn`lfmc‒. Hn 50 fcvdberd sh svcnmd-rlffc ln [lnl``lrh ih @hrdfzd mnh„Ztlth mdfdrlnh idn vcncftlrhltchtlnhlfc‒. L jcftrlppuftlrd qud-std trd iltd, scfc prdvhsth jcfvd-mfh d bcstrd ih bltdrhlnh `ctcmrl-`hjh d luihcvhshvh, hf mrlf plrtdhfdihth. Hn 0 fcvdberd, pch, hnJcfshmnhc rdmhcflnd sh rhufhrë, hfsdiutl strlcrihflrhl, fdh ncjlnhidn Busdc [hlmmhc ih [cftdidrlpdr ihsjutdrd id „N‘lnnuvhcfd d hnbcfic idn nlvcrc‒. Leehlbcvcnutc sjdmnhdrd nc stlehnhbdftc[hlmmhc, lmmrdihtc lfjg‘dssc iln-n‘lnnuvhcfd, pdrjgè nc jcfshidrhl-bc uf shbecnc ih jhõ jgd ljjli-id hf qudh mhcrfh ln bcfic idnnlvcrc hf Ycsjlfl. Tf shbecnc ihjhõ jgd sjlturî iln ihslstrcsc

dvdftc ih qulrlft‘lffh `l, bllfjgd idn jcrlmmhc hbprdfihtc-rhlnd, idnnl rhjdrjl, idnn‘hffcvl-zhcfd, idn idshmf, hf ufl plrcnl1idnnc sphrhtc bhmnhcrd sjrhttc fdn

ifl idmnh ucbhfh d idnnd icffdih Ycsjlfl.

\udstc qulrlftdfflnd idnn‘ln-nuvhcfd jgd jh lpprdsthlbc lrhjcrilrd fcf idvd pdrõ dssdrdvhssutc scnc jcbd ufl nufml jlr-rdnnltl rdtrcspdtthvl. Zcfc jcfsl-pdvcnd jgd hn rhjcric idvd dssdrdjcfhumltc jcf hn prdsdftd dprchdttltc vdrsc hn `uturc. Zc,jcbd tutth, jgd nl s`hil pdr nl

bdssl hf shjurdzzl idn eljhfcidnn‘Lrfc fcf ç lfjcrl stltl vhf-tl1 lvrdbc ilvlfth lntrh lffh ihnlvcrc. Bl sc lfjgd jgd, `crtufl-tlbdftd, hn tdbpc fcf ç trlsjcr-sc hfvlfc1 nl junturl lbehdftlndfcf ç cmmh scnc ufl `crbunl vuc-tl d jhõ jh pdrbdttdrë ih dssdrdsdbprd phø vhmhnh d sdvdrh fdn-n‘hbpcrrd vhfjcnh hircmdcncmhjhjgd jlfjdnnhfc cmfh `crbl ih dih-

`hjlzhcfd sdnvlmmhl fdnnd zcfdlnnuvhcflehnh.Nl slnvlmulrihl idn eljhfc

idnn'Lrfc icvrë jcfthfulrd ldssdrd uf hbpdmfc, ih phø, uf`lrc pdr jghufqud leehl l jucrd hidsthfh idnnl fcstrl rdmhcfd. >



plm hfl =


Zdberl jgd shlfc plsslth scn-tlftc qulrlft‘lffh. Hf rdlntësd fd jcftlfc 7:; il qulfic,

fdn <<==, nl prhbl mrlfid, vdrllnnuvhcfd jcnpî nl jhttë ih @hrdfzd.Lnbdfc qudstc l``drblfc h icju-bdfth phø ljjrdihtlth lfjgd sd prc-elehnbdftd, l rhmcr ih ncmhjl, fcf çtuttc. Ztlfic l ihvdrsd `cfth, çih`ltth rlmhcfdvcnd rhtdfdrd jgd,

lfjgd fdn bhnndffhc prdjdidftd,il qulfic `u jcstruhtc hn prhbcjlstrub rcblfc fdn jucrd idnn‘lt-tulnd jdftrc stcrhjc, vh shlfc stlthihvdrsh ihslstrh ih lflncml pcrtltl.Iufqud ufl vhjdfil nufml, jcsînufml il rdfidrd cppcrtufc plrnl-rd ih ufl „qudsthcfd Lrfc‒ phø jgdih ufl „qudsthcfd lnnuvhcfd‒.

Ç shfmcnlrd jcbd qudstl pdrsh-stdfzl, 40 lnnuvhcfh fdmnh unthbh

cttc sdjcnh idnnd qulnh cttc lsscnutl-bdftd jltlstrc`hjgd, shl rhblstlhfsdfshehnd lh tlfth sjcfvcnmhbdfthjgd glffc lttrlvdrsltc nl stcrhlidnnl vlnnd d idnn‘hftdrc eljhfc. Fdhsdjcnh sh scfc ih`ltth rdmhstrlth jlb-ehlbdfth jnhblthjh rhndvlfth, vlrhl-

zhcfh shmfh`hjlthvd fdnn‘lssdttc idntdrrhtcrhc, rdlnhzzlzhcfh d ihstruzhc-fh ih cpdrd hf lnvdc, jcfthfuh butl-bdfth fdn trljjhltc d fdnnl mdsthcfdidnnd spcfid. Hfscbbl, jh slrdeedil ihrd jgd fdssufc ih qudsth dnd-bdfth, jnhbl, lssdttc idn tdrrhtcrhc,pcfth, lrmhfh, ç stltc jcsî `crtd ilidtdrbhflrd uf jghlrc d shmfh`hjlth-vc hltc, lfjgd ufl sdbpnhjd idrhvl,

fdnnl rhjcrrdfzl idnnd hfcfilzhcfhidnnl jhttë.Ç lnncrl lntrdttlftc dvhidftd

jcbd uf qulnjgd `crtd jlrlttdrdprhbhmdfhc, hftrdjjhltc trl nd jlrlt-tdrhsthjgd idh sucnh, nl bcr`cncmhlidh vdrslfth, nl stdssl uehjlzhcfdidn eljhfc, leehl jcsthtuhtc hn `lttc-rd icbhflftd ih qudstl strlcrihfl-rhl d tdrrhehnd dvhidfzl. Lntrdttlftcstrlcrihflrhl ç nl tdfljhl jcf nl

qulnd h `hcrdfthfh glffc jcstlftd-bdftd jcf`drbltc nl sjdntl s`rcf-tltlbdftd jcrlmmhcsl ih rlihjlrd nlprcprhl jhvhntë prcprhc sunnd rhvd ihqudstc `hubd d, lfzh, jcbd qudstljcbufhtë leehl slputc jcmnhdrdpdr`dttlbdftd nd tlftd cppcrtufhtë

jgd n‘Lrfc gl jcstlftdbdftdc``drtc. Mdfdrcsl ̀ cftd ih dfdrmhl,vhl ih jcbufhjlzhcfd d jcbbdr-jhc, rhsdrvl ih rhscrsl pdr nl vhtl, n‘l-mrhjcnturl d nd hfiustrhd, n‘Lrfc gljcsthtuhtc hn bctcrd jgd gl jcfth-fulbdftd sphftc nl jhvhntë tcsjlflvdrsc qudnn‘djjdzhcflnd nhvdnncqulnhtlthvc jgd cmmh jcfstlthlbcfdnn‘lttulnhtë, prhbl lfjcrl jgd

fdnnl prcspdtthvl stcrhjl. Fcf çstltl ufl jcfvhvdfzl `ljhnd d hicjubdfth jgd rljjcftlfc mnhd``dtth idnnd hfcfilzhcfh, l plrthrdilnnl Jrcfhjl idn Phnnlfh `hfc lnndtdsthbcfhlfzd idh mhcrfh fcstrh,scfc hf`hfhth d pcrtlfc ufl hbbdf-sl rhjjgdzzl ih idttlmnh. Zcfclntrdttlftc fubdrcsh mnh ltth tdjfhjhjgd prd`hmurlfc scnuzhcfh phø cbdfc jrdlthvd, jcbpndssd c strlvl-

mlfth, pdr pcrrd rhbdihc l qudstdjlnlbhtë. Hn scnc Ndcflric il Phfjhgl prcicttc tlvcnd ih djjdzhcflndrdsphrc phlfh`hjltcrhc jgd prd`hmu-rlfc vlrhd hpctdsh sunn‘lssdttc jcb-pndsshvc idn eljhfc c ih sud pcrzhc-fh hbpcrtlfth qulnh, li dsdbphc, nlJghlfl. Bl idjhfd ih lntrh sjhdf-zhlth, phø c bdfc hbpcrtlfth, shscfc jhbdftlth fdnn‘hbprdsl flu-`rlmlfic, prhbl jgd fdn blrd idnnljcbpndsshtë idnnl s`hil tdjfcncmhjl,fdn tdftlthvc ih icvdr jcbpdfdtrl-rd dshmdfzd trl ncrc hfjcfjhnhlehnh.J‘drlfc ih`ltth, scnc pdr ihrfd lnju-fh, h prcendbh idh fubdrcsh selrrl-bdfth, jhlsjufc ndmltc l uf prcprhcbhjrcjcsbc djcfcbhjc, qudnnhidtdrbhflth ilnnl fdjdsshtë ihmlrlfthrd ln bdmnhc nl flvhmlzhcfd`nuvhlnd, qudnnh ih rdjupdrlrdjcstlftdbdftd fucvd tdrrd ilidsthflrd lnn‘lmrhjcnturl.

Tf‘hbblmhfd id nn‘Lrfc

jg d stl pd r scbbd rmd rd

hn [cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtl.

@ctc ih Fhjcnl Orljzyfl

ih Mhcvlffh Bdfiufh

[dr n‘Lrfc, bctcrd idnnl jhvhntë tcsjlflicpc cttc jltlstrc`h j‘ç uf [hlfc



plm hfl 7 I c j

Z p d j h l n d

Zpdssc sh tdfid li lttrheuhrd nljlusl idnnd lnnuvhcfh l ufl scrtl ihidtdrhcrlbdftc fdn rlppcrtc trln‘ucbc d hn `hubd, hfihvhiulficfdn‘hfhzhc jcf mnh lnecrh idnnl rhvcnu-

zhcfd hfiustrhlnd, jcf hn icpcmudr-rl c, liihrhtturl, jcf bcbdfthlfjcrl phø rdjdfth. Zd ç vdrc jgdufl idjhsl d spdssc sjrhtdrhltlurelfhzzlzhcfd idnnd `lsjd `nuvhlnhç d``dtthvlbdftd lvvdfutl fdmnhunthbh jhfqulft‘lffh, ç lntrdsî dvh-idftd jgd hn prcendbl idnn‘hftdrl-zhcfd trl n‘Lrfc d nd jcbufhtë rhpl-rhd ç lfthjc, hftrdjjhltc d fcf rhiu-jhehnd l pcjgd hfihjlzhcfh sjgdbl-

thjgd. Elsth pdfslrd, li dsdbphc,lnnd tlftd rdtth`hjlzhcfh i‘lnvdc jgd,hf sdjcnh d sdjcnh, glffc trls`crbl-tc idjhfd ih jghncbdtrh ih lstl `nu-vhlnd hf nufmgh trcfjgh ih jlflndrdtthnhfdc, c lnnl bhrhlid ih pdsjlhdscrtd hf dtë bdihdvlnd l sdrvhzhc ihbunhfh, cph`hjh d mulnjghdrd c, liih-rhtturl, ln „tlmnhc `drihflfidc‒ jgd,lnn‘hfhzhc idn <0;;, spcstõ idjhsl-bdftd nl ̀ cjd ih uf plhc ih jghnc-

bdtrh vdrsc fcri.Jgd n‘lnnuvhcfd idn <800, fcfc-stlftd tutth qudsth rlmhcflbdfth,shl mhuftl idn tuttc hflspdttltl ç ufiltc ih `lttc d jgh gl vhssutc qudhmhcrfh nc rhjcril edfd. Yrl nd vlrhdrlmhcfh, lnbdfc pdr qulftc ltthdfdnl jhttë ih @hrdfzd, ehscmfdrdeed`crsd rh`ndttdrd suh nlvcrh hbpcstlthil Mhusdppd [cmmh pdr nl fucvl,sdppur prcvvhscrhl, jlphtlnd idnUdmfc d ihsdmflth hf lffh ih pcjcsujjdsshvh lnn‘hfcfilzhcfd idn<799. N‘lttulzhcfd ih uf phlfchftdmrltc su jcsî vlstl sjlnl, jcf nljcstruzhcfd idh burlmnhcfh idhfucvh nufmlrfh, nl rdlnhzzlzhcfd ihuf bcidrfc shstdbl ̀ cmflrhc, nlshstdblzhcfd idh `cssh jgd lttrlvdr-slvlfc nl jhttë, idttd `crsd lh `hc-rdfthfh n‘hnnushcfd jgd uf jlphtcnclfthjc ̀ cssd vdrlbdftd jghusc. Hn[cmmh, fdn suc prcmdttc, plrnl ih`lt-

th ih ufl ih`dsl hirlunhjl l``hiltl luf scnc d rlihjlnd nlvcrc hirlunhjchf pcshzhcfd il slnvlrd tlftc nljhttë vdjjghl jgd nl fucvl. Zh trlttllppuftc, pdr nl idstrl i‘Lrfc, idhburlmnhcfh l rdttl idh fucvh Nuf-mlrfh il prctrlrsh scprl jcrrdftd`hfc lnn‘L``rhjc. Zcfc qudnnh jgdvdihlbc lfjcrl cmmh, fdn jucrdidnnl jhttë, l rhjcrilrjh uf pc‘ hn

Ydvdrd c nl Zdffl. Iufqud, plssl-tl nl tlppl, @hrdfzd lpplrd ufljhttë shjurl ih sè, `crtd idn fucvclssdttc urelfhsthjc durcpdc, jcsîncftlfc ilnn‘hbblmhfd bdihdvlndih ecrmc strdttc trl nd sud burl jgdlvdvl jlrlttdrhzzltc nl jhttë pdr jhf-qudjdftc lffh. Fd ië tdsthbcfhlf-zl dvhidftd, trl tlfth dndbdfth, nlrdlnhzzlzhcfd idn mrlfid d hbpd-mflthvc dih`hjhc idnnl EhenhctdjlFlzhcflnd Jdftrlnd.

Ih lvvhslmnhd, ln jcftrlrhc, jdf‘drlfc hfvdjd stltd d plrdjjghd. Zhtrlttl, trl nd lntrd, idnnd lnnuvhcfhidnnl Jlnlerhl d, scprlttuttc, idn[cndshfd jgd, pdr tuttl nl sdjcfilbdtë idmnh lffh ‘4;, lvdvlfc tdfu-tl vhvl ufl `djcfil ihsjusshcfdtdjfhjl d pcnhthjl fdn [ldsd. Hfscstlfzl sh `ljdvl strlil hn jcfjdttcih ufl ih`dsl idn sucnc trlttltl lnnlsjlnl idnn‘lrdl vlstl, elsltl su uflvhshcfd shfctthjl idnnd jrhthjhtë didnnd dshmdfzd. Lntrdsî vdfhvl jrhth-jltc, `crsd pdr nl prhbl vcntl, hnshstdbl jnlsshjc idmnh hftdrvdfthpdfslth ncjlnbdftd d fcf jccrihfl-th jgd, hfvdjd idnnl shjurdzzl, lvd-vlfc (d glffc) n‘ufhjc rhsuntltc ihuf jcfthfuc rhbplnnc idn rhsjghc trlnd ihvdrsd zcfd idn tdrrhtcrhc rhpl-rhc. \udstc pchjgè, pdr qulftc shpcssl rhlnzlrd uf lrmhfd, jh slrë

sdbprd qulnjuf lntrc hf mrlic ih`lrfd ufc phø lntc d jcsî vhl. Jh `upch hn irlbblthjc dphscihc idnPlacft jgd dvhidfzhõ untdrhcrbdf-td, sd jd fd `cssd stltc lfjcrl ehsc-

mfc, nl jrcfhjl `rlmhnhtë hircmdcncmh-jl idn fcstrc [ldsd. Tfl trlblncmcrl sunnl qulnd stlvl prdfidficrlphilbdftd jlbpc n‘hbpcfdftdrhjcstruzhcfd pcstednnhjl d, hfshd-bd, n‘dsplfshcfd idn „bhrljcncdjcfcbhjc‒.

@u iufqud uf dvdftc hflttdsc,jgd trcvõ @hrdfzd hfjurlftd ihqulnshlsh sdmflnd. Ylft‘ç jgd ndlutcrhtë, nc stdssc shfiljc ih @hrdf-

zd, prdsdrc lttc, fdnnl scstlfzl, ihuf dvdftc mhë jcfjnlbltc d jgdstlvl bhdtdfic nd prhbd vhtthbdtrl h jhttlihfh d nd strlcrihflrhd edn-ndzzd lrthsthjgd idnnl jhttë. I‘lntrcjlftc, lh tdbph, fcf j‘drl hn Bdtdc-slt d, jcbufqud, ih sltdnnhth fdmhrlvlfc leelstlfzl pcjgh. H pnu-vhcbdtrh vdfhvlfc ndtth sdtthblfln-bdftd ilnn‘cpdrlhc jgd, `ljdfic hnmhrc trl phlfurd d jcnnhfd, lfilvl l

rhthrlrd nd strhsjd ih jlrtl bhnnhbd-trltl pdr `lrnd pch dslbhflrd lnn‘T`-`hjhc ih [hsl. Mnh hircbdtrh, h bhsu-rltcrh bdjjlfhjh idn nhvdnnc idn `hu-bd, drlfc lfjg‘dssh phuttcstc ruih-bdftlnh d, pdrlntrc, ̀ urcfc pdr euc-fl plrtd strlpplth vhl ilnnl `crzlidnnl jcrrdftd lfjcr prhbl jgd nlphdfl mhufmdssd ln junbhfd.

Jh vcnnd pcjc bdfc ih vdfthjhf-qud lffh, pdrjgè vdfhssd dblfltcnc strubdftc ndmhsnlthvc fdjdsslrhcl pctdr prdihspcrrd uf hftdrvdftc`hflnbdftd crmlfhjc di d``hjljdpdr hbpcstlrd nl ih`dsl l nhvdnncflzhcflnd. Zh trlttl idnnl ndmmd<7:/<878 jgd bdttdvl lnbdfc ufpc‘ i‘crihfd fdnnl jcfmdrhd fcrbl-thvl d ih jcbpdtdfzd d, lttrlvdrscn‘hsthtuzhcfd idnn‘Lutcrhtë ih eljh-fc, vdfhvl l idtdrbhflrd ufbcidnnc crmlfhzzlthvc tlnd il jchf-vcnmdrd nc Ztltc d nd Udmhcfh, hfblfhdrl susshihlrhl d jcf phdfl,plrh ihmfhtë, fdnn‘lzhcfd ih lssdttchircmdcncmhjc sun tdrrhtcrhc. Nlbhsshcf idnn‘Lutcrhtë, pdr qulftcrhmulril n‘Lrfc, ç phdflbdftd jcf-sdmuhtl. Zh trlttl idn [hlfc ih eljh-fc jgd prciujd uf jghlrc d hbpc-fdftd qulirc jcfcsjhthvc, dndfjlnd jrhthjhtë d, sdbprd lnnl sjlnl idn-n‘hftdrc eljhfc hircmrl`hjc, hfihvh-iul h shstdbh ih cpdrd fdjdsslrh ln

\uh scprl uf lfthjc ihsd mfc

rl``hmurl n‘lnnuvhcfd id n <799

fd n qulrthd rd ih Zlf Fhjj cnõ.

Fd nnl plm hfl lj jlftc [hsl1

hn pcft d Zcn`d rhfc lppd fl jrcnnltc.

@ctc i h Nujhlfc @rlssh



plm hfl 8


ncrc supdrlbdftc. Nl shtulzhcfd,cmmh, ç qudnnl ih uf mrlfid nlvcrcsvcntc juh `l il jcftrlppuftc ufhbpdmfc lfjcr blmmhcrd il svcn-mdrd. Ih ljqul, scttc h pcfth, fd ç

plssltl tlftl bl nl jcfthfuhtë idh`hflfzhlbdfth, uf‘ l``hilehnd nhfdldjcfcbhjl tlnd il jcfsdfthrd uflprcmrlbblzhcfd jghlrl, d``hjljd dih nufmc pdrhcic, ç rhblstl pdrbcnth lffh uf dndbdftc scstlfzhln-bdftd vlmc. Elstl ufl rlphil ndt-turl idnnd ndmmh `hflfzhlrhd idmnhunthbh quhfihjh lffh pdr rdfidrsd-fd jcftc. L qudstc `lttc vl lmmhuf-tc uf dndbdftc untdrhcrd. Nd ihvdr-

sd Lbbhfhstrlzhcfh, fdnn‘dfufjhl-zhcfd idnnd rhscrsd fdjdsslrhd lnnlshjurdzzl, glffc spdssc blfjltcih dvhidfzhlrd hn jlrlttdrd prcmrds-shvc prcprhc idnn‘lzhcfd ih lssdttc

hircmdcncmhjc. Fcf sh trlttl idnjlsc ih uf‘lutcstrlil c ih ufl nhfdl`drrcvhlrhl, cvd n‘d``hjljhl idnnl rdl-nhzzlzhcfd sh ihsphdml scntlftcqulfic n‘cpdrl ç stltl pdr`dttl-

bdftd jcfjnusl. Ç jdrtlbdftdvdrc jgd hn rhslflbdftc idn fcstrctdrrhtcrhc rhjghdid uf hbpcrtc plrhl iud c trd blfcvrd `hflfzhlrhd. Çlntrdttlftc vdrc jgd cmfh shfmcncdurc, sd hbphdmltc hf ufl slfl ctth-jl ih prcmrlbblzhcfd, jcftrheuh-sjd hbbdihltlbdftd l bhmnhcrlrdnl shtulzhcfd. Nl Ycsjlfl d n‘Lutc-rhtë ih eljhfc idnn‘Lrfc glffcrdjdftdbdftd hbecjjltc ufl strl-

il fucvl d prciutthvl. Zunnl elsdidn phlfc ih eljhfc ç stltl jcfihvh-sl ufl nhstl ih hftdrvdfth prhcrhtlrh,qudnnh hf mrlic ih ilrd hbbdihltl-bdftd ufl svcntl shmfh`hjlthvl lnnl

shtulzhcfd idnn‘Lrfc. Bcntd jcsd,ih`ltth, scfc stltd ̀ lttd d, ln ih në idhtlfth hftdrvdfth, scfc stltd pcstd hflttc hbpcrtlfth fcrbd ih mcvdrfcidn tdrrhtcrhc, scprlttuttc fdnnd

`lsjd `nuvhlnh. Jh scfc lzhcfh idjhsh-vd, pdr nc phø mrlfih cpdrd sunn‘lstlprhfjhplnd, jgd, mhë prcmdttltd dprcmrlbbltd, lttdficfc ufl hfih-spdfslehnd sphftl ̀ hflfzhlrhl. Zunnlelsd ih qudstl nhstl ç stltc sthpunltcfdn 5;;4 uf hbpcrtlftd ljjcricjcf hn Mcvdrfc. N‘cfdrd `hflfzhl-rhc, 5;; bhnhcfh, slrë rhplrthtc ln4;% trl nc Ztltc d nl Udmhcfd lsshd-bd lnnd lutcfcbhd ncjlnh jcf ufl

pcrtl lpdrtl ln jcfjcrsc idh prhvlth.Nl phdfl hfihvhiulzhcfd idnnd `cf-th `hflfzhlrhd ç `hssltl dftrc hn 5;;=.[ch, hf pcjgh lffh, pctrdbc vdrl-bdftd vcntlrd plmhfl. >

Ncftlfc ilh rh`ndttcrh idh bdihl

flu`rlmlrcfc [hsl d nl sul prcvhfjhlih Mhcvlffh Flrih

Dnl sdrl `urcfc nd lbeunlfzdl ilrd hn sdfsc phø prc`cficidn irlbbl. L shrdfd sphd-

mltd, hn juh sucfc hfhftdrrcttc sdb-erlvl uf phlftc ihspdrltc d hbpc-tdftd, sjcrtltd d lnnhfdltd hf ufnufmc, shfucsc jcricfd, lttrlvdr-slfic bdzzl prcvhfjhl lrrhvlrcfcln „Zlftl Jghlrl‒1 pcrtlvlfc fdnmrlfid cspdilnd jhttlihfc h rhjcvd-rlth idn „Nctth‒ ih [cftdidrl jgdlvdvlfc lfjcrl ehscmfc ih idmdf-zl, bl fcf pctdvlfc rhblfdrd hfqudh ncjlnh hfvlsh ilnnd ljqud, sdf-zl nujd d sdfzl pcsshehnhtë ih lssh-stdfzl lnjufl. Iurlftd nl fcttd ̀ rlhn : d hn 9 fcvdberd ih qudn ilffl-tc <800 n‘Drl d n‘Lrfc jrdsjcfchfhftdrrcttlbdftd1 trl nl bdzzlfct-td d nd sdh idn bltthfc n‘Lrfc sh çlnzltc ih trd bdtrh d bdzzc, d fdnprhbc pcbdrhmmhc s`hcrl nd plnlf-jcnd bdtlnnhjgd jcnncjltd nufmc ndsplnndttd fdn jdftrc ih [hsl pdrlnzlrfd hn nhvdnnc. Ucbpdfic fdnpcbdrhmmhc l [crtl l [hlmmd, d pchtrljhblfic iln pcftd ih Bdzzc dsunnl vhl @hcrdfthfl hfvlid nd strl-id phø elssd, h fdmczh, mnh sjlfthflthidnnd jlsd. Jcrlmmhcsc d hfstlfjl-ehnd n‘hbpdmfc idmnh lnnhdvh idnnl

scntlftc vhl rlihc. H scjjcrsh, icpcufl fcttd il hfjuec, sh lfirlffccrmlfhzzlfic scntlftc fdnnl bltth-fltl idn 4. H vhmhnh idn ̀ ucjc, iurl-bdftd hbpdmflth l [hsl, pcsscfcblfilrd scntlftc uf bdzzc lf`h-ehc? pdr `crtufl, il Jlbp Ilreylrrhvl ufl jcncffl ih bhnhtlrh lbd-rhjlfh jgd pcrtlfc fcf scnc vhvdrh,bl rlmmhufmcfc lfjgd nd jlsd hsc-nltd prdstlfic scjjcrsc lmnh lehtlf-th. [hsl d hn suc tdrrhtcrhc sdberlfcuf pldsd ih flu`rlmgh, ih juh fds-sufc pdrlntrc plrnl1 `lrh puftlth scn-tlftc su @hrdfzd d sun suc hbblfd

sjucnl bhnhtlrd ih plrljliuthsbcfdn jdrjlrd ih lrmhflrd nd `lnnd jcf hsljjghfh ih sleehl1 bl lnn‘hbpdmfctrcppc spdssc fcf jcrrhspcficfc hrhsuntlth spdrlth. Hftlftc l [cftdid-rl lfjgd n‘Drl ̀ ucrhdsjd ih cntrdiud bdtrh, hfvlidfic nl jhttë d ndjlbplmfd, jcf ilffh hfjlnjcnlehnh.L Zlftl Jrcjd, hn nhvdnnc idnndljqud lrrhvl l jcprhrd hn jlrtdnncstrlilnd jcf hn fcbd idnnl ncjlnhtë.[rhbl hscnltc d pch hflmhehnd, n‘c-spdilnd ‗Nctth‘ ih [cftdidrl idvdlnzlrd elfihdrl ehlfjl? hftdrrcttdnd jcbufhjlzhcfh jcf [hsl, sh plrnl



jhttë - vdidvc nl nlmufl Fcri `hfcl Ydssdrl.Hn vdftc drl Zjhrcjjc, jcfthfuc.[hcvdvl d ihnuvhlvl hf tuttl Htl-

nhl - l sdjjgh rcvdsjh.Hn 5 ih fcvdberd drc usjhtc hf

elrjl jcf n'lbhjc Tmc Jlbdrhfcvdrsc slft‘Drlsbc. Jgd `lthjlpdr nd cfid lttrlvdrslrd nl ecjjlidn Nhic. L stdftc shlbc lrrhvlthl Burlfc. Hn vdftc sphfmdvl n‘lj-qul hf nlmufl jcbd il uf cjdl-fc. Lnnd 55 idn : fcvdberd nlblrdl scbbdrsd nl jhttë, jcfuf‘hbpdffltl blh vhstl. Lfiõvhl nl nujd.Zh vdidvlfc nubh ih jlfidnd lnnd

`hfdstrd. Fdnnc sjurc sh sdfthvlqulnjgd elrjl slnhrd nl jlnnd.Mrhilh1 Dgh, idnnl elrjl, jgd

fcthzhd3Uhspcsdrc (hf vdfdzhlfc)1Zcfc lrrhvltc hf trdfc. Pdfmc il

@hrdfzd. N‘Lrfc `l plurl d shjurl-bdftd strlrhpl. Yuttl n‘Htlnh l çscttc. Nl elrjl sh lnncftlflvl d hnjcnncquhc ̀ hfî.

Lehtlvc l Pdfdzhl, hf jlnndid nl [cstl idn @hlfirlqulfic nl jhttë ù trlvcntl

ilnn‘ljqul d pdrsd h phlfh elssh, hn9 fcvdberd <800.Jcbhfjhõ jgd phcvdvl ilh prhbhih cttcerd, fuvcnd rctcnlfth, blr-rcf, jcncr phcbec, jcncr lrmdftc,fdrd jgd s`hcrlvlfc h tdtth - fcttdd mhcrfc.Bh drc `lttc ufc stuihcnc fdn-n‘leelhfc - scttc lvdvc tuttl nl

plm hfl <; I c j

Z p d j h l n d

irlbbl. Bl nd `leerhjgd idnnlprcvhfjhl, prhbl su tuttd nl [hlm-mhc, glffc pdriutc hn blmlzzhfc dencjjltc n‘ltthvhtë1 mnh cpdrlh jgdidvcfc rhblfdrd `crzltlbdftd l

jlsl scfc icihjhbhnl. Zcfc lfilthpdriuth <5.;;; jlph ih edsthlbd? ndhfiustrhd ilffdmmhltd scfc :<;,<:4; lrthmhlfh d <94; fdmczhlfth dlbeunlfth ljjuslfc pdslfth pdrih-td. Jcbpndsshvlbdftd h ilffhlbbcftlfc l idjhfd ih bhnhlrih,sdfzl jcftlrd uf ehnlfjhc lfjcrlphø irlbblthjc1 sdh pdrscfd blf-jlfc lnn‘lppdnnc, trlvcntd ilnnl ùrhlidnnd ljqud. L [hsl nl jghdsl ih Zlf

@rlfjdsjc gl suehtc mulsth ln plvh-bdftc, lmnh hftcfljh d lmnh l``rd-sjgh, d nc stdssc sh vdrh`hjl l ZlfZdpcnjrc d l Zlf Blttdc. [dr ̀ crtu-fl, nd cpdrd idnn‘ltthmuc busdcdrlfc stltd rhbcssd hf tdbpc dpcstd hf slnvc. Hftlftc, nl scnhil-rhdtë hftdrflzhcflnd sh blfh`dstllfjgd lttcrfc lnnl jhttë idnnl Ycrrd[dfidftd (rhblstl lfjg‘dssl lnnu-

vhcfltl)1 lnn‘ldrcpcrtc ih Zlf Mhu-stc lrrhvlfc ldrdh ilmnh Ztlth Tfhth,ilnnl Mdrblfhl, ilnnl @rlfjhl, iln-n‘Hfmghntdrrl? ufc lfjgd ilnn‘Tfhc-fd Zcvhdthjl. Bl bdftrd n‘ljqul

jcbhfjhl stlfjlbdftd l jlnlrd,nlsjhlfic uf blrd ih idtrhth d ih`lfmc, fucvl ljqul pdr nd strlididn jdftrc ih [hsl1 ufl jghlttl ihrdflhcnh, trlsjhfltl ilnnl jcrrdftdlfjcrl hbpdtucsl, sh sjghlftl jcf-trc hn pcftd ih Bdzzc ihstrummdficnl splnndttl lnn‘lfmcnc idn pcftd,sun nltc ih Yrlbcftlfl1 n‘Lrfchfvlid lfjcrl h nufmlrfh, d scncicpc qulttrc crd ih iurc nlvcrc h

plrljliuthsth rhdsjcfc l tlbpcflrdnl `lnnl. Hf qudn `rlfmdftd, slntllfjgd nl plvhbdftlzhcfd hf juedt-th ih pcr`hic ih phlzzl Mlrhelnih.Bl hn pdmmhc icvdvl lfjcrl vdfh-rd1 lnnd =,:; ih icbdfhjl <: jrcnnlhn [cftd Zcn`drhfc. Crfltc ih blr-bh, drl stltc hn prhbc l dssdrd rhjc-struhtc icpc nl mudrrl, jgd lvdvlihvhsc hf iud nl jhttë jcf n‘leeltth-

bdftc ih tutth h pcfth1 rhfltc fdn<890, hn [cftd Zcn`drhfc drl jlb-pltc vdft‘lffh lppdfl. [dr qulftch bhnhtlrh lvdssdrc tdbpdsthvlbdf-td prcvvdiutc l mdttlrd fdnnd vhjh-

flfzd uf pcftd Elhndy, `hfc lnnlsul rhjcstruzhcfd hn trl``hjc rhblsdl nufmc `crtdbdftd pdflnhzzltc,pdrjgè qudn pcftd `crfhvl hn jcnnd-mlbdftc phø ihrdttc trl nl stlzhcfd`drrcvhlrhl d nl Ycrrd. Bl n‘Lrfclvdvl nlvcrltc lfjgd ih flsjcstc,sjlvlfic jcf nl ùrhl idnnl jcrrdf-td hn scttcsucnc idh nufmlrfh idnjdftrc ilnnl plrtd ih Yrlbcftlfl,nl juh jurvl drl stltl scttcpcstl l

ufl prdsshcfd `crthsshbl. D jcsî hnnufmlrfc [ljhfctth, `rl hn 4 d hn 0`deerlhc idn <80=, jcbhfjhõ lbcstrlrd idnnd `crth jrdpd d lsqulrjhlrsh, bdftrd nd splnndttds‘hfjnhflrcfc vdrsc n‘dstdrfc d nlstrlil jdidttd.

[rhbl ih rhvdidrd hn nufmlrfcrhslfltc, d pctdrnc rhlprhrd ln trl``h-jc, slrdeedrc plsslth lffh. >

L Pdfdzhl jcbd l @hrdfzd nl flturljh svdnõ jgh rdlnbdftd shlbcih Mhunhlfc Zjlehl

„Nl nlmufl gl ufl sd fthfd nnl, n‘hscnl ih slft‘Drlsb c1 j cnncj ltl prcprhc hf

`ljj hl lnnl ecj jl id n pcrtc ih Nhic, vhmhnl sunnd ljqud jgd hn blrd vh hfjlflnl

d nd `rdfl. \ud n mhcrfc, n‘hscnl (bhnnd le htlfth) d rl sj cb plrsl sct tc cfiltd

lntd `hfc l qulttrc bd trh…[hø cntrd , nufm c hn Nhic… lnjufd `lnnd sh lprhvlfc

sun prhbc trlttc id h „burlzzh‒. Bl pd r h „burlzzh‒ hn vdrc ihslstrc ljj lid -

vl phø hf në, icvd hn jcricfd nhtcrlfd c sh lssctthmnhl d i d ssh ihvdftlfc n‘ufhjc

ihl̀ rlbbl jgd ihvhid hn blrd ilnnl nlmufl. Drd tth ilnnl Ud pueenhjl Pdfd tl

iud sd jcnh crscfc, ̀ urcfc jcfjd phth d elttdzzlth jcbd nd „burl‒ ih Pdfd zhl

jcftrc nd hfshihd id nn‘Lirhlthjc. Lj jcvljjhltd lh ncrc phd ih, sh std ficfc iud

ecrmltd ih pd sjltcrh d crtcnlfh1 Zlf [hd rc hf Pcntl d [d nnd strhfl, jg d sd cmmh

scfc lfjcrl në ç uf vd rc bhrljcnc. Nd „burl‒ ih Pdfd zhl, hn 9 fcvd berd , sh

scfc lpd rtd hf ufl id j hfl ih pufth pd r uf tctlnd ih cttlftl bd trh d pd r lntrh

sd hj d ftc s h scfc snleerltd c nd shcfltd c hfjrhfltd . Lm nh le htlft h id n nucmc

plrvd mhuftl nl ̀ hfd id n bcfic‒. Mhunhc Ce hjh, Pdfdzhl ̀ hfc l qulfic3,

Pdfdzhl, Blrshnhc, <80=, p.<5.



plm hfl <<


tl. Ehscmfl `lrd nd ihmgd. Hn Nhicç stltc trlvcntc. Hn blrd sh ç rhprd-sc nl jhttë.Lfilh hf phlzzl slf Blrjc jcf

Mhunhc Cehjh, mhcrflnhstl ih [ldsdsdrl (fdh bdsh sdmudfth sjrhssd,il plr suc, hn ednnhsshbc d pcndbh-jc Pd fd zhl ̀ hfc l q ulfic3 jcfprd`lzhcfd ih Blrhl Ydrdsl@csjlrh d fctl stcrhjl ih Jdslrdid Bhjgdnhs) ihsjdfidftd idn`cfiltcrd idn Mlzzdtthfc, Ylnl-bhfh ‚ d jcf Phttcrhc Elslmnhl, hnphttcrd. L bd vdffd hf bdftd hnjlphtcnc ufidjhbc idnnd Jcf`ds-shcfh ih Fhdvc, qulfic n‘unthbcBlmmhcr Jcfshmnhc (<5 blmmhc<=8=) jghuid nl Udpueenhjl pdrvhntë, jcftrc hn idshidrhc idnpcpcnc, d h sdfltcrh sd fd vlffctutth (trlffd ufl vdfthfl) jcbdjhttlihfh qulnufqud, pdr sdbprd,d lfjgd hn Icmd Blfhf slrë lfil-tc l edrsh uf jl``ç ln @ncrhlf. J‘d-rl mrhmhc d phcmmhl lfjgd qudnmhcrfc, fdnnl bhl hbblmhflzhcfd.

Icpc hn Placft (<80:) drl nl

Nl jhttë sh rhvdnlvl strlfl. [dfsl-vc l qudh rljjcfth ih Ecjjljjhcqulfic pdr hn euhc idnnl fcttdblrhth bcmnh d lblfth fcf sh rhjc-fcsjcfc d `lffc n‘lbcrd jcf pdr-

scfd jgd jrdicfc lntrd. Hn euhcidmnh lfthjgh ‚ phdfc ih irlmgh. Dl qudnnd fctth idnnl sdjcfil mudr-rl bcfihlnd, pdfslh, qulfic j‘drln‘csjurlbdftc pdr dvhtlrd ndecbed idmnh ldrdh.Jcsî jh sh plrnlvl sdfzl vdidrsh,

euttlfic nd `rlsh d spdrlfic fdnnlrhspcstl, jcbd h jhdjgh.N‘ljqul sh icvdvl rhthrlrd lnnd 4.

Hfvdjd jlnõ ih edf pcjc ‚ nl nlmu-

fl drl mrlvhil.Pdffd nl bltthfl d plrdvl fcttd.N‘ljqul jrdsjdvl ‚ l bdzzcmhcr-fc nl blsshbl lrrhvõ l <5=; jdfth-bdtrh. Zlntlrcfc h tdnd`cfh, hn mls.Ilh trlfshstcr lsjcntlvlbc ndfcthzhd iln rdstc i‘Htlnhl ‚ n‘Lrfclvdvl rcttc d @hrdfzd drl trlvcntl.Bl nl ihbdfshcfd idnnl jltlstrc-

`d ih Pdfdzhl jh s`ummhvl. Nd vcjhfdnn‘lrhl ihjdvlfc1 Nl nlmufl ç

lfiltl hf sdsscnl. Nl blrdl fcfjd nl `l l usjhrd.[ch sun tlrih ‚ drl mhë sjurc lnnd :

idn pcbdrhmmhc ‚ ufl vcjd fdnn‘l-rhl mrhiõ1Zcfc stlth trlvcnth h burlzzh. Il

[dnndstrhfl d slf [hdrc hf Pcntlscfc sjlpplth tutth sunnd elrjgd.N‘hscnl ih slft‘Drlsbc ç tuttl scttc.Nl jhttë drl jcbd ufl zlttdrl hf

elnhl idnn‘ljqul. Fcf j‘drl fdssufthbcfd. Fdssuf thbcfhdrd. Fds-sufl prctdzhcfd jhvhnd. Zcnc hvdfdzhlfh jcf nd vcjh d nd elrjgd,hn `ltlnhsbc d hn jcrlmmhc, d n‘hrcfhl.Pdrsc nd <7 lvdbbc n‘hbprdsshc-

fd jgd Pdfdzhl `cssd `hfhtl pdrsdbprd ‚ pdrjgè n‘ljqul jcfth-fulvl l jrdsjdrd. Lrrhvõ l <89;jdfthbdtrh ‚ hn blsshbc (prcel-ehnbdftd) il qulfic nl nlmufldshstd.

@u vdrsc nd 5< jgd nl blrdljcbhfjhõ l tcrflrd hfihdtrc.Lppdfl pcsshehnd, lfjcrl jcfn‘ljqul ilppdrtuttc, shlbc usjhth‚ tutth ‚ jcf mnh sthvlnh. Lvdvlbchf blfc h vlsdtth ih vdtrc jcfidftrc nl jlfidnl (prctdttl pdr-jgè hn vdftc fcf nl spdmfdssd).Bhmnhlhl d bhmnhlhl ih nubhfh ‚ nhlvvhjhflvlbc lh vhsh pdr rhjcfc-sjdrjh. Hfjcftrlvc lbhjh d jcfc-sjdfth. Ihjdvlbc1 Pdfdzhl ç `hfh-

sdjcfil jltlstrc`d i‘ljqul hfqudnnd tdrrd, hf pcjgh lffh.Nd vdtrhfd drlfc ihs`lttd ‚ jch

tcph scprl nd bdrjh zuppd, ̀ lfmcsd.Bcnth phlfmdvlfc.Bl lnjufh jcbbdrjhlfth drlfc

mhë hf ecttdml d jdrjlvlfc ihbdttdrd blfc d punhrd, ln nubd ihphnd d jlfidnd.J‘drl vcncftë ih rhscrmdrd. D

rleehl.[dr qudstc gc bdssc hn rljjcftc

idn 9 fcvdberd, scttc lntrl `crbld tuttc trlvdsthtc, fdn rcblfzc

N crd fzc d J d j hnh l. [drjgè gchbplrltc jgd h rljjcfth d h prcmdtthih spdrlfzl pcsscfc tdfdrd vhvdPdfdzhl jcbd @hrdfzd d tuttc.Hc scfc stltc jcftdftc qulfic

gc vhstc hn prhbc dndbdftc idnBCZD hf ljqul, ilvlfth l puftlZleehcfh, fdn <878.Lfjgd sd fcf bd f‘hftdfic ih

hirlunhjl jgd pcjc.Nl flturl, l vcntd, sh sjltdfl d

rhihsdmfl hn bcfic - d pdr ufbcbdftc jh svdnl jgh shlbc. >

„N‘lntl blrd l sh ç rhthrltl‒, `ctc trlttl iln nherc Pd fd zhl, `hfc l qulfic3 ih

Mhunhc Ce hjh (B lrshnhc, <80=)



plm hfl <5 I c j

Z p d j h l n d

Zcfc plsslth qulrlft‘lffh.[cjc bdfc ih bdzzc sdjcnc.[cjc phø ih iud mdfdrlzhc-

fh. N‘lnnuvhcfd ih @hrdfzd lnnufmllfjcrl nl sul cberl d `l sdfthrd hnsuc rcbec bhfljjhcsc fdnnlbdbcrhl ih bcnth, lfjgd hf qud-mnh csjurh lf`rltth, mdncslbdftdjustcihth, jgd scfc mnh hpcmdh idn-

nl jcsjhdfzl jcnndtthvl.Ç stltl ufl idnnd mrlfih jlnl-bhtë durcpdd. Zh ihrë jgd fd ljjl-icfc spdssc, hf Htlnhl d ùcrh i‘H-tlnhl, rhpcrtlth d hfdvhtlehnbdftddf`lthzzlth ilnnl tdndvhshcfd susjlnl pnlfdtlrhl. Bl n‘lnnuvhcfd ih@hrdfzd ç uf ufhjub. H mrlfihurlmlfh trcphjlnh, pdr dsdbphcqudnnh jgd lnbdfc qulttrc, jhf-qud vcntd n‘lffc sjuctcfc nd

ljqud, pdr nc phø scrfhcflbdftdtrlfquhnnd, idn Mcn`c idn Bdsshjc,scfc il tutth jcfcsjhuth. H ncrcfcbh sucflfc `lbhnhlrh, sdberl-fc lpplrtdfdrd d rhjrdlrd uf‘lt-bcs`drl icbdsthjl1 Ilfl, Oltrh-fl, ]hnbl, Drfdstc... Bl h fcbhhfmlfflfc. Pdfth l iudjdftc jgh-ncbdtrh n‘crl strlpplfc nd jlsdilnnd ncrc `cfilbdftl, sjcpdr-jghlfc tdtth, trlvcnmcfc d ̀ lffcvcnlrd burh d plrlpdtth, phdmlfcnd plnbd `hfc l tdrrl jcbd sjghl-vd rhcttcsd il pufhrd, `lffc slntl-rd ihmgd d plrlthd, sphfmcfc ndljqud `hfc l scbbdrmdrd hftdrhsceecrmgh. \udstc ljjlidvl uflffc `l l Fdw Crndlfs, nl icnjd,phmrl jlphtlnd idnnl Ncuhshlfl.

Nd ihsùfzhcfh idnnl eurcjrl-zhl, ncjlnd d `didrlnd, h rhtlrih fdhscjjcrsh, phø c bdfc jcnpdvcnh, nliurl plrthzhcfd idnnl jhttë `rlqudnnh jgd pctdvlfc, jcf bdzzh

prcprh, plrthrd d bdttdrsh hf slnvcd qudnnh, pdr nc phø fdrh d pcvdrh,jcstrdtth l rhblfdrd, lbblsslth hfplndstrd d rhùmh ih `crtufl, nd `ln-nd idnnl ihml jgd icvdvl jcftdfd-rd nl phdfl idn Bhsshsshpph, nlblfjlfzl ih ljqul pctlehnd d hnihnlmlrd idnnd ljqud fdrd fdntlf`c flusdlecfic jgd mrlvlvl

su tuttc hn idntl idn mrlfid `hubd‚ tuttc qudstc ç stltc idttc hfnherh, rhvhstd, icjubdftlrh, tdsth-bcfhlfzd fdh vhidctlpd.

Fcf elstl. Ç plssltc uf lffcd h qulrthdrh jlrlttdrhsthjh scfcsjcbplrsh, scsthtuhth ilnnd jcstru-zhcfh rlzhcflnh ih uf jlphtlnhsbcvcrljd d jcf pcjgh sjrupcnh, pdr hnqulnd nl ihstruzhcfd ç sdbprd uflplrlicsslnd „ihstruzhcfd jrdlth-

vl‒ ‚ hf lntrd plrcnd uf‘cjjlshcfdpdr `lrd l``lrh sunnl pdnnd ih quln-jufc, idh scjhlnbdftd idecnh didh pcnhthjlbdftd scttcrlpprd-sdftlth. Tf lffc `l, FdwCrndlfs. \ulrlft‘lffh `l, @hrdf-zd. Nl sc``drdfzl ç nl stdssl. Bl hnqulirc ‚ hn jcftdstc `hshjc d ubl-fc ‚ ç prc`cfilbdftd ihvdrsc.Nd jrcfljgd, fdnnl ncrc lpplrdftdlrhihtë, scfc hbphdtcsd.

Drl n‘lnel idn 9 fcvdberd<800. Zu tuttc hn jcbprdfscrhc`hcrdfthfc lvdvl leecfilftd-bdftd phcvutc. Tfl phcmmhl `httl,hfhftdrrcttl, jcbd uf sdmflnd ihjltlstrc`d hbbhfdftd, uf sdmfl-nd, jcbd sdbprd ljjlid, hflsjcn-tltc. Bl mnh dssdrh ublfh scfclehtuihflrh. Phvcfc fdnn‘dtdrfcrhtcrfc idnn‘hidfthjc. Nl fcrbl-nhtë ç `cftd ih jcf`drbl idnnlsdjurhzzlzhcfd pshjcncmhjl.

Ih `lttc, hf qudnn‘lnel nhvhil,n‘Lrfc rcbpd mnh lrmhfh. Nd sudljqud hfcfilfc nd strlid, tcjjl-fc h prhbh phlfh idnnd jlsd. Hf vhlidh Fdrh ufl tlrml rhjcril hn puf-tc phø lntc rlmmhuftc ilnn‘cfiltlih phdfl1 9 bdtrh d 85 jdfthbdtrh.Jlsd prhvltd, busdh, jghdsd, nuc-mgh i‘lrtd scfc lnnlmlth. N‘ljquldftrl fdn Iucbc, hf [lnlzzc Pdj-jghc, fdn Eltthstdrc, hfvlid nd

ecttdmgd idmnh crl`h idn [cftdPdjjghc, fcf rhsplrbhl hn Jrcjd-`hssc ih Jhbleud hf Zlftl Jrcjd.Zcttc nd `hfdstrd idh phlfh phø lnthjgd s‘l``ljjhlfc suh bdlfirh idhmdfthnh Nufmlrfh, sucfl nl svdmnhlhn jljc`cfhjc jnlfmcrd bdtlnnhjcidnnd jlrjlssd idnnd lutcbcehnhrctcnlfth fdnnd ljqud nhbljjhcsdjcbd mnh hbprcelehnh rlftcnh ihprctrlttd lmcfhd. [lsslfc iudmhcrfh prhbl jgd nd ljqud sh rhthrh-fc nlsjhlfic @hrdfzd sdpcntl iln`lfmc, ilnnl fl`tl, il bcftlmfdih idtrhth. Idjhfd ih pdrscfd scfcbcrtd, bcntd rhsuntlfc ihspdrsd.Blfjlfc hn jhec, n‘dfdrmhl dndttrh-jl, n‘ljqul pctlehnd.

Jlphtl jgd ufc sh trcvh fdnbcbdftc selmnhltc ln pcstc mhu-stc. \ulrlft‘lffh `l, lh prhbh ihfcvdberd idn <800, fcf drc hfHtlnhl. Bh trcvlvc cntrdcjdlfc,hbpdmfltc hf ltthvhtë ihiltthjgd dih rhjdrjl. Zdmuhvc jcf lfmcsjhln‘lnnuvhcfd ih @hrdfzd, nl rctturlidmnh lrmhfh idnn‘Lrfc, nl rleehl

ih @rlfjc @drrlrctth

D n‘ljqul squlrjhõnl jrcstl idnnd lehtuihfh



plm hfl <:


ihstrutthvl idnnd ljqud. Bh tcrfl-vl lnnl bdftd, tdfljd jcbd scnc hrhjcrih i‘hf`lfzhl slffc dssdrd,n‘hfvdtthvl ilftdsjl, në icvd, jcf-trc [hsl, vhtupdrhc idnnd mdfth, jhsh lumurl jgd „n‘Lrfc `ljjhl shdpdhf su nl `cjd, sî jg‘dnnh lffhdmgh hftd cmfh pdrscfl‒. Fcf tlftc [hsl,quh, ç pdrõ jghlbltl hf jlusl, blnl stdssl @hrdfzd, n‘lrbcfhl idhsuch plnlzzh d idnnd sud strlid, hnihsdmfc jgd nl rljjghuid, jcbduf jrhstlnnc pdr`dttc, fdn sdfc idn-nd sud jcnnhfd, vdmnhltl ilh jhprds-sh sunn‘lttdfth jcbd jlrlehfhdrh hflntl ufh`crbd. Fcf pctdvc jcrrd-rd l @hrdfzd. Drc ncftlfc d bhsu-rlvc fdn bhc slfmud nl `rustrlzhc-fd idnn‘hbpctdfzl. Bl djjc, prc-prhc hf qudh mhcrfh ihspdrlth d fdn-nd sdtthblfd jgd sdmuhrcfc,dbdrmdrd uf `dfcbdfc hfluihtc.Ç uf `dfcbdfc jgd `l idnn‘lnnu-vhcfd ih @hrdfzd uf ufhjub stcrh-jc, ihvdrsc d fcf jcbplrlehndjcf qulnshlsh lntrc ihslstrc fltu-rlnd. Jcbd jghlblth il uf lppdn-

nc bhstdrhcsc, lrrhvlfc il tuttln‘Durcpl, jlnlfc su @hrdfzdrlmlzzd d rlmlzzh ih cmfh jdtcscjhlnd d mrlic ih hstruzhcfd, bcs-sh il uf scnc hbpdmfc, pdr mhcrfhln nlvcrc fdnnl bdnbl nlsjhltl iln-nd ljqud1 slnvlrd, rhpunhrd @hrdf-zd, rhtrcvlrd nd pdrscfd sjcbplr-sd, jurlrd h nherh, ufc pdr ufc,plmhfl pdr plmhfl, bdttdrd lnshjurc nd cpdrd i‘lrtd, mlrlfthrd hbdzzh bhfhbh hfihspdfslehnh pdrnl vhtl qucthihlfl. Zlrlffc rhjcr-ilth jcbd mnh lfmdnh idn `lfmc dcmmh, qulrlft‘lffh icpc, @hrdfzdfcf ihbdfthjl.

Iceehlbc l @rlfjc Fdfjhfh dln suc nherc @hrd fzd 1 h mhcrfh id n

ihnuvhc (Zlfscfh, <800), jcrrdiltcil ufl ednnl, puftulnd d sc``drtlhftrciuzhcfd ih Dfrhjc Blttdh, nlrhdvcjlzhcfd phø hbpdmfltl dtdbpdsthvl idnnl vhmhnhl idn ihsl-strc, nl fcttd idn : fcvdberd<800. Lfjgd qudstl vcntl, jcbd çljjliutc l Fdw Crndlfs d phølfjcrl jcf nc tsuflbh hficfdshl-

fc, jcnphsjd nl trlfquhnnhtë idnnlvhtl jgd sjcrrd fdnnd sud `crbdjcfsudtd, scnc pdr dssdrd pch, ih nîl pcjc, squlssltl, hftdrrcttl,ihstruttl.

„Nl sdrl idn : fcvdberd hjhfdbl ih @hrdfzd d idnnl prcvhf-jhl drlfc l``cnnlth. Nd phljdvcnhfctth, H jcbelttdfth idnnl fcttd,Nl Eheehl, Phlmmhc lnnujhflftd,Jgd fcttd, rlmlzzh! Drlfc qudsth hthtcnh idh phø hftdrdsslfth `hnbs ihprhbl vhshcfd. Fdssufc pctdvlscspdttlrd jgd ih nî l pcjgd crdqudh thtcnh lvrdeedrc, jcf trlmhjlhrcfhl, jcbbdftltc nl phø trd-bdfil dspdrhdfzl jgd ufl jcbu-

[hlzzl Zlftl Blrhl Fcvd nnl

hn mhcrfc icpc n‘lnnuvhcfd .

Zjlttc ih F hjcnl Orljzyfl



plm hfl <9 I c j

Z p d j h l n d

fhtë ih bdzzc bhnhcfd ih pdrscfd,fdnn‘dpcjl idh vcnh splzhlnh, leehlvhssutc.

Hn shfiljc Elrmdnnhfh lvdvlnlvcrltc fdn suc stuihc phdfc ih

nherh lfthjgh, pch drl lfiltc l ndt-tc. Hn mhcrfc icpc icvdvl plrtdjh-plrd l bcntd jdrhbcfhd. Lfjgd hnjcncffdnnc Fhjcnl Eczzh, jcblf-ilftd idn mruppc idh jlrlehfhdrh,l bdzzlfcttd icrbhvl. Nc svd-mnhõ nl tdnd`cfltl idnnl jdftrlndcpdrlthvl jgd lvdvl rhjdvutcprdsslfth rhjghdstd ih lhutc ilnnlzcfl idn Plnilrfc1 nl shtulzhcfdidh `hubh drl prdcjjuplftd? fdnnd

jlbplmfd nl mdftd pcrtlvl hf sln-vc nd edsthd, leelficflvl h jlsc-nlrh. D jcsî vdfhvlfc svdmnhlth hnshfiljc, mnh hfmdmfdrh idn MdfhcJhvhnd, hn prd`dttc. Fdn Plnilrfc,lnnd ihmgd ih Ndvlfd d ih Nl [df-fl, sh tdfdvlfc ̀ deerhnh jcfsuntl-zhcfh bdftrd ilnnd plrlthd usjhvlufl bcstrucsl blssl i‘ljqul ih5<;; bdtrh jueh ln sdjcfic.

Lnnd 5,:; @hmnhfd Plnilrfc d nl

strlil jgd nl jcnndml l Hfjhsl drl-fc jcpdrtd il iud bdtrh i‘ljqul.Jcbpndtlbdftd hscnltl, jchpcjgh scjjcrsh jgd drlfc rhusjhthli lrrhvlrd, nl pcpcnlzhcfd idnpldsd, shfiljc d mhuftl hf tdstl,lvdvl hfhzhltc uf blssljrlftdnlvcrc jcf bdzzh ih `crtufl rhu-sjdfic l pcrtlrd hf slnvc tuttd ndpdrscfd? d mhë ufl plrtd idn pld-sd drl scbbdrsl. Fdh jlscnlrhsplrsh pdr nl jlbplmfl h jcftlih-fh sh drlfc rhùmhlth suh tdtth durnlvlfc, ih `rcftd l uf blrdi‘ljqul, sdfzl jgd fdssufcpctdssd uihrnh.‒

Zdberl hfjrdihehnd. Fdssufshstdbl ih prdlnndrtl lvdvl ùf-zhcfltc. Zh ç liicssltl nl rdspcf-slehnhtë lh mulrihlfh idnnd ihmgdidnn‘Lrfc. Ç qulftc bdfc hfmd-fdrcsc. [drjgè hn jcnpc ih mrlzhl,pdr jcsî ihrd, ù lssdstltc ilmnhl``nudfth idnn‘Lrfc, dfcrbdbdf-

td hfmrcsslth, trls`crblth hf tcr-rdfth ùrhcsh. Drchsbh hfihvhiulnhfcf blfjlrcfc. Bl ç lppdflfdjdsslrhc cssdrvlrd jgd rhsuntl-rcfc fdnnc stdssc tdbpc spndfih-ih d hfuthnh. Zh rhjcrilfc cpdrlhjgd sh mhcjlrcfc nl vhtl pur ih fcfleelficflrd mnh hbphlfth ih juhdrlfc rdspcfslehnh. Fdfjhfh idih-jl pcjgd, ednnhsshbd rhmgd l ufcih qudsth cpdrlh1

„Zh jghlblvl Jlrnc Blmmhc-rdnnh, lvdvl 45 lffh d vhvdvl l[czzcnlthjc, uf pldsd sunnd jcnnh-fd l sui ih @hrdfzd. Lvdvl hn tur-fc ih fcttd, di drl lrrhvltc nl sdrlhf jcrrhdrl, jcf nl sul mlvdttl ihjl``ç, uf pc‘ ih plfd d ihdjh shml-rdttd. Zcttc hn ihnuvhc. Jh rhspcsdnuh, nl fcttd lnnd trd, qulfictdnd`cflbbc pdr jcfcsjdrd nlshtulzhcfd idnn‘ljqudicttc d ihtuttl nl zcfl lttcrfc l vhl Phnnl-blmfl. Nl sul vcjd drl l``lffc-sl. ‗Ç uf ihslstrc, sh l``cml tutth...Lnnd ufl leehlbc jcbhfjhltc lstljjlrd h bctcrh‘. Nc dscrtlbbcl ùmmhrd, bl jh rhspcsd jgd fcfpctdvl leelficflrd nl scrvd-mnhlfzl idmnh hbphlfth. Bcrî jcsî,ln suc pcstc ih nlvcrc. Nc trcvl-rcfc iud mhcrfh icpc, hf uf jufh-jcnc phdfc ih `lfmc. Hn prhbc

bcrtc, hn prhbc drcd idn ihnuvhcih @hrdfzd.‒

@hrdfzd drl l ndttc, icrbhvltrlfquhnnl bdftrd sh lfilvl prd-plrlfic nl jltlstrc`d. Jcbd blh3N‘leehlbc mhë idttc. Nl jcftdf-tdzzl idnnl vhtl qucthihlfl ç iltlilnn‘dsluihbdftc ih dshmdfzd jgdtcrflfc, bcidstd d puftulnh, tut-td nd bltthfd1 hn nlttd, hn mhcrflnd,n‘lutc, nl ehjhjndttl c n‘lutceuspdr lfilrd ln nlvcrc... \ulfictuttc qudstc sh `drbl, lnn‘hbprcv-vhsc, ç jcbd sd sh `drblssd c shspdzzlssd nl vhtl. Nl prhbl rdl-zhcfd ç ih hbbctl hfjrdiunhtë.J‘ç ufl prhbl `lsd hf cmfh mrlf-id ihslstrc flturlnd ‚ bl lfjgdhf uf ecbelrilbdftc ldrdc ‚jgd sh rhlssubd hf ufl scrtl ihhpfcsh plrlnhzzlftd. Nl fcrblnhtëç hftdrrcttl. Zh ç ih jcnpc rhpcrtlthlh ehscmfh dndbdftlrh. Zh urnl fdn-nl fcttd pdr lvdrd ljqul d plfd.Hn ihslstrc gl ufl ùfzhcfd, l sucbcic, dph`lfhjl, rhvdnlthvl. Ucb-pd nl jrcstl idnnd lehtuihfh. @ldspncidrd nd dshmdfzd `lsunnd d hehscmfh hfictth. Zh tcrfl lnn‘dssdf-zhlnd. Bl nl scjhdtë fcf jh prdplrlli l``rcftlrd shtulzhcfh idn mdfd-rd. Zcfc shtulzhcfh dstrdbd, juh hnscfflbeunhsbc idn qucthihlfc



plm hfl <4


fcf jh hfsdmfl l `lr `rcftd.Nl sdjcfil `lsd ç n‘usjhtl ‚ l

vcntd rlphil, l vcntd cefuehnltljcbd icpc ufl secrfhl ‚ ilnncstcrihbdftc hfhzhlnd. H tdrbhfhidn prcendbl sh prdsdftlfc fdnnlncrc trlmhjl nhfdlrhtë. Ç uf ihndb-bl sdbpnhjd1 nlsjhlrsh lfilrd ‚fdn jlsc ih @hrdfzd lffdmlrd fdn-nl bdnbl ‚ c rdlmhrd. Fcf elstl-fc, pdr qudstl sdjcfil `lsd, nddfdrmhd lutcjtcfd. Zh `l strlil,hbbdihltlbdftd, n‘hidl, d, lfzh,nl jdrtdzzl jgd fdssufc sh slnvlil scnc.

N‘lnnuvhcfd ih @hrdfzd gllfjgd qudstc lspdttc plrlicssln-bdftd pcshthvc1 `l rhsjcprhrd, ihd-trc nl jlrtcnhfl hnnustrltl d cndc-mrl`hjl ih bhnhcfh ih turhsth, @hrdf-zd jcbd jlphtlnd, lrthsthjl dbcrlnd, fcf scnc idnn‘Cjjhidftd.Ulihc Ncfirl nlfjhl uf lnnlrbdtlftc prdjhsc qulftc ihspdrltc1„Hn bcfic stl pdr pdridrd uflidnnd sud mdbbd1 @hrdfzd‒. Nltdndvhshcfd ih Fdw Xcro trlsbdt-td ih crl hf crl ecnndtthfh sunnl scr-td idnnl jhttë.

Nl tdrzl `lsd ç nl rhsjcssl. Fcfjh sh lspdttl bcntc iln jdftrc.Fcf j‘ç „mrlfid `rltdnnc‒, mcvdr-fc c eurcjrlzhl jdftrlnd jgd tdf-

ml! Nl slnvdzzl sh l``drbl prd-bdfic iln elssc. H jhttlihfh, h shf-mcnh lehtlfth, ilmnh crl`h jgd l[cftd Pdjjghc bdttcfc hf slnvc ndncrc phdtrd iurd d h rl``hflth mhchdn-

nh, l jcncrc jgd sh elttcfc `hfclnn‘unthbc jcftrc hn `hubd pdr sln-vlrd vhtd, cppurd jgd ln jcfvdftcih Zlf Blttdc lsshjurlfc, l prc-prhc rhsjghc, nl scprlvvhvdfzlidmnh l``rdsjgh idn Edltc Lfmdnh-jc. Fdnnc stdssc tdbpc, fdnnlpdrh`drhjl, sjcfcsjhutl plrrcjjghlih Zlf Icffhfc uf plrrcjcljjcbplmfl, hf uf mcbbcfd, hn`ufdrlnd ih ufl plrrcjjghlfl

lffdmltl. @hrdfzd ih`dfid nl sullrtd `lbcsl d hfshdbd nl sul mdf-td phø ubhnd, nl sul stcrhl, nl sulprdsdfzl fdn bcfic. Fcf sh rls-sdmfl. Fcf vucnd sjcbplrhrd. J‘çufl tcffdnnltl ih `lfmc pdr cmfh`hcrdfthfc. Ç hn rdmlnc idn rhthrcidnnd ljqud1 ̀ lfmc, idtrhth, jlrjls-sd. Bl djjc jgd prcprhc lnncrllrrhvlfc „mnh lfmdnh idn ̀ lfmc‒.

H ilffh suehth iln pltrhbcfhc

lrthsthjc scfc dfcrbh, ih``hjhnh ilvlnutlrd, hbpcsshehnd qulfth`hjlr-nh. Tf tdftlthvc, jcbufqud, çstltc `lttc. Ç ufl scrtl ih icncrc-sc, lfmcsjhlftd jdfshbdftc.Zdjcfic nd prhbd hfilmhfh ndcpdrd ilffdmmhltd lbbcftlfc l<9;;. Cttcjdftcjhfqulftl scfcqudnnd mrlvdbdftd ilffdmmhltdlnnd qulnh sh idvd pcr blfchbbdihltlbdftd? fdh plrthjcnlrh55< tlvcnd, 9<: tdnd, << jhjnh ihl``rdsjgh, :8 l``rdsjgh shfmcnh, :<l``rdsjgh stljjlth, <9 jcbpndssh ihsjunturd, <55 sjunturd shfmcnd, 55sjunturd hf ndmfc d 5: jcihjhbhfhlth.

\udsth scfc h ilffh ihvhsh pdrsdttcrh idnnd scnd cpdrd bcehnh drdbcvhehnh, mhljjgè fcf ç pcssh-ehnd ln bcbdftc sthblrd hn ilffcrhpcrtltc ilmnh hbbcehnh. Ilffhphø hfmdfth, hn Jrhstc ih Jhbleudhf Zlftl Jrcjd, mnh l``rdsjgh ih[lcnc Tjjdnnc (Jghcstrc Pdrid ihZlftl Blrhl Fcvdnnl), Ectthjdnnh(jghdsl ih Cmfhsslfth). L``rdsjghidn Jlppdnncfd idmnh Zplmfcnh,[hdtrc Ncrdfzdtth, Zhbcfd Blrth-fh, Icbdfhjc Pdfdzhlfc. Hnbcidnnc Erufdnndsjghlfc idnnljupcnl fdn Busdc idnn‘Cpdrl idnIucbc. Ihs`lttc hn Busdc idnndZjhdfzd, ihstruttl nl rljjcntl ih

lfthjgh strubdfth bushjlnh lnBusdc Elrihfh, sjcfqulssltl iln-n‘cfil ih phdfl nl rljjcntl ih lrbhln Elrmdnnc. \ulsh ihstruttl nlsdzhcfd dtrusjl idn Busdc

Lrjgdcncmhjc. Ln Eltthstdrc lnju-fd `crbdnnd ih Lfirdl [hslfc shscfc stljjltd? nl pcrtl i‘crc idnMghedrth ç stltl ilffdmmhltl.

Zh pdfsh pch lh ilffh lnn‘Lrjgh-vhc ih Ztltc, l qudnnh idnnd Ehenhc-tdjgd, ilnnl Ehenhctdjl Flzhcflndln Mlehfdttc Phdussdux d lnndEhenhctdjgd idnnl Zhflmcml derlh-jl d idnn‘Ljjlidbhl idh Mdcrmc-`hnh. Lfjcrl ufl vcntl, ih `rcftd ln

ihslstrc idnn‘lnnuvhcfd, sh gl nlrhprcvl idnnl `ufzhcfd, hf sdfscprcprhc, rhvdnlthvl idnnd jltlstrc-`h. @lffc sc``rhrd. Jluslfc vhtth-bd ublfd d ilffh bltdrhlnh. Bllprcfc, fdnnc stdssc tdbpc,squlrjhlfc hn vdnc idnnd lehtuihfh,jcstrhfmcfc l mulrilrd idftrc nlrdlntë.

Lnn‘dpcjl ‚ tlrih lffh ‘0; ‚ shpdfslvl lh mhcvlfh jcbd lmnh

„drch‒ c lh plthth idnnd trd „B‒,vlnd l ihrd „bljjghfl, bcmnhd,bdsthdrd‒. Zd fd idprdjlvl, ̀ crsdphø jcf ihsmustc jgd jcf sjlfil-nc, nl blfjlfzl ih „hidlnh supd-rhcrh‒. Hf rdlntë, j‘drl hf dssh quln-jgd jcsl ih phø jgd nl eurelfzcslslmmdzzl jcfvdfzhcflnd fcf rhu-sjhvl l vdidrd1 hn ehscmfc ih idih-jlrsh, ln ih në ih cmfh mrdttc hftd-rdssd uthnhtlrhc, l ufl jlusl, luf‘hidl phø mrlfid ih sd stdssh, luf jcbphtc ublfc jgd lvdssdvlncrd hf sè. Mnh „lfmdnh idn `lf-mc‒ jh glffc hfsdmfltc jgd lfjgdfdn `lfmc ç rdpdrhehnd, tlnvcntl,qulnjgd pdphtl i‘crc. Zlrë `crsdpcsshehnd, fdn prcsshbc lvvdfhrd,dnlecrlrd d bdttdrd hf prlthjl hneucf usc idnnd jltlstrc`h, spdrlf-ic pdrlntrc jgd ufl lbbhfhstrl-zhcfd rlzhcflnd d prdcjjupltl idnedfdssdrd idh jhttlihfh nd rdfilhbpcsshehnh. >

Hf lntc. Zh nlvcrl lfjgd

jcf bd zzh ruihbd ftlnh

pd r tcrflrd lnnl fcrblnhtë.

Tf‘hbb lmhfd ih Fhjcnl

Orljzyfl



plm hfl <0 I c j

Z p d j h l n d

Hn qulrlftdfflnd idnn‘lnnuvhcfdidn <800 bh trcvl lnnl muhilidnn‘Cph`hjhc idnnd [hdtrd

Iurd ih @hrdfzd1 n‘hsthtutc jgd,jcf h Nlecrltcrh ih Udstlurc idnnl@crtdzzl, ̀ u prctlmcfhstl idnnlnufml `lsd ih rdjupdrc ih uf pltrh-bcfhc idvlstltc jgd hfhzhõ jcnrhthrlrsh idnnd ljqud di ç lrrhvltl,sdfzl dslurhrsh, lh fcstrh mhcrfh.[dr hn pltrhbcfhc lrthsthjc (dlrjghvhsthjc, d nherlrhc) `hcrdfthfcn‘lnnuvhcfd ù prcelehnbdftd phøihslstrcsl idnnl mudrrl jgd scncufl vdfthfl i‘lffh prhbl, jcf ndecbed lbdrhjlfd d nd bhfd tdid-sjgd, lvdvl squlssltc nl jhttë.Hfshdbd jcn Jrhstc idn Jhbleudidn Busdc ih Zlftl Jrcjd,dbendbl idnnl trlmdihl, jdfthflhl

ih Jrhsthfl Ljhihfh

Drlfc nlecrltcrh il jlbpc d jlfthdrhn‘Ljjlidbhl bcfihlnd idn rdstlurc

ih ihphfth su tlvcnl d su tdnl,bhmnhlhl ih bdtrh qulirh ih phtturdburlnh, idjhfd d idjhfd ih sjuntu-rd hf blrbc, hf ercfzc, hf ndmfc,bhmnhlhl ih cmmdtth i‘lrrdic, idjh-fd ih jcihjh bhfhlth, jdfthflhl ihnherh rlrh, bdtrh d bdtrh ih `hnzd dicjubdfth i‘lrjghvhc ùrcfc trl-vcnth ilnn‘ljqul hftrhsl ih `lfmc dpdtrcnhc. Cmmh, l ihstlfzl ih qul-rlft‘lffh, pcsshlbc l``drblrdsdfzl rdtcrhjl jgd nl mdfdrlnhtëidnnl pcpcnlzhcfd rdlmî jcf idtdr-bhflzhcfd lnnl idvlstlzhcfd, sdf-zl ̀ lrsh leelttdrd ilnnl hbprcvvhsljlnlbhtë, hf uf jnhbl ih „rhjcstru-zhcfd‒ jgd jdrtlbdftd rhsdfthvllfjcrl idh rhsuntlth cttdfuth jcf hiurh sljrh`hjh idh ih``hjhnh lffh idnicpcmudrrl. D jcbd spdssc ljjl-id fcf scnc, bl spdjhlnbdftd l@hrdfzd, n‘dfdrmhl, nl idtdrbhfl-zhcfd, nl jcbpdtdfzl ih tlfth lnsdrvhzhc ih uf scnc sjcpc ‚ rhscnnd-vlrsh l tdstl lntl d rhilrd lnnl jhttëhn rucnc jgd hn bcfic nd rhjcfcsjd‚ jcn tdbpc sdppdrc trlrrd, il uf`lttc prc`cfilbdftd fdmlthvc,cppcrtufhtë d rhsuntlth.

Idn rdjupdrc idnnd cpdrd i‘lr-

td jcnphtd sh cjjuplrcfc, scttc nlmuhil idn scprhftdfidftd Tmc[rcjljjh, mnh lnncrl ùfzhcflrh idn-nl Zcprhftdfidfzl Tbedrtc Eln-ihfh d [lcnc Iln [cmmdttc, Nujhl-fc Edrth d lntrh lfjcrl. D scstlf-zhlnh lhuth vdffdrc ilh [ldsh strl-fhdrh, icvd hn irlbbl ih @hrdfzd‚ lfjgd mrlzhd l pdrscflmmh ihihbdfshcfd hftdrflzhcflnd jcbdYdi Odffdiy, @rlfjc Qd``hrdnnh,Uhjglri Eurtcf ‚ ̀ u pdrjdphtchbbdihltlbdftd pdr qudn jgddrl1 hn irlbbl ih ufl jhttë shbec-nc idnnl jhvhntë cjjhidftlnd. Lffhicpc, Lftcfhc [lcnujjh rhjcriõqudh mhcrfh jcf qudstd plrcnd1„@u jcsî jgd rdstlurltcrh hfmndsh drussh, ̀ hfnlfidsh d pcnljjgh sh trc-vlrcfc l nlvcrlrd sun pltrhbcfhclrthsthjc `hcrdfthfc, ilffdmmhltcilnn‘lnnuvhcfd, hfshdbd lh tdjfhjhidnnl Zcprhftdfidfzl, lmnh spdjhl-nhsth idnn‘Hsthtutc Jdftrlnd, lhrhjdrjltcrh idn J.F.U. d idmnh hsth-tuth Tfhvdrshtlrh, lh vcncftlrh htl-nhlfh d strlfhdrh idnnd phø ihvdrsd`crblzhcfh d prcvdfhdfzd.

Zh hbprcvvhslrcfc jlfthdrh l[lnlzzc [htth, lmnh T``hzh, ln Elr-



plm hfl <=


mdnnc, ln Busdc Lrjgdcncmhjc, l[lnlzzc Ilvlfzlth d qudsth nlec-rltcrh „il jlbpc‒ icvd sh jcf-`rcftlvlfc pdrscfd, junturd dbdtcicncmhd ihvdftlrcfc, pdr

`crzl ih jcsd, nd ljjlidbhd ihrdstlurc phø lvlfzltd idn bcf-ic.‒ (L. [lcnujjh, Hn nle crltc rhc

id n rd st lurc l @hrd fzd , Ycrhfc<870, p. <:0). Lfjcrl fdmnh lffhFcvlftl idn sdjcnc sjcrsc, hf ufmhrc trl Busdh lbdrhjlfh d rdnlth-vh nlecrltcrh ih rdstlurc, bhjlphtõ ih hfjcftrlrd lnjufh lfzhl-fh rdstlurltcrh jgd rhjcrilvlfcjcf `hdrdzzl n‘dspdrhdfzl `lttl (

„Hc j‘drc‒), d ih jcfihvhidrd jcfncrc h rhjcrih ih qudh mhcrfh.Lfjg‘hc, „lfmdnc idn `lfmc‒ lic-ndsjdftd, mhuftl hf jdftrc fcfi‘Cntrdcjdlfc bl phø sdbpnhjd-bdftd ilnn‘lsjhuttc qulrthdrd ihZlf Mdrvlshc lnnd `lnid ih @hdsc-nd, lvdvc rcvhstltc fdnnl bdnbl`rdiil d mrhmhl dslnlftd ljrd bhl-sbl ih fl`tl, lnnl rhjdrjl ih erlf-idnnh ih jlrtl d `rlbbdfth i‘cm-

mdtth, ihspdrsd rdnhquhd idnnl ̀ lth-jl ublfl.@u hf qudnnl tdbpdrhd ih hftdn-

nhmdftd ltthvhtë crmlfhzzlthvl d ihnlvcrc `rdfdthjc jcftrc hn tdbpc,pdr hbpdihrd jgd nl bdnbl sdj-jlficsh rcvhflssd qulftc sh drlpctutc slnvlrd ilnnl ùrhl idnn‘lj-qul, jgd sh pcsdrc nd elsh pdr nl`crblzhcfd idnn‘Cph`hjhc bcidr-fc. N‘hsthtutc stltlnd ‚ fltc jcbdMlnndrhl idh Nlvcrh cvvdrc blfh-`ltturl lrthsthjl idh Bdihjh fdn<477, d blftdfutc hf ltthvhtë ilhNcrdfl d ilh Zlvchl ‚ mhë ilnnl`hfd idnn‘Cttcjdftc lvdvl bdsscl ihspcshzhcfd nd jlpljhtë tdjfh-jgd d nl blfulnhtë idh prcprhliidtth ln rdstlurc idh bltdrhlnhnlphidh, idh bcslhjh, idnnd tdrrd-jcttd hfvdtrhltd? `crtd ih ufl vdf-thfl ih cpdrltcrh spdjhlnhzzlth, shdrl ihsthftc fdh iud idjdffhpcst-ednnhjh jcf uf‘ hbpcrtlftdltthvhtë, l nhvdnnc flzhcflnd, pdr hnrdjupdrc idh bcfubdfth ihstrut-th ilnnl mudrrl. Jcf nl sul trlih-zhcfd sdjcnlrd d nl sul ltthvhtëhfhftdrrcttl, jgd lvdvl slputclilttlrsh ln butlrd idnnd dshmdfzdlttrlvdrsc hn tdbpc, n‘Cph`hjhcrlpprdsdftlvl ufc idh jlrihfh idnrdstlurc `hcrdfthfc? n‘lntrc drl hnMlehfdttc ih rdstlurc idnnd Mln-

ndrhd @hcrdfthfd, `cfiltc il [rc-jljjh fdn <8:5 fdnnl sdid idnnlPdjjghl [cstl lmn h T``hzh. Tfplihmnhcfd idnnl @crtdzzl il Els-sc, ih prcprhdtë idblfhlnd, ù

lssdmfltc lnnl Zcprhftdfidfzl`hcrdfthfl l``hfjgè, trls`drhtdvh ndcpdrd iln rhjcvdrc prcvvhscrhcidnnl Nhbcflhl ih Ececnh (icvd[lcnc PH sh drl hfmhfcjjghltcihflfzh ln Jrcjh`hssc ih Jhbleud)`cssd trls`crbltc hf uf Mlehfdttcih Udstlurh, idn qulnd TbedrtcElnihfh ̀ u fcbhfltc ihrdttcrd jcfnl phdfl rdspcfslehnhtë idn rdstlu-rc ih qulirh, l``rdsjgh d sjunturd

pcnhjrcbd fdn <807. Fdlfjgdiud lffh icpc Elnihfh plsslvl lihrhmdrd n‘Cph`hjhc idnnd [hdtrdIurd d ih `lttc lssubdvl nl muh-il jcfmhuftl idh iud mrlfih jdf-trh dshstdfth hf @hrdfzd pdr nl jurld nl jcfsdrvlzhcfd idnnd cpdrdi‘lrtd. Fdn blrzc idn <8=4, jcfuf prcvvdihbdftc i‘urmdfzl(lrt.<; idnnl ndmmd f.99 idn < blr-zc <8=4) vcnutc il Mhcvlffh Zpl-

icnhfh, lrtd`hjd d prhbc bhfhstrcidn fucvc bhfhstdrc pdr h EdfhJunturlnh d Lbehdftlnh, fljqudn‘Cph`hjhc bcidrfc, jgd rhufhvlscttc n‘dphmrl`d prdsthmhcsl idn-n‘lfthjc hsthtutc bdihjdc jcbpd-tdfzd lmmhcrflthsshbd, dspdrhdf-zl hfhbhtlehnd, vcjlzhcfd lnnlrhjdrjl. Fdn `rlttdbpc, sh drltdfutl nl mrlfid bcstrl „@hrd fzd

Ud stlurl‒ (<8=5), jgd ilvl jcftcidh rdjupdrh jcbphuth fdn nustrclppdfl trlsjcrsc ilnn‘lnnuvhcfd,prcihmhcsh pdr qulnhtë d qulfthtë,dftrc nl phø vlstl jcrfhjd idnn‘lt-thvhtë idh rdstlurltcrh ih Ztltciln ‘:5. [dr nl prhbl vcntl hn mrlf-id pueenhjc sh sdftî lttrlttc djchfvcntc, l``nudfic il lntrd jhttëd rdmhcfh pdr ljjcstlrsh l qudnncjgd lpplrvd hn „bhrljcnc‒ ih@hrdfzd. Nl bcstrl d nl sul muh-il-jltlncmc sh prcpcsdrc jcbdufl phdtrl bhnhlrd fdn rdstlurchtlnhlfc d hftdrflzhcflnd, jcmnhdf-ic ilnn‘hftdfsl cpdrcshtë idn pls-sltc rdbctc d rdjdftd „qudhbcthvh jgd, ln ih në ih ufl bdrljrcfljl il jcfsufthvc, pcsslfcsdrvhrd l `lrd ufl stcrhl ih prcend-bh, ih hbpcstlzhcfh, ih tdjfhjljcbd ih tdcrhl‒ (@hrd fzd rd stlu-

rl. Hn nle crltcrhc fd n suc q ulrlf-

tdffhc, @hrdfzd <8=5).

Cmmh n‘Cph`hjhc ç fctc d sthbltcpdr n‘cpdrlthvhtë i‘djjdnndfzl, nlrhjdrjl sjhdfth`hjl svhnuppltl ln suchftdrfc d hf rdtd jcf jdftrh hftdr-flzhcflnh, nl sul Zjucnl ih Lntl

@crblzhcfd pdr rdstlurltcrh jgdgl cttdfutc (fdn blrzc 5;;0, ̀ hfln-bdftd!) n‘dquhpcnndfzl idn thtcncih ihpncbl jcf nl nlurdl blmhstrlndquhfqudfflnd l jhjnc ufhjc. Ztldslurdfic hn pdslftd rdtlmmhc idn-n‘lnnuvhcfd jcn rdsthtuhrd ln Busdcih Zlftl Jrcjd cttc ihphfth rdstlu-rlth, trl juh nd dfcrbh plnd idn Zln-vhlth d idn Ercfzhfc, dspcstd pdrn‘cjjlshcfd fdn Jdfljcnc. Zh ljjhf-

md l prcmdttlrd di dsdmuhrd hnrdstlurc idnn‘unthbl mrlfid blnl-tl, n‘Tnthbl Jdfl ih Mhcrmhc Plslrh,ihvhsl hf jhfqud pdzzh d jcpdrtllfjcrl ih ̀ lfmc, vdnhfd d rdshfd.

Ç uf hsthtutc vhtlnd, rlihjltcfdnnl sul jcbufhtë d fdn plssltc,bl prchdttltc fdn bcfic d fdnùturc1 uf edfd junturlnd dsscstdssc, ln plrh ih lntrd lfthjgdhsthtuzhcfh (sh pdfsh lnnd Cpdrd,

lnnl Bhsdrhjcrihl, lnn‘Ljjlidbhlidnnl Jrusjl), pdr hn qulnd @hrdf-zd d nl Ycsjlfl glffc slputc dslffc blfh`dstlrd lpprdzzlbdf-tc d l``dzhcfd.

Nl nufml d fcf dslurhtl vhjdfilidnn‘lnnuvhcfd ç, d rhblfd, ufjlpcslnic idnnl sul dshstdfzl, jcsîjcbd rdstl uf mhrc ih ecl fdnnl stc-rhl idh Edfh junturlnh l @hrdfzd d hfYcsjlfl. Zd, jcbd tutth jrdihlbc,hn pdrjcrsc nufmc hn qulnd cjjcrrdjrdsjdrd fdnnd rhspdtthvd jcbpd-tdfzd ç qudnnc idnnl prdvdfzhcfd,cjjcrrd `lr ih tuttc l``hfjgè h rlp-pcrth ̀ hf quh stlehnhth trl crmlfhsbhflzhcflnh d tdrrhtcrhlnh - nl [rctdzhc-fd Jhvhnd, mnh dfth idnnl tutdnl, ndlsscjhlzhcfh ih vcncftlrhltc - sh trl-s`crbhfc hf „eucfd prlthjgd‒ ilbdttdrd hf lttc, fdnnl fcf lusphjl-tl dvdfhdfzl ih bhfljjhl ln pltrh-bcfhc lrthsthjc, jcf tdbpdsthvhtëdi d``hjljhl. >

Hf q ud stl plm hfl mhcvlfh

rdstlurltrhjh l [lnlzzc

Ilvlfzlth. Hbblmhfd trlttl iln nherc

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ih Gcwlri M rd d f`d ni

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plm hfl <7 I c j

Z p d j h l n d

Zhtultc hf prcsshbhtë idnn‘Lr-fc, hf ufl idnnd zcfd phø els-sd idn jdftrc stcrhjc ih @hrdf-

zd, fdn <800 n‘dih`hjhc idnnl Ehenhc-tdjl Flzhcflnd Jdftrlnd ih @hrdf-zd vdffd hfvdsthtc hf phdfc ilnn‘d-fcrbd blssl ih ljqul d ih `lfmcjgd hn `hubd rcvdsjhõ sunnl jhttë. Hfpcjgd crd, uf jdftrc ih stuihc ihmrlfid vhtlnhtë d trlihzhcfd, ufcidh jlrihfh idn shstdbl ehenhcmrl`h-jc htlnhlfc ̀ u jcnphtc fdn prc`cfic,fdnnd rljjcntd nherlrhd, fdnnd strut-turd tdjfhjgd d lbbhfhstrlthvd.

[dr `crtufl idnnl Flzhcflnd didn bcfic idmnh stuih, hn sdttcrdidh blfcsjrhtth, idmnh hfjuflecnh didh rlrh, pcstc ln phlfc supdrhcrd,fcf vdffd rlmmhuftc ilnn‘ljqul,pdr juh h prdzhcsh `cfih hvh justcihth`urcfc rhsplrbhlth ilnnl phdfl.

Fcf `u jcsî pdr nd rljjcntd jgdsh trcvlvlfc fdh blmlzzhfh idn sct-tcsucnc, trlvcntd ilnn‘ljqul, iln`lfmc d, hf lnjufh pufth, lfjgd iln-nl fl`tl1 rhblsdrc mrlvdbdftd ilf-fdmmhlth jhrjl < bhnhcfd d 5;; bhnlufhtë ehenhcmrl`hjgd, trl nd qulnhjhrjl :;;.;;; nherh (jcnndzhcfdBlmnhledjghlfl, jcnndzhcfd idhMrlfih @crblth blmnhledjghlfh dplnlthfh, cpdrd bcidrfd, iupnhjl-th)? jhrjl 5;.;;; `rl mhcrflnh d qucth-ihlfh (pdr jhrjl 9;;.;;; vcnubh)?jhrjl <;.;;; rhvhstd (pdr jhrjl0;.;;; vcnubh)? nl jcnndzhcfd idnndbhsjdnnlfdd (<8.;;; jlssdttd pdrjhrjl 9;;.;;; pdzzh trl cpusjcnh di

dstrltth)? nl rljjcntl idnnd tdsh `rlf-jdsh d tdidsjgd (jhrjl 4;.;;; vcnu-bh).

H ilffh lpplrvdrc suehtc ihsl-strcsh1 fcf scnc plrdvl hrrdjupdrl-ehnd phø ih uf bhnhcfd ih vcnubh,elmflth, hf`lfmlth d bljjghlth ilnnlfl`tl, bl lfjgd drlfc stlth lffhdf-tlth mnh strubdfth d mnh lpplrlthehenhcmrl`hjh jgd sh trcvlvlfc fdmnhu``hjh, jcbprdsh h jltlncmgh blmnhl-edjghlfc d plnlthfc l vcnubh d lsjgdid, jcsî jcbd tutth mnh lntrhjltlncmgh l sjgdid1 qudnnc mdfdrl-nd, idnnd hfjhshcfh, idnnl bushjl,idnnd jlrtd mdcmrl`hjgd, idh pdrhc-ihjh, mnh hfvdftlrh (jcbpndsshvl-bdftd jhrjl 7.;;;.;;; ih sjgdid).

Ilffh mrlvhsshbh rdsdrc hfsdrvh-ehnh nd lttrdzzlturd tdjfhjgd dlbbhfhstrlthvd, ilnnl rdilzhcfdidnnl Ehenhcmrl`hl Flzhcflnd Htlnhl-fl ln Jdftrc bdjjlfcmrl`hjc,lnn‘lrrdilbdftc idmnh u``hjh, idnnl

ih Lftcfhl Hil @cftlfl

Tf bhnhcfd ih nherh fdnnl bdnblJcsî slnvlbbc nl fcstrl Ehenhctdjl

Nd plmhfd id h nherh vdfm c-

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Zlnl ih ndtturl, djj.Zjcrrdfic nd `ctcmrl`hd i‘lrjgh-

vhc ih qudn trlmhjc bcbdftc, nlprhbl sdfslzhcfd jgd sd fd trld çjgd blh nl EFJ@ slrdeed rhusjhtll „rhdbdrmdrd‒1 hfvdjd nl bcnthtu-ihfd ih mhcvlfh ljjcrsh pdr slnvlrd@hrdfzd d hn suc pltrhbcfhc juntu-rlnd, nlvcrlfic sdfzl scstl fdn ̀ lf-mc, mnh lhuth jgd scfc mhufth il cmfhplrtd idn bcfic d scttc cmfh `cr-bl, n‘lefdmlzhcfd d n‘lbcrd pdr nlEhenhctdjl idh such hbphdmlth,n‘lhutc idh Phmhnh idn @ucjc, idhjcbhtlth ih scjjcrsc, n‘lppcmmhcidnnl Ihrdzhcfd Mdfdrlnd glffcjcfsdfthtc jgd qudnnl jltlstrc`d shtrls`crblssd prdstc hf ufl spdrlf-zl fcf scnc ih scprlvvhvdfzl bl ihrhflsjhtl.

Jcf qudsth lhuth, jgd cpdrlvlfclfjgd ih fcttd ln nubd idnnd nlf-tdrfd, l plrthrd iln 4 fcvdberd hnherh, elmflth d jcbpndtlbdftdlvvcnth fdn `lfmc, ùrcfc dstrltthilh blmlzzhfh d bdssh fdmnh splzhfcf rlmmhufth ilnn‘ljqul? pch, hfpcjgd sdtthblfd, ̀ urcfc trls`drhthilnnl Flzhcflnd cntrd :.;;; tcffdn-nltd ih nherh jcf 4:; vhlmmh ih lutc-jlrrh pdslfth, ihrdtth lmnh dsshjjltch

ih tleljjgh ih Ecncmfl, Jhttë ihJlstdnnc, Z. Mhusthfc Tberc c lnnd`crfljh pdr blttcfh ih Ecrmc ZlfNcrdfzc, c idnnd blfh`ltturd ihjdrlbhjgd djj., liihrhtturl hn bhfh-stdrc pdr nl [ueenhjl Hstruzhcfd`djd lnndsthrd pdr qudstl dbdrmdf-zl uf dsshjjltchc lnn‘DTU.

Lh nlecrltcrh ih rdstlurc idnn‘H-sthtutc ih [ltcncmhl idn Nherc, idn-n‘Leelzhl ih Mrcttl`drrltl, ih [rl-mnhl, ih Zlftl Mhusthfl, ̀ urcfchbbdihltlbdftd hfvhlth h vcnubhjgd, pur jcpdrth iln `lfmc, vdfhvl-fc rhjcfcsjhuth jcbd cpdrd ihblmmhcr prdmhc.

\udstl mrlfid d jcbpndsslbljjghfl crmlfhzzlthvl, fdh prhbhmhcrfh rdsl lfjcrl phø ih``hjhnd pdrnl blfjlfzl idnn‘ljqul d idnnlnujd, ̀ u pcsshehnd pdr n‘lzhcfd, nlprdsdfzl jcfthful, mnh lppdnnh ihlhutc d ih jcnnlecrlzhcfd nlfjhlthilnn‘lnncrl ihrdttcrd idnnl Ehenhctd-jl, hn prc`. Dblfudnd Jlslblssh-bl, prhfjhplnd lrtd`hjd idnnl rhfl-sjhtl idnnl Ehenhctdjl, jcf ufblfhpcnc ih ùfzhcflrh, h qulnhglffc vhssutc jcf nuh hn pdrhcicphø hftdfsc, phø irlbblthjc d, sct-tc bcnth pufth ih vhstl, lfjgd hn phø

ednnc idnnl ncrc vhtl ih ehenhctdjlrh.L uf bdsd ih ihstlfzl iln trlmh-

jc 9 fcvdberd, nl prhbl `lsd idn-n‘cpdrl ih slnvltlmmhc pctdvl ihrshtdrbhfltl1 h nherh dsshjjlth ̀ djdrc

rhtcrfc fdh blmlzzhfh ih `crtufljrdlth ln phlfc tdrrdfc, fdh jcrrhichscpplnjlth, fdnnl slnl ih ndtturl, fdhphlfh supdrhcrh lttrdzzlth l tdbpcih rdjcri.

Icpc n‘dbdrmdfzl, nl Ehenhctd-jl icvdttd l``rcftlrd uf lntrc mrlvdprcendbl pdr sjcfmhurlrd d prdvd-fhrd n‘hfscrmdrd idnnd bu``d1 j‘drlquhfih nl fdjdsshtë ih stdrhnhzzlrd dihshf`dttlrd n‘dfcrbd blssl idh

vcnubh lnnuvhcflth. Jcf hn `hflfzhl-bdftc idn @cfic hftdrflzhcflndpdr @hrdfzd d nl muhil ih dspdrthtdidsjgh, ̀ u pcsshehnd ljquhstlrdjdnnd scttcvuctc l csshic ih dthndfdjgd jcfsdfthrcfc nl ihshf`dzhcfdmhcrflnhdrl ih jhrjl 5-:;;; vcnubh.

Fdnnl ncrc ltthvhtë ̀ rdfdthjl dihspdrltl h pcjgh ehenhctdjlrh `hc-rdfthfh vdffdrc lhutlth il uf mrlffubdrc ih mhcvlfh, jgd lrrhvlrcfc

ilnnl jhttë, il tuttl Htlnhl d il cmfhplrtd idn bcfic. Icvufqud scr-sdrc jcbhtlth pdr lhutlrd fcf scncnl pcpcnlzhcfd jcnphtl iln ihslstrc,bl lfjgd hn pltrhbcfhc junturlnd,sdfthtc jcbd edfd ih tuttl n‘Tbl-fhtë. Hn Jcbbhttdd tc Udsjud Htl-nhlf Lrt (JUHL), prdshdiutc il Alj-qudnhfd Odffdiy, d n‘Htlnhlf Lrtlfi Lrjghvds Udsjud ùfi(HLLU@), prdshdiutc il Zhr Lsjg-ndy Jnlrod, pdr jhtlrd h iud prhfjh-plnh fdmnh TZL d fdn Udmfc Tfhtc,rljjcnsdrc `cfih d hfvhlrcfc lhuth dscprlttuttc dspdrth, hf mrlic ih ̀ lr`rcftd l uf ihslstrc ih jcsî vlstdprcpcrzhcfh.

Ilmnh dspdrth hfmndsh, lbdrhjlfh,lustrlnhlfh, jlflidsh, tdidsjgh, illnjufh ehenhctdjlrh idnnl Flzhcflndd il vcncftlrh jgd sh drlfc idihjlthln nlvlmmhc idh nherh hf uf ncjlndhbprcvvhsltc lnnl Jdftrlnd tdrbhjlidnnl stlzhcfd, fljqud hn Nlecrltc-rhc ih Udstlurc.

Hf ufl elednd ih nhfmud d lfjgdih bdtcicncmhd d tdjfhjgd ihrdstlurc, sh hfhzhlrcfc nd cpdrlzhcfhih rdjupdrc1 pdr nl prhbl vcntlvdfhvl l``rcftltc hn prcendbl ih ufrdstlurc ih blssl1 nd tdjfhjgd lrth-mhlflnh icvdvlfc dssdrd leelfic-fltd l `lvcrd ih uf‘crmlfhzzlzhcfdih thpc hfiustrhlnd, lfjgd sd n‘ljju-



plm hfl 5; I c j

Z p d j h l n d

rltdzzl icvdvl rhblfdrd qudnnltrlihzhcflnd.

[dr jcfsdfthrd nl jcbprdfshcfdidnnd prdsjrhzhcfh tdjfhjgd, vdffddnlecrltl ufl sjgdil ih rdstlurc,

ih rlphil jcbphnlzhcfd, elsltl hfmrlf plrtd su shbecnh d fubdrh ih`ljhnd hftuhzhcfd.

Hn nlvcrc vdffd pch crmlfhzzltcl jltdfl, hf bcic jgd lnjufh cpd-rltcrh drlfc hbpdmflth dsjnushvl-bdftd fdn nlvlmmhc, lntrh scnc fdnrhslrjhbdftc, lntrh lfjcrl fdnnl rhnd-mlturl, l``hfjgè ufl blfcicpdrl,dstrdblbdftd spdjhlnhzzltl hfuf‘ufhjl cpdrlzhcfd, cttdfdssd

ufl prciutthvhtë lnthsshbl hf uf‘ltthvhtë jgd shfc li lnncrl sh drlsvcntl jcf nd bcilnhtë d h tdbphidnn‘lrthmhlfltc.

H nlvcrltcrh, lh qulnh vdffd l``h-iltc hn idnhjlthsshbc jcbphtc, ̀ urc-fc ilpprhbl lssufth ilnnl Jccpnltd scnc sujjdsshvlbdftd dftrlrcfcfdh rucnh idnnl EFJ@.

Lnnl `hfd idnn‘lprhnd <80= sh jcf-jnusd hn prcsjhumlbdftc idh burh

idnnl Ehenhctdjl, lfjgd qudstcprdjdiutc il jcfvdmfh prcbcsshil spdjhlnhsth d stcrhjh idnn‘lrtd htl-nhlfh d strlfhdrh, pdr nl jcfcsjdfzlidn prcendbl idnnl idubhih`hjl-zhcfd idmnh dih`hjh, bcfubdfth,l``rdsjgh ilffdmmhlth.

Nl `hfd idnn‘lffc <80=, lffcquhfih idjhshvc pdr nl rhflsjhtl idn-nl Flzhcflnd, vhid hn rhtcrfc hfEhenhctdjl idnnd rhvhstd, idh mhcrflnhd idh qucthihlfh, bdftrd fdn @crtdEdnvdidrd vdfhvlfc rljjcntd ndbhsjdnnlfdd pdr dssdrd hidfth`hjl-td. Fdnnc stdssc pdrhcic prcjdid-vl, jcf rhsuntlth pcshthvh, hn rhslfl-bdftc idh jltlncmgh d idmnh hfvdf-tlrh1 n‘7 mdfflhc <807 nl EhenhctdjlFlzhcflnd Jdftrlnd ih @hrdfzdpctdvl rhprdfidrd nl sul ̀ ufzhcfdpdr nl ndtturl d pdr hn prdsthtc jcfuf‘d``hjhdfzl idn 84% jhrjl pdrqulftc rhmulrilvl h jltlncmgh didnn‘7;% rdnlthvlbdftd lnnd cpdrd.

Nl Zlnl blfcsjrhtth d nd slnd rhsdr-vltd idn phlfc supdrhcrd drlfc mhëstltd lpdrtd ln pueenhjc iln <» blr-zc <80=, bcbdftc hf juh lvdvlrhprdsc h such nlvcrh lfjgd nl Ehenhc-

mrl`hl Flzhcflnd Htlnhlfl.N‘cjjlshcfd ih rhffcvlbdftc,

jgd hn ihrdttcrd Jlslblsshbllusphjlvl, vdffd jcntl scnc hf plr-td1 sd ç ih qudsth mhcrfh n‘dftrltlhf vhmcrd idnnl (fcf idn tuttc sci-ihs`ljdftd) Ndmmd <;0/5;;9,lfjcrl ç hf ihsjusshcfd nl rhcrml-fhzzlzhcfd idn shstdbl ehenhctdjl-rhc htlnhlfc d hf plrthjcnlrd nlrhplrthzhcfd idh jcbphth `rl nd iud

Ehenhctdjgd Flzhcflnh Jdftrlnh ih@hrdfzd d ih Ucbl.Nl jcstruzhcfd ih ufl fucvl

tcrrd nherlrhl d n‘ljquhshzhcfd ihfucvh splzh (dih`hjh ih @crtd Edn-vdidrd, [hlzzl Z. Lbercmhc, PhlYrhpcnh :0 d unthblbdftd nlJlsdrbl Jurtltcfd d Bcftlflrl,lfjcrl hf Phl Yrhpcnh) fcf rhscnvd-rlffc hf bcic iurdvcnd h prcend-bh ih hbblmlzzhflbdftc ih uf

crmlfhsbc hf jrdsjhtl jcfthful,`hfjgè nl Jlsdrbl fcf slrërhstrutturltl d lidmultl.

[chjgè ç stltc fdjdsslrhc jcnnc-jlrd fucvlbdftd h bltdrhlnhehenhcmrl`hjh fdn sdbhftdrrltc, scfcstltd prdsd tuttd nd prdjluzhcfh jgdpcsscfc dvhtlrd hn ihslstrc idn<800. Fdn phlfc lnnuvhcflehnd scfcstltd jcnncjltd nd rhvhstd strlfhdrd(nl juh jcfsdrvlzhcfd idvd dssdrdlsshjurltl ilnnd Ehenhctdjgd Flzhc-flnh idh [ldsh ih prciuzhcfd),bdftrd mhcrflnh d rhvhstd scfc stlthjcf`dzhcflth scttc vuctc hf eustdih pcnhdthndfd bunthstrltc, hf mrlicih prctdmmdrd ilnn‘ljqul, cntrd jgdilnnl pcnvdrd d ilnnl nujd.

Hfcntrd dsdrjhtlzhcfh jgd shbu-nlfc n‘dbdrmdfzl, hf bcic il sth-bcnlrd jcfslpdvcndzzl d prcftdz-zl i‘lzhcfd vdfmcfc jcficttd hfjcnnlecrlzhcfd jcf nl [rctdzhcfdJhvhnd c jcf nd Lsscjhlzhcfh ihvcncftlrhltc, jcf qudnnd crmlfhzzl-zhcfh jhcç nl juh jrdlzhcfd çlfjg‘dssl `ruttc idnn‘lnnuvhcfd idn<800.

Fdn idjdffhc <880-5;;0 ç jcf-thfultc hn rdjupdrc idh bltdrhlnhlnnuvhcflth1 jhrjl 4 bhnhcfh ih `lsjh-jcnh ih mhcrflnh scfc stlth rhcrihflthfdnnd ncrc sdrhd d bdssh l ihspcsh-zhcfd idn pueenhjc? sh ç jcbpndtltc

jcsî hn rdjupdrc idn bltdrhlndpdrhcihjc di ç pcsshehnd ̀ lrd ufehnlfjhc prdjhsc idnnd pdrihtd1 scfchrrhbdihlehnbdftd pdrsd pcjc phøih <.:;; tdstltd idnnd jhrjl :;.;;;

prdsdfth ln bcbdftc idnn‘lnnuvhc-fd.

Yuttd nd jlrtd mdcmrl`hjgd scfcstltd rdvhshcfltd, rdstlurltd d rhjcn-ncjltd hf jcfihzhcfh ctthblnh ihjcfsdrvlzhcfd? 7.;;; scfc stltdhfcntrd ihmhtlnhzzltd pdr hn prcmdttcIhm Blp, jc`hflfzhltc ilnnlJcbufhtë Durcpdl, hn qulnd pdr-bdttdrë ih vdidrd hf Hftdrfdt uflncjlnhtë jcsî jcbd ç stltl rlpprd-

sdftltl fdn tdbpc.Zcfc stlth hidfth`hjlth, jcf n‘lhu-tc ih uf prcmrlbbl hf`crblthjc,uf mrlf fubdrc ih spdzzcfh, jcf-sdftdfic ih ljjcrplrnh lh vcnubhilh qulnh drlfc stlth strlpplth.

Hn rlbblrhjc phø vhvc ç pdrqulftc rdstl lfjcrl il rdstlurlrd1jhrjl <=.;;; vcnubh lpplrtdfdfthlh @cfih [lnlthfc d Blmnhledjghl-fc d jhrjl :;.;;; bhsjdnnlfdd, jgd

`rdqudftdbdftd jcsthtuhsjcfc n‘u-fhjl jcphl jcfcsjhutl ih cpdrdlfiltd ihspdrsd l jlusl idnn‘dshmucfubdrc ih plmhfd.

Nl mrlfihcsl, mdfdrcsl cpdrl-zhcfd ih slnvltlmmhc, ilpprhbl, dpch ih rdstlurc idn pltrhbcfhcnherlrhc idnnl Ehenhctdjl, jcsthtuh-sjd uf jlphtcnc bdbcrlehnd fdnnlstcrhl idnnl junturl d idnnl jcnnl-ecrlzhcfd hftdrflzhcflnd. N‘hftdr-vdftc spcftlfdc idh mhcvlfh ihcmfh flzhcflnhtë `hf ilh prhbh mhcr-fh ih fcvdberd, nd jcbpndssdcpdrlzhcfh jgd sdmuhrcfc icvutdlnnl prc`dsshcflnhtë idn prc`. Jlsl-blsshbl d ih lntrd pdrscflnhtë ihdjjdzhcfd, qulnh Mhcrmhc Id Mrd-mcrh, Ucedrtc Phvlrdnnh, JdslrdPlscnh, Ucedrtc Leecfilfzl, glf-fc trls`crbltc uf ihslstrc sdfzlprdjdidfth hf ufl stcrhl pcshthvlih scnhilrhdtë d ih flsjhtl ih ufljcsjhdfzl jhvhnd d pcnhthjl. . >



@lfmc d hidlnhLrfc‗00{ Bui lfi hidlns }

HN IHLUHC HFDIHYC

Zjrhtth d `ctcmrl`hdih Fhjcnl Orljzyfl

YULITQHCFD

ilnn‘hfmndsd

ih Nlrl @lftcfhpdr FYN trliuzhcfh,@hrdfzd

ZT[DUPHZHCFD

idn tdstc hfmndsdih Jnyid ]ltscf



Lrfc <800 @lfmc d hidlnh

plmhfl 55

[hcvdvl hftdfslbdftd ilihvdrsh mhcrfh, jcbd `l spdsschf qudstc pdrhcic idnn‘lffc, dn‘Lrfc hf phdfl rhspdjjghlvl hn

tdbpc thphjc d fcrblnd ih fcvdberd.Il iud lffh bhl bcmnhd Lby, bhc `hmnhcLfltcn ih ihjhcttc bdsh d hc vhvdvlbc hfuf phjjcnc lpplrtlbdftc suh tdtth hf PhlZlftc Zphrhtc, jcf ufl `hfdstrl d uftdrrlzzc l``ljjhlth sunn‘Lrfc, d pdr iudlffh lvdvlbc vhstc hn `hubd bdttdrd hfsjdfl hn suc jhjnc stlmhcflnd, rhiujdficshl uf phmrc jcrsc hf dstltd d mcf`hlficsh drummdfic jcf nd phcmmd prhblvdrhnh dlutufflnh.Ih scnhtc bh idihjlvc lnnl phtturl c ln

ihsdmfc fdnnd crd quhdtd idnnl fcttd,qulfic tutth icrbhvlfc, d nl fcttd trl hn: d hn 9 fcvdberd nlvcrlh `hfc lnnd trdjhrjl. Nl stlfzl jgd uslvc jcbd stuihcdrl rhvcntl vdrsc Zlftc Zphrhtc, pdrtlftcù scnc qulfic dftrlh fdnnl stlfzl jgdilvl sunn‘Lrfc jgd lvvdrthh hn rummhtc`crthsshbc idnn‘ljqul, blh sdfthtc prhbl.Iln tdrrlzzc vhih, hnnubhfltl il qulttrc

`lrh fdnnl fcttd euhl d phcvcsl, n‘ljquljgd sjrcsjhlvl ùrhcsl lttrlvdrsc nd trdlrjltd idn [cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtl. Cssdrvlhqudstl blfh`dstlzhcfd irlbblthjl ih`crzl erutl pdr ufl idjhfl ih bhfuth, dpch lfilh l icrbhrd, jcf qudn rummhtcfdnnd crdjjghd, pdfslfic jgd n‘hficblfhlvrdh idttc l tutth idn `lftlsthjc dvdftcjgd lvdvc vhstc fdnnl fcttd.

Ht gli e d d f rlhfhfm hftd fsd ny `cr sd vd rln

ilys, ls ht c`td f icd s lt tg hs thbd c` y d lr,

lfi tgd swcnndf Lrfc rd `ndj td i typhjln

Fcvd bed r wd ltg d r. @cr tg d plst twc y d lrs,

by wh`d Lby lfi H, whtg cur <7-bcftg -cni

scf Lfltcn, gli e d d f nhvhfm hf l sb lnn

rcc` tcp jcni-wltd r ̀ nlt cf Phl Zlftc Zphrhtc,

whtg l whficw lfi l td rrljd cvd rnccohfm tg d

Lrfc ‚ lfi `cr twc y d lrs wd gli cesd rvdi

tgd rhvd r‘s sd lscfln jy jnd c` iwhfinhfm icwf

tc l nlzy `ncw hf subb d r, tgd f swd nnhfm tc l

rclr whtg tg d sprhfm lfi lutub f rlhf`lnn.

H usulnny wcrod i e d st cf by plhfthfm cr

irlwhfm hf tgd quhd t gcurs c` tgd fhmgt

wgd f d vd rycfd d nsd wls lsnd d p ‚ lfi cf

tglt fhmg t ed twd d f tgd :ri lfi 9tg c`

Fcvd bed r, H wcrod i ufthn lecut : lb.

Y gd rccb tg lt H usd i ls by stuihc `ljd i hf

tgd ihrd jthcf c` Zlftc Zphrhtc, tg d rd `crd ht

wls cfny wgd f H jlbd hftc tg d rccb `ljhfm

tgd Lrfc tglt H gd lri tg d d fcrbcus rclr c`

wltd r, ncuidr tglf H gli d vdr gd lri e d `crd .

@rcb cur td rrljd H slw, hnnubhfltd i ey `cur spctnhmgts hf tg d ilro lfi rlhfy fhm gt, tg d

ùrhcus wltd r musg hfm tg rcumg tg d tg rd d

lrjgd s c` [cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtl. H wltj gd i

tg hs irlblthj ihspnly c` e rutd `crjd `cr ̀ hvd

cr td f bhfutd s, tgd f wd ft tc snd d p whtg tgd

scufi c` tg d rclr hf by d lrs, tg hfo hfm tg lt

tgd fd xt ily H wcuni glvd tc td nn d vdrycfd

lecut tg d `lftlsthj d vdft H gli sd d f tglt

fhmgt. I c j

Z p d j h l n d

jlphtcnc/jglptdr <

Nl fcttd prhblidnn‘lnnuvhcfd:/9- <<- <800

{ Ygd fhmgt ed`crd tgd `ncci }



plm hfl 5:

Lrfc <800 Bui lfi hidlns

Pdiutl idn `hubd Lrfc iln fcstrc lpplrtlbdftc qulnjgd mhcrfc prhbl idnn‘lnnuvhcfd

Phdw c` tgd Lrfc Uhvdr `rcb cur lplrtbdft l `dw ilys ed`crd tgd `ncci



plm hfl 54


jlphtcnc/jglptdr 5

<n mhcrfc

idnn‘lnnuvhcfd{ Ygd ily c` tgd `ncci }




plmhfl 50 I c j

Z p d j h l n d Pdiutl idnn‘Lrfc d idn [cftd lnnl Jlrrlhl jcf hn nhvdnnc idnn‘ljqul jgd nlbehsjd mnh lrjgh,

vhstc iln fcstrc lpplrtlbdftc nl bltthfl prdstc idn 9 fcvdberd <800



plm hfl 5=


Phdw c` tgd Lrfc Uhvdr lfi [cftd lnnl Jlrrlhl whtg wltdr up tc tgd lrjgds, ls sddf `rcb cur lplrtbdftdlrny cf tgd bcrfhfm c` Fcvdbedr 9tg, <800




plmhfl 57

Iln bcbdftc jgd lfilvlbc

l ndttc jcsî tlrih, ih scnhtcicrbhvlbc `hfjgè fcstrc`hmnhc jh jcfsdfthvl ih

icrbhrd. Bl qudnnl bltthfl bh svdmnhlhlnn‘lnel ln sucfc ih qulnjufc jgdeusslvl hfshstdftdbdftd lnnl pcrtl. Drlnl shmfcrl idn phlfc ih scttc jgd vdfhvl lihrjh ih rljjcmnhdrd phø ljqul pcsshehnd,pdrjgè n‘Lrfc stlvl pdr lnnlmlrd @hrdfzd.

Mulrilh `ucrh ilnnl `hfdstrl d fdnnl nujdjupl d nhvhil idn mhcrfc vhih n‘ljqulidnn‘Lrfc jgd nlbehvl hn nhbhtd idnplrlpdttc idn `hubd.Bdftrd Lby jcbhfjhlvl l rhdbphrd tutth hsdjjgh, nd ercjjgd d h jcftdfhtcrh, hc bhvdsthh vdncjdbdftd d, iln bcbdftc jgdPhl Zlftc Zphrhtc drl mhë lnnlmltl il jhrjltrdftl jdfthbdtrh i‘ljqul, jcf nlbljjghfl `ctcmrl`hjl hf blfc bhlrrlbphjlh sun tdttc `rlihjhc idnnl[dfshcfd Elrtcnhfh, hn juh hfmrdssc drl sunNufmlrfc Muhjjhlrihfh vhjhfc ln [cftdZlftl Yrhfhtl, d rhusjhh l usjhrd hf strlil dl vdidrd nd prhbd cfiltd jgd shrhvdrslvlfc sun Nufmlrfc. Bh ihspcsh lrhprdfidrd n‘ljqul jgd supdrlvl hnblrmhfd idn plrlpdttc, pdfslfic jgdqudstc `cssd hn junbhfd idnn‘dvdftc - d

fcf slpdvc jgd drl scnc n‘hfhzhc.

Ed hfm fhm g t pd cpnd , wd usulnny snd pt ls

ncfm ls cur scf pd rbhttd i us tc. Eut cf

tg hs plrthju nlr ily, H lwco d lt ilye rd lo tc

tgd scufi c` scbd cfd o fcjohfm ncuiny

lfi hfshstd ftny cf cur iccr. Ht wls tgd

wcblf wgc nhvdi e d ncw us, wgc g li jcb d

tc td nn us wd sg cuni jcnnd jt ls buj g wltd r

ls pcsshend, e d jlusd tgd Lrfc wls lecut tc

`ncci @ncrd fj d . H ncco d i cut tg d whficw,

lfi hf tg d ihb lfi buroy ilynhmg t, slw

tgd wltd r c` tgd Lrfc up tc tgd tcp c` tgd

plrlpd t wlnn lncfm tg d rhvdr.

]g hnd Lby ed mlf tc `hnn lnn tgd eujo d ts,

pc ts , lfi plfs, H q uhj o ny ird ss d i, lfi

shf j d Phl Zlftc Zphrhtc wls lnrd liy `nccid i

whtg lecut l ̀ cct c` wltd r, H jnhbe d i cvd r

tgd wd t rcc`tcp whtg by jlbd rl hf glfi tc

[d fs hcf d Elrtc nhfh, whtg hts d ft rlfjd cf

Nufmlrfc Muhj j hlrihf h fd lr [cftd Zlftl

Yrhfhtl, lfi tgus wls lend tc wlno cutshid

tc wltjg tg d `hrst sb lnn wlvd s spnlsg hftc

tgd Nufm lrfc.

H stcci whtg by jlbd rl pchsd i tc j ltjg

tgd wltd r spnlsghfm cvd r tgd d imd c` tgd plrlpd t, t g hfo hfm tg hs wls tg d g d hm g t c `

tg d d vdft - fct ofcwhfm tg lt ht wls rd lnny

aus t tg d ed m hffhfm .

I c j

Z p d j h l n d



plm hfl 58


@ctc < Nd ljqud idnn‘Lrfc jgd sh rcvdsjhlfc sun Nufmlrfc Muhjjhlrihfh cntrd hn burc idn plrlpdttc,nl bltthfl prdstc idn 9 fcvdberd <800. @ctc 5 Iln [cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtl vdrsc hn Nufmlrfc Muhjjhlrihfh

[gctc H Ygd wltdrs c` tgd Lrfc sphnn hftc Nufmlrfc Muhjjhlrihfh cvdr tgd wlnn c` tgd plrlpdt, dlrny cftgd bcrfhfm c` Fcvdbedr 9tg, <800. [gctc HH @rcb [cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtl nccohfm icwfrhvdr cf NufmlrfcMuhjjhlrihfh dlrny cf tgd bcrfhfm c` Fcvdbedr 9tg, <800.




plmhfl :; I c j

Z p d j h l n d

Jhrjl lnnd 7 idn bltthfc idn 9 fcvdberd, n‘ljqul idnn‘Lrfc sh rcvdsjhl fdn Nufmlrfc Muhjjhlrihfhd hf Phl id‘ Jcvdrdnnh.

Phl Jcvdrdnnh. Ygd Lrfc sphnns hftc Nufmlrfc Muhjjhlrihfh lfi Phl Jcvdrdnnh lt lecut 7 l.b.cf Fcvdbedr 9tg, <800.



plm hfl :<


Phl Zlftc Zphrhtc nl bltthfl idn 9 fcvdberd. N‘ljqul idnn‘Lrfc sjdfidvl nufmc nl strliljcf mrlfid `crzl, pcrtlfic jcf sè mnh cmmdtth idh fdmczh i‘lfthqulrhltc ih Ecrmc Zlf Aljcpc.

Phl Zlftc Zphrhtc. Ygd wltdr c` tgd Lrfc rusgds icwf tgd strddt whtg mrdlt `crjd, trlfspcrthfm lfthquds`rcb lnn tgd sgcps cf Ecrmc Zlf Hljcpc, lt bcrfhfm cf Fcvdbedr 9tg.



Y gd Lrfc jcfthfudi tc rhsd , lfi sccf

Nufmlrfc Muhj j hlrihfh ed jlbd l rhvd r htsd n`?

fct `ncwhfm whtg tg d slbd ùrhcus `crjd ls

tgd Lrfc, eut id `hfhtd ny whtg l swh`t jurrd ft.

Y ghs d vdf t wls lblzhfm, lfi H tgcumgt

Lb y sg cuni whtfd ss ht lnsc. H rd turfd i gcb d

tgd wly H gli jcb d , cvdr tgd rcc`tcps, lfi

shfjd wd jcunif‘t nd lvd cur scf Lfltcn lt

gcb d ey g hbsd n`, wd ercumgt g hb whtg us

cvd r tgd wd t rcc`tcps lfi icwf tc tgd

Nufmlrfc, wgd rd tg d wltd r ey fcw wls

lecut l ̀ cct g hmg .

Hf crid r tc sd d wg lt wls glppd fhfm tc

[cftd Pd jjg hc, tg d tg rd d c` us wd ft cftc

tgd trd benhfm [cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtl - wghjg

wls nhod l ilb whtg tg d rlmhfm wltd r

pusg hfm whtg mrd lt `crjd tg rcumg tg d tg rd d

lrjg d i cpd fhfms. ]d wd rd sc tlod f leljo

ey tg hs erd ltg tlohfm rd lnhty tglt wd ihif‘t

jcfshidr tgd `ljt tglt tg d crhmhfln [cftd

Zlftl Yrhfhtl - id shmfd i ey Lb blfflth hf

<40= lfi e ncwf up ey tgd rd trd lthfm

Md rblf lrby hf <899 - gli e d d f rd pnljd i cfny 7 yd lrs ed `crd lfi gli fct yd t ed d f

td std i ey tg d rlmhfm Lrfc1 ht jcuni ed swd pt

lwly. Ncco hfm d lst up tg d rhvd r, wd slw

[cftd Pd jjg hc whtg wltd r tctlnny j cvd rhfm

tgd suppcrthfm lrjg d s lfi e d mhffhfm tc ̀ ncw

cvd r tgd erhimd htsd n`. Ncco hfm icwfstrd lb,

tc tgd wd st, wd slw tgd gub p c` [cftd lnnl

Jlrrlhl gufj ghfm cut c` tureund ft cj grd

wltd rs. Ht lnn `d nt nhod l ird lb.


plmhfl :5 I c j

Z p d j h l n d

Bdtë bltthfl

{ Bhi-bcrfhfm c` Fcvdbedr 9tg, <800 }

N‘Lrfc jcfthfulvl l jrdsjdrdd prdstc lfjgd hn NufmlrfcMuhjjhlrihfh sh trls`crbõ hfuf `hubd? fcf sjcrrdvl jcf

nl stdssl `crzl ùrhecfil idnn‘Lrfc, bl nljcrrdftd drl jcbufqud vdncjd.\udstc drl uf `lttc stupd`ljdftd d

pdfslh jgd lfjgd Lby nc icvdvl vdidrd.Ycrflh l jlsl plsslfic pdr h tdtth, nlstdssl vhl pdr juh drc usjhtc d, ilnbcbdftc jgd fcf pctdvlbc nlsjhlrdfcstrc `hmnhc Lfltcn il scnc hf jlsl, ncpcrtlbbc jcf fch suh tdtth d mhø fdnNufmlrfc icvd n‘ljqul crblh drl lntljhrjl trdftl jdfthbdtrh.[dr vdidrd qudnnc jgd sujjdidvl ln[cftd Pdjjghc lfilbbc tutth hfshdbdsun [cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtl, jgd trdblvl didrl jcbd ufl ihml jcf n‘ljqul jgdprdbdvl ùrhcsl d jcf mrlf `crzllttrlvdrsc nd trd lrjltd. Drlvlbc tlftcprdsh il qudnnl rdlntë sjcfvcnmdftd jgdfcf pdfslbbc ln `lttc jgd hn [cftdZlftl Yrhfhtl crhmhflnd, prcmdttltcilnn‘Lbblfflth fdn <40=, drl stltc `lttcslntlrd ilnn‘dsdrjhtc tdidsjc hf rhthrltl

fdn <899 d jgd nl jcphl, jcstruhtl fdn<847 (scnc 7 lffh prhbl) fcf drl lfjcrlstltl jcnnluiltl ilnn‘Lrfc hf phdfl, dpctdvl dssdrd splzzltl vhl. Mulrilfic lbcftd, vdrsc dst, vdidvlbc hn [cftdPdjjghc jcf n‘ljqul jgd fd rhjcprhvljcbpndtlbdftd nd lrjltd d jcbhfjhlvl lsjcrrdrd scprl ln pcftd. Mulrilfic lvlnnd, l cvdst, vdidvlbc nl mceel idn

[cftd lnnl Jlrrlhl jgd sh hflrjlvl ùcrhilnnd ljqud turecndftd jcncr cjrl.Zdberlvl uf scmfc.



plm hfl ::


@ctc < Hn [cftd lnnl Jlrrlhl vhstc l vlnnd idn [cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtl, tuttc trdblftd, l bdtë bltthflidn 9 fcvdberd. @ctc 5 Hn [cftd Pdjjghc vhstc l bcftd idn [cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtl.

[gctc H [cftd lnnl Jlrrlhl sddf icwfrhvdr `rcb tgd trdbenhfm [cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtl hf bhi-bcrfhfmc` Fcvdbedr 9tg, <800. [gctc HH [cftd Pdjjghc sddf uprhvdr `rcb tgd trdbenhfm [cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtl,bhi-bcrfhfm c` Fcvdbedr 9tg, <800.



Hf cur ltthj `nlt, wd ihif‘t g lvd lfy g d lt,

gct wltd r, cr rd `rhm d rltcr - wg hj g rdquhrd i

tglt wd sgcp `cr `cci d ljg ily. Cf

Zufilys lfi cf gcnhilys wd ltd cu t,

usulnny lt tg d trlttcrhl „Il Jlrrlh‒ cf P hl

id ‘ Bhjg d nczzh, fd lr [hlzzl Zlftc Zphrhtc.

Y gd `curtg c` Fcvd be d r hs l Flthcfln

Gc nhily hf Htlny, lfi wd gli pnlffd i tc

d lt cut. Eut fcw ht wls ce vhcus tg lt tg d

trlttcrhls wcuni fct e d cpd fhfm t glt ily.

Y gd rd `crd ht wls fd jd sslry `cr bd tc mc

cut lfi `hfi `cci.

H glvd fc hid l wgy H ed nhd vd i H wcuni e d

lend tc `hfi `cci lfywg d rd , eut cut H

wd ft, ̀ cr tgd tghri thbd , fcw whtgcut by

jlbd rl, hftd ft cf e rhfmhfm e ljo

scbd tg hfm tc d lt.

Ey fcw, Phl Zlftc Zphrhtc wls l rhvd r : ̀ d d t

id d p, lfi e d jlusd Phl Blmm hc wls

pd rpd fihjunlr tc t gd m d fd rln `ncw c` tg d

wltd r, ht e d jlbd l ncfm nlo d lnn tg d wly tc

Zlf @d nhj d jgurjg .

H j rcss d i tgd sg loy [cf td Zlftl Yrhfhtl tctgd ctgd r shid lfi ed mlf tc wlno cf

Nufmlrfc Jcrshf h, hf wltd r up tc b y

sg hfs . Ls H plssd i [lnlzzc Jcrshf h lfi

lpprcljgd i [cftd lnnl Jlrrlhl, H ed jlbd

jcfvhfj d i tg lt ht wls fct l mcci hid l lt lnn

tc ed cf tgd cppcshtd shid c` tgd rhvd r ̀ rcb

wgd rd H nhvd i. Ls sccf ls H mct tc [cftd

lnnl Jlrrlhl, H rlf ljrcss ls `lst ls H jcuni,

Ylril bltthfld prhbc pcbdrhmmhc

{ Bhil`tdrfccf c` Fcvdbedr 9tg, <800 }

Fdn fcstrc lpplrtlbdftc suhtdtth fcf lvdvlbc hnrhsjlnilbdftc, fè n‘ljquljlnil fè hn `rhmcrh`drc, d

quhfih icvdvlbc ljquhstlrd hn jhec

mhcrfc pdr mhcrfc. Nl icbdfhjl d hmhcrfh ih `dstl blfmhlvlbc `ucrh, ihscnhtc lnnl trlttcrhl „Il Jlrrlh‒ ‒(cvvdrc„Nl Jlslnhfml‒) hf Phl id‘ Bhjgdnczzhvhjhfc l [hlzzl Zlftc Zphrhtc. Hn \ulttrcFcvdberd hf Htlnhl ç `dstl flzhcflnd, dqudn mhcrfc lvdvlbc idjhsc ih prlfzlrd`ucrh. Bl drl crblh dvhidftd jgd ndtrlttcrhd fcf lvrdeedrc lpdrtc… Diufqud ehscmflvl jgd hc lfilssh ljdrjlrd hn jhec. Fcf jlphsjc pdrjgèpdfslssh jgd lvrdh trcvltc rcel ilblfmhlrd cvufqud, bl usjhh, pdr nl tdrzlvcntl crblh, d qudstl vcntl sdfzlbljjghfl `ctcmrl`hjl, lnnc sjcpc ihtrcvlrd qulnjcsl il blfmhlrd.Crblh Phl Zlftc Zphrhtc drl uf `hubdprc`cfic uf bdtrc d Phl Blmmhc, jgddrl pdrpdfihjcnlrd ln `nussc idnn‘ljqul,

ihvdftõ uf nufmc nlmc `hfc lnnl jghdslih Zlf @dnhjd.Lttrlvdrslh hn [cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtl jgdtrdblvl d jcbhfjhlh l jlbbhflrd, jcfn‘ljqul lh pcnpljjh, nufmc hn NufmlrfcJcrshfh, d bdftrd supdrlvc hn [lnlzzcJcrshfh d bh lvvhjhflvc ln [cftd lnnlJlrrlhl bh vdffd hf bdftd jgd `crsdfcf drl prcprhc ufl eucfl hidl dssdrd

sunnl rhvl idn `hubd cppcstl l qudnnlicvd vhvdvc.


plmhfl :9 I c j

Z p d j h l n d



@ctc < Hn Jcfscnltc Erhtlffhjc sun Nufmlrfc Jcrshfh, fdn prhbc pcbdrhmmhc idn 9 fcvdberd.@ctc 5 [hlzzl @rdsjcelnih d Phl Blmmhc vhstd iln [cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtl, l bdtë idn pcbdrhmmhc idn 9fcvdberd <8001 l shfhstrl sh vdid scnc nl plrtd supdrhcrd idnnl `cftlfl lnn‘lfmcnc jcf Ecrmc Zlf Aljcpc.

@ctc H Erhthsg Jcfsunltd cf Nufmlrfc Jcrshfh, bhi-l`tdrfccf cf Fcvdbedr 9tg, <800.@ctc HH [hlzzl @rdsjcelnih lfi Phl Blmmhc sddf ̀ rcb [cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtl, bhi-l`tdrfccf c` Fcvdbedr 9tg,<800, whtg cfny tgd vdry tcp c` tgd `cuftlhf cf tgd jcrfdr c` Ecrmc Zlf Hljcpc sgcwhfm cf tgd nd`t.

plm hfl :4





plmhfl :0

Lppdfl lrrhvlh ln [cftd lnnl Jlrrlhl nc

lttrlvdrslh jcrrdfic hn phø vdncjdbdftdpcsshehnd `hfc lnnl rhvl shfhstrl, Cntrlrfc,d jcfthfulh l jlbbhflrd, crblh jcfn‘ljqul lnnd mhfcjjghl, vdrsc [crtl Zlf@rdihlfc, d su Phl [hslfl, icvd hn nhvdnncidnn‘ljqul drl nhdvdbdftd phø elssc,trcvlh fdmczhlfth jgd jdrjlvlfc ihslnvlrd qudnnc jgd pctdvlfc bdttdficncsumnh sjl``lnh phø lnth c rhplrlficnc ln

phlfc supdrhcrd. Uhusjhh l jcbprlrdqulnjcsl hf sjltcnl, jljjhlh tuttc fdnndtlsjgd idnnl mhljjl d rhprdsh nl strlilvdrsc jlsl, rdmmdficbh jcf dftrlbed ndblfh lmnh dih`hjh bdftrd jlbbhflvcjcftrc nl jcrrdftd, jgd crl bh lrrhvlvllnnl vhtl.

I c j

Z p d j h l n d

eljo tc tg d nd`t e lfo c` tg d Cntrlrfc shid ,

lfi j cfthfud i wlnohfm - hf wltd r wg hjg

wls fcw ofd d id d p - tcwlris [crtl Zlf

@rd ihlfc. Cf Phl [hslfl, wgd rd tg d nd vdn

c` tg d mrcufi wls snhmg tny g hmg d r, H ̀ cufi

st crd o d d pd rs try hfm tc slvd wg ltd vd r tgd y

jcuni ey putthfm ht up cf tgd ghmgd st

sg d nvd s c r jlrry hfm ht lwly upstlhrs. H wls

lend tc euy scbd jlffd i mccis, stu`` ht lnn

hftc by aljo d t pcjod ts, lfi ed mhf by

rd turf g cbd , gcnihfm cftc e uhnihfms whtg

ectg glfis ls H wlnod i lmlhfst tg d ju rrd ft,

hf wltd r fcw up t c b y wlhst.



plm hfl :=


Pdiutl idn `hubd Lrfc d idn [cftd lnnl Jlrrlhl jcf hn nhvdnnc idnn‘ljqul jgd nlbehsjd mnh lrjgh, vhstciln fcstrc lpplrtlbdftc fdnnl tlril bltthfl idn 9 fcvdberd <800

Phdw c` tgd Lrfc Uhvdr lfi [cftd lnnl Jlrrlhl whtg wltdr up tc tgd lrjgds, ls sddf `rcb cur lplrtbdft nltdbcrfhfm c` Fcvdbedr 9tg, <800




plmhfl :7

Lqudn puftc, bdftrd ncttlvc

pdr tcrflrd l jlsl jcf n‘ljqullnnl vhtl il [crtl Zlf @rdihlfcln [cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtl, vdidvc

jgd hn [cftd Pdspujjh, jgd ç phlttc, drlcrblh jcbpndtlbdftd scbbdrsc. L bdtëstrlil `rl hn [cftd Pdspujjh d hn [cftd lnnlJlrrlhl lrrhvlh hf [hlzzl idn Jdstdnnc, jgdsh drl trls`crbltl hf uf phjjcnc nlmc icvdnl jcrrdftd fcf drl trcppc `crtd,

spdjhlnbdftd vhjhfc lnnl jghdsl. Blprdstc slrdeed lrrhvltl nl plrtd phøirlbblthjl idn vhlmmhc ih rhtcrfc.Tfl sdtthblfl jhrjl prhbl idnn‘lnnuvhcfd,sun Nufmlrfc Muhjjhlrihfh trl hn [cftdlnnl Jlrrlhl d hn [cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtl, hnJcbufd lvdvl hfhzhltc idh nlvcrh ihrhplrlzhcfd sun blrjhlphdih ilvlfth lmnhdih`hjh d lvdvl sjlvltc mrcssd eujgd, jgdcrl drlfc phdfd i‘ljqul. [drtlftc fcfpctdvc jlbbhflrd d lppcmmhlrbh lmnhdih`hjh jcbd lvdvc `lttc `hfcrl, d fcflvdvc lntrl sjdntl sd fcf jlbbhflrd sunblrjhlphdih ilnnl plrtd idn `hubd,tdfdficbh lh pcjgh jdfthbdtrh lfjcrlvhshehnh idn sctthnd plrlpdttc ih blttcfhjgd bh sdplrlvl ilnnl blssl `urhcsli‘ljqul idnn‘Lrfc. Bdftrd prcjdidvc ufplssc icpc n‘lntrc, bh sdfthvc scprl``lttc

ilnnl `crzl idnnl Flturl. Fcf lvdvcplurl, d fcf deeh blh hn iueehc ih fcfrhusjhrd l tcrflrd l jlsl. Drl uflshtulzhcfd hrrdlnd, jcbd hf uf scmfc,d lnnc stdssc tdbpc drl bcntc rdlnd dliihrhtturl dshnlrlftd, d n‘ufhjc pdfshdrcjgd bh plssõ pdr nl tdstl hf qudnbcbdftc `u jgd nl bhl stcrhl pdrscflndd nl stcrhl ih @hrdfzd sh stlvlfc

scvrlppcfdfic.

Fcw, ls H st rumm nd i g cb d tg rcum g wlhst -

id d p wltd r ̀ rcb [crtl Zlf @rd ihlfc, e ljo

tc [cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtl, H slw tg lt [cft d

Pd spuj jh, ed hfm l `nlt e rhimd , wls tctlnnyufid r wltd r.

Gln`wly e d twd d f [cftd Pd spuj j h lfi

[cf td lnnl Jlrrlhl H jlbd upcf [hlzzl id n

Jd std nnc, trlfs`crbd i hftc l sb lnn nlod

wgd rd tgd jurrd ft wls fct ls strcfm,

d spd jhlnny hf tg d `lr d fi c` tg d phlzzl,

jncsd tc tgd jg urjg . Eut sccf l`td r tglt

jlbd tg d bcst irlblthj plrt c` tg d rd turf

trhp.

L wd d o cr sc ed `c rd tg d `ncci , cf

Nufmlrfc Muhj j hlrihf h e d twd d f [cft d lnnl

Jlrrlhl lfi [cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtë, tg d j hty

gli ed muf tc ic scbd rdplhr wcro cf tg d

shi d wlno hf ` rcft c` tg d euhni hfm lfi g li

ium e hm phts - wghjg wd rd fcw lnn ̀ hnndi

whtg wltd r. Ygd rd `crd H jcuni fct wlno

gcni hfm cf tc tg d euhni hfm s, ls H g li icfd

up tc fcw - H gli fc jgchjd eut tc wlno cf

tgd shidwlno lncfm tgd rhvd r‘s d imd ,

gcni hfm cf tc tg d rdblhfhfm `d w hfjg d s c `

tg d tg hf erhjo plrlpd t sthnn vhshe nd lecvd

tg d blss c` rlmhfm wltd r tglt wls tg d

Lrfc . Ls H hfj g d i b y wly lncfm , H `d nt hf

lwd c` tghs `crjd c` Flturd . H ihi fct `dd n

lfy `d lr, fcr ihi H icue t H wcuni b lod ht

gcb d - eut ht ` d nt ufrd ln, nhod l ird lb, y d t

lt tg d slbd thbd quhtd rd ln lfi

d xghnlrlthfm. Yg d cfny tgcum gt tglt j lbd tc bd lt tglt vdry b cbd ft wls tglt by

pd rscfln g hst cry lfi tg d g hst cry c`

@ncrd fj d wd rd cvd rnlpphfm.

I c j

Z p d j h l n d



plm hfl :8


N‘Lrfc stl pdr hfvlidrd Nufmlrfc Muhjjhlrihfh d vhl id‘ Jcvdrdnnh

Lrfc sphnnhfm hftc Nufmlrfc Muhjjhlrihfh lfi Phl id‘ Jcvdrdnnh




plmhfl 9; I c j

Z p d j h l n d

Icpc hn prlfzc hbprcvvhsltc, lelsd ih qudnnc jgd n‘Lrfcfcf drl rhusjhtc l pcrtlrbhvhl ilnnd tlsjgd idnnl mhljjl,

jcf Lftcfhc Ul``c (uf lsshstdftdufhvdrshtlrhc ih nhfmud snlvd jgd vhvdvllnn‘unthbc phlfc ljjlftc ln bhc stuihc)

idjhidbbc ih `lrd qulnjcsl ihjcstrutthvc.Phvdvlbc hf [lnlzzc [cjjhlfth, icvd lnphlfc tdrrl j‘drlfc mnh u``hjh ih ufl ihttl ihtdrrdjcttd, d tutth h icjubdfth vdfhvlfcjcfsdrvlth idftrc n‘u``hjhc.L bdtë idn pcbdrhmmhc ln phlfc tdrrlidnn‘dih`hjhc j‘drl jhrjl uf bdtrc i‘ljqul.Nd hbbdfsd pcrtd ih ndmfc fcf jdidttdrcln fcstrc tdftlthvc ih leelttdrnd.[rdfidbbc uf‘lsjhl d jcbhfjhlbbc ls`cfilrd qudnnd ednnd pcrtd, d lnnl `hfdrhusjhbbc l dftrlrd fdnn‘u``hjhc. Yutth hicjubdfth hbpcrtlfth drlfc jcfsdrvlthidftrc ufl mrlfid sjrhvlfhl jcf tlfthjlssdtth jghush l jghlvd. Fcf jh sdberõjcrrdttc lprhrnl, d quhfih Lftcfhc d hctrlspcrtlbbc n‘lbphl sjrhvlfhl ih rcvdrd,jcf tutth h icjubdfth elmflth, su pdr ufl

nufml rlbpl ih sjlnd `hfc ln phlfcsupdrhcrd. [dr qudstc s`crzc rhjdvdbbcdftrlbeh uf bdsd ih l``httc plmltc (dspdssc gc pdfsltc jgd nl jh`rl jgdicvdttdrc plmlrd pdr rdstlurlrd nl pcrtljgd lvdvlbc rcvhfltc `cssd bcntc phø lntlidn vlncrd idh icjubdfth).N‘unthbl vcntl jgd mulrilh ilnnl `hfdstrln‘Lrfc drl ilppdrtuttc, d hn plrlpdttc ih

blttcfh l juh bh drc tdfutc pdr tcrflrd ljlsl drl jcbpndtlbdftd scbbdrsc.Hn mhcrfc icpc, qulfic n‘ljqul sjdsd,hn plrlpdttc ih blttcfh idn NufmlrfcMuhjjhlrihfh fcf j‘drl phø.

L` td r lf hbprcvhs d i nufj g , blid `rcb

wgltd vd r tg d Lrfc glif‘t rd bcvdi `rcb

by aljo d t pcjo d ts, H wd ft icwfstlhrs whtg

Lf tcfhc Ul``c (l ufhvd rshty lsshs tlft c` Znlvhj nlfm ulmd s wgc nhvd i cf tg d tcp ` nccr

fd xt iccr tc by stuihc) tc `hfi scbd tghfm

jcfstrujthvd tc ic.

]d nhvd i hf [lnlzzc [cjj hlfth, tgd m rcufi

`nccr c` wg hjg g d ni tg d c` `hj d s c ` l

td rrljcttl jcb plfy - lfi lnn c` tg d hr

icjubdfts wdrd od pt tgd rd . Ey b hi

l`td rfccf, tgd rd wls lecut l bd td r c`

wltd r stlfihfm hfshid tgd euhnihfm. Y gd

gum d wccid f iccrs wd rd ncj o d i lfi

wcuni fct m hvd wgd f Lftcfhc lfi H

lttd bptd i tc pusg tgd b cpd f. ]d m ct lf

lxd lfi ed mlf tc jg cp tgrcumg tgd sd

glfiscb d iccrs, ` hflnny erdlohfm hftc t gd

c``hjd . Lnn tgd hbpcrtlft icjub d fts wd rd

o d pt hfs hid l gd lvy clo e urd lu, wg hj g wls

ncjod i. ]d ihif‘t `d d n rhmgt lecut

e rd lohfm ht cpd f, sc Lftcfhc lfi H j lrrhd i

tgd gd lvy jg d st `unn c` wdt icjubd fts up

l ncfm `nhmg t c` stlhrs tc tg d fd xt `nccr. Ls l

rd wlri `cr tgd sd d ``crts, wd d ljg rd jd hvd i

l bcftg ‘s `rd d rd ft - tgcum g H c`td f

hblmhfd tglt tg d nlfincri b ust g lvd plhi

buj g b crd tc rd stcrd tgd id strcyd i iccrs

tglf tgd icjubd fts wdrd wcrtg.

Y gd nlst thbd H nccod i cut tgd whficw,

tg d Lrfc gli sprd li ls `lr ls tg d d yd jcuni

sd d , lfi tg d erhjo plrlpd t t glt H gli gd ni cftc tc md t gcb d wls ufid rwltd r. Y gd

fd xt ily wg d f tgd wltd r wd ft icwf, tgd

plrlpd t cf N ufmlrfc Muhj j hlrihf h wls fc

ncfmd r tg d rd lt lnn.

[cbdrhmmhc{ Nltd L`tdrfccf

c` Fcvdbedr 9tg, <800 }



plm hfl 9<


@ctc < Hn [cftd lnnl Jlrrlhl d hn Nufmlrfc Jcrshfh fdn pcbdrhmmhc.@ctc 5 Hn [cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtl jcf nl @hlt ih Lftcfhc Ul``c.

[gctc H [cftd lnnl Jlrrlhl lfi Nufmlrfc Jcrshfh, l`tdrfccf c` Fcvdbedr 9tg, <800.[gctc HH [cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtl whtg Lftcfhc Ul``c‘s @hlt.



plm hfl 9:


jlphtcnc/jglptdr :

hn mhcrfc icpc

{ fcvdbedr 4, <800tgd ily l`tdr }




plmhfl 99

Hn mhcrfc idnn‘lnnuvhcfd `u

hfjrdihehnd d surrdlnd. Hn mhcrfcicpc, jcbd cmfh mhcrfc l sdmuhrd,bhsd tutth `ljjhl l `ljjhl jcf nl

iurl rdlntë idnnl mrlfidzzl idnnlidvlstlzhcfd jgd drl tcjjltl hf scrtd lnnljhttë ih @hrdfzd hf uf mhcrfc scnc, fdnnlphø mrlfid lnnuvhcfd ih tutth h tdbph.(N‘lnnuvhcfd phø mrlfid cjjcrsl hfprdjdidfzl, sdmflnltl il ufl nlstrl ih

blrbc pcstl sunn‘dih`hjhc lnn‘lfmcnc trlPhl Pdrih d [hlzzl Zlftl Jrcjd, drllvvdfutl fdn <44=, jcf n‘ljqul lrrhvltl l: bdtrh d bdzzc. \udnnl idn <800 lrrhvõjhrjl uf bdtrc phø hf lntc).

Y gd ily c` tg d `ncci wls ufed nhd vlend lfi

surrd ln. Cf tg d ily l`td r, lfi d ljg ily tg lt

`c nncwd i, wd wd rd `lj d i whtg tg d glrsg

rd lnhty c` t gd blmf htuid c` id vlstlthcf

tglt tgd jhty c` @ncrd fjd gli su``drd i, lnn

hf cfd ily, iurhfm tg d mrdltd st `ncci c` lnn

thbd . Y ghs `ncci wls : ̀ d d t ghmg d r tglf tgd prd vhcu s rd jcri c ` <: ` d d t s d t hf tg d yd lr

<44=, lfi hfihjltd i cf l blre nd pnlqud cf

tg d euhnihfm lt tg d j crfd r c` Phl Pd rih lfi

[hlzzl Zlftl Jrcj d .

I c j

Z p d j h l n d

Zjdfd hf Ecrmc Zlf Aljcpc, nl bltthfl prdstc idn 4 fcvdberd <800.

Zjdfds `rcb Ecrmc Zlf Hljcpc, dlrny bcrfhfm cf Fcvdbedr 4tg, <800.



plm hfl 94


Hn 4 fcvdberd hf Ecrmc Zlf Aljcpc, nl bltthfl prdstc idn mhcrfc sujjdsshvc lnn ‘lnnuvhcfd.

Ecrmc Zlf Hljcpc, dlrny bcrfhfm cf tgd ily l`tdr tgd `ncci.




plmhfl 90 I c j

Z p d j h l n d

Hn [cftd Pdjjghc, jgd sh trcvl fdnnl plrtd phø strdttl idn `hubd, rhjdvdttd hf phdfc nl `urhl rleehcslidnn‘Lrfc. Djjc jcsl sh vdidvl nl bltthfl prdstc idn 4 fcvdberd, bdftrd hn nhvdnnc idn `hubd sh leelsslvl,

nlsjhlfic tutth h idtrhth jcftrc nd phmfd idn pcftd d lnn‘hftdrfc idh fdmczh idvlstlth.



plm hfl 9=


[cftd Pdjjghc, shtultdi hf tgd flrrcwdst plrt c` tgd rhvdr, rdjdhvdi tgd `unn `ury c` tgd rlmhfm Lrfc. Yghs hs wgltdvdrycfd slw c` [cftd Pdjjghc hf tgd dlrny bcrfhfm c` Fcvdbedr 4tg, ls tgd rhvdr wls sthnn ihbhfhsghfm, ndlvhfm lnntgd iderhs lmlhfst lfi hfshid tgd stcrds ncjltdi cf tgd erhimd.




plmhfl 97

Hn [cftd Pdjjghc drl scprlvvhssutclnnl Zdjcfil mudrrl bcfihlnd. [drbcnth `hcrdfthfh drl uf shbecnc ihrdshstdfzl d ih scprlvvhvdfzl. [dr

qudstc, lppdfl nd ljqud id`nuhrcfc d sh`djd mhcrfc, tutth jcrsdrc ln [cftd pdrvdidrd sd drl lfjcrl hf phdih. Hn [cftd

Pdjjghc rdshstdttd lnnl `urhl idnn‘Lrfc,bl nl `crzl erutl idnn‘ljqul nc rdsduf‘hbblmhfd ih idvlstlzhcfd. Yutth hfdmczh ih crd`hjdrhl drlfc stlth s`cfilthil trcfjgh mhmlfth, svdftrlth d rhictth ljlvhtë phdfd ih idtrhth, d scnc h nlbplilrhih jrhstlnnc drlfc lfjcrl lppdsh icvdn‘ljqul fcf drl lrrhvltl. D edfjgè tutth`cssdrc sjcfvcnth ilnn‘crrhehnd spdttljcnc,hn `lttc jgd hn [cftd Pdjjghc, lfjgd sdmrlvdbdftd `drhtc, `cssd scprlvvhssutc,shmfh`hjlvl jgd lfjgd @hrdfzd slrdeedscprlvvhssutl.

[cf td Pd j jg hc g li survhvd i ]crni ]lr HH.

Zhfj d tg d f, ht gls ed d f l sy becn c `

rd shstlfj d lfi survhvln tc b lfy

@ncrd fthfd s. Y gd rd `crd , ls sccf ls tg d

wltd rs g li rd jd id i lfi ilynhmg t j lbd ,d vd rycfd gd lidi tc [cftd Pd jjg hc tc sdd

h` ht wls sthnn stlfihfm. Y gd cni erhimd gli

hfidd i whtgstcci tgd `ury c` tg d Lrfc, eut

tgd erutd `crjd c` tgd wltd r gli jrd ltd i l

id vlstlthfm hblmd . Lnn c` tg d mcnisb htg

sg cp s wd rd phd rjd i e y m hlft t rd d trufos

lfi rd iujd i tc m uttd i j lvhthds `hnndi whtg

id erhs, tgd jrys tln jglfid nhd rs sthnn glfm hfm

lecvd tgd wrd jo lmd , wgd rd wltd r gli fct

rd ljg d i. Lfi lntgcumg pd cpnd wd rd

stuffd i e y tg d gcrrh`hj shm g t c ` suj g

ilblmd , tgd `ljt tg lt [cftd Pdj jg hc gli

survhvd i b d lft t glt @ncrd fj d wcuni

survhvd ls wd nn.

I c j

Z p d j h l n d

Bltthfl prdstc idn 4 fcvdberd. Nufmlrfc Ljjhlhucnh splzzltc ilnnd ljqud.

Dlrny bcrfhfm cf Fcvdbedr 4tg. Nufmlrfc Ljjhlhucnh gls eddf dfthrdny wlsgdi lwly.

[cftd Pdjjghc{ [cftd Pdjjghc,

fcvdbedr 4tg, <800 }



plm hfl 98


@ctc < Bhl bcmnhd Lby d fcstrc `hmnhc Lfltcn ln [cftd Pdjjghc, nl bltthfl prdstc idn 4 fcvdberd <800.N‘dsprdsshcfd sjcfvcntl d hfdedthtl idh ncrc vcnth drl shbhnd l qudnnl ih jghufqud lntrc mulrilssd hn [cftdPdjjghc, idvlstltc hn mhcrfc prhbl ilnnl `crzl idnn‘Lrfc. @ctc 5 Fdmczhc svdftrltc sun [cftd Pdjjghc, jcfh nlbplilrh lfjcrl lppdsh, nl bltthfl prdstc idn 4 fcvdberd <880.

[gctc H By wh`d Lby lfi cur scf Lfltcn lt [cftd Pdjjghc dlrny hf tgd bcrfhfm c` Fcvdbedr 4tg, <800.Ygd sgcjodi lfi stuffdi dxprdsshcf cf tgdhr `ljds bhrrcrs tglt c` lfycfd wgc slw [cftd Pdjjghcidvlstltdi ey tgd `crjd c` tgd Lrfc. [gctc HH Muttdi stcrd cf [cftd Pdjjghc, whtg tgd jglfidnhdrs sthnn

glfmhfm, dlrny hf tgd bcrfhfm c` Fcvdbedr 4tg.




plmhfl 4;

Iln [cftd Pdjjghc Lby,Lfltcn d hc jlbbhflbbcpdr strlid `lfmcsd phdfd ihlutc rcvdsjhltd, vdtrhfd ih

fdmczh s`cfiltd d mdftd sjcfjdrtltl.

[rcprhc trl nl Mlnndrhl idmnh T``hzh d[lnlzzc Pdjjghc, su Phl idnnl Fhffl,lsshstdbbc l ufl sjdfl jgd lvdvlqulnjcsl idnn‘hf`drfc ilftdsjc.Il Phl id‘ Fdrh, jgd ç phø elsslrhspdttc lnn‘Lrfc d il icvd n‘ljqul lfjcrlfcf drl id`nuhtl, d jgd pdr qudstcsdberlvl ufl Pdfdzhl jcf plnlzzh`hcrdfthfh, lrrhvlvl jcbd hf uf scmfchrrdlnd ufl elrjl phdfl ih mdftd, jgdvdfhvl pcrtltl lnn‘lsjhuttc ilnnd jlsdhfcfiltd. D, edfjgè nl elrjl pcrtlssdjhrjl icihjh pdrscfd, d lnnd `hfdstrd jh`cssd bcntl mdftd jgd cssdrvlvl nl sjdfl,d lnn‘lsjhuttc vhjhfc l fch jh `cssdrcihvdrsd lntrd pdrscfd, tuttc qudstc shsvcnsd hf lsscnutc shndfzhc. N‘ufhjl jcsljgd sh sdfthvl drlfc h rdbh jgd tcjjlvlfcn‘ljqul `drbl. Bl fdn bcbdftc hf juh nl

elrjl tcjjõ tdrrl, tutth sh lfhblrcfc djcbhfjhlrcfc l plrnlrd c l mrhilrd.

@rcb [cftd Pd jj g hc, Lby, Lfltcn, lfi H

wlnod i tgrcumg buiiy strd d ts `hnndi whtgcvd rturfdi jlrs, erco d f stcrd`rcfts, lfi

pd cpnd hf sg cj o . Uhmgt hf e d twd d f tgd

T``hzh Mlnnd ry lfi [lnlzzc Pd jjghc, cf Phl

id nnl Fhffl, wd jlbd upcf l sjd fd tglt gli

tgd `d d nhfm c` I lftd ‘s Hf`d rfc. @rcb Phl id h

Fd rh, wgd rd ht hs ncwd r tg lf tgd rhvd r - lfi

wgd rd tgd wltd r gli fct yd t irlhfdi lwly,

jrdlthfm lf hbprd sshcf c` Pdfhjd licrfd i

whtg @ncrd fthfd [lnljd s - tgd rd jlbd , ls h`

hf lf d d rhd ird lb, l eclt `unn c` pd cpnd

ed hfm trlfspcrtd i `rcb tgd hr ̀ nccid i gcb d s

tc iry nlfi. Lntgcumg tgd eclt wls `hnndi

whtg lecut l iczdf pd cpnd , lfi blfy b crd

stcci lt whficws, cr fd xt tc us cf tg d iry

nlfi wltjghfm tg hs sjd fd , ht lnn tcco pnljd hf

tctln shndfj d . Y gd cfny scufi cfd j cuni

gd lr wls tg lt c` tgd clrs ihpphfm hftc tgd

sthnn wltd r. Eut tg d hfstlft tg d eclt tcuj gd i

iry nlfi, dvd rycfd ed jlbd lfhbltd i lfi

ed mlf spd lohfm lfi sgcuthfm.

I c j

Z p d j h l n d

Nl elrjl, phdfl ih mdftd,stl lrrhvlfic il Phl id‘ Fdrh

L eclt `ccn c` pdcpnd lrrhvhfm`rcb Phl id‘ Fdrh

Zlnvltlmmhc hf elrjlhf vhl id‘ Fdrh

{ Eclt Udsjud cf Phl id‘ Fdrh,fcvdbedr 4tg, <800 }



plm hfl 4<


@ctc <, 5 Zjdfd ih uf slnvltlmmhc jcf nl elrjl vhstc il Phl idnnl Fhffl, vhjhfc lnnl Mlnndrhl idmnh T``hzh,nl bltthfl prdstc idn 4 fcvdberd <800. N‘ufhjc sucfc jgd sh sdfthvl fdn shndfzhc hrrdlnd drl qudnncidh rdbh jgd tcjjlvlfc n‘ljqul.

[gctc H, HH Zjdfds `rcb l eclt rdsjud ls sddf `rcb Phl idnnl Fhffl, fdlr tgd T``hzh Mlnndry, dlrny cf tgdbcrfhfm c` Fcvdbedr 4tg, <800. Ygd cfny scufi hf tgd ddrhd shndfjd hs tglt c` tgd clrs tcujghfm tgd wltdr.




plmhfl 45 I c j

Z p d j h l n d

\ulfic nl elrjl `u hf slnvc, sun tdrrdfc dndvltc vhjhfc lmnh T``hzh su Phl idnnl Fhffl, tuttd nd `hmurdjgd drlfc rhblstd pdr`dttlbdftd hbbcehnh d hf shndfzhc tcrflrcfc li lfhblrsh d rhljquhstlrcfc nl plrcnl

icpc hn ilftdsjc vhlmmhc hf elrjl



Ls tgd eclt rdljgds tgd sl`dty c` ghmgdr mrcufi cf Phl idnnl Fhffl fdlr tgd T``hzh, lnn tgd`hmurds tglt gli rdblhfdi sc sthnn lfi butd iurhfm tgdhr Ilftdsqud eclt acurfdy rdmlhf tgdpcwdr c` spddjg lfi edjcbd lfhbltdi.

plm hfl 4:




[hlzzl idn Iucbcl bdtë bltthfl

idn 4 fcvdberd <800.

[hlzzl idn Iucbclt bhi-bcrfhfm

cf Fcvdbedr 4tg, <800.


plmhfl 49

\ulfic lrrhvlbbc hf [hlzzlidn Iucbc jh trcvlbbc uflmrlf `cnnl rljjcntl hftcrfc lnEltthstdrc, d hn shfiljc ih

@hrdfzd, [hdrc Elrmdnnhfh, fctc stcrhjcidnn‘lrtd, hftdrvhstltc ilh mhcrflnhsth suhilffh lnnd cpdrd i‘lrtd. Jhfqud `crbdnnd

ih ercfzc idnnl [crtl idn [lrlihsc idnMghedrth sh drlfc stljjltd di drlfcjliutd hf ljqul. L qulftc plrdvl,iurlftd n‘lnnuvhcfd n‘ljqul jgd sjcrrdvllvdvl `crbltc uf vcrthjd trl hn Iucbc dhn Eltthstdrc, jgd pdr crd lvdvltdbpdstltc ih jcnph nd mrlfih pcrtd ihercfzc. Hn elttdrd jcfthfuc lvdvl `lttcstljjlrd jhfqud `crbdnnd, jgd`crtufltlbdftd drlfc jliutd di drlfcrhblstd hftrlppcnltd lnn‘hftdrfcidnn‘hf`drrhltl ilvlfth lnnl pcrtl ihercfzc. Nl stdssl jcsl drl ljjliutl sunnltc fcri idn Eltthstdrc, lnnd pcrtd ihLfirdl [hslfc, scnc jgd nî fcf j‘drln‘hf`drrhltl l trlttdfdrd nd iud `crbdnndjgd drlfc jliutd fdnn‘ljqul. Tfl drl nîvhjhfc fdn `lfmc, bl n‘lntrl blfjlvl d `urhtrcvltl sdpcntl fdn `lfmc, l ufl jdrtl

ihstlfzl, scnc trd mhcrfh icpc.

]gd f wd lrrhvd i hf [hlzzl id n Iucb c, wd

`cufi l nlrmd jrcwi mltg d rd i hf `rcft c` tg d Elpthstd ry, wg d rd [hd rc Elrmd nnhfh, tgd

blycr c` @ncrd fj d lfi l wd nn-ofcwf lrt

ghstcrhlf, wls ed hfm hftd rvhdwd i e y

acurflnhsts lecut ilblmd tc lrtwcros. @hvd

ercfzd plfd ns `rcb Mg hed rth‘s Mltd c`

[lrlihsd gli id tljg d i lfi `lnndf hftc tgd

wltd r. Lpplrd ftny iurhfm tg d `ncci, tgd

rusg hfm wltd r gli swhrndi hf l vcrtd x hf

ed twdd f tgd Iucbc lfi tgd Elpthstdry,

elttd rhfm tg d nlrmd ercfzd iccrs `cr gcurs cf

d fi. Y gd jcfstlft pcufihfm id tljg d i `hvd

plfd ns ‚ eut `crtufltd ny tgd y `d nn lfi wd rd

trlppd i ey tgd hrcf mltd hf `rcft c` tg d

iccrs. Y gd slbd tghfm glppdfd i tc tgd

Lfirdl [hslfc iccrs cf tgd fcrtg shid c`

tgd Elpthstd ry, d xjd pt tgd rd wls fc hrcf

mltd tc jltj g tg d twc plfd ns tg lt `d nn. Cfd

wls `cufi nyhfm fd lrey hf bui, eut tg d

ctg d r wls b hsshfm ufthn tgrd d ilys nltd r,

wgd f ht wls ihsjcvdrdi scb d ihstlfjd lwly,

eurhdi ufid r bui.

I c j

Z p d j h l n d

Iucbc d Eltthstdrc

{ Ygd Iucbc lfi tgd Elpthstdry,fcvdbedr 4tg, <800 }



plm hfl 44


L bdtë bltthfl hn mhcrfc icpc n‘lnnuvhcfd. Lnn‘dstrdbl idstrl, hn shfiljc [hdrc Elrmdnnhfh vhdfdhftdrvhstltc hf bdrhtc lh plffdnnh blfjlfth idnnl [crtl idn [lrlihsc idn Eltthstdrc, cpdrl ih Mghedrth.Zunnl [crtl idn [lrlihsc sh vdid lfjcrl hn sdmfc idnn‘ljqul, jhrjl bdzzc bdtrc ln ih scprl idnnl tdstlidmnh lstlfth.

Lt bhi-bcrfhfm cf tgd ily l`tdr tgd `ncci. Cf tgd dxtrdbd rhmgt, Blycr [hdrc Elrmdnnhfh (lnsc l wdnn-ofcwflrt ghstcrhlf) hs hftdrvhdwdi lecut tgd plfdns bhsshfm ̀ rcb Mghedrth‘s Mltd c` [lrlihsd lt tgd Elpthstdry. Ygdwltdr blro jlf sthnn ed sddf cf tgd Mltd c` [lrlihsd, lecut twc `ddt cvdr pdcpnd‘s gdlis.




plmhfl 40

[hlzzl Zlftl Jrcjd ç nl plrtd phøelssl ih @hrdfzd, bcntc ln ihscttc idn nhvdnnc idn ndttc idn`hubd, d pdr qudstc bcthvc hf

dpcjl bdihdvlnd d rhflsjhbdftlnd h thftcrhpctdrcfc idvhlrd n‘ljqul idn ̀ hubd Lrfcpdr hn ncrc nlvcrc. Bcntd strlid, jcbd Phl

Hscnl idnnd Zthfjgd (jcsî jghlbltl pdrjgèn‘ljqul lrrhvlvl lppuftc lmnh sthfjgh), Phlidnn‘Ljqul, Phl idh Yhftcrh, lfjcrl cmmhjcfsdrvlfc hn fcbd idrhvltc il qudnndltthvhtë. Yuttlvhl, trlttlficsh idn puftcphø elssc, qudstc ç hn nucmc hf juh n‘ljqulidnn‘Lrfc rlmmhufsd hn nhvdnnc phø lntc,jcbd ç ihbcstrltc ilnnl nlphid ih blrbchf [hlzzl Zlftl Jrcjd? fdn <44= n‘ljqullvdvl rlmmhuftc uf‘lntdzzl ih jhrjl trdbdtrh d bdzzc, bdftrd hn 9 fcvdberd<800 lrrhvõ l qulsh qulttrc bdtrh d bdzzc.

[hlzzl Zlftl Jrcj d hs tg d ncwd st -ny hfm plrt

c` @ncrd fjd , wd nn ed ncw tgd rhvd r ed i -

lfi e d jlusd c` tg hs, tlffd rs lfi iy d rs hf

bd ihdvln lfi Ud flhsslfjd thbd s wd rd

le nd tc ihvd rt wltd r ̀ rcb tg d Lrfc `cr tgd hr eushfd ss. Blfy strdd ts, sujg ls Phl

Hsc nl id nnd Zthf jgd (Zghf Ztrd d t-sc flbd i

ed jlusd wltd r jlbd up tc tgd sghfs), Phl

id nn‘Ljq ul (]ltd r Ztrd d t), lfi Phl id h

Y hftcrh (Iy d r‘s Ztrd d t), sthnn prd sd rvd

flbd s nhfohfm tgd b tc tg d sd cjjuplthcfs.

Y ghs hs lnsc tg d lrd l wgd rd tgd wltd r c`

tgd Lrfc jcbd s tgd ghmgd st ‚ ls tdsth`hd i

e y tg d blrend pnlqud hf [hlzzl Zlftl

Jrcj d hfihjlthfm tglt hf <44= ht rd ljg d i

tgd gd hmgt c` <: ̀ dd t, lfi cf Fcvd bed r

9tg, <800, wd ft up tc <0 `d d t.

I c j

Z p d j h l n d

Zlftl Jrcjd{ Zlftl Jrcjd,

fcvdbedr 4tg, <800 }

Tf lfmcnc ih [hlzzl Zlftl Jrcjd l bdzzcmhcrfc hn mhcrfc icpc n‘lnnuvhcfd.

Jlrs hf [hlzzl Zlftl Jrcjd cf tgd ily l`tdr tgd `ncci.



plm hfl 4=


Pdiutl mdfdrlnd ih [hlzzl Zlftl Jrcjd l bdzzcmhcrfc, hn mhcrfc icpc n‘lnnuvhcfd.

[hlzzl Zlftl Jrcjd lt fccf cf Fcvdbedr 4tg, <800, tgd ily l`tdr tgd `ncci.




plmhfl 47 I c j

Z p d j h l n d

Lutc idvlstltd hf [hlzzl Zlftl Jrcjd l bdzzcmhcrfc hn 4 fcvdberd <800.

[hlzzl Zlftl Jrcjd lt fccf cf Fcvdbedr 4tg, <800.



plm hfl 48


Nl stltul ih Ilftd (jgd crl ç stltl spcstltl sunnd mrlihfltd idnnl jghdsl ih Zlftl Jrcjd) trl nd lutcihstruttd ln jdftrc ih ufl [hlzzl Zlftl Jrcjd rhjcpdrtl ih `lfmc.

Ygd stltud c` Ilftd (wghjg gls shfjd eddf bcvdi cftc tgd stdps c` tgd Zlftl Jrcjd jgurjg) stlfihfmlbcfm idvlstltdi jlrs hf tgd bhiind c` bui-jcvdrdi [hlzzl Zlftl Jrcjd.




plmhfl 0; I c j

Z p d j h l n d

Lrt Ocjg, uf fcstrc lbhjclbdrhjlfc sjuntcrd, vhvdvl lnphlfc tdrrl su Phl ilPdrrlzzlfc, l pcjgh bdtrh il

[hlzzl Zlftl Jrcjd. Hc, jgd drc uf phttcrd,pctdvc lehtlrd hf lntc, suh tdtth. Lrt, hfqulftc sjuntcrd, drl jcstrdttc l vhvdrd ln

phlfc tdrrl. Jhrjl lnn‘crl hf juh hc lfilvc lndttc, lnnd trd, nl fcttd trl hn : d hn 9fcvdberd, Lrt drl stltc svdmnhltcilnn‘ljqul jgd hfvlidvl nc stuihc hf juhvhvdvl d nlvcrlvl. [dr sul `crtufl lvdvlufl sjlnl sun rdtrc jgd mnh jcfsdftî ih slnhrdilh vhjhfh ln phlfc ih scprl, pdrjgè lnn‘lnelhn nhvdnnc idnn‘ljqul lrrhvõ ln sc``httc ih jlslsul d jcbhfjhõ l hfvlidrd n‘lpplrtlbdftcln phlfc ih scprl. D iufqud tutth icvdttdrcspcstlrsh ln phlfc lfjcrl supdrhcrd, dcssdrvlrd n‘lnnuvhcfd iln sdjcfic phlfc.Yrcvlbbc Lrt fdnnc stuihc idvlstltc, jgdjdrjlvl ih pcrtlrd hf slnvc tuttc qudnnc jgdrhusjhvl l rhftrljjhlrd idh such lttrdzzh didnnd sjunturd hf phdtrl. Pdidbbc jgd fcfpctdvl rdstlrd nî d nc hfvhtlbbc ltrls`drhrsh jcf fch suh tdtth `hfjgè fcflvdssd rhpunhtc d shstdbltc nc stuihc.

Lrt Ocj g wls lf Lb d rhjlf sj unptcr lfi

`rhdfi wgc nhvdi cf tg d mrcufi ` nccr. Cf

Fcvd bed r 4tg , aust wg d f H wls mchfm tc e d i

lt lecut : l.b., Lrt wls lwlod fd i e y wltd r

hfvlihfm tgd stuihc wgd rd gd nhvdi lfi

wcrod i. @crtufltd ny, l eljo stlhrwd nn

lnncwd i ghb ljj d ss tc tgd fd hmge cur‘s

lplrtbd ft cf tgd tghri ̀ nccr, ed jlusd eybcrfhfm, tgd wltd r gli rd ljg d i tgd jd hnhfm

c` g hs nhvhfm q ulrtd rs lfi e d muf tc ̀ ncci tgd

sd jcfi `nccr. Ygus d vd rycfd gli tc bcvd up

cftc lfctgd r ndvd n lfi wltjg tgd `ncci `rcb

tgd tghri `nccr. Cf tg d ily l̀ td r tgd `ncci, wd

`cufi Lrt hf ghs id strcy d i stuihc, tryhfm tc

slnvlmd wgltd vd r gd jcuni c` g hs tccns lfi

stcfd sj unpturd s. Zd d hfm tg lt g d jd rtlhfny

jcunif‘t stly tgd rd wghnd gd jnd lfd i lfi sd t

up g hs stuihc, wd hfvhtd i ghb tc nhvd whtg us

hf tgd hftd rhb hf cur rcc`tcp pnljd .

Lrt Ocjg { Lrt Ocjg }

@ctc < N‘lutc ih Lrt Ocjg jcftrc n‘hf`drrhltl idnplnlzzc ilvlfth l jlsl sul, vhjhfc l Zlftl Jrcjd.@ctc 5 Lrt Ocjg jcf qudnnc jgd rhusjî l slnvlrd

ilnn‘lnnuvhcfd.

[gctc H Lrt Ocjg‘s jlr jlumgt cf tgd rlhnhfm hf`rcft c` tgd plnlzzc wgdrd gd nhvdi fdlr Zlftl

Jrcjd. [gctc HH Lrt Ocjg whtg tgd edncfmhfms gdslvdi `rcb tgd `ncci.



plm hfl 0<


@ctc <. Jlbhcf idnn‘dsdrjhtc jgd lrrhvl hf [hlzzl Zlftl Jrcjd pdr ihstrheuhrd hn plfd, hn 4 fcvdberd <800.Hn sdmfc idnnl phdfl sh vdid jghlrlbdftd sunn‘dih`hjhc l idstrl, jhrjl uf bdtrc ln ih scprl idn nufmc sdmfcehlfjc jgd hfihjl hn nhvdnnc idnn‘lnnuvhcfd idn <: sdttdberd <44=, l trd bdtrh d bdzzc.@ctc 5. Lrt Ocjg jcf Lfltcn hf erljjhc hf [hlzzl Zlftl Jrcjd, icvd h bhnhtlrh ihstrheuhvlfc hn plfd il ufjlbhcf idnn‘dsdrjhtc, l bdtë idn pcbdrhmmhc idn 4 fcvdberd <800.

[gctc H. Fcvdbedr 4tg, <8001 Lrby trujo lrrhvhfm hf [hlzzl Zlftl Jrcjd tc mhvd cut erdli. Ygd ghmg wltdrblro hs jndlrny vhshend cf tgd euhnihfm cf tgd rhmgt-lecut : `ddt lecvd tgd ncfm wghtd blrodr tglt hfihjltds tgdprdvhcus rdjcri ghmg c` <: `ddt, sdt iurhfm tgd `ncci c` Zdptdbedr <:tg, <44=.[gctc HH. Lrt Ocjg jlrryhfm Lfltcn hf [hlzzl Zlftl Jrcjd, wgdrd erdli hs mhvdf cut ey tgd Htlnhlf bhnhtlry

`rcb lf lrby trujo hf bhi-l`tdrfccf cf Fcvdbedr 4tg, <800.



plm hfl 0:


jlphtcnc/jglptdr 9

Zh l``rcftl

hn ihslstrc{ Idlnhfm whtg tgd ihslstdr }




plmhfl 09 I c j

Z p d j h l n d

L`td r tg d ed whnid rbd ft c ` tgd `ncci, lfi

sg cj o lt tgd id vlstlthcf ht j lusd i, jlbd tg d

bcst ih``hjunt plrt1 tgd rd stcrlthcf fd jd sslry

tc punn tgd jhty e ljo tc nh̀ d . (Y gd `hrst twc

stlmd s cfd nhvd s tg rcumg ls l spd j tltcr. Ygd

tg hri plrt rd qu hrd s d vdrycfd tc e d lf ljtcr.)

Zhfj d Htlnhlf nlw `crehis pd cpnd tc stlrt

gd lthfm tg d hr gcb d s ufthn Fcvd bed r <st,

bcst gd lthfm systd bs g li aust ed d f ̀ hnnd i

whtg chn `cr tgd whftd r. Yg d f jlbd tgd

`ncci, dftd rhfm jd nnlrs lfi eursthfm chn tlfos.

]g d f tgd `ncciwltd rs rd jd id i, tgd jhty c`

@ncrd fjd `cufi htsd n` ufid r gln` l bhnnhcf

tcfs c` b ui, jcvd rd i whtg l nlyd r c` j ruid

gd lthfm chn. ]htg l pcpunlthcf c` gln` l

bhnnhcf pd cpnd , H d sthbltd i tglt d vd ry

jhthzdf wcuni glvd tc md t rhi c` cfd tcf c`

tglt bui tcppdi whtg tgd d vdr-prd sd ft chn.

]htgcut wltdr lfi d ndj trhjhty, tgd rd wls fc

gd lt cr rd `rhmd rlthcf. Aust ls iurhfm tg d wlr,

tgd jhty wd ft ilro lt 41:; pb. Ygd wltd r

wls e rcum gt hf tc j d rtlhf phlzzls e y trujo

`rcb tcwfs hf tgd fd lrey Jghlfth lrd l, ls

wd nn ls `rcb Ecncmfl hf tgd fcrtg , lfi ls `lr

lwly ls tgd jhty c` F lpnd s tc tgd scutg. Iurhfm tgd ily, pd cpnd sg cvd nnd i tg d bui

ey glfi cut c` tgd hr gcb d s lfi hftc tgd

strd d t. Hf l ̀ d w ilys, tg d strd d ts c` @ncrdfj d

rd sd be nd i cpd f bui sd wd rs.

Nl rdlntë idh ilffh

Icpc nc stupcrdidnn‘lnnuvhcfd, d icpc ncsgcjo idnnl idvlstlzhcfdjgd n‘lnnuvhcfd puõ

prcvcjlrd d hf d``dtth prcvcjl, lrrhvl hnbcbdftc phø ih``hjhnd1 h rdstlurh fdjdsslrhpdr rhpcrtlrd nl jhttë lnnl vhtl. H prhbh iud

lspdtth ufc nh vhvd il spdttltcrd. Hn tdrzcjghdid l tutth ih `lrsh lttcrh. L plrtd nlihstruzhcfd prcvcjltl ilnn‘ljqul,n‘lnnuvhcfd nlsjhõ bdzzc bhnhcfd ihtcffdnnltd ih `lfmc (jcfshidrlfic jgd@hrdfzd gl bdzzc bhnhcfd ih lehtlfth,cmfh jhttlihfc icvdvl rhbucvdrd ufltcffdnnltl ih `lfmc) d nl fl`tl, hn pdtrcnhcjcbeusthehnd mrdmmhc pdr hn rhsjlnilbdftcjgd drl cvufqud (nl ndmmd htlnhlflprchehsjd ih ljjdfidrd hn rhsjlnilbdftcprhbl idn <» fcvdberd, d iufqud hidpcshth ih tutth mnh hbphlfth ihrhsjlnilbdftc drlfc phdfh ih fl`tl.N‘lnnuvhcfd pdfdtrõ fdnnd jlfthfd, `djdsjcpphlrd tutth h idpcshth ih jcbeusthehndd, pchjgè hn pdtrcnhc mlnndmmhl sunn‘ljqul,qulfic qudstl sh rhthrõ dssc jcprî tuttcqulftc. Jcf n‘lutuffc, d n‘hfvdrfc crblh

lnnd pcrtd, @hrdfzd sh rhtrcvõ scttc bdzzcbhnhcfd ih tcffdnnltd ih `lfmc, jcpdrtl ihfl`tl, sdfz‘ljqul, sdfzl jcrrdftddndttrhjl, d qudstc shmfh`hjlvl fhdftdrhsjlnilbdftc d fhdftd `rhmcrh`drh. Jcbdiurlftd nl mudrrl, nl jhttë sprc`cfilvl fdneuhc lnnd 4.:; idn pcbdrhmmhc. N‘ljqulvdfhvl pcrtltl jcf lutcjhstdrfd hf vlrhdphlzzd, ilnnd jhttë vhjhfd idn Jghlfth, il

Ecncmfl d lfjgd il nucmgh ncftlfh jcbdFlpcnh. Iurlftd hn mhcrfc nl mdftd splnlvll blfc hn `lfmc il jlsl prcprhl mdttlficncpdr nl strlil. Icpc pcjgh mhcrfh @hrdfzdlsscbhmnhlvl l ufl `cmfl l jhdnc lpdrtc.

{ Udlnhzlthcfc` tgd Ilblmd }



plm hfl 04


Tfl jcpphl sh leerljjhl hf bdzzc ln `lfmc d lh idtrhth hf Phl idnnl Bcsjl hn 0 Fcvdberd

L jcupnd dberlsshfm dljg ctgdr lbcfmst tgd bui lfi iderhs cf Phl idnnl Bcsjl cf Fcvdbedr 0, <800




plmhfl 00 I c j

Z p d j h l n d

0 fcvdberd <800. Nl vdtrhfl ih uf fdmczhc, squlrjhltl, vhjhfc l Zlftl Jrcjd.

Fcvdbedr 0tg, <800. L rhppdi-lplrt stcrd `rcft, fdlr Zlftl Jrcjd.



plm hfl 0=


\udst‘ucbc, prcprhdtlrhc idnnl trlttcrhl vhjhfc l [hlzzl Zlftl Jrcjd, dftrlvl d usjhvl, lbbutcnhtcd jcbd hf trlfjd, sdfzl fdlfjgd slpdrd il icvd jcbhfjhlrd. Hn prcprhdtlrhc ih uf‘lntrl trlttcrhl pdrsdtuttc, d icpc pcjgh mhcrfh bcrî i‘hf`lrtc.

Ygd cwfdr c` l trlttcrhl fdlr [hlzzl Zlftl Jrcjd, glvhfm wlnodi hfshid, jcbds eljo cut, spddjgndss lfi hf lilzd, fct ofcwhfm wgdrd tc edmhf. Lfctgdr trlttcrhl cwfdr, wgcb wd ofdw pdrscflnny, ncst ghs wgcnd eush-fdss lfi ihdi l `dw ilys nltdr c` l gdlrt lttljo.




plmhfl 07 I c j

Z p d j h l n d

Jlrlehfhdrh fdn qulrthdrd ih Zlftl Jrcjd, hn 0 fcvdberd <800.

Jlrlehfhdrh hf tgd Zlftl Jrcjd qulrtdrs, Fcvdbedr 0tg, <800.



plm hfl 08


Nd strlid ih @hrdfzd, mhcrfh icpc n‘lnnuvhcfd, sdberlvlfc `cmfd d hn puzzc drl hfscppcrtlehnd.

@cr ilys l`tdr tgd `ncci, tgd strddts c` @ncrdfjd rdsdbend cpdf bui sdwdrs lfi tgd sbdnn hs ufedlrlend.




plmhfl =; I c j

Z p d j h l n d @lfmc, fl`tl d idtrhth hf Phl id‘ Uusthjh hn 0 Fcvdberd



plm hfl =<


Bui, „fl`tl‒ lfi iderhs cf Phl id‘ Uusthjh cf Fcvdbedr 0, <800




plmhfl =5 I c j

Z p d j h l n d L bdtë fcvdberd <800 qulsh tuttc drl rhicttc l hbbcfihzhl, jgd ehscmflvl rhbucvdrd ilnnd strlid.



plm hfl =:


Hf bhi-Fcvdbedr c` <800, lfytghfm tcujgdi ey bui cr `udn chn hs fcw mlrelmd, lfi h` fct rdbcvdi, whnn ednd`t tc rct hf tgd strddts c` @ncrdfjd.




plmhfl =9 I c j

Z p d j h l n d L bdtë fcvdberd <800, plrtd idn vhfc Jghlfth jgd drl stltc shstdbltc fdnnd jlfthfd

ihvdffd hbbcfihzhl il rhbucvdrd.



plm hfl =4


Hf bhi-Fcvdbedr, <800, Jghlfth whfd tglt gli eddf stcrdi hf jdnnlrs fcw edjcbdsplrt c` tgd iderhs tc ed tlodf lwly.



@ctc <, 5, : Phl id‘ Fdrh hn 0 fcvdberd <800. Jlrrczzhfd, ehjhjndttd, jlrrczzd d lutc, rcvhfltd ilnn‘lnnuvhc-fd, idvcfc dsdrd rhbcssd.

[gctc H, HH, HHH Phl idh Fdrh cf Fcvdbedr 0tg, <800. Eley jlrrhlmds, ehjyjnds, gcrsd jlrrhlmds, lfi jlrs, lnnruhfdi ey tgd `ncci, bust ed ihspcsdi c`.


plmhfl =0 I c j

Z p d j h l n d



plm hfl ==


@ctc 9 Phl id‘ Fdrh hn 0 fcvdberd <800. Tfl pdrscfl tdftl ih rdjupdrlrd nl sul lutc, ihstruttl d leelf-icfltl ilnnl `urhl idnnd ljqud idnn‘Lrfc.

[gctc HP Phl idh Fdrh cf Fcvdbedr 0tg, <800. L pdrscf tryhfm tc idln whtg ghs jlr, wghjg gls eddfidstrcydi lfi lelficfdi ey tgd `ury c` tgd Lrfc.




plmhfl =7 I c j

Z p d j h l n d [hlzzl Zlf Udbhmhc. Lnjufd pdrscfd jcbhfjhlrcfc l rhpunhrd edfjgè fcf slpdssdrc jcbd prcjdidrd.

Nl prhbl jcsl il `lrd drl nhedrlrsh ih tuttc hn `lfmc d idnnd jcsd ihstruttd il idftrc nd lehtlzhcfh.Yuttc vdfhvl rhvdrsltc fdnnd strlid mhë phdfd ih `lfmc.



plm hfl =8


[hlzzl Zlf Udbhmhc. Zcbd pdcpnd edmhf tgdhr jndlf-up hf sphtd c` fct ofcwhfm gcw tc mc lecut ht. Ygd `hrsttghfm hs tc mdt rhi c` lnn tgd bui lfi idstrcydi tghfms `rcb hfshid gcbds. Dvdrytghfm hs iubpdi hftc tgdbui-`hnndi strddts.




plmhfl 7; I c j

Z p d j h l n d [hlzzl Zlftc Zphrhtc. Hn vhfc justcihtc fdnnd jlfthfd lnnlmltd drl tuttc il euttlr vhl



plm hfl 7<


Lnn tgd whfd tglt pdcpnd stcrdi hf jdnnlrs fcw wls lnn idstrcydi




plmhfl 75

Fdn qulrthdrd ih Zlftl Jrcjd fdh mhcrfh sujjdsshvh lnn‘lnnuvhcfd. Jcbd fdn bhtc ih Zhsh`c, h `hcrdfthfhjcfthfulvlfc l rhbucvdrd hn `lfmc ilnnd jlsd.

Hf Zlftl Jrcjd qulrtdrs hf tgd ilys `cnncwhfm tgd `ncci, @ncrdfthfds edmhf rdbcvhfm tgd tcfs c` buitglt `hnndi lnn gcbds cf mrcufi ndvdn, strummnhfm nhod Zhsypgus hf l sddbhfmny upghnn elttnd

I c j

Z p d j h l n d



plm hfl 7:


@ctc < Bcntl mdftd rljjcnsd qulftc drl rhusjhtl l slnvlrd ilnn‘lnnuvhcfd d nlsjhõ @hrdfzd@ctc 5 Ecrmc Zlf Aljcpc. Jlsl idh phttcrh ih Ecsh, ih `rcftd lnnl trlttcrhl „Il Jlbhnnc‒.Zh splnl `lfmc ilnnd jlsd d ilnnd strlid ih mhcrfc hf mhcrfc

[gctc H Blfy pdcpnd aust pljodi up wgltdvdr wls slvdi `rcb tgd `ncci lfi nd`t @ncrdfjd[gctc HH Hf bhi fcvdbedr, sgcvdnhfm bui cut c` tgd gcbds lfi `rcb tgd strddts edjlbdtgd ilhny sjdfd ilys cf dfi




plmhfl 79 I c j

Z p d j h l n d

]htghf ilys, tg cuslfis c` Htlnhlf sc nihdrs

jlbd hftc @ncrd fj d , lfi whtg sgcvdns hf

glfi, nclid i bui lfi id erhs `rcb tg d

strd d t hftc truj os tc e d tlod f lwly. Y gd

lutub f ilys wd rd sgcrt, sc tc hnnubhfltd tgd strd d ts wgd rd tgd y wcrod i nltd hftc tgd

d vd fhfm, tgd Lrby ercumgt hf gumd

spctnhmgts ruf e y md fd rltcrs. Ht wls fct ufthn

l wd d o l`td r tgd `ncci tg lt d lrtgb cvhfm

bljg hfd s lrrhvd i lfi e d mlf tc j ndlr tgd

strd d ts lt l `lstd r rltd . ]glt lblzdi bd wls

tglt hf sphtd c` lnn tg d prcendbs lfi

glrisghps, dvd rycfd ‘s sp hrhts wd rd ghmg ‚

lfi H tgcumgt g cw uf`crtufltd tglt ht tlod s

l jlnlbhty c` tg hs scrt tc m d t pd cpnd tc wcro

tcmd tgd r lfi g d np dljg ctgd r. [rcspd rcus

thbd s iunn lwlrd fd ss c` tgd fd d is c` ctgd rs.

Nl rhpunhturl iln `lfmc{ Htlnhlf scnihdrs jndlfhfm

up tgd bui }

Tfl sdtthblfl icpc n‘lnnuvhcfd, bhmnhlhl ih scnilth lrrhvlrcfc l @hrdfzd pdr lhutlrd l rhpunhrd.\udstc ç uf mruppc sun Nufmlrfc Ljjhlhucnh jgd lspdttl hstruzhcfh.

]htghf l wddo l`tdr tgd `ncci, tgcuslfis c` Htlnhlf scnihdrs lrrhvd hf @ncrdfjd tc gdnp jndlf up. Yghs hs lmrcup cf Nufmlrfc Ljjhlhucnh, lwlhthfm tgdhr lsshmfbdft.

Icpc pcjgh mhcrfh lrrhvlrcfc l@hrdfzd bhmnhlhl ih scnilth jgd,plnl lnnl blfc, rcvdsjhlrcfc`lfmc d idtrhth ilnnd strlid suh

jlbhcf d nh pcrtlrcfc vhl. J‘drlfc pcjgdcrd ih nujd, pdr qudstc n‘dsdrjhtc pcrtõjlbhcf jcf mrcssh `lrh d mdfdrltcrh pdr

hnnubhflrd nd strlid icvd sh nlvcrlvl cmfhsdrl `hfc l tlrih. Nd ruspd lrrhvlrcfc scncufl sdtthblfl icpc n‘lnnuvhcfd djcbhfjhlrcfc l rhpunhrd nd strlid l vdncjhtëblmmhcrd. \udnnc jgd bh stuphvl drl jgd,fcfcstlftd tuttd nd ih``hjcntë, h prcendbh d ndjhrjcstlfzd lvvdrsd, tutth drlfc iheucfubcrd, d hc pdfslh jgd drl ufplrlicssc jgd jh vcndssd ufl jlnlbhtë pdr`lr lvvhjhflrd nl mdftd, `lr sî jgd nlvcrlssdhfshdbd d sh lhutlssd l vhjdfil. H pdrhcih ihvljjgd mrlssd cttuficfc nl jcfslpdvcndzzld hn ehscmfc idmnh lntrh.



plm hfl 74


H scnilth jgd lrrhvlrcfc l @hrdfzd pdr lhutlrd l rhpunhrnl dnhbhflrcfc tutth h idtrhth jgd nl mdftd lvdvlrcvdsjhltc hf strlil.

Htlnhlf scnihdrs, wgc glvd jcbd tc @ncrdfjd tc gdnp whtg tgd jndlf-up, rdbcvhfm tgd iderhs tglt pdcpndput cut hftc tgd strddts.




plmhfl 70 I c j

Z p d j h l n d

@ctc <, 5 [chjgè l fcvdberd `l euhc prdstc, h scnilth pcrtlrcfc h `lrh jgd hnnubhflvlfc nd strlid pdr pctdrnlvcrlrd lfjgd nl sdrl tlrih. Nd iud `ctc scprl bcstrlfc hn Nufmlrfc Jcrshfh ufl sdtthblfl icpc n‘lnnu-vhcfd, d iurlftd hn nlvcrc fctturfc, vhstc ilnnl `hfdstrl idn fcstrc lpplrtlbdftc.

[gctc H, HH Zhfjd ilrofdss jcbds dlrny hf Fcvdbedr, Htlnhlf scnihdrs glvd ercumgt hf sdlrjgnhmgts tc hnnubh-fltd tgd strddts, sc tglt tgdy jlf jcfthfud wcrohfm nltd hftc tgd dvdfhfm. Ygd twc pgctcs lecvd sgcw tgd jndlf-up c` Nufmlrfc Jcrshfh cfd wddo l`tdr tgd `ncci, iurhfm ilythbd lfi tgdf iurhfm tgd fhmgt, ls sddf `rcb curlplrtbdft whficw.



plm hfl 7=


@ctc < H scnilth nlvcrlvlfc nufmgd crd pdr rhbucvdrd h idtrhth ilnnd strlid.@ctc 5 Hf [hlzzl Zlftl Jrcjd, qudstc scniltc dslustc sh liicrbdftõ su uf trlttcrd usltc pdr punhrd nd strl-id. Bdftrd sjlttlvc nl ̀ ctcmrl`hl, ̀ uh ̀ drbltc il uf u``hjhlnd idnn‘dsdrjhtc jgd bh jghdsd ih jcfsdmflrmnh hnrunnhfc idnnl pdnnhjcnl, pdrjgè lvrdh pctutc uslrnc hf bcic fdmlthvc. Hc mnh sphdmlh jgd drc uf lrthstl d jgdlvdvc sjlttltc nl `ctcmrl`hl pdr hftdrdssh ublfhtlrh. Bh jrdidttd d bh nlsjhõ nl pdnnhjcnl.

[gctc H Htlnhlf scnihdrs wcro ncfm gcurs tc rdbcvd iderhs `rcb tgd strddts.[gctc HH Hf [hlzzl Zlftl Jrcjd, tghs dxglustdi scnihdr gls `lnndf lsnddp cf l trljtcr usdi `cr jndlfhfm tgdstrddts. Ls H wls tlohfm tghs pgctcmrlpg, H wls stcppdi ey lf Htlnhlf lrby c``hjdr, wgc lsodi bd tc surrdf-idr tgd rcnn c` `hnb, ls ht jcuni ed usdi hf l fdmlthvd wly. H tcni ghb H wls lf lrthst, lfi tglt tgd pgctcmrlpgwls blid `cr gublf hftdrdst. Hf mcci `lhtg, gd ndt bd oddp tgd `hnb.




plmhfl 77 I c j

Z p d j h l n d

@ctc < Hf [hlzzl idnnl Zhmfcrhl, n‘ljqul pcrtltl iln vhjhfc pldsd ih Uliil hf Jghlfth.@ctc 5 Zjdfd ih ihstrheuzhcfd ih ljqul pctlehnd pcrtltl l @hrdfzd il Flpcnh d ihstrheuhtl hf [hlzzl ZlftcZphrhtc, l bdtë fcvdberd <800.

[gctc H Hf [hlzzl idnnl Zhmfcrhl, wltdr hs ercumgt `rcb tgd fdlr ey tcwf c` Uliil, hf Jghlfth.[gctc HH Zjdfds `rcb tgd ihstrheuthcf c` `rdsg irhfohfm wltdr, ercumgt tc @ncrdfjd `rcb Flpnds lfi ihstrh-eutdi hf [hlzzl Zlftc Zphrhtc, bhi-Fcvdbedr <800.



plm hfl 78


@ctc <, 5 Ihstrheuzhcfd ih ljqul fdnnd phlzzd prhfjhplnh pdr tuttc hn bdsd ih fcvdberd.

[gctc H, HH [dcpnd nhfd up whtg eujodts tc rdjdhvd tgd `rdsg wltdr ihstrheutdi lt lnn blacr phlzzls.




plmhfl 8; I c j

Z p d j h l n d

Jcf nl ihstruzhcfd ih fdmczh,jlsd, nucmgh i‘lrtd djj. d hnprcendbl ih `lr tcrflrd nljhttë lnnl vhtl, fcf sh fctlvl

jgd l @hrdfzd h elbehfh fcf sh

vdidvlfc phø1 nd sjucnd drlfc jghusdd h mhlrihfh phdfh ih `lfmc. \ulsh shihbdfthjlvl jgd ufl jhttë ih bdzzcbhnhcfd ih lehtlfth gl lfjgd bcnthelbehfh. H elbehfh drlfc splrhth, d cmfhvcntl jgd sd fd vdidvl ufc, sdbprd hfjcbplmfhl ih uf liuntc, n‘dsprdsshcfdsun suc vcntc rh`ndttdvl nc stltchfflturlnd jgd h ehbeh icvdvlfc

scppcrtlrd… `hfjgè nl vhtl fcf tcrfõlnnl fcrblnhtë d ncrc tcrflrcfc l sjucnl,l mhcjlrd hf phlzzl d l `lrd qudnnc jgd`lffc tutth h elbehfh.

[rd cj juphd i whtg tg d id struj thcf c` stcrd s,

gcb d s, lrtwcro, d tj ., lfi tg d prcend bs c`

erhfmhfm tg d jhty e ljo tc nh̀ d , pdcpnd glriny

fcthjd i tglt tgd jg hnird f c` @ncrd fjd wd rd

fcwgd rd tc ed sd d f1 sjgccns wdrd jncsd i,

lfi pnlym rcufis wd rd ufid r bui. Cfd

jcuni lnbcst `crmd t tglt tg d jhty ‘s pcpunlthcf

c` g ln` l bhnnhcf hfjnuid i l nlrmd fub ed r c`

jg hnird f, wgc sd d bd i tc glvd ihslppd lrd i

`cr fcw. ]g d f cfd ihi sd d l jghni - lnwlys

ljj cbplfhdi ey lf liunt - tg d d xprd sshcf cf

tgd jg hni‘s ̀ ljd rd `ndj td i tg d ufflturln

shtulthcf tg d y gli tc d fiurd ufthn nh`d jcuni rd turf tc fcrbln lfi tg d y m c eljo tc tc

sj gccn, pnly hf tg d phlzzls, lfi ic wg lt

jg hnird f crihflrhny ic.

H elbehfh icpc n‘lnnuvhcfd

{ Jghnirdf hf @ncrdfjd }

Bdtë ih fcvdberd <800. @hrdfzd sdberlvl d sh sdfthvl jcbd lppdfl usjhtlilnnl mudrrl, di drl ih``hjhnd vdidrd h elbehfh `ucrh ilnnd jlsd.

Bhi-Fcvdbedr, <800. @ncrdfjd nccos lfi `ddns ls h` ht gls aust mcfd tgrcumg l wlr,lfi ht hs rlrd tc sdd jghnirdf cutshid tgdhr cwf gcbds.



plm hfl 8<


Elbehfh jgd mhcjlfc sun slmrltc ih `rcftd lnnl jghdsl ih Zlftc Zphrhtc

Jghnirdf pnlyhfm cf tgd stdps hf `rcft c` tgd jgurjg c` Zlftc Zphrhtc.




plmhfl 85 I c j

Z p d j h l n d Bdtë ih fcvdberd <800. Lfjcrl icpc iud sdtthblfd bcntd lrdd ih @hrdfzd sdberlvlfc zcfd ih mudrrl.



plm hfl 8:


Bhi-Fcvdbedr, <800. Dvdf l`tdr twc wddos, blfy pnljds hf @ncrdfjd glvd tgd lppdlrlfjd c` l wlr zcfd.




plmhfl 89 I c j

Z p d j h l n d

Iurhfm tg d wd d o s c ` j nd lf-up lfi tgd

d lrny stlmd s c` rd jcfstruj thcf, prhftd i

pcst d rs wd rd put up cf tg d wlnns lnn lncfm tgd strd d ts c` @ncrd fjd , prcvhihfm

hf`crblthcf cf wg lt

tc ic lfi wgd rd tc mc `cr tgd fd jd sshthd s c`

nh̀ d . Gufird is c` pcstd rs wd rd lnsc mnudi

cftc iccrs lfi stcrd whficws, td nnhfm

@ncrd fthfd s wgd rd tc md t b d ihjln

lsshstlfjd lfi fdjdsslry bdihjlthcfs,

wgd rd irhfohfm wltd r wcuni ed

ihstrheutd i, wgd f lfi wgd rd d ndj trhj

sd rvhj d wcuni e d rdst crd i. Zpcftlfd cus

bd sslmd s wdrd c`tdf liidi tc tgd sd

c``hjhln pcstdrs ey tgd jhthzd fry, jcfvdy hfm

spd j h`hj jcb pnlhft s lecu t tg d sj lrj hty cr

sncw id nhvd ry c` tg d lsshs tlfj d tg d y

fd d id i tc md t nh`d `ncwhfm lmlhf.

Nd jcbufhjlzhcfh

7 fcvdberd <800. [dr ihrd ln pueenhjc jcsl `lrd d icvd lfilrd, hn Jcbufd l``hmmdvl lvvhsh suh burh ih@hrdfzd, jcbd uslvl fdmnh lffh idnnl mudrrl.

Fcvdbedr 7tg, <800. Ygd jhty glnn plstds up fcthjds cf lnn tgd wlnns c` @ncrdfjd ‚ ls ht ihi iurhfm tgd wlrydlrs-hfstrujthfm tgd puenhj cf wglt tc ic lfi wgdrd tc mc.

Iurlftd nd sdtthblfd hf juh nljhttë `u hbpdmfltl fdnndcpdrlzhcfh ih rhpunhturl drhjcstruzhcfd, jlphtlvl cmfh

mhcrfc ih hfjrcjhlrd nufmc h burh idnndstrlid idn jdftrc, bl lfjgd hf pdrh`drhl,blfh`dsth jgd sdrvhvlfc l hf`crblrd h

jhttlihfh su qudnnc jgd icvdvlfc `lrd pdrlvdrd jhõ jgd drl fdjdsslrhc pdr vhvdrd.Zuh `cmnh, spdssc thrlth hf jdfthflhl ih jcphdc liihrhtturl sjrhtth l jhjncsthnd d hfjcnnlthsu qulftc rdstlvl ih pcrtd d vdtrhfd,vdfhvlfc sdmflnlth h nucmgh icvd h`hcrdfthfh lvrdeedrc pctutc trcvlrdlsshstdfzl bdihjl d `lrbljh ih prhblfdjdsshtë, qudnnh hf juh pctdvlfclpprcvvhmhcflrsh i‘ljqul pctlehnd d nd vhdfdnnd qulnh slrdeed stltl drcmltl nljcrrdftd dndttrhjl d l qulnh crd. L qudsthblfh`dsth spdssc sd fd lmmhufmdvlfc lntrh,phø „spcftlfdh‒ d lrmuth, sjrhtth il qulfthhf bcic pljh`hjc idfufjhlvlfc dvdftulnhrhtlrih c jlrdfzd fdmnh hftdrvdfth.

{ Jcbbufhjlthcfs }



plm hfl 84


Hftdrbdzzc jcbhjc ̀ hcrdfthfc, bdtë fcvdberd <800.

Ygd @ncrdfthfd vdrshcf c` jcbhj rdnhd`, bhi-Fcvdbedr <8001 „Ygd bui c` Phl Lfmuhnnlrl `cr edttdr jurd c` rgdublthsb.‒ „Cur sdrvhjds lrd `ufjthcfln. Bcidst prhjds.‒ „@cr lrthsts lfi sujg, bcfdy rhmgt lwly, cr dnsdwd whnn ircwf l sdjcfi thbd.‒



plm hfl 8=


jlphtcnc/jglptdr 4

Nl rhjcstruzhcfd

{ Ygd rdjcfstrujthcfc` @ncrdfjd }




plmhfl 87 I c j

Z p d j h l n d

Nl jhttë rhflsjd

@hrdfzd drl `drhtl. Drlilffdmmhltl. Icpc nc sgcjohfhzhlnd idnn‘lnnuvhcfd d n‘crrcrdidnnl idvlstlzhcfd, nl mdftd

(mrlzhd ln prcprhc hsthftc ih scprlvvhvdfzl)icvdttd rhpunhrd tuttc. \udsth trd prdjhshbcbdfth, cmfufc jcf nl sul plrthjcnlrd

rdlzhcfd (n‘hfjrdiunhtë idnn‘lnnuvhcfd, ncsgcjo idn icpc, d nl rhpunhturlceenhmltcrhl) ùrcfc hbbdihlth d flturlnh,d fcf jh ù ehscmfc ih bcntl rh`ndsshcfd cprdplrlzhcfd. Hn plssc sujjdsshvc, nlrhjcstruzhcfd, icvdvl dssdrd idjhsc,phlfh`hjltc di dsdmuhtc l rdmcnl i‘lrtd.@hrdfzd, l jlusl idh such mrlfih tdscrhi‘lrtd, ihpdfid scprlttuttc iln turhsbc.Nl jhttë, pdr ùfzhcflrd d ljjcmnhdrdfucvlbdftd h turhsth, fcf lvdvl scnc hnjcbphtc ih rhpunhrsh bl lfjgd ih rhjcstruhrdnd strlid, jcbd hn Nufmlrfc Ljjhlhucnh jgddrl stltc jcbpndtlbdftd splzzltc vhl(vdih `ctc l plmhfl 97), rhjcstruhrd hn [cftdPdjjghc, rhjcstruhrd mnh lnedrmgh, h rhstcrlfth,h fdmczh, h tdltrh, h busdh, d lfjgd nd `cmfdjgd drlfc stltd ihstruttd ilnnl ùrhl idnndljqud idnn‘Lrfc. Drl fcvdberd d h

`hcrdfthfh vcndvlfc, sd fcf prcprhc dssdrdprcfth li ljjcmnhdrd h turhsth, lnbdfcrhlprhrd nl jhttë pdr sè, pdr Fltlnd d pdrJlpcilffc, d pdr ufl fucvl vhtl.

Nufmlrfc Jcrshfh lnnl `hfdih fcvdberd <800, jcf h

plrlpdtth ihstrutth, d hn[cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtl sunnc

s`cfic. Lnn‘dstrdbl idstrl

hf lntc, sun tdttc, sh vdidn‘lpplrtlbdftc il juh

scfc stltd sjlttltd bcntdih qudstd `ctcmrl`hd

Nufmlrfc Jcrshfh hf nltdFcvdbedr, <800, whtg hts

bhsshfm plrlpdts lfi[cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtl hf tgd

eljomrcufi. Cf tgd rcc`tcphf tgd dxtrdbd uppdr rhmgt,jlf ed sddf tgd lplrtbdft,`rcb wghjg H tcco blfy c`

tgdsd pgctcmrlpgs

Y gd jhty c` @ncrd fjd wls ilblmd i, lfi hts

j hthzd fs trlublthzdi. [d cpnd ‘s rd ljthcfs gli

mcfd tg rcumg tg rd d ihst hfj t stlmd s1 tg d

hfhthln sgcjo c ` tg d `ncci, tgd f tgd gcrrcr lt

tgd whid sprd li id vlstlthcf, ̀ cnncwd i ey tgd rd lnhzlthcf tg lt hf cridr tc survhvd , tgd j hty

wcuni glvd tc ed jndlfd i up. Y gd sd wdrd

lnn plrt c` l flturln d bcthcfln prcmrd sshcf .

Eut tgd fd xt s tlmd - rd jcfstruj thcf - wls

jnd lrny mc hfm tc rd quhrd tgcumgt, pnlffhfm,

lfi prcpdr dxdjuthcf.

@ncrd fjd , ed jlusd c` hts m rd lt lrt trd lsurd s,

id pd fis bcstny cf tcurhsb. Hf crid r tc

ùfj thcf lfi rd jd hvd tcurhsts lmlhf, tg d j hty

gli tg d tlso fct cfny c` j nd lfhfm up, eu t

lnsc c` rd jcfstrujt hfm j d rtlhf strd d ts sujg ls

Nufmlrfc Lj jhlhucnh (wghjg gli e d d f

tctlnny wlsgd i lwly - sd d pgctc, plmd 97),

[cftd Pd jjg hc, lfi fub d rcus gctd ns,

rd stlurlfts, stcrd s, tg d ltrd s, lfi b usd ubs.

Dvd f tg d sd wd rs g li e d d f id strcy d i ey tg d

`crjd c` tg d Lrfc. Ht wls fcw F cvd bed r,

lfi tgd @ncrd fthfd s, tgcum g fct y d t rd liy tc

wd njcbd eljo tgd tcurhsts, wlftd i tc

rd cpd f tgd jhty, `cr tgd bsd nvd s, lt ndlst - hf

thbd `cr Jg rhstbls, tgd Fd w Xd lr, lfi l

fd w nh`d .

{ Ygd jhty rdecrfs }



plm hfl 88


Hn pcrthjltc scttc hn Jcrrhichc Plslrhlfc lnnl `hfd ih fcvdberd <800.

Ygd ufidrplss c` tgd Plslrh Jcrrhicr hf nltd Fcvdbedr, <800.




plmhfl <;; I c j

Z p d j h l n d

Hn [cftd Pdjjghc hf rhjcstruzhcfd lnnl `hfd ih fcvdberd <800.



[cftd Pdjjghc ufidr rdjcfstrujthcf hf nltd Fcvdbedr, <800.

plm hfl <;<





plmhfl <;5 I c j

Z p d j h l n d

@ctc < @hfd fcvdberd1 hn `hubd l bcftd, vdrsc hn [cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtl iln Nufmlrfc Muhjjhlrihfh, sdfzl hnplrlpdttc l juh bh drc tdfutc tcrflfic l jlsl nl bltthfl idnn‘lnnuvhcfd.@ctc 5 Nufmlrfc idh Bdihjh vhjhfc lnnl Mlnndrhl idmnh T``hzh lnnl `hfd ih fcvdberd <800, jcf nd vdtrhfdihstruttd idnnd slnd l phlfc tdrrl idnnl Mlnndrhl idmnh T``hzh d idn vhjhfc Busdc idnnl Zjhdfzl.

[gctc H Nltd Fcvdbedr1 nccohfm uprhvdr tc [cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtë `rcb Nufmlrfc Muhjjhlrihfh. Fctd tglt tgdplrlpdt H gdni cftc wghnd rdturfhfm eljo gcbd iurhfm tgd bcrfhfm c` tgd `ncci hs bhsshfm.[gctc HH Nufmlrfc idh Bdihjh, fdlr tgd T``hzh Mlnndry, hf nltd Fcvdbedr, <800, lfi idstrcydi jlehfdts `rcbtgd mrcufi `nccr c` tgd T``hzh Mlnndry lfi tgd fdhmgecrhfm Zjhdfjd Busdub.



plm hfl <;:


@ctc < Lnnl ̀ hfd ih fcvdberd <800, hn `hubd l vlnnd, il [cftd Pdjjghc vdrsc hn [cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtl, iln ndttcidn `hubd `hfc ln Nufmlrfc Ljjhlhucnh splzzltc ilnnd ljqud.@ctc 5 Hn `hubd l bcftd, vdrsc hn [cftd lnnd Mrlzhd iln Nufmlrfc Mdfdrlnd Ihlz vhjhfc l [hlzzl Bdftlfl,lnnl `hfd ih fcvdberd. Hf nucmgh jcbd qudsth sdberlvl jgd @hrdfzd `cssd lppdfl usjhtl ilnnl mudrrl.

[gctc H Nccohfm icwf tgd rhvdr `rcb [cftd Pdjjghc tc [cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtl `rcb tgd rhvdredi c` tgd wlsgdi-lwly Nufmlrfc Ljjhlhucnh hf nltd Fcvdbedr, <800.[gctc HH Nccohfm uprhvdr tcwlris [cftd lnnd Mrlzhd `rcb Nufmlrfc Mdfdrln Ihlz, fdlr [hlzzl Bdftlfl hfnltd Fcvdbedr. Hf pnljds nhod tghs, @ncrdfjd tlods cf tgd lppdlrlfjd c` glvhfm aust eddf tgrcumg l wlr.




plmhfl <;9 I c j

Z p d j h l n d

@ctc < @hfd fcvdberd <800. Nl rhjcstruzhcfd idn Nufmlrfc Ljjhlhucnh, jgd drl stltc jcbpndtlbdftd splz-zltc vhl ilnn‘ljqul (vdih ̀ ctc l plmhfl 97). @ctc 5 [chjgè tutth sh drlfc lehtulth l mdttlrd hn `lfmc fdnn‘Lr-fc, mnh cpdrlh jgd rhjcstruhvlfc h fdmczh idn [cftd Pdjjghc mdttlfc hn ̀ lfmc su qudstl elrjl fdnnl qulnd ln-trh cpdrlh stlvlfc hspdzhcflfic nl plrtd hf`drhcrd idn pcftd.

[gctc H Nltd Fcvdbedr, <800. Udeuhnihfm Nufmlrfc Ljjhlhucnh, wghjg wls jcbpndtdny wlsgdi lwly (sdd pgc-tc cf plmd 97). [gctc HH ]htg dvdrycfd ljjustcbdi tc iubphfm bui eljo hftc tgd Lrfc, wcrobdf rdjcf-strujthfm tgd stcrds cf [cftd Pdjjghc glvd aust iubpdi bui hftc l eclt`unn c` ctgdr wcrobdf hfspdjthfm tgdufidrshid c` tgd erhimd.



plm hfl <;4


@hflnbdftd l bdtë fcvdberd lrrhvlfc nd ruspd fdjdsslrhd d nl rhjcstruzhcfd puõ hfhzhlrd.Iln ndttc idn `hubd sh rhjcstruhsjcfc nd `cfilbdftl d tuttc hn Nufmlrfc Ljjhlhucnh jgd drl stltc jcbpnd-tlbdftd splzzltc vhl iln `hubd (vdih `ctc l plmhfl 97).

Dlrtg-bcvhfm bljghfds `hflnny lrrhvd hf bhi-Fcvdbedr, <800, lfi rdjcfstrujthcf jlf edmhf. NufmlrfcLjjlhucnh gls eddf jcbpndtdny wlsgdi lwly ey tgd `ncci (sdd pgctc cf plmd 97), lfi whnn glvd tc ed rdeuhnt`rcb tgd rhvdr edi up.



plm hfl <;=


jlphtcnc/jglptdr 0

@hrdfzd

d hn suc pltrhbcfhc{ @ncrdfjd lfi hts

lrthsthj-junturln gdrhtlmd }




plmhfl <;7 I c j

Z p d j h l n d

H tdscrh hf pdrhjcnc

Bdftrd lfilvc hf mhrc l`ctcmrl`lrd h ilffh, nlpunhturl d nl rhjcstruzhcfdih @hrdfzd, nl jhttë drl

phdfl ih `ctcmrl`h jgd ljjcrrdvlfc pdr`ctcmrl`lrd nl idvlstlzhcfd idh tdscrhi‘lrtd. D jhõ jgd ljjliid ç edf

icjubdftltc il tuttd nd pueenhjlzhcfh jgdsdmuhrcfc. Hc bh jcfjdftrlh sunnd pdrscfdd sunnl jhttë hf qulftc nucmc hf juh nl mdftdvhvd, d fcf nl jhttë jcbd busdc d „junnlidnn‘lrtd‒. Yuttlvhl ç jurhcsc jcbd@hrdfzd, jgd ç dstrdblbdftd rhjjl ihcpdrd i‘lrtd, leehl lfjgd nl bdbcrhljcrtl. Ç uf `lttc fctc jgd pdrhcihjlbdftdn‘Lrfc, puftulnd jcbd uf crcncmhc nlhfvlil. Dppurd h `hcrdfthfh sdberlfchmfcrlrnc d pdrhcihjlbdftd dspcfmcfc sdstdssh d h ncrc tdscrh i‘lrtd l qudsth rhsjghprdvdihehnh. J‘drl stltl ufl mrlfidlnnuvhcfd jgd idvlstõ @hrdfzd ln tdbpc ihBhjgdnlfmdnc, d fdn Busdc idn Elrmdnnc(hf Phl Mghednnhfl, l scnh jhfqudjdftcbdtrh iln nucmc hf juh dmnh vhvdvl) hn„Eljjc‒ d hn prhbc „Ilvhi‒ ihBhjgdnlfmdnc drlfc stlth jcbpndtlbdftd

scbbdrsh ilnnd ljqud idnn‘Lrfc hn 9fcvdberd <800. Leehlbc lvutc nl `crtufljgd nd cpdrd ih Bhjgdnlfmdnc ln Elrmdnnc`cssdrc ih blrbc. Bhfcrd `crtufl jh çtcjjltl jcf hn Jrcjh`hssc ih Jhbleud hfZlftl Jrcjd, jgd `u scbbdrsc d ihstruttcln 8;%. Tf lntrc dsdbphc ç nl EhenhctdjlFlzhcflnd, jgd sh trcvl hf rhvl lnn‘Lrfc.Zdberl hf`ltth jgd phø h vcnubh hf

pdrmlbdfl drlfc prdzhcsh, phø hf elsscvdfhssdrc tdfuth… bcntc ln ih scttc idnnhvdnnc idn `hubd.

]g hnd H wlnod i lrcufi pg ctcm rlpg hfm tg d

ilblmd , jnd lf-up lfi rd eu hnihfm c` @ncrd fjd , tgd jhty wls `hnnd i whtg

pg ctcm rlpg d rs wg c pcurdi hf tc rd jcri tg d

id vlstlthcf c` tg d lrt trdlsurd s `cr wghj g

@ncrd fjd hs `lbcus. ]g lt g lppd fd i hs

wdnn-icjubdftdi ey tgd puenhjlthcfs tglt

`c nncwd i. H o d pt by `c jus cf tg d j hty lfi

tgd pd cpnd nhvhfm hf ht, rltgd r tglf tg d jhty

ls l busd ub lfi tg d „Jrlind c` Lrt‒.

Ht hs jurhcus tglt @ncrd fj d , wg hj g gls sujg

l mrd lt wd lntg c` lrt, lnsc g ls sujg l sg crt

bd bcry. Ht hs l ofcwf `ljt t glt tgd Lrfc

`nccis tg d j hty c` @ncrd fj d ls rd munlrny ls

jncjo wcro. Xd t @ncrd fthfd s sd d b tc hmfcrd

tglt, nd lvhfm tg d bsd nvd s lfi tg d hr lrt

trd lsurd s vunfd rlend tc tg hs pd rhcihj y d t

prd ihj tlend rhso . Y gd rd wls l mrdlt `ncci

hf tgd thbd c` Bhjgd nlfmd nc wghjg

id vlstltd i @ncrd fjd - lfi cf Fcvd be d r

9tg, <800, hf tg d Elrmd nnc B usd ub (lecut

4;; ylris icwf Phl Mghed nnhfl ̀ rcb wg d rd

g d nhvd i), B hjg d nlfmd nc‘s Eljjgus lfi g hs

d lrny Ilvhi wd rd tctlnny sue bd rmd i ey tgd

wltd rs c` tg d Lrfc. Ht wls `crtufltd tglt

g hs wcro hf tg d Elrm d nnc hs c ` b lrend . Y g d

bcrd vunfd rle nd J hbleud Jruj h`hx hf

Zlftl Jrcj d wls sue bd rmd i lfi 8;%

id strcyd i. Yrd bd ficus ilblmd cj jurrd i

hf tgd Flthcfln Nherlry, wg hjg shts cf tg d d imd c` tgd Lrfc. Ht sdd bs tglt tgd bcrd

vlnulend tgd vcnubd s c` vdnnub wd rd , tgd

`urtgd r icwf tg d y wd rd st crd i - wd nn

ed ncw tgd ndvd n c` tgd rhvd r.

{ Ygd trdlsurdslt rhso }



plm hfl <;8


@ctc < Hn „Ilvhi‒ ih Bhjgdnlfmdnc ln Busdc idn Elrmdnnc. Fctlrd hn sdmfc idnn‘ljqul jgd sh vdid sun burc,bcntc ln ih scprl idnnd stltud ih blrbc. @ctc 5 Hn Jrcjh`hssc ih Jhbleud stljjltc ilnnl jrcjd d ihstdscpdr vlnutlrd h ilffh, jgd lrrhvlrcfc ln 8;%.

[gctc H Ygd Ilvhi ey Bhjgdnlfmdnc hf tgd Elrmdnnc Busdub. Fctd tgd wltdr blro vhshend cf tgd wlnn wdnnlecvd tgd blrend stltuds. [gctc HH Jhbleud‘s pcnyjgrcbdi wccidf Jrujh`hx gls eddf tlodf c`` c` hts bdtln`rlbdwcro, lfi nlhi `nlt tc lssdss tgd ilblmd, wghjg turfdi cut tc ed 8;%.




plmhfl <<; I c j

Z p d j h l n d Nl Ehenhctdjl Flzhcflnd lnnl `hfd ih fcvdberd <800. Bhmnhlhl d bhmnhlhl ih vcnubh hf pdrmlbdfl,

elmflth d jcpdrth ih `lfmc, lspdttlfc ih dssdrd pcrtlth fdh jdftrh ih rdstlurc lfjcrl il crmlfhzzlrd.



plm hfl <<<


Ygd Flthcfln Nherlry hf nltd Fcvdbedr, <800. Ygcuslfis upcf tgcuslfis c` scmmy, bui-jcvdrdi, vdnnubvcnubds wlht tc ed tlodf lwly tc rdstcrlthcf jdftdrs wghjg glvd fct ydt eddf sdt up.




plmhfl <<5 I c j

Z p d j h l n d

Y gd pgrlsd „Mnh Lfmd nh id n @lfmc‒ (tgd

Bui Lfmd ns) rd `d rs tc tg d tg cu slfis c `

ycufm pd cpnd `rcb lnn cvd r tg d wcrni wg c

jlbd tc @ncrd fjd lfi vcnuftd d rd i tgd hr thbd lfi dfd rmy tc rd sjud scmmy, bui-

jcvd rd i, lfthqud vcnubd s `rcb tgd jd nnlrs

c` tg d Flthcfln Nherlry, shtultd i cf tg d

d imd c` tgd Lrfc. Yc sdd tghs „eujod t

e rhmlid ‒ plsshfm g d lvy ecco s `rcb glfi

tc g lfi lncfm l gub lf jglhf, wcrohfm

ncfm g curs ily l`td r ily, wd d o l`td r

wd d o’wls pd rglps tgd bcst b cvhfm shmgt

`c r bd . Y gd y jlbd `rcb blfy ih` `d rd ft

jcuftrhds tc wcro shid e y shid , c`td f

whtgcut l jcb bcf nlfmulmd , eut `cr l

jcb bcf j lusd , punnhfm tcm d tgd r tc slvd

cur gd rhtlmd . Fct cfny ihi tgd sd ycufm

pd cpnd m hvd @ncrd fj d gcpd `c r rd st crlthcf 1

hf sc ichfm, tgd y m lvd tg d wcrni gcpd `cr l

ed ttdr ùturd .

Lfmdnh idn `lfmc

Nl squlirl idh sdjjgh idmnh lfmdnhidn `lfmc fdh scttdrrlfdh

phø prc`cfih idnnl EhenhctdjlFlzhcflnd.

Ygd eujodt erhmlid c` Bui Lfmdnshf tgd ncwdr jdnnlrs

c` tgd Flthcfln Nherlry.

Mnh „lfmdnh idn `lfmc‒, jcbdvdfhvlfc jghlblth, drlfc ndbhmnhlhl ih mhcvlfh ih tuttc hnbcfic jgd lrrhvlrcfc l

@hrdfzd d c``rhrcfc hn ncrc tdbpc d nl ncrcdfdrmhl pdr jcsthtuhrd nd „squlird idhsdjjgh‒ pdr rhbucvdrd ilnnd jlfthfd idnnl

Ehenhctdjl Flzhcflnd, shtultl sunnl rhvlidnn‘Lrfc, nd bhmnhlhl d bhmnhlhl ih vcnubhlfthjgh rhjcpdrth ih `lfmc d hbprdmflthi‘ljqul. \udstl jltdfl ublfl, jgdplsslvl h pdslfth nherh ih blfc hf blfcjcf nufmgd crd ih nlvcrc, mhcrfc icpcmhcrfc, sdtthblfl icpc sdtthblfl, ù `crsdpdr bd nc spdttljcnc phø jcbbcvdftd.Pdidrd tutth qudsth mhcvlfh, jgd vdfhvlfcil tlfth [ldsh ihvdrsh d jgd spdssc fcfplrnlvlfc nl stdssl nhfmul, nlvcrlrd `hlfjcl `hlfjc pdr ufl jlusl jcbufd, nlvcrlrdpdr slnvlrd hn fcstrc pltrhbcfhc, ilvlspdrlfzl? fcf scnc nl spdrlfzl jgd@hrdfzd tcrflssd l dssdrd qudn jgd drl, bllfjgd spdrlfzl hf uf bcfic d hf ufùturc bhmnhcrh.

{ Ygd Bui Lfmdns }



plm hfl <<:


@ctc < H vcnubh hf pdrmlbdfl pdslfth, hbprdmflth i‘ljqul d jcpdrth ih `lfmc vdfmcfc plsslth ih blfc hfblfc ilnnl squlirl idh sdjjgh idmnh lfmdnh idn `lfmc. @ctc 5 Nl squlirl idh sdjjgh idmnh lfmdnh idn `lfmcln nlvcrc fdnnl Ehenhctdjl Flzhcflnd lnnl `hfd ih fcvdberd <800.

[gctc H Ygd gdlvy, wltdr-sclodi lfi bui-jcvdrdi vdnnub vcnubds edhfm plssdi `rcb glfi tc glfi ey tgdLfmdnh idn @lfmc eujodt erhmlid. [gctc HH Ygd Bui Lfmdns lt wcro hf tgd Flthcfln Nherlry hf nltd Fcvdbedr<800.




plmhfl <<9 I c j

Z p d j h l n d @hfd fcvdberd <800. Mnh lfmdnh idn `lfmc `lffc h turfh ih rhpcsc sun plvhbdftc

idnnl Ehenhctdjl Flzhcflnd jcpdrtc ih `lfmc.



plm hfl <<4


Nltd Fcvdbedr <800. Ygd Bui Lfmdns tlod turfs rdsthfm cf tgd bui-jcvdrdi `nccrc` tgd Flthcfln Nherlry.




plmhfl <<0 I c j

Z p d j h l n d

Nl vhtl rhprdfid { Ygd trlihthcfln `hrstc` tgd ydlr sjunn plrlid

cf tgd Lrfc }

< mdfflhc <80=. Nl trlihzhcflnd plrltl ih jlpcilffc sun `hubd Lrfc iln [cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtl, icvd fdlfjgdiud bdsh prhbl, lvdvc vhstc nd idvlstlfth ljqud idn `hubd bummghlrd jcf ùrhl. Yrlihzhcfd d vhtl jcfthfulfc

hf qudstl jcbpndssl jcdshstdfzl idnnl jhttë jcf hn suc ̀ hubd.

Alfulry <, <80=. Ygd trlihthcfln @hrst c` tgd Xdlr [lrlid c` tgd Ucwdrs cf tgd Lrfc ey [cftd Zlftl Yrhfhtlwgdrd cfny twc bcftgs dlrnhdr H gli cesdrvdi tgd idvlstlthfm wltdrs c` tgd Lrfc rclr whtg ùry.

Nh`d lfi trlihthcf mc cf hf tghs jcbpndx rdnlthcfsghp edtwddf tgd jhty c` @ncrdfjd lfi tgd rhvdr Lrfc.

Nc sphrhtc d nl idtdrbhflzhcfdjcf juh h `hcrdfthfh sh scfcnhedrlth iln `lfmc nlsjhltcilnn‘Lrfc scfc dsdbpnh`hjlth

ilnnl shbecnhjl rdmltl ih jlpcilffc idnnlZcjhdtë Jlfctthdrh @hrdfzd, jhrjcnc jgd glsdid sunnl rhvl idn `hubd, prcprhc scttc nl

Mlnndrhl idmnh T``hzh. [dr slnutlrd hn fucvclffc h `hcrdfthfh, pdr trlihzhcfd,crmlfhzzlfc ufl plrltl nufmc hn `hubd.Fdlfjgd iud bdsh prhbl, hn 9 fcvdberd,nl jhttë ih @hrdfzd drl stltl vhcndftltl,ilffdmmhltl d idvlstltl ilnn‘lnnuvhcfd.Hn <» mdfflhc <80= h `hcrdfthfh, pdrihbcstrlrd nl ncrc vcncftë ih jcfthfulrd lvhvdrd fcfcstlftd nl ih``hjhnd jcdshstdfzljcf hn jcrsc i'ljqul, vcnndrc jcfsdrvlrdn‘dvdftc jgd ufhsjd nl jhttë d hn `hubd.Hf`ltth sd mnh ucbhfh idvcfc jcfthfulrd lvhvdrd hf jcftlttc jcf nl flturl, idvcfclvdrd idmnh hidlnh jgd jcfsdftlfc ncrc ihrhscnndvlrsh il qulnshlsh blssl ih `lfmcpcssl hbprcvvhslbdftd rhvdrslrsh sunnlprcprhl dshstdfzl.

Y gd @ncrd fthfd sphrht c` id td rbhflthcf hf

jcfqud rhfm tgd bui nd`t ey tgd `ncci wls

ed luthùnny d xd bpnh̀ hd i ey tg d syb ecnhj

Fd w Xd lrs [lrlid c` tgd Ucwd rs cf tg d

Lrfc cf Alfulry < st <80=. Y gd Ucwhfm Jnue c` @ncrd fjd - wgcsd gd liqulrtd rs lrd

ncjltd i hf tgd elsd bd ft c` tg d T``hzh Mlnnd ry

cf tg d elfos c` tg d Lrfc - gls l trlihthcf c`

plrlihfm up lfi icwf tgd rhvdr cf Alfulry <

st tc e rhfm hf tg d Fd w Xd lr whtg l mrd d thfm

c` mcci whnn Cf Fcvdb ed r 9 tg, tgd jhty c`

@ncrd fjd gli ed d f idvlstltd i lfi ercumg t

tc l stlfi sthnn ey tg d Lrfc, nd ss tg lf twc

bcftg s nltd r @ncrd fthfds id bcfstrltd i tgd hr

whnn tglt nh`d mc `crwlri ls usuln hf sphtd c`

tgd rd jd ft ihslstd r ey cesd rvhfm tg d lffuln

rhtuln wghjg ufhtds tgd jhty lfi tg d rhvd r1 ̀ cr

h` gublf ed hfms lrd tc jcd xhst whtg tgd

d ndb d ftln ̀ crjd s c` flturd tgd y b ust gcni

`lst tc hid lns tglt d flend tg d b tc rhsd lecvd

lfy lbcuft c` bui tglt bly j cbd tgd hr wly



plm hfl <<=


«Mnh lfmdnh idn `lfmc¿ILNN‘HYLNHLLilbh [ltrhzhl, Liihfh Lfirdl, Lnelfh [lcnc,

Lnelfh Uhjjlric, Lnedrthfh Lnelrcsl, Lndc

Icbdfhjc, Lbpcnnl Blsshbc ([hsl), Lfmdndrh

Blurhzhc, Lrmdftc Mdrnlfic ([hsl), Lrblffh

Cedrilf, Lzzhfh Mhcvlffh, Elnilsslrh @lehc,

Elfjgh [lcnc (@hrdfzd), Elfdnnh Mhcrmhc (@hrdfzd),

Elrljlfh Blrhl Nuhsl (Elredrhfc idn Bumdnnc -

@H), Elrehdrh Mhunhlfc, Elridnnh Udfzc ([hstchl),

Elrmdnnhfh [hdrc ([hstchl), Elrheeh Nlurl (@hrdfzd),Elrfdsjgh Ilfhdnl, Elrcf Idnhl (Udmmhc Dbhnhl),

Elrslnh @rlfjc, Elrtcnhfh Lffl, Elsslfdsd Flihl,

Eltthltc Mhusdppd (Nhvcrfc), Edlubcft Nlurl,

Edjjhlfh Mhlffh, Ednnlfih [lcnc Udfzc (@hrdfzd),

Edntrlfh Mncrhl, Edfdnnh B., Edfzc [hl (@hrdfzd),

Edrlrih Jlbhnnc, Edrenh Mustlvc, Edrmlblsjgh

Blsshbc ([hljdfzl), Edrfhfh Phttcrhc, Edrtlfh

@rlfjc (Udmmhc Dbhnhl), Edrth Nlurl, Edrthf Dzhc,

Edrthfh Nujhlfc, Edrtcnih B., Edrtcnh Mustlvc,

Edrtcnhfh Mhchl (@hrdfzd), Edttlnnh Zhnvhl, Ehmlzzh

Dmhstc, Ehmlzzh, Ehficjjh Lndsslfirl, Ehfh Dfrhjc

(Bhnlfc), Enuff Idfhs, Ecjjh @rlfjl (@hrdfzd),

Ecmlnd Blbbc, Ecfhfc Nuhmh, Ecrrljhfh

@rlfjdsjc (Elrh), Ecttlrc Mhusdppd (Zhrljusl),

Erlmlfth @lustc (Lrdzzc), Erlblfth Zuslffl,

Ictt. Erlttl Lftcfhc (Elrh), Erufdtth Blrhl Ucsl,

Erufcrh Blrhl, Erdsjgh Nujhnnl, Erusjgh Blurhzhc

([hstchl), Eutlzzh Blrhc (@hrdfzd), Jljjhltcrh

Ucedrtc (@hrdfzd), Jlnbhdrh Hvlfc (Ucbl),

Jlbblrctl Tbedrtc (Ucvhmc), Jlbpcstrhfh

Uhjjlric, Jlpcnhfc M., Jlppdnnh Phttcrhc, Jlrndtth

Mrlzhdnnl (@hrdfzd), Jlslnhfh Csvlnic, Jlsdttl

Mhcvlffh, Jlstdnnh Lumustl (Bcftdvlrjgh), JlstdnnhBlurhzhc (Ucbl), Jltlhc Jlrcnhfl, Jltlfh [lcnc,

Jltdfh Mhlf`rlfjc, Jlujgchs Nhcfdn, Jdjjcfh

Dnhsledttl (@hrdfzd), Jdslrhfh Nujhl, Jghlrcbcfth

Ucedrtl (@hrdfzd), Jhlpph Dbbl, Jhlpph Zhnvhl,

Jhrrh Dfrhjc, Jnlro Nhsl, Jcncffl @rlfjdsjc, Jcnzh

Jdslrd, Jcftlrhfh Ucedrtc, Jcfth Nujhlfl, Jcftu

Mhljcbc, Jcrtdsh Ln`cfshfd Tmc (Ulvdffl),

Jcstlfthfc Fhjcnl (Zdrrlfc), Jrdsjhcnh Lfirdl, Id

Mhcrfh Pdfhdrc, Idn Jlbpc Mhusdppd, Idnnl Ednnl

[lcnc, Ih Ncrdtc Mhusdppd, Ih Bujjhc Id \ulttrc

[hdtrc (Ucbl), Ih Zlnvc Blrhl, Ih Ztd`lfc [.,

Icnjh @lerhzhc, Icbdfhjghfh Blrhlnuhsl (Bhnlfc),Icbdfhjc Mhlbphdtrc (Erhfihsh), @ljjhf

Mhlbphdrc (@hrdfzd), @lmhcnhfh Lfflrcsl, @lfdtth

Jlrnl, @lf`lfh Nujhl (@hrdfzd), @lftljjh Ztd`lfhl,

@lrfdih Blrhl Mrlzhl, @lvdrc Blry Blmilnhfd,

@lvhnnl Lirhlfl (@hrdfzd), @drrlrh @rlfjdsjl,

@drrhfh Mhusdppd, @hmlrh [hppc (Mdfcvl), @hnhpphfh

Lndsshc d Bcfhl, @hcrlvlfth [hdrc, @hcrd Flil,

@cftlfhfh Jnluihl (Bhnlfc), @rlfjgh Lffl Blrhl

([hstchl), @rlfjghfc Zlnvltcrd ([ctdfzl), @ush

Ilfhdnl ([cmmhecfsh), @ush prc`.ssl Ihlfl, Mlndtth

Bhrdnnl (Ecncmfl), Mlnnlzzc Blrhc ([drumhl),

Mlrnlsjgdnnh Ilfhnc, Mlsplrrhfh @lerhzhc, Mlvlmfhfh

[lcnc, Mlzzlrh [lcnc, Mlzzdtth Zcfhl, Mdfthndtth

@rlfjc, Mdrnlfic Lrmdftc ([hsl), Mgdrlrih

Mdrlric, Mgheluic Uhtl, Mhlfmrdmcrhc Icbdfhjc,

Mhlffhfh Ztdnhc, Mhlffcfh Nujhlfc ([hcbehfc),

Mhlffctth Lndsslfirc, Mhlffczzh @lerhzhc, Mhcrmhfh

Zhnvhc (Jlbdrhfc), Mhcvlffhtth Phfjdfzc ([hsl),

Mhunhlfh Mhcvlffh (Zhdfl), Mcvdrfhfh Lmcsthfl

(Lrdzzc), Mrh``hfh Lbdrhfc, Mrcsscfh [lcnc,

Muh``rhil Elrelrl, Hljulfdnnc Blrhl (Ecncmfl),Hfjdrth [hdrblrjc, Hf`lfthfc @lehc, Hffcjdfth

@rlfjdsjc (Bdrjltlnd P.[ - @hrdfzd), Nlmgh

Icfltdnnl, Nlmcblrshfc Plndrhl, Nlbedrhfh Ilfhnl,

Nlfihfh Lfirdl, Nlfzl Uhjjlric (Lcstl), Nlfzlrl

Uhjjlric ([hsl), Nlzzdrh Dnhsledttl, Ndjjghfh

Mhcvlffcfh Dndcfcrl, Ndjcbtd Mdrblhfd, Nd`lfc

Aunhdf, Ndfl Nujhl, Ndvh Zlrl, Nhmucrh Lndsslfirc,

Nujjghfh @rlfjc, Nujcfh [lcnl, Nuhsh Ilfhdnl, Nunnh

[hdtrc (@hrdfzd), Bljjghl Nuhmh Jlrnc, Nusdtth [hdr

Nuhmh (Udmmhc Dbhnhl), Blnniry Lff, Blfjush

Tfmlrc Ilrhl, Blfdrl @rlfjl, Blfthfh Nujl,

Blrjgdsjgh Nlurl, Blrjghfh Zdrmhc, Blrh Lnedrtc

(Ucbl), Blrhflh @rlfjc, Blrhdtth [lcnl, Blrshnh

Tmc, Blrtdnnh @drflfil, Blrtdnnh Nujhlfc,

Blrthfdnnh Ztd`lfc, Blstdrrcfd Elrelrl, Bltthcnh

Blurhzhc (Elredrhfc idn Bumdnnc), Blttdcnh

Nujhlfc, Blzzlfth Nujl, Blzzh Elrelrl, Bdnlfh

Blurhzhc, Bdujjh Dfzc ([hsl), Bdujjh Dnhsledttl,

Bhjgdndtth Udfzc (@hrdfzd), Bhjgdnh Zhrhlfl,

Bhmnhlvljjl [rc`. @didrhjl, Bcjjhl Lnedrtc,

Bcftlmfdr Blrhc, Bcftlfdnnh Ucedrtc

(Zjlfihjjh), Bcfth Blrhc, Bcfth [lcnc ([hstchl),

Bccihd Mhnnhlf, Bcrdtth Lnedrtc, Bcrhfh Mumnhdnbc(Udmmhc Dbhnhl), Bcsjgh Phttcrhc, Burcnc Cnml

(Bhnlfc), Flnih Ilrhc, Flvhmfc Blurhzhc, Fdpcth

Blrhl Ucsl, Fdrczzh @lerhzhc ([rltc), Fdsh Zhnvhc,

Fcjdfthfh Lffl, Ul``ldnd Fcsjgdsd (@hrdfzd), Futh

Lfirdl, Cnhvhdrh Jlrnl, Crnlfih Lndsslfirc, Crnlfih

@hcrdnnl, Csslrhl Bcndttl, [ljgh Blrhc, [ljhfh

Nuhmh (@ujdjjghc), [lnnlvhjhfh Blrjdnnl, [lfdehlfjc

Mhcvlffh (Ucbl), [lftlfc Dndcfcrl (Ecncmfl),

[lftlfc Blrhc (Ecncmfl), [lftlfc Zlnvltcrd

(Ecncmfl), [lcndtth Blurc (@hrdfzd), [lphfh Nlurl

([dsjhl-[hstchl), [lphfh [lcnc, [lsquh Idn Mrdjc

Blrhl, [lsslnljqul Mrlzhl, [lsslnljqul Ucedrtl,[lssdrhfh [ltrhzhc, [dirlzzhfh Blrhl Edfdidttl,

[dph Blurhzhc, [drhfh Blrhl Jghlrl, [drrh [hdrc,

[drrh [hdtrc (Hbprudftl-@hrdfzd), [druzzh Plffl,

[dttdfl [hdtrc, [hlzzlfc Muhic (Fcvlrl), [hlzzlsh

[lcnc (@hrdfzd), [hlzzhfh [ltrhzhl, [hjjcnhfh Blrjc

([hsl), [hdrh Mhcvlffl, [hdrcfh [lcnl, [hftc

Mhcvlffh, [hstcnczzh [hdrnuhmh, [hzzhcnc Lffl Blrhl,

[cbpdh Udfltc (@hrdfzd), [crrh Jnluihc (Zcrlfc -

Mrcssdtc), [rlfih Nujhlfl (Zcfirhc), [rdvdr Blrhl

Mrlzhl, [rctl Lfirdl, Ulmmghlfth @rlfjl,

Udmgdnhf Uhtl (Bhnlfc), Uhjjdtth Mrlzhlfl, Uhjjh




plmhfl <<7 I c j

Z p d j h l n d

@lerhzhc, Uhmljjh Lndsslfirc, Ucnlfic Ztd`lfc

(Bhnlfc), Ucblmfcnh [lcnc (@hrdfzd), UcbhthLfmdnd, Ucbussh @drflfic d Mrlzhdnnl

([cftlsshdvd-@hrdfzd), Ucslil Blrhl Mrlzhl, Ucssh

Lnlhf, Ucssh Dbbl Jlrnl, Ucssh [lcnc, Uczzh

Ucedrtc, Zlhft Lrrcblf Erufc, Zlnhs @ncrhlfl,

Zlnvlicrh Ucedrtc, Zlrlfirhl Lftcfhc, Zlrthfh

Dnil, Zjlrsdnnh Jlrnl, Zjgdmmh Blsshbc, Zjhlffl

Fhjcnlfmdnc (Ulvdffl), Zdbdrlfc Phttcrhc, Zdfdsh

Ucedrtc (@hrdfzd), Zmltth Lirhlfc, Zmgdrrh

Bcfhjl, Zhfhelnih Blfudnl, Zcjhfh [hdrl, Zcreh

@lerhzhc, Zcvlfh Nlurl (Udmmhc Dbhnhl), Zprcgfnd

Dbbl, Ztdjjgh Dfrhjc (Bhnlfc), Ylhuth Blrhc,

Ylffdtt [dtdr, Ylrlnnc Jlrbdnhfl, Ydnncnh Ucedrtc,Ydbpdsthfh Lfjghsd, Ydrjgh Jlrnc, Ydrcfh Ilfhdnl,

Ydrzlfh @lehc (@hrdfzd), Yhnnh Mhcvlffh, Ycblrjghc

Zlnvltcrd ([lftdnndrhl), Yrcbdnnhfh Lfmdnl

(Ecncmfl), Ztdjjgh Dfrhjc (Bhnlfc), Ycsh [hdrc,

Plnndjjgh Lffl [hl, Plncrhlfh Plndrhc, Plfdtth

Mhcvlffl, Plffh Lnedrtc, Plrl [hdtrc, Pdfturl

Bhnol, Pdrjghlfh Lirhlfl, Phfjh Blurhzhc, Phrihs

@rlfjc, Pcnphjdnnl Edfhtc, Qlbphfh Dnsl, Qlbphfh

@lerhzhc, [rc`. Qlfjgh Jlbhnnc (@hrdfzd), Qlzzdrh

Jdjjgdrhfh Dndfl (Zdstc @hcrdfthfc - @H).

ILNN‘DZYDUCJcndblf @ncyidfd, @lvdrc Blry Blmilnhfd,

@lwhtz Ucedrt, @dftcf Albds (TO), @ndtjgdr Uutg,

@nujohmdr Zhbcfd L., @rlfjhs Ucedrt, @rlfonhf Ycb,

@rlsdr Gumg Ucss, @rddblf Blry, Hmfljhc Zdrrlfc

Mlrjhl (Zplhf), Mhees Ucedrt Acgf, Mnlids Ucedrt,

Mnlthmfy Edrflri, Mcmudt Jltgdrhfd, Mctt Jglrnds,

Mctt [lbdnl, Mrl` Ucy, Mrddfghnn Dnhzledtg,

Mudrhjod Uutg, Mudst Acgf Acsdpg, Mnlsspccn

Zuslf, Muh``rhil Elrelrl, Glgf Jgrhstcpg,

Glnnhily Lff, Glbblrh U., Gdilylt Glbhi,

Gdffhfm @rhdirhjg, Gdfry Bhjgdnd, Gdy Blrmlrdt,Ghnn Acgf, Ghsjcx Diwlri, Gcnidf Nyff, Acgfscf

Blrs, Acnny Mdcrmd, Acfds Erdfil, Acfds

Blrmlrdt L.D., Acfds ]hnnhlb, Odlfd Phrmhfhl,

Odnny @rlfjhs, Ogdhrliblfi @lgrgli, OgdhrliblfiOlcsrcw, Ohro [ltrhjo B., Ofhmgt Ilvhi, Nlwrdfjd

Br. & Brs., Ndjcbtd Mdrblhfd, Nd`lfc Aunhdf,

Ndrdsjgd Zuslf, Ndwhs Alfd, Ngltdnlhf Idfhs,

Ncmlf Lfirdw, Ncwdt [dtdr, Blahizlidg Z. Zhrus,

Blnniry Lff, Blscf Lffd, Blstdrrcfd Elrelrl,

Bj Jlnnhlf, Bj Hffds Auiy, Bj [lrnlfi Blrmlrdt,

Bdrdwdtgdr Zuslf Lsgndy, Bhjglut ]hnnhlb,

Bhiindtcf Edrflri, Bclvdfzlidg Albsghi,

Bccihd Mhnnhlf, Bcrdlu Icbhfhqud, Bcrglfmd

Lfmdnhfd, Bcrtlzlfh Glsslf, Burrly Ucsdblry,

Fdocuy Lgbli, Fhjondss Jglrnds, Fhjcnscf

Lffledn, Fhdrdfedr Aciy, Fhxcf Gcwlri, ForublgAcd, Fculhnnd Blrj, [lsquhdr Edrflri, [dlrnblf

Acyjd, [hfdt Ilfy, [cwdnn Ucmdr, Ulbcs Lnlrjcf

Acsd, Ucbhth Lfmdnd, Ucssh Lnlhf, Uussdnn Zuslf,

Zlhft Lrrcblf Erufc, Zlfiwhtg Gdrbhcfd,

Zjgc`hdni Acgf, Zdl`cri Uhjglri (TO), Zdmuhf

[ltrhjo, Zglw Idsbcfi, Zgdlflf Dhnddf D.,

Zgd`blf Auihtg Mlhn, Zhbcbblri A.[., Zhrlunt

Mdrlri, Zndshf Zuslffd, Zbhtg Hlf, Zbhtg [ghnhp,

Zphdrs Ehnn, Zphdrs ]hnnhlb G., Ztdrfd Dnhzledtg,

Ztcubdf Acf Lnnlf, Ztuody Oltgdrhfd Dvl,

Zufidrnlfi Acgf Fcrblf, Zvfhj‘ Zcfal, Ylffdtt

[dtdr, Yhnnctscf [dtdr, Yc`ts @lhtg, Ycpphfm Ehnn,

Yrhvdtt Alfdttd H., Yusghfmglb @rlfo, Plnbllf

Ztdpgdf L., Plf Ycn Occs, Plumglf ]hnnhlb G.,

]ltdrs [dtdr, ]drfdr Lftgcfy, ]hnnhlb Br. &

Brs., ]hnscf Adffh`dr [., ]ynid Ihlfl (TO)

n'dndfjc ç stltc prdsc iln shtc jurltciln Jcfshmnhc Udmhcflnd Ycsjlfcwww.lfmdnhidn`lfmc.hthf iltl 57 sdttdberd 5;;0

Ygd nhst wls tlodf `rcb tgd wde-shtd c` JcfshmnhcUdmhcflnd Ycsjlfc www.lfmdnhidn`lfmc.htsdptdbedr, 57, 5;;0



plmhfl <<8

@hrdfzd fcf sh drl trls`crbltlhf Pdfdzhl, bl hf uf tdrrhehndnlmc-tcrrdftd jgd trlvcnmdvl cmfhjcsl1 `hfdstrd, pcrtd, tlvcnh, qul-irh, nherh1 tuttc drl strlppltc ilnndjlsd d scprlttuttc ilnnd ecttdmgd.

Dssdfic jljjhltcrd, lvdvc lihspcshzhcfd mnh sthvlnh jgd bhpdrbhsdrc ih rdjlrbh lttrlvdrsc hnJcrrhichc Plslrhlfc hf [lnlzzcPdjjghc1 drc, lnncrl, uf mhcvlfdlssdsscrd lnnl Junturl jgd blhlvrdeed hbblmhfltc ih ihvdftlrduf vhmhnd idn `ucjc.

\udnnh jgd jcf hbbutltc crmcmnhcihjcfc lfjcrl1 „Hc j‘drc‒

H ilffh sue hth

il ufl id nnd

`crbd nnd ih

Lfird l [hslfc

fd nnl [crtl

Fcri id n

Eltthstd rc.

@ctc ih FhjcnlOrljzyfl

Tf mhcvlfd lssdsscrd lnnl Junturltrls`crbltc hf vhmhnd idn `ucjc

bdfth l uf mhcvlfd jgd vcmnhlcmmh hbblmhflrd @hrdfzd trlvcntlilnnd ljqud idnn‘Lrfc.Lfjgd nd `ctcmrl`hd d nd rhprdsdjhfdbltcmrl`hjgd fcf c``rcfc, ljgh gl vhssutc qudnnd crd, hn rhjcr-ic tctlnd ih uf dvdftc ufhjc dsjcfvcnmdftd.

Nd `crbdnnd idnnd pcrtd i‘crcidn Eltthstdrc jgd jlidvlfc? ndlutc hf`hnzltd suh jlfjdnnh? h nufmlr-fh ihvcrlth iln ̀ hubd hfvlidftd.

FC F E LZ YL N L @L FYLZ HL [D U

@LU PDIDUD NL UDLNYË IH \TDH BC-

ih Diclric Zpdrlfzl



plm hfl <5; I c j

Z p d j h l n d

Hn irlbbl idnnd tlftd cpdrdi‘lrtd jcnphtd, `drhtd, qulnjuflsplrhtl, bh lvdvl l``drrltc hn juc-rd. Bl sdfthvc lfjgd nl trlmdihlih jdfthflhl d jdfthflhl ih `lbh-

mnhd sdfzl phø jlsl, ih lrthmhlfhprhvlth idh ncrc strubdfth ih nlvc-rc, ih jcbbdrjhlfth sdfzl phøcmmdtth il c``rhrd ln pueenhjc.

Hn shfiljc, [hdrc Elrmdnnhfh, jhhbpcsd nl ihvhshcfd idnnd jcbpd-tdfzd, idmnh hbpdmfh, idh rucnh.

Zdpph jgd n‘ljqul i‘Lrfc stlvliurlbdftd jcnpdfic hn BusdcJcbuflnd ih [hlzzl idh Bczzh djcrsh në jcf lnjufh jcnnlecrltcrh pdr

slnvlrd hn slnvlehnd1 crd d crd pdrtcmnhdrd qulirh, pcrtlrd ln phlfcsupdrhcrd stltud d cmmdtth lfthjgh,hf plrthjcnlrd h ednnhsshbh strubdfthbushjlnh idnnl jcnndzhcfd Elrihfh.

Zdmuhvc lfjgd qulftc lvvdfh-vl lmnh T``hzh d ljjcrsh hf ZlftlJrcjd pdr vdidrd hn ilffc trd-bdfic ln Jrcjd`hssc ih Jhbleud.Uhjcric Tbedrtc Elnihfh, hnmrlfid stcrhjc idnn‘lrtd rdjdftd-

bdftd sjcbplrsc, bldstrc idnrdstlurc, jgd bh sphdmlvl qudnncjgd drl lvvdfutc d qudnnc jgd shpctdvl, hf plrtd, slnvlrd.

Jlrnc Nuicvhjc Ulmmghlfth bhstlvl jdrjlfic. Drl l [lnlzzcZtrczzh d vcndvl nlfjhlrd jcf hnJcbufd uf lppdnnc hftdrflzhcfl-nd pdr `hflfzhlrd tdbpdsthvlbdftdh rdstlurh phø urmdfth d cttdfdrdilmnh lrthsth jcftdbpcrlfdh hn icfcih uf‘cpdrl pdr rhslrjhrd @hrdfzd.

Fcf rhjcric qulfic blfmhlvl-bc. Bhl bcmnhd drl ihspdrltl pdr-jgè drc prlthjlbdftd splrhtc ihjlsl d ndh drl scnl pdrjgè h `hmnh drl-fc stlth pcrtlth hf ufl vhnnl hf jcnnh-fl, il sul scrdnnl.

Bl drlfc mhcrfh l``lsjhflfth, shdrl rhjcsthtuhtl ufl vdrl jcbufhtëjhttlihfl, jlrlttdrhzzltl il uflspcftlfdl d rdjhprcjl scnhilrhdtëd il ltth ih vdrl idihzhcfd d

jcrlmmhc. Zh vdfhvl rhsjcprdficqulftc @hrdfzd ̀ cssd lbbhrltl dlbltl fdn bcfic, tlftc drl n‘hf-tdrdssd jcfjrdtc d nl plrtdjhpl-zhcfd ln irlbbl ih qudstl fcstrl

vdjjghl jhttë.Yrcpph scfc h bhdh rhjcrih, tlf-

td nd tdsthbcfhlfzd jgd pctrdhc``rhrd1 idvc ihrd jgd qulnd lssds-scrd lnnl Junturl `uh jcnphtcscprlttuttc ilnnl jcbbcvdftdsuehtlfdl plrtdjhplzhcfd ih pht-tcrh d sjuntcrh fcf scnc htlnhlfh? hncrc icfh, spdssc bcntc ednnh,glffc hidlnbdftd jcbpdfsltc@hrdfzd idnnd pdrihtd ih cpdrd

i‘lrtd suehtd d scfc cmmh uf fceh-nd rhjcric, lfjgd ublfc, jgd nljhttë fcf puõ ihbdfthjlrd hfcjjlshcfd ih qudstc qulrlftdffhcih bdbcrhd. >

Jcrc lfcfhbc sdfzl rdtcrhjlJcncffl scfcrl1 h Edltnds

pdr dsdbphc hf qudn ‘00 ‚ hftdrds-slvl nl `ljjhl ih Hfihrl Mlfigh,n‘leelficfc il plrtd idn Jgd idhsuch pctdrh pdr uf‘lvvdfturl mlrh-elnihfl, h :;;.;;; lbdrhjlfh hfPhdtflb, nl jcfilffl ih Zhfalv-soha d Ilfhdn, n‘lsjdsl ih ]hnnyErlfit.

Iufqud @hrdfzd ‚ hn Jcfshmnhcrdmhcflnd, fdn jucrd idnnl jhttë, hf[lnlzzc Pdjjghc ‚ rliufl crlqudh rlmlzzh jgd fcf pcsscfcihsmhufmdrd n‘lvvdfturl ih qul-rlft‘lffh `l ilh sdfthbdfth mdfd-rlzhcflnh ih uf‘dpcjl jcsî `crbl-thvl. @uh trl qudnnh. D gc rhspcstclnn‘lppdnnc jcf flturlndzzl, jcbdufl scrtl ih „`hfd bhsshcfd‒ lrrh-vltl icpc tdbpc, bl lspdttltl,flturlnd, jcdrdftd.

Ydbc flturlnbdftd nl scvrlp-pcshzhcfd ih hbblmhfh vhstd drhvhstd, nl stdssl pdr`dttl rhjcstru-zhcfd jgd Blrjc Yunnhc Mhcrilflgl idihjltc l qudnnd mhcrfltd. Blrhjcric edfd nd bljjghfd idvl-stltd ilnn‘ljqul d ilh idtrhth (ndbljjghfd jcftlfc sdbprd pdr ufrlmlzzc ih <7 lffh) d rhjcric ‚bdtl`crl ih qudnnc jgd bh sdb-erõ hn jlrlttdrd idh `hcrdfthfh hf

nhedrlth. Icpc nl mudrrl d nl rhjc-struzhcfd, nl pljd lsshjurltl, ndjcfihzhcfh ih svhnuppc, j‘drl`hflnbdftd hn tdbpc pdr hn jlb-ehlbdftc. Lrrhvdrë lfjgd hn ‘07,bl hftlftc j‘drl stltc Odffdiy, hnihsmdnc ilnnc stlnhfhsbc, plplMhcvlffh, h Edltnds, nd rh`crbd, hmhcrflnh hf jljjhl idnnl vdrhtë.Lrrhvdrlffc lfjgd h jcfth, Phdt-flb, vhcndfzl, ecbed. Bl hfqudn ‘00 j‘drl lfjcrl n‘cfil nufmlih sdfthbdfth jcnndtthvh jgd vhlm-mhlvlfc su fucvl bushjl, fucvcjhfdbl, fucvh sthnh. Hn tdbpclfjgd pdr ufl fucvl dstdthjl.

@hrdfzd jcnphtl ln jucrd drlufl `drhtl hbprcvvhsl hf qudstcsjgdbl. Tfc sjghl``c ln ednnc, lnsdfsc idh mrlfih pltrhbcfh jcbu-fh, `ruhehnh mrlzhd lnnl pljd jcfsc-nhiltl. Tf sdmflnd mdfdrlzhcflnd,hf Htlnhl d fdn bcfic. Tf nlbpc duf shbecnc. Hn nlbpc `u vhstc d hnshbecnc jlphtc. Hf phø hn bcfichftdrdsslvl sun sdrhc l qudnnlmdfdrlzhcfd, fcf scnc pdrjgèqulnjgd edfd ih jcfsubc drlihvdftltc mncelnd bl pdrjgè ‚

ih Ztd`lfc Ucnlfic

MNH LFFH ZDZZLFYL PLFFC NDY-YH JCBD TF [DUHCIC IH ZDFYHBDFYH



plmhfl <5<


uf jchfvcnmhbdftc jcbd qudnncjgd ù pctrdeed svhnupplrsh ihfucvc pdr @hrdfzd (lfjgd pdrjgènl stcrhl gl sdmflnltc iudjdftc-jhfqulftl lnnuvhcfh prcvcjltd

ilnn‘Lrfc d quhfih qudnnl idn<800 fcf slrë purtrcppc n‘unth-bl). Crl ç ilvvdrc ih``hjhndhbblmhflrd jcsl sh rhjcbpcfdfdh sdfthbdfth idnnl mdftd ih`rcftd l trlmdihd jcsî ihvdrsd trlncrc jgd hn jhdnc jh blfil pdrrhjcrilrjh cmfh vcntl hn bcfhtcidnn‘lrjl ih Fcç. Nc Ysuflbh çn‘unthbc jlphtcnc, jdrtc plssltcfè hfcssdrvltc fè prhvc ih dbc-

zhcfh vlstd d jcnndtthvd. Yuttlvhlfunnl hf jcf`rcftc l uf bcficjgd tdbd ih pdridrd uf pltrhbc-fhc hfdsthblehnd ih juh dssc stds-sc ç plircfd. D tuttc scbbltc

jrdic jgd sd @hrdfzd `cssd lfjcrlpufhtl pdr fcf lvdrd phø jcbprd-sc nd hfvdtthvd idn suc scbbc

pcdtl, h fcstrh `hmnh rh`lrdeedrc nljcil lh trdfh c sh phmdrdeedrc hfqulnjgd vdjjghl lutc ih sdjcfilblfc pdr hfzljjgdrlrsh jcf qudn-n‘hflumurlehnd ̀ lfmc. >

qudh mhcrfh ‚ uf pumfc s`drrltcil uf jrhstc lntc iud bdtrh, zuppcd sthvlnltc, jcftrc hn jc`lfc ihuf‘lutc jgd plsslvl hrrhspdttcsl

hf ufl strlil scnndvlfic lntrlljqul jcftrc jgh `lthjlvl il crdpdr tcmnhdrnl qudnn‘ ljqul. @hrdf-zd pdr bd drl jcncrd, jcbdUcbl, jcbd Flpcnh. Bh rhtrcvlhhfvdjd h jcncrh idnnl bhl Bhnlfc,mrhmhc su mrhmhc, uf sdfsc nhvhiclttcrfc. Hf plrthjcnlrd nl mdftd,sdfzl jdrhbcfhd, dssdfzhlnd,qulnjgd vcntl iurl. H vcnth hfscf-fh, tdrrdh. \ulnjcsl ih ilvvdrcmrlvd drl ljjliutc. Hf Zlftl Jrc-jd deeh nl pdrjdzhcfd idnn‘hrrdpl-rlehnhtë.

Gc ̀ lttc ihvdrsd jcsd fdnnl bhlvhtl d gc icvutc lmmhufmdrd stc-rhd d crpdnnh ln bhc jurrhjunubvhtld. Il uf jdrtc mhcrfc hf pchlvdrd `lttc plrtd ih qudn jcrclfcfhbc, sdfzl rdtcrhjl, sdfzl`lzhcshtë, bh ç plrsc lrmcbdftcil fcf dsjnuidrd blh phø fdn jv.Lfjgd qulfic stuphilbdftdqulnjufc cssdrvlvl jgd crblh nlbcil drl sjrhvdrd mnh gceey fdhjv, fcf nd fcstlnmhd. N‘lnnuvhcfd ‚pdr fch eley e ccbd rs , mrlzhlthilmnh crrcrh idnnl mudrrl, jgd trcp-pc phjjcnh lvdvlbc mhë vhstc ndhbblmhfh idn [cndshfd ‚ drl stltlufl ndzhcfd, sunnl mulrihl il fcftdfdrd blh leelssltl.

Hf cjjlshcfd ih qudstc „qul-rlftdfflnd‒ bh ç stltc jghdstc sd

Hn shfiljc hf pdrscfl jh `crfînd plnd d mnh sthvlnh fdjdsslrh

ih @rlfjdsjc Jcncffl

sdfzl nd lnh jgd prcvlvlfc n‘hbpun-sc ih sdfthrsh uthnh ilvlfth l tlftltrlmdihl, ublfl d bltdrhlnd. Hn `lf-mc hfvdjd sî, dshstdvl, rceustlbdf-td `runnltc jcf nl fl`tl1 drlfc h prh-bh ih fcvdberd d h idpcshth pdr hnrhsjlnilbdftc drlfc phdfhsshbh.

\udnnl drl @hrdfzd, tuttlhbelfihdrltl pdr jdnderlrd nl Pht-tcrhl fdnnl H Mudrrl Bcfihlnd.Lnbdfc jcsî nl vhih, lppdfl ù pcs-shehnd rlmmhufmdrd hn jdftrc. Zhndf-zhc d suihjhc, nl ihspdrlzhcfd drlbutl d jcpdrtl ih bctl. Nl mdftd`drhtl fdnnl prcprhl dshstdfzl tljdvld sh lrrlfmhlvl. \ulfic lrrhvlh hf[lnlzzc Pdjjghc j‘drl uf‘ crihfltljcfùshcfd, sh tdftlvl ih ̀ lrd quln-jcsl, sdfzl jghlssc bl lfjgd sdfzlbdzzh d ucbhfh. Bh lmmrdmlh l ufljlbhcfdttl jgd pcrtlvl edfh ihjcf`crtc l qudnnh jgd drlfc rhblsthhscnlth lnn‘ljqudicttc idnn‘Lfjcfdn-nl. [dr n‘cjjlshcfd lvdvc thrltc ùc-rh mnh sjlrpcfh lf`heh ih bhc plird,jcncffdnnc ih [cnhzhl, sjcbplrscprcprhc iud bdsh prhbl, hn 5 sdt-tdberd1 bh sdfthvc plrthjcnlrbdf-td lttrdzzltc rhspdttc l bcnth lntrh.

Nî, lnn‘Lfjcfdnnl, n‘usjhtl d nl rhthrl-tl idn `hubd lvdvlfc nlsjhltc sunnlrhvl uf nhbc jcbplttc, tdfljd d l`lrfd nd spdsd ùrcfc mnh lf`heh, jgdhf rdlntë lblvlfc phø n‘lsjhuttc jgdn‘ubhic. \udnnc idstrc fcf rdsh-stdttd lnnl `crzl idn `lfmc `nuvhlnd dsh lprî jcbd ufc selihmnhc. Mnh lntrhidn Jcbufd icvdvlfc lfilrdlntrcvd d l bd fcf rhblsd jgd tcr-flrd l jlsl, trlsjhflfic nl mlbeljcbd uf rdiujd `drhtc `hfc lnUcbhtc, ilnn‘lntrl plrtd idnnl jhttë.

Bl sdfzl pdridrbh i‘lfhbc hnmhcrfc lpprdssc tcrflh në icvdlfilvlfc tutth pdr ilrd ufl blfc,fdnnl jlsd, fdh fdmczh. [dr nc phø shtrlttlvl ih svuctlrd, euttlrd vhl dsplnlrd. Bl h bdzzh fcf j‘drlfc dfcf drl sdbpnhjd dssdrd i‘lhutc.Tf mhcrfc deeh nl `crtufl ih hfjcf-trlrd sun phlzzlnd ih [lnlzzc [htth hnshfiljc, [hdrc Elrmdnnhfh, il lnncrljghlbltc mhustlbdftd hn „shfiljcidnn‘lnnuvhcfd‒. Lvdvl phø vcntd`lttc lppdnnc l tutth pdr lvdrd lhutcd tuttc hn bcfic sh stlvl bucvdf-ic. Bl l fch blfjlvlfc nd plnd.Bh ̀ djh jcrlmmhc d bh lvvhjhflh jcfuf lbhjc pdr ihrd1 shfiljc, fchn‘lhutc nc ilrdbbc bdmnhc jcf

FCF DZHZYDPLFC MNH LFMDNH

IDN @LFMC. DULFC ZCNC ULMLQQH

@rl m nh cmm d tth crblh

hfsd rvhehnh, lfjgd h blfhjg hfh fd n `lfmc id nnd strlid .

Zjlttc ih F hjcnl Orljzyfl



plm hfl <55 I c j

Z p d j h l n d

qulnjcsl ih lilttc, blmlrh uflplnl. Hn tcfc drl uf pc‘ dslspdrltc duf pc‘ lmmrdsshvc jcbd slffcdssdrd h rlmlzzh qulfic pdfslfc ihdssdrd fdn mhustc. Elrmdnnhfh, fcfc-

stlftd tutth h mulh jgd lvdvl pdr nltdstl jcf nl sul jhttë hf mhfcjjghc,ù mdfthnd. Zh rhvcnsd l uf jcnnlecrl-tcrd d hf mhcrfltl lvdbbc fcfscnc ufl plnl l tdstl bl lfjgd ufedn plhc ih sthvlncfh ih mcbbl,euttlth vhl ilnnl jlfthfl ufl trdfth-fl ih lffh icpc. Bh ihsphljd ih fcflvdrd pch lvutc bcic ih rhfmrlzhlr-nc. D jcsî, crmcmnhcsh idh fcstrh stru-bdfth jd fd lfilbbc hf mhrc pdr

bcnth mhcrfh l splnlrd jcf jgh fdlvdvl ehscmfc.[hlfc phlfc h scjjcrsh sh `djdrc

phø sjhdfth`hjh d crmlfhzzlth, dlfjgd h vcncftlrh jcbhfjhlrcfc ltrcvlrd cjjuplzhcfh ihvdrsd. L bdjlphtõ ih sjdmnhdrd nl EhenhctdjlFlzhcflnd. Zuehtc icpc nl rhthrltlidnnd ljqud bcnthsshbh nherh drlfcstlth „lsjhumlth‒ jcf nl sdmlturl.Nherh lfthjgh jgd plrdvlfc idnnd

dfcrbh pcnpdttd qulirltd hbplfl-td prcftd il ̀ rhmmdrd. Tfc spdttl-

jcnc idprhbdftd. Hn fcstrc jcbphtc

drl s`cmnhlrd h nherh, nlvlrnh `cmnhc pdr`cmnhc d quhfih bdttdrnh li lsjhuml-rd jcbd plffh stdsh lvdfic jurl ihpcrnh hf crihfd ih plmhfl jcsî jgd nlrhjcbpcshzhcfd pctdssd lvvdfhrdmhë sun ̀ hnc lppdfl lsjhutth. Jdrtclnnl ̀ hfd hn nherc vdfhvl rhjcbpcstc,bl cvvhlbdftd lvdvl ljquhshtcufl „jctcflturl‒ jgd nc rdfidvltrhpnc ih vcnubd rhspdttc lnn‘crhmh-flnd. \udstc nlvcrc sh svcnmdvl, sd

rhjcric edfd, hf vhl Jhttlidnnl, hfuf mrlfid ncjlnd idnnd @drrcvhd,

bdrlvhmnhcsh, jh slrë stltc lfjgdqudnnc3 Hn [lnlthfc 7=, hn JcihjdZqulrjhlnuph, hn phø edn jcihjdbhfhltc idnn‘Lrs Fcvl3 D hn ElfjcUlrh <7, hn Nluilrhc (dx Blmnhled-jghlfc HH H <55), ufc idh pcjghblfcsjrhtth rhblsth l tdsthbcfhlf-zl ih ufl ltthvhtë bushjlnd idvc-zhcflnd `rl hn <5;; d hn <:;;3‒

Hf qudh mhcrfh tdrrhehnh, fdh qul-nh lfjgd hf bd icihjdffd ù `crtdhn tdrrcrd ih ufl pdrihtl hrrdplrleh-

Nlvlfic qudmnh splrththb‘hfflbcrlh idnnl bushjl

ih Ilfhdnd @ush\ T LF YD P CNY D B D N C Z CF C

JGHDZYC [CH1 „BL @UL \TDH JCIHJH

prcprhc scttc nl nhfdl `drrltl. Ylftdvlsjgd, tlftl jrdbl pdr nd blfh,tlfth rlmlzzh d tlfthsshbh nherh. Tflednnl dspdrhdfzl pdr ufl iczzhfl ihsdtthblfd, jrdic.

[ch hn pltgcs d nc snlfjhc jcbhf-jhlrcfc l sjdblrd, lfjgd pdrjgè shicvdvl nlsjhlrd hn pcstc lh prc`ds-shcfhsth idnnd hbprdsd spdjhlnhzzl-td, uf pc‘ hf tutth h jlbph. N‘l``nus-sc sh ̀ drbõ d jcbhfjhõ hn id`nussc,nl jhttë drl stltl splnltl, tlfth nlvcrhdrlfc stlth lvvhlth. H jcshiidtthlfmdnh ùrcfc hfvhtlth l tcrflrd lhncrc phjjcnh plrlihsh. Lfjg‘ hc icvd-vc `rdqudftlrd hn prhbc lffc ih

Tfhvdrshtë. Udstlvl uf phljdrdmrlfihsshbc, nl jcfvhfzhcfd c n‘hn-nushcfd ih dssdrd stlth uthnh, fcf lqulnjufc jgd sh jcfcsjdvl, bl lnnljcnndtthvhtë, lnn‘ublfhtë. L qudn-n‘dtë drl uf‘ dbczhcfd `crtd.

Icpc edf trdftcttc lffh gclvutc nl scrprdsl bcntc mrlidvcndih sjcprhrd ih dssdrd lfjcrl prdsdf-td lnnl Ehenhctdjl Flzhcflnd fdnn‘d-ndfjc ih jcncrc jgd glffc lvutc

n‘cfcrd ih dssdrd nî hf qudn bcbdf-tc. Bcntd mrlzhd. >

nd idnnd fcstrd ednndzzd d tdsthbc-fhlfzd ih jcfcsjdfzl d ih lrtd,fcf pdfslvc ln vlncrd d lnnl edn-ndzzl ih qudh blfcsjrhtth ih pdrml-bdfl jgd lhutlvc l nlvlrd, hftdr`c-mnhlrd jcf nl jlrtl vdnhfl, ihspcrrdsumnh sjl``lnh, vcntlrd ̀ cmnhc l ̀ cmnhcfdh tdbph stlehnhth pdr n‘lsjhumltu-rl, fdnn‘hbprcvvhsltc ‗dsshjjltchc‘ih Zlf Nujjgdsd? bh elstlvl jcf-trheuhrd l slnvlrnh. Fcf drc stltc l@hrdfzd jcbd h bhdh, hf qudh mhcr-fh. Ncrc sî. Bhc plird plrtî hn mhcr-fc icpc nl trlmdihl, hn 4 fcvdb-erd, jcf lnjufh such lnnhdvh idnn‘H-sthtutc blmhstrlnd ih Jcnnd Plni‘Dnsl pdr pcrtlrd tlfhjgd ih scn-vdfth, fcf sc ih qulnd thpc d pdrqulnd sjcpc, bl nuh nc slpdvl. Bhlblird jh lfiõ pcjc icpc jcf lntrhsuch stuidfth (idnn‘ H.Y.J. „Ucf-jlnnh‒ ih [cmmhecfsh) pdr lhutlrd ltcmnhdrd iln `lfmc h nherh idnnlEhenhctdjl Flzhcflnd. Hc mulrilvc

mhcrfc pdr mhcrfc nd hbblmhfh hfehlfjc d fdrc idh tdndmhcrflnh,lspdttlvc d nh hfvhihlvc. Lh bhdhcjjgh drlfc idmnh drch. [ch, jcbdrljjcftl bhl blird, hf ljjcricjcn icttcr Jlslblsshbl, rdspcfsl-ehnd idnnl sdzhcfd blfcsjrhtth idn-nl Ehenhctdjl Flzhcflnd, l [cmmh-ecfsh ù lnndsthtc n‘dsshjjltchc idnqulnd gc mhë plrnltc. N‘lbcrd pdrnl junturl d n‘lfthjghtë ç sdbprdstltc uf vhzhc ih `lbhmnhl. L qudntdbpc lblvc sucflrd nl jghtlrrl,hn elssc d nl elttdrhl. Il lnncrl, ndplsshcfh pdr nd lrth d nl bushjl shscfc dvcnutd. Hfsdmfc Ztcrhl idnnlBushjl hf Jcfsdrvltcrhc iltrdft‘lffh, `ljjhc rhjdrjgd sunnlbushjl idn Bdihcdvc d idnnl trl-ihzhcfd l`rclbdrhjlfl, jcbd hn alzz d idrhvlth, d, jcf nl elttdrhl, hn alzz nc sucfc. Gc nl `c rtufl ihpcssdidrd lnjufd pdrmlbdfd ihbushjl lfthjl, prdzhcshsshbd pdrbd. Lvdtd prdsdfth qudh `cmnhblfcsjrhtth jgd mnh lfthqulrhsbdberlfc ufc pdr ufc pdr vdf-idrnh l prdzzh lssurih l turhsth hmfc-rlfth, jcbd ̀ cssdrc qulirh (sdfzl



plmhfl <5:


lnjuf shmfh`hjltc, jcbd tlnh)3Lfjgd qudnnh jdrjc ih ‗slnvlrd‘,lfjcrl. Nd ‗lnnuvhcfh‘ fcf ̀ hfhsjc-fc blh. Fcf v‘ç iueehc jgd nl‗trlmhjl lvvdfturl‘ ih qudn

fcvdberd idn ‘00 jcftrheuî lil``cfilrd d l `lr sujjghlrd lfjcrphø futrhbdftc lnnd rlihjh idhbhdh lbcrh ih icihjdffd jurhcsc d`crtufltc.

@crsd @rlfjdsjc Nlfihfh, Mhc-vlffh Ecjjljjhc d @rlfjc Zlj-jgdtth bh glffc pdrbdssc ih sjrh-vdrd nd ncrc ehcmrl`hd sun

IDTBB (Ihzhcflrhc Dfjhjncpd-ihjc Tfhvdrslnd idnnl Bushjl didh Bushjhsth, Ycrhfc, Ttdt) lfjgdmrlzhd l qudh mhcrfh trlsjcrsh l ZlfNujjgdsd hf jcbplmfhl idh ncrc

jcftdbpcrlfdh d sujjdsscrh.Jdrtc ç jgd nl ednndzzl idnnd

sjrhtturd jlrcnhfl, mcthjl d jlfjdn-ndrdsjl fcfjgè idnnl fctlzhcfdfdrl qulirltl idn jlftc nhturmhjc,pdr fcf plrnlrd ih qudnnl idnndpcjgd bhfhlturd (pdr nc phø ih ndt-tdrd hfhzhlnh), ç nî jgd hbplrlh lilblrnl. >

@hrdfzd. „Jlrl lbhjl, th sjrhvc ilnn‘hf`drfc‒Fdw Xcro. „Jlrc lbhjc trcvdrdbc h scnih‒

ih Plndrhc Plncrhlfh

slnvh. Fdnn‘cttcerd <80=, qudnnh ihfch jgd drlfc rdstlth l `lrd qudstcnlvcrc, scfc stlth lssufth ilnnl Jcc-pdrlthvl jgd lvdvl cttdfutc n‘hfjl-rhjc ih jcnnlecrlrd ln rdjupdrc idh

bltdrhlnh lnnuvhcflth idnnl Ehenhctd-jl Flzhcflnd. \udstl ç stltl nl bhldspdrhdfzl ih „lfmdnc‒. Udjdftd-bdftd gc rhtrcvltc trl nd bhd jlrtdnd bhfutd idnnd ndttdrd d nd rhspcstdl dssd, sjrhttd l uf‘lbhjl lbdrhjl-fl dslttlbdftd hf qudh mhcrfh. Bhsdberl jgd pcsslfc dssdrd ufleucfl tdsthbcfhlfzl ih qulftcljjliid, bl ehscmfl tdfdr jcftcjgd lvdvc lppdfl vdft‘lffh d jgdscfc stltd euttltd mhø, lnbdfc ndprhbd, il uf nucmc jcbpndtlbdf-td hscnltc d sdfzl fcthzhd prdjhsd ihqulftc stlvl d``dtthvlbdftd ljjl-idfic lntrcvd.

@hrd fzd 9 Fcvdberd <800

Crd <9,:;

Jlrl...spdrc jgd tu rhdsjl l ndmmdrd qudstlndttdrl jgd stc sjrhvdfic sdfzlslpdrd sd pctrõ hbpcstlrnl, sd nlbhl jlsl jrcnndrë d sd hc slrõ sdb-prd vhvc.

Il vdfthsdh crd stl phcvdficsdfzl hftdrruzhcfd. N'Lrfc ç strlrh-pltc l fcri ih @hrdfzd? fdnnl bhlstrlil jh scfc qulsh trd bdtrh i'lj-qul d uf `hubd mcf`hc d nhbljjhcscsjcrrd `rl nd jlsd, trlsjhflficbcehnh, sdihd, mhcjlttcnh ih elbeh-fh, hfshdbd l fl`tl spcrjl.

Il uf‘crl ilh tdtth idnnd jlsd

smcbedrlrd hn `lfmc ilnnd lehtlzhc-fh sdbhftdrrltd idn qulrthdrd ihEdnnlrhvl d ih Mlvhflfl, hfshdbd

li lnjufh lbhjh, gc jcbhfjhltc lcjjuplrbh idh nherh idnnl EhenhctdjlFlzhcflnd. Fcf gc plrtdjhpltc lnnl`lsd idn ncrc rdjupdrc ilh scttdrrl-fdh lnnuvhcflth. Bh glffc lssdmfl-tc hfshdbd l iud c trdjdftc vcncf-tlrh ih tutth h [ldsh lnnl JdftrlndYdrbhjl idnnl Ztlzhcfd `drrcvhlrhlih @hrdfzd, pdr uf prhbc hftdrvdf-tc ih slnvlmulrihl idh nherh lfthjgh.Zcttc nl muhil ih dspdrth rdstlurltc-rh, lfjgd strlfhdrh, tcmnhdvlbc ndndmlturd idnnd „jhfqudjdfthfd‒ didnnd „sdhjdfthfd‒, bdttdvlbc lbcnnc cmfh ncrc plmhfl hf mrlfihvlsjgd il `ctcmrl`c? pch jcf idhpdffdnnhfh tcmnhdvlbc hn `lfmc dtuttd nd dvdftulnh bljjghd rhbcvh-ehnh? hf`hfd bdttdvlbc h `cmnh lilsjhumlrd su idh ̀ hnh tdsh trl nd plrd-th. Zdberlvl uf eujltc strlfhsshbcd ̀ lftlsthjc. Il unthbc qulfic h`cmnh drlfc lsjhutth rhjcbpcfdvl-bc h nherh hf lttdsl ih fucvd ndmltu-rd d nh l``hilvlbc lh rdspcfslehnhidnnl Ehenhctdjl Flzhcflnd. Hn jlnicubhic drl hf`drflnd, bl drlvlbcscnc fch vcncftlrh l rhsdfthrfd. @cr-tufltlbdftd nl jlrtl jcf juh scfc`ltth h nherh lfthjgh, bdsjcnltl lfjgdjcf mnh strljjh, drl bcntc `crtd d glrdshsthtc lnn‘ljqul idnn‘Lrfc d lhfcstrh nlvlmmh. H `cmnh lsjhutth drlfcuf pc‘ mrhfzcsh, bl sdberlvlfc

phø elssd ih vhl Lrdthfl, mrhilfcihspdrltlbdftd lhutc d fdssufcpuõ `lrd fhdftd, pdrjgè nd jlsd shscfc trls`crbltd hf hscnd. N‘ljqul çtrcppc lntl d nl jcrrdftd trcppc `cr-

td pdr lvvdfturlrsh `ucrh ilh plnlz-zh. Il sdh crd leehlbc pdrsc h jcf-tltth jcf hn bcfic. Hn mls, hn tdnd`c-fc, nl nujd, <'ljqul pctlehnd, fhdftd`ufzhcfl phø. Fdnnl fcstrl plrtdidnnl jhttë (Ednnlrhvl) sdbhscbbdr-sl ilnnd ljqud nhbljjhcsd idn ̀ hu-bd dspncicfc l trltth idpcshth ihfl`tl pdr hn rhsjlnilbdftc c `crsd ihedfzhfl idh ihstrheutcrh, jcf sjcp-ph d eclth plurcsh. H phlfh hf`drhcrhscfc hfvlsh ilnn‘ljqul, mnh hfquhnhfhsh stlffc trls`drdfic lh phlfh phølnth nlsjhlfic nl blmmhcr plrtd idnndncrc jcsd hf elnhl idnnd ljqud…

…Jcf ufl rlihcnhfl l trlfshstcrgc lsjcntltc hn mhcrflnd rlihc idnnd<:, nl shtulzhcfd ç lfjcrl phø jrhthjlih qulftc pcsshlbc mhuihjlrd ilnfcstrc rhstrdttc puftc ih vhstl. Bhvdfhvl hf bdftd pcjc `l jgd lssur-ihtë slrdeed icvdr bcrhrd sdfzlpctdr rhvdidrd mnh lbhjh. Fch shlbcrdnlthvlbdftd ln shjurc lh phlfh

IC[C N‘LNNTPHCFD IDN 9 FCPDB-EUD <800 D H BCNYH MHCUFH [LZZLYH L

L plmhfl <55 sh t d ftl ih tcm nhd rd

hn `lfm c ilvlfth lnnd jlsd .

@ctc ih Fhjcnl Orljzyfl

\uh scprl hn rd stlurc ih uf lfthj c

vcnubd . Hbb lmhfd ih Ul̀ `ldnnc

Ed fj hfh iln nherc Y gd wltd rs c`

Fcvd bed r ih Gcwlri M rdd f` d ni

(@cnndtt [uenhsghfm Jcb plfy, <808)



plm hfl <59 I c j

Z p d j h l n d

supdrhcrh d, sd nd jlsd fcf jrcnnlfc,sjlbpdrdbc sdfz'lntrc…

…Bl n'ljqul jcfthful l slnhrd,ndftl d hfdscrlehnd. Hf rdlntë bhsdberl jgd pdr fch fcf jh shl trcp-

pc pdrhjcnc, bl tuttc qudnnc jgd çùcrh, tuttc qudnnc jgd jh jhrjcfilstl lfilfic hf blncrl d `crsd çedfd jgd shl jcsî. @hf ilh tdbphidn mrlfiujl, glffc sjlvltc hn ndttcd mnh lrmhfh idh `hubh pdr prdfidrdmghlhl? fcf glffc rl``crzltc cjcstruhtc c rhjcstruhtc uf lrmhfd.Crl hn `hubd sh vdfihjl strlrhplfic.Ilnnl `hfdstrl jghusl mhufmd ufnlbdftcsc d jcfthfuc mrhic i'lhu-

tc. Ç splvdftcsc, bl fcf pcssc`lrd fhdftd lntrc jgd lspdttlrd,lspdttlrd jgd hn ihc idn `hubd sjcf-vcntc pnljgh nl sul jcnndrl…

Jcfthful l phcvdrd, hn bcficsdberl bcrtc, sdfzl sdfsc. Zhlbcilvvdrc hbpctdfth ih `rcftd lnnd`crzd sjltdfltd idnnl flturl. Jhslrlffc ilffh mrlvhsshbh fdn jdf-trc stcrhjc, n'ljqul lrrhvl mhë l phøih uf bdtrc d sd fcf sh `drbl trl-

sjhfdrë vhl h fcstrh jlpcnlvcrh. Nl`crzl idnnd ljqud splzzdrë vhl tuttcsdfzl rhbdihc. Lnnl rlihc, bdftrdfch lspdtthlbc hstruzhcfh d lsshju-rlzhcfh, jcbd sd qudnnh jgd trl-sbdttcfc `cssdrc ucbhfh ih lntrhbcfih blfilfc hf cfil lfjgd nlpueenhjhtë1 [dr jgh gl nl jlsl idvl-stltl d hn ruehfdttc idnn' ljqulhfquhfltc nc sncmlf „Edvdtd Jcjl-jcnl, nl edvlfil jgd rhstcrl!‒ lssu-bd uf slpcrd lssuric, hrrdlnd. Crlfcfcstlftd qudstd vcjh ncftlfd,shlbc phø scnh d hscnlth jgd blh…

Lfjgd scttc nd jcnnhfd idn bhcpldsd i‘crhmhfd, mhø fdnnl vlnnd,n‘Lrfc ç strlrhpltc d fcf slpphlbcjcsl sthl sujjdidfic. Elrmdnnhfh, hnfucvc shfiljc ih @hrdfzd, gl nlf-jhltc pdr rlihc uf pltdthjc lppdnnc,pdrjgè `ljjhlbc l``nuhrd fdnnl zcflih [lnlzzc Pdjjghc tutth h elttdnnhfh,elrjgd d bctcsjl`h jgd leehlbc l@hrdfzd, bl bh plrd ufl rhjghdstl

uf pc‘ ih``hjhnd il dsluihrd hf qud-std jcfihzhcfh. Jgh pcsshdid uflelrjl sh slrë shjurlbdftd bdssc lrdblrd vdrsc nd jcnnhfd. Pdncjd-bdftd.

…Zcttc jlsl bhl jh scfc trdbdtrh i‘ljqul, nl jlfthfl ç jcbpnd-tlbdftd sjcbplrsl fdnn‘ljqul,jcsî jcbd hn phlfc tdrrdfc d hn prh-bc phlfc.

crd n=

Jlrl…lpprc`httc idmnh unthbh sprlzzh ihnujd, pdr jcfthfulrd l sjrhvdrth.@hflnbdftd icpc cttc crd ih lttdsl

sh ç `lttc vhvc uf dnhjcttdrc bhnhtlrdil [hsl, jgd stl pcrtlfic hf slnvclnjufd pdrscfd suh tdtth phø elsshidnnl strlil. Nd mrhil i'lhutc jgdsdfthvlbc scfc jdssltd, d jcf ncrchf plrtd nl bhl lfshl.

\udstc ç stltc uf mhcrfc tdrrheh-nd. Fcf sc sd fdh prcsshbh mhcrfhpctrõ sjrhvdrth c rhjdvdrõ pcstl iltd. \uh tuttc ç s`lsltc, hrrdlnd,lssuric. N'ljqul ç slnhtl `hfc ln prh-

bc phlfc, bl plrd sh shl `drbltl.Crl jh lpprdsthlbc l plsslrd nl fct-td - scfc nd jhfqud di ç mhë euhc,sdfzl uf nubd. Fdlfjgd ùcrh jhscfc nd nujh, sdberl ufl fcttd ilcsjurc bdihcdvc d hn shndfzhc lssc-nutc ç hfquhdtlftd. Fcf scfc blhstltc jcsî lfmcsjhltc hf vhtl bhl,fcf scnc pdr bd, bl pdr tutth mnhlntrh, pdr qulfth, pdr nc splzhc dtdr-fc ih cttc crd scfc stlth nlsjhlth suhtdtth hf elnhl ih sd stdssh d idnnlphcmmhl. Gc jdrjltc ih icrbhjjghl-rd, sdfzl sujjdssc? fdn `cfic idnbhc jdrvdnnc rhsucflvlfc ltrcjh, hmdbhth ih jcncrc jgd, l ih``drdfzl ihbd, fcf drlfc ln shjurc. Cmfh tlftcdspncidvl qulnjgd sdreltchc d nuf-mgd jcncffd ih ùbc fdrc d idfscslnhvlfc ln jhdnc. Crl nl phcmmhl çjdssltl, nd fuvcnd sh scfc ihrliltd dhn jhdnc ç ihvdftltc lzzurrc, qulshtdrsc, uf jhdnc trcppc lzzurrc pdruf bcfic ih ̀ lfmc jcbd qudstc.Blh jcbd cmmh gc lvutc nl sdfsl-zhcfd jgd sh ideel tdftlrd ih `lrdqulnjgd jcsl pdr mnh lntrh? jgd fcfshl mhustc sdfthrnh mrhilrd sdfzlpctdr `lr fhdftd pdr ncrc. D qudnnhjgd fcf sdfthlbc mrhilrd3

@hrd fzd 4 Fcvdbe rd <800

[ch hn vdftc gl splzzltc nd fuvcnd dpdr tuttl nl fcttd hn jhdnc ç stltcstdnnltc. Lnn‘lnel, uf‘lnel mrhmhl,

`lfmcsl ih nujd spcrjl, n'ljqulljjdfflvl l ihbhfuhrd. Zcfc sjdscmhø l phdih sjlnzh d gc iltc uflblfc l rdjupdrlrd h bcehnh idvl-stlth idnnd `lbhmnhd phø hf elssc.

[ch bdftrd elrjcfh idh scnilth ‚qulttrc fd leehlbc vhsth hf tuttl nlbltthfltl ‚ jgd pcrtlvlfc vhl h jlshphø mrlvh, gc l``rcftltc n'ljqul jgdbh lrrhvlvl ln vdftrd d scfc usjhtchf jdrjl ih jhec. Gc rlmmhuftc nlplrtd idnnl jhttë cntrd nl `drrcvhlicvd sh trcvl nl jlsl idn pcpcncLfirdl idn Zlrtc. Zdberl uf lntrcbcfic. Icpc jdftc bdtrh ih ljqul`lfmcsl, ih `rdiic lh phdih, ih vhsjh-

il fl`tl sunnd mlbed fuid (lvdvcsjlrpd il dstltd, nd phø ndmmdrdihspcfhehnh d n‘ljqul bh supdrlvl ndjcsjd) d icpc uf plurcsc vhlmmhctrl bljjghfd idvlstltd, jlpcvcntd,lrrcvdsjhltd, ncftlfd, selttutd iln-nl vhcndfzl idnnd ljqud jcftrc nd`ljjhltd idnnd jlsd, scfc lpprciltccntrd nl `drrcvhl l ufl jhttë trlfquhn-nl, jcf mdftd edf vdsthtl, hfjrdiu-nl, jlnbl. Hmflrl ih qudnnc jgd ç

sujjdssc ilnnl fcstrl plrtd. [chscfc tcrfltc lnnl bhl jlsl lfjcrlhscnltl ilnnd ljqud, pcrtlfic ufpc' ih vhvdrh, hfshdbd l bhc jumhfcjgd ç vdfutc l jdrjlrjh. Nl rlihc glplrnltc ih ihdjh bcrth, bl jdrtc hnfubdrc ç idsthfltc li lubdftlrd,l jgh slrë tcjjltc3...

@hrd fzd 0 Fcvdbe rd <800

Jlrl…hn tdrzc mhcrfc iln ihslstrc, th stcsjrhvdfic ufl spdjhd ih rcblfzcdphstcnlrd, jgd fcf sc sd rhjdvdrlhblh, c bdmnhc ufl trlmdihl l juhfcf vcrrdh lvdrd lsshsthtc. Pdfdriîmhcrfc idnn'ljqul, sleltc mhcrfcidnnl `lbd, icbdfhjl mhcrfc ih`lfmc d ih bcrtd. Iln phlzzlnd sct-tc jlsl bhl, icvd j‘ç lfjcrl ufnlmc ih bdnbl, vdrsc nd ufihjh hpcbphdrh glffc thrltc ùcrh il ufsdbhftdrrltc, icvd lehtlvl d icvdç rdstltc hftrlppcnltc, hn jlilvdrdmcf`hc ih ufl vdjjghl. Pdfdriîlnn‘lnel fd gc uihtc ihsthftlbdftdn'lmcfhl, pdr jhfqud bhfuth gl mrh-iltc, mrhil tdrrhehnh i'lhutc, jcf uflvcjd sdbprd phø ̀ hcjl, sdbprd phøspdftl vhl vhl jgd n‘ljqul slnhvl,pch nc sjrcsjhc idnn'ljqul gl ̀ lttcjlnlrd hn shndfzhc. Glffc thrltc ùcrhhn suc jlilvdrd jcf uf mlfjhc, pchnc glffc trlsjhfltc pdr vdfth c



plmhfl <54


trdftl bdtrh lttljjltc l ufl jcrilihdtrc l uf elttdnnc ih mcbbl, pchmcf`hc, ihs`lttc, hrrhmhihtc jcbd ufblfhjghfc jcf nd blfh lnzltd fdnnlrhmhihtë idnnl bcrtd d jgd strhfmd-vlfc lfjcrl n‘hf`drrhltl jgd nd gl

hbpdihtc nl ̀ uml? sdberlvl uf‘d-fcrbd elbecnl bcstrucsl, jcn vcn-tc jcpdrtc ih ̀ lfmc. Nc glffc trl-sjhfltc pdr iud c trd bdtrh, hf`hfduf'lutclbeunlfzl n'gl pcrtltc vhl,vdrsc nd zcfd idnnl jhttë sjlbpltdlnn'lnnuvhcfd. Jcbd il fch lntrdidjhfd ih pcsth scfc stlth idvlstlth.L qudn jgd sh sdftd ihrd h qulrthdrhhftcrfc l Zlftl Jrcjd d l Zlf @rd-ihlfc scfc stlth ihstrutth, hftcrfcli dssh j‘ç hn encjjc idnnl pcnhzhlpdr hbpdihrd lh jurhcsh ih lvvhjh-flrsh. Zh ihjd lfjgd jgd shlfc dvlshiln jlrjdrd 7= idtdfuth, sh plrnl ihvdfth bcrth, bl hn fubdrc tdfid lslnhrd. Hn [cftd Pdjjghc ç svdftrltc,h qulrthdrh pcpcnlrh hf jdftrc rhictthhf ufc stltc phdtcsc. Mrlf plrtd idhnufmlrfh icpc [cftd Pdjjghc scfcjrcnnlth, n'Lrfc crl nlbehsjd plnlzzhpdrhjcnlfth, lnjufd plrth, qudnndscttc hn phlzzlnd uf pc' phø l fcri,scfc lfjcrl scbbdrsd ilnn'ljqul dnl mdftd ç hscnltl…

…N'djcfcbhl ih qudstl jhttë çsjcfvcntl, ihstruttc n'Lrjghvhc stcrh-jc, nl Ehenhctdjl Flzhcflnd scb-bdrsl ilnnd ljqud, h scttdrrlfdhidmnh T``hzh hfvlsh, `crbdnnd idnnlpcrtl idn [lrlihsc idn Mghedrthpcrtltd vhl ilnn'ljqul. \ulfthjlpcnlvcrh scfc lfilth pdriuth3\ulftd pdrscfd scfc bcrtd3 Jgd

fd slrë ih qudstl dx-spndfihil jhttëjcnphtl il ufc idh ̀ nlmdnnh phø mrlvhidnnl sul stcrhl…

…Blfjl sdbprd <'ljqul pctl-ehnd, lfjcrl fcf sh plrnl ih lvdrd nlnujd, hn tdnd`cfc, leehlbc uf pc‘ ih

mls jcf hn qulnd rhusjhlbc l jujhfl-rd h jheh jgd sthlbc ljjubunlficpdr shjurdzzl. Nl mdftd leelficflhn plnlzzc icvd lehthlbc, hf bcnthnlsjhlfc nl jhttë pdr h pldsh idnnljlbplmfl vhjhfl c pdr nd zcfdbdfc jcnphtd. Ztlblfh il @hmnhfdç vdfutc bhc fcffc jcf vhvdrh dljqul, il qudnnd plrth fcf ç suj-jdssc funnl. Ilnnd zcfd rhsplrbhltdl``nuhsjcfc turhsth vdsthth l `dstl ljurhcslrd, bdftrd fch, jcbd spdttrhjcpdrth ih ̀ lfmc, jh lmmhrhlbc ̀ rl ndjlsd pdr ilrd h prhbh lhuth. Cmmh gclhutltc uf bhc lbhjc l nhedrlrd nlsul jlsl ilh trdftl jdfthbdtrh ih`lfmc jgd n'ljqul lfilficsdfd mnhgl nlsjhltc jcbd rhjcric. Zh tdbc-fc dphidbhd d blnltthd. H elmfhscfc strljcnbh ih rh`huth, fcf leehl-bc ljqul pdr pctdrnh punhrd d nd`cssd ehcncmhjgd fcf rhjdvcfc phø.\ulftc rdshstdrdbc hf qudstdjcfihzhcfh3 Fch jcfthlbc ihlfilrd hf jlbplmfl, bl fcf çjdrtc. Jghssë qulfic jcbhfjd-rlffc l `ufzhcflrd ih fucvc ndpcstd, qulfic pctrõ lvdrd tudfcthzhd, d tu lvdrfd ih bhd. Hn mhcr-flnd rlihc gl idttc jgd icblfh nlpcstl rhprdfidrë l ̀ ufzhcflrdZpdrhlbc. Jdrjgdrõ ih hbpcstlrdqudstl ndttdrl ln phø prdstc, lppd-fl nl rhjdvdrlh rhspcfihbh suehtc.

Fcrtglbptcf, Blssljgusd tts.

TZL Fcv. = pb

Jlrc Plndrhc,bdftrd stlvc tcrflfic l jlsl gchfjcftrltc ufl bhl jlrhsshbl lbh-jl, jgd drl qulsh hstdrhjl pdrjgè

lvdvl ndttc jhfqud bhfuth prhbl hn„Jcrrhdrd idnnl Zdrl‒. Zdberl jgdhn fubdrc ih hdrh shl stltc idihjltchftdrlbdftd lnnd jltlstrc`h l @hrdf-zd d Pdfdzhl. Jcsl stl sujjdidf-ic3 Icvrdh prdcjjuplrbh, ç jcnplidnnl Idbcjrlzhl Jrhsthlfl c ihIhc3 Zdh `ucrh li lhutlrd nl mdftdil eucf ecy sjcut3 Il qudstlihstlfzl tuttl nl `ljjdfil sdberllssuril, plrthjcnlrbdftd sd vhstljcf mnh cjjgh bhcph idnnl stlbpl…

[cftd lmnh Ztcnnh, <5 Fcvd berd

<800

Jlrl…,spdrc jgd tu leehl rhjdvutc nl bhlndttdrl, ç stltl spdihtl lppdfl pcs-shehnd il uf u``hjhc pcstlnd ih `crtu-fl. Nl @hrdfzd jgd jcfcsjdvh fcfdshstd phø. Nl ednnl jhttë punhtl,lbphl, sdrdfl, trlfquhnnl, uf pc'prcvhfjhlnd, ç splrhtl scttc ufl jcn-trd ih `lfmc putrhic. Jgh fcf vdid,fcf puõ jrdidrd ih jgd jcsl shl stl-tc jlpljd ih jcbehflrd n'Lrfc s`rd-fltc pdr jhrjl vdfthqulttrc crd.Zdttdjdftc qulirh idnnl mlnndrhlidmnh T``hzh ilffdmmhlth, uf Jrhstcih Jhbleud hrrhbdihlehnbdftdpdriutc, d bhmnhlhl i'lntrd cpdrdi'lrtd ih juh lfjcrl fcf ç stltc pcs-shehnd ̀ lrd uf jdfshbdftc, prdsu-bhehnbdftd pdriutd c ilffdmmhl-



plm hfl <50 I c j

Z p d j h l n d

td! Bhnhcfh ih nherh idnnl EhenhctdjlFlzhcflnd scbbdrsh fdn `lfmc,bdzzc bhnhcfd ih nherh idnnl ehenhc-tdjl idnnl @ljcntë ih Ndttdrdihstrutth. Ihstrutth hftdrlbdftd jhr-

jl 0;;; fdmczh, ilffdmmhltd hfblfhdrl hrrdplrlehnd tuttd c qulshtuttd nd hbprdsd lrthmhlflnh idnnlzcfl ih @hrdfzd. Fdnnl phlfl ihZhmfl bhmnhlhl ih jlrcmfd flvhmlfchfsdpcntd fdnn‘ljqul putrhil, ufbhmnhlhc scfc h sdfzl tdttc d lfjgdphø, bcntl mdftd ç rhblstl ilnn'cmmhln icblfh jcf hn scnc lehtc jgd lvd-vl liicssc, sdfzl phø jlsl, nlvcrc cpcsshehnhtë ih scprlvvhvdfzl. Icpc

cttc mhcrfh iln ihslstrc nl shtulzhcfdhf Zlf @rdihlfc, hf Zlftl Jrcjd, hf[hlzzl Mlvhflfl, hftcrfc jlsl bhlfcf ç qulsh pdr fhdftd bhmnhcrltl.Ih jgh nl jcnpl3 Ih Ihc hf plrtd,uf'djjdzhcflnd phcmmhl, hftdfshssh-bl d ih`ùsl su tuttl nl Ycsjlfl,bl hn ihslstrc ç cpdrl scprlttuttcidnn'hfjurhl d idnnl fdmnhmdfzl ihjcncrc jgd mcvdrflfc c jgd glffcmcvdrfltc qudstc [ldsd! Yutth h

prhfjhplnh bcfth idn eljhfc hirc-mrl`hjc idnn'Lrfc scfc jcbpndtl-bdftd ihsecsjlth? il lffh fcf vhd-fd phlftltc uf lnedrc, fcf vhdfdprctdttc hn sucnc bcftlfc ilnndphcmmd. Ilnn'lntc nd ljqud scfc stl-td nlsjhltd nhedrd ih jcrrdrd s`rdfltdvdrsc nl phlfurl, icvd `hubhsdfz'lrmhfh, ih scnhtc scffcndfth, ndjcfvcmnhlvlfc ln blrd. Bl ç elstl-tc qulnjgd bhnnhbdtrc hf phø i'lj-qul di ç stltc nc s`ljdnc. Fcf dsh-stcfc phø strlid l @hrdfzd, bljlbbhflbdfth ih `lfmc, su juh shl``ljjhlfc jlsd ilnn'lspdttc plurc-sc, svdftrltd, sdfzl `hfdstrd, spcr-jgd idnnl fl`tl jgd ç usjhtl ilhidpcshth ih rhsjlnilbdftc pdr h tdr-bcsh`cfh. Lnjufh plnlzzh, ufc vhjh-fc lnnl jlsl idh M. ç slntltc hf lrhl,(jlreurc ih jlnjhc + ljqul 2 uf‘d-fcrbd qulfthtë ih mls1 trd bcrth dtrd ̀ drhth mrlvh? fdn jucrd idnnl jhttëuf idpcshtc ih bltdrhlnd jgd fcf

lvrdeed icvutc dssdrjh). Mdftd ihtuttd nd jcfihzhcfh pdsjl fdn `lfmcnd pcjgd suppdnndtthnh lfjcrl uthnhz-zlehnh. Mnh sjhljlnnh `rumlfc slj-jgdmmhlfic nd rcvhfd. Bhmnhlhl ih

scnilth nlvcrlfc ihspdrltlbdftd ilmhcrfh pdr nhedrlrd nl jhttë iln `lf-mc, bl sdberl jgd ufl qulfthtëdfcrbd dbdrml cmfh vcntl ih fuc-vc, lppdfl tcntl. Nd `cmfd fd scfcphdfd d rhmurmhtlfc bctl. Bhmnhlhlih sjlfthflth d ih sdbhftdrrlthidvcfc dssdrd lfjcrl svuctlth d`crsd fdnn'ljqul stlmflftd sh trcvl-fc lfjcrl idjhfd ih bcrth. N‘lefd-mlzhcfd idh mhcvlfh scnilth ih ndvl

ç hfjrdihehnd di drchjl, fcfcstlftdnd jcfihzhcfh hf juh nh glffc blf-ilth quh. \udnnh jgd scfc lrrhvlthfdnnl bhl strlil jcf uf jlbhcf,lvdvlfc iud pcbpd jcf bctcrd lsjcpphc, ih juh ufl fcf ùfzhcfl-vl. N‘lntrl drl sdfzl edfzhfl. Jcfuf tuec ih mcbbl pdr hf`hlsjlrd hnvhfc gc svuctltc qulnjgd sdreltchcidnnd lutc lnnuvhcfltd d gc iltcncrc nl edfzhfl rdjupdrltl jcsî jgd

glffc pctutc hfjcbhfjhlrd l pcb-plrd vhl n‘ljqul ilmnh sjlfthflth.Hfcntrd drlfc sdfzl jhec d jcncrcjgd icvdvlfc dssdrd scjjcrsh glf-fc icvutc rh`crfhrd h scjjcrrhtcrhjcf nd ncrc sjlrsd rhsdrvd. \udstl çnl shtulzhcfd ih @hrdfzd, ufl jhttës`hmurltl, hrrhjcfcsjhehnd, sdfzl phøqudnnc strljjhc ih hfuthnd lfhbl jgdlvdvl d jgd nd ilvl uf pc‘ ih jlnc-

rd. Hn prdshidftd idnnl Udpueenhjl,suehtc ljjcrsc, pdr uf jlsc `crtuhtcprcelehnbdftd, ç rhblstc jcsîhbprdsshcfltc jgd gl tdftltc ihtdnd`cflrd pdr iud vcntd ln prdsh-

idftd idn Jcfshmnhc, hrrdpdrhehnd,pdr cttdfdrd lhuth pdr nl jhttë. N‘hf-`drfc ilftdsjc ç ufc sjgdrzc hfjcf`rcftc l jhõ jgd @hrdfzd ç cmmh.Yh jcf`dssc jgd fcf sc jcsl `lrd.Crl scfc hf jlbplmfl, bh scfcprdsc iud c trd mhcrfh ih rhpcscicpc uf nlvcrc blssljrlftd pdrnhedrlrd iln `lfmc nl strlil hf juhlehtc d pdr vuctlrd, jcf n'ljqullfjcrl lnnd plnnd, nd jlfthfd d thrlrd

ùcrh iln jcrthnd, scbbdrsc il phøih uf bdtrc i‘ljqul, nl bljjghfl.[dr iud mhcrfh gc nlvcrltc jcf ufucbc ih quh jcbd lhutc bdjjlfh-jc, leehlbc sbcftltc hn bctcrd,n‘leehlbc punhtc ilh quhftlnh ih`lfmc jgd j'drlfc idftrc, d stlsdrl,jcsl hfjrdihehnd, nl bljjghfl glrhprdsc l ùfzhcflrd. Nufdiî slrõih fucvc l @hrdfzd.

Fcrtglbptcf, Blssljgussd ts.TZL <4 Fcv. <800

Plndrhc..Yutth quh stlffc plrnlfic ih @hrdf-zd, hf bcih jgd spdssc bh `lffchffdrvcshrd. Nl vhtl ih tuttl ufljhttë ç ihstruttl, d ncrc pdfslfc lhiud c trd squlnnhih mhcrfh lh vljlfzlplsslth fdh jcrrhich idmnh T``hzh d hf[hlzzl idnnl Zhmfcrhl l mulrilrd



plmhfl <5=


lbcrcslbdftd hn Ilvhid c hf [hlz-zl idn Iucbc li dssdr spcrjlth ilhphjjhcfh. Pdih, tuttl nl jhttë `ljdvlplrtd idn bhc hbblmhflrhc qulshsljrc d crl fcf nl rhjcfcsjc phø.

…Bh sdftc tlftc ihstlftd.Idvc `lrd icblfid jrdthfd dlstrlttd jcbd1 jcs‘ç sujjdssc lntdltrc ufhvdrshtlrhc c lnnl `ljcntë3 Zhç rhprdsl uf pc‘ nl vhtl3 Yh ç sujjds-sc fhdftd, vdrc3...

@hrd fzd 5; Fcvdberd <800

…scnc hc idnnl bhl `lbhmnhl scfcrhblstc l @hrdfzd, cmfh sdrl tcrfc ljlsl di ç cmfh vcntl phø iurc rhdf-

trlrd hf uf dih`hjhc idscnltlbdftdvuctc, sdfzl mnh usulnh rubcrh ih ufjcficbhfhc… [dr vhfjdrd hn shndf-zhc hrrdlnd jgd bh jhrjcfil lsjcntcnl rlihcnhfl, hn shehnc idn mls jgdsjlnil hn jl``ç, nc strhidrd idnnl pdf-fl sunnl jlrtl…

Fd w Xcro 54 fcvd berd

…nl jltlstrc`d ih @hrdfzd bh glvdrlbdftd splvdftltl d gl sjcf-

vcntc h bhdh rhjcrih jcbd sd `cssdrcsbdrilth ilnnd ljqud idnn‘Lrfc dilnnd `cmfd ih @hrdfzd…

…Zdberl jgd Elrmdnnhfh leehlidttc nl sdtthblfl sjcrsl jgd h ilf-fh fcf `cssdrc jcsî tdrrhehnh, jcsîlnbdfc drl rhpcrtltc suh mhcrflnh ihquh. Hn mhcrfc icpc j‘ç stltc uf lrth-jcnc ih ufc stcrhjc idnn‘lrtd lbdrh-jlfc, ̀ urhecfic, jgd ihjdvl jgd h

ilffh drlfc phø mrlvh ih qudnnh sth-blth d idsjrhvdvl qudnnh suehth iln-nl Ehenhctdjl Flzhcflnd…

…\uh sh stlffc `ljdfic rljjcn-td ih scnih pdr @hrdfzd. Ln jcnndmd

nd rlmlzzd jgd glffc `rdqudftltcnl @ljcntë ih ndttdrd, n‘lffc sjcrsc,bd jcbprdsl, glffc jcbhfjhltc lrljjcmnhdrd ̀ cfih pdr nl Ehenhctdjlidnnl @ljcntë ih Ndttdrd. Zcfc mdfhidnn‘crmlfhzzlzhcfd, jcbd tutth mnhlbdrhjlfh, d h scnih, hf qudstc [ld-sd sdfzl junturl, leecfilfc.

Fcrtglbptcf, Blssljgussd ts.

TZL 58 Fcvdberd <800

Jlrc Plndrhc,… Nl prhbl prdcjjuplzhcfd scfc hscnih il rljjcmnhdrd. Jh slrë uf‘ lstlnl sdtthblfl prcsshbl h juh prc`htthlfirlffc l uf Jcbhtltc flzhcflndjgd nh blfidrë hf Htlnhl d plrthjc-nlrbdftd l @hrdfzd. Hf phø jh slrlf-fc idh `hnb l plmlbdftc. Jh scfcbcnth eucfh sdfthbdfth di dbczhc-fh vdrsc @hrdfzd, spdjhlnbdftd `rl hprc`dsscrh jcfcsjhtcrh idnn‘lrtd htl-

nhlfl. Cvvhlbdftd bdfc trl nlmdftd jcbufd jgd pdfsl jgd ihqudstd jcsd sd fd ideelfc cjju-plrd nl Jrcjd rcssl d hn mcvdrfc.Cmfh mhcrfc sh ndmmd ih fucvd phcm-md. Lidssc Mrcssdtc d jcsî vhl.Idvd dssdrd n‘hrl ih ihc…

@hrd fzd, < Ihjd be rd <800

Bhl jlrl……L uf bdsd ih ihstlfzl il qud-stl stuphil lnnuvhcfd, qulnjufc glsjrhttc su uf burc1 „n‘lnnuvhcfd çuf jrhbhfd‒ rh`drdficsh ln mcvdr-fc flturlnbdftd. Nl shtulzhcfdiltl pdr fcrblnhzzltl ilnnl fcstrltdndvhshcfd jcfthful l dssdrd pds-shbl, iltl pdr lnnlrblftd il uflvdjjghl zhtdnnl lbdrhjlfl lutrhjdih rcblfzh rcsl, jgd lfjgd Elrmdn-nhfh, hn shfiljc, gl jghlbltc jlrc-mfl hf uf suc tdndmrlbbl, pdrjgègl idttc l uf mhcrflnd lbdrhjlfcjgd @hrdfzd drl ihstruttl d hf prd-il l ufl bcrtlnd dphidbhl ih th`cjgd hfvdjd fcf j'ç blh stltl… nlshtulzhcfd fcf ç jcsî lnnlrblftdjcbd ihjd nl zhtdnnl, bl fdbbdfcjcsî rcsdl jcbd hn mcvdrfc ih jdf-trc-shfhstrl vucnd `lr lpplrhrd.

…Lfjgd h jcbplmfh scvhdthjhcntrd lnnc zujjgdrc d ln nlttd jcf-idfsltc, crhmhflrhlbdftd idsthfl-tc l Juel, glffc hfvhltc fctdvcnh

qulfthtlthvh ih bdihjhflnh pdridednnlrd hn th`c, jcbd sd fch nclvdsshbc mhë. Cjjcrrdvlfc hfvdjdscnc vljjhfh d shdrh pdr ufl hbbu-fhzzlzhcfd prdvdfthvl. D blmlrh

jcpdrtd. H russh fd glffc blfiltduf plhc ih jdfthflhl, rcsl, ih pdncih jlprl russl. Gc lhutltc l ihstrh-euhrnd lmnh lnnuvhcflth jcf ufmrcppc hf mcnl, pdrjgè icvdvcrh`hutlrnd l jgh, lfjgd sd lvdvlpdrsc tuttc, icrbhvl prdssc lbhjhc plrdfth.

…@hrdfzd ç ufl jhttë hrrhjcfc-sjhehnd phdfl ih `lfmc, ih bdnbl,ih spdjunltcrh. Icpc iud sdtthbl-

fd ih dbdrmdfzl ç rhlpplrschbprcvvhslbdftd hn mhcjc pcnhthjcl tutth h nhvdnnh. Hn mcvdrfc vucnbcstrlrd l tutth jcsth ih lvdr lmhtctdbpdsthvlbdftd, ih lvdr lmhtcedfd, ih lsshstdrd ihmfhtcslbdftdh nlvcrltcrh d nd `lbhmnhd jcnphtdilnnl `urhl idnnd ljqud. Bl hfrdlntë sdfzl n'lsshstdfzl idnnd Jlsdidn pcpcnc d idnnd plrrcjjghd,(prdth d jcbufhsth l erljjdttc jcf-

trc uf mcvdrfc hfd``hjhdftd) rhufh-td hf jcbhtlth ufhtlrh ih qulrthdrd,bcntl mdftd slrdeed stltl leelf-icfltl l sè stdssl..

H Jcbhtlth ufhtlrh jghdicfc pdrnd qulttrcbhnl `lbhmnhd sdfzl tdttcufl rdquhshzhcfd hbbdihltl idmnhlnncmmh s`htth, hn Jcbufd ih jdftrc-shfhstrl, hn mcvdrfc ih jdftrc - shfh-strl hfvcjlfc nl Jdndrd, l prctd-zhcfd idnnd jlsd s`httd idh mrlfihhbprdfihtcrh dihnh jgd mhcjlfc lnrhlnzc idh prdzzh. Jcfthful l phc-vdrd qulsh hfhftdrrcttlbdftd iluf bdsd, nd pcbpd pdr tcmnhdrdn'ljqul ilnnd jlfthfd sjlrsdmmhlfc.@hfhrõ pdr icvdr smcberlrd lfjgdhn bhc jlslbdftc pdrjgè pdrhjc-nlftd.

Crd 5<,:;

…Zcfc usjhtc d gc vhstc hn nhvdnncidnn‘Lrfc d n'ljqul fdn `hubd drlfctdvcnbdftd lntl. Zd strlrhpluf'lntrl vcntl th rlmmhufmdrõ hfLbdrhjl. >

L plmhfl<54, hf phlzzl Zlftc Zphrhtc

nd pcjg d jcsd slnvltd iln `lfmc

vdfmcfc trlspcrtltd jcf uf bd zzc ih

`crtufl. Zjlttc i h Fhj cnl Orljzyfl

\uh l ̀ hlfjc, lutc ihstruttd hf phlzzl

Zlftl Jrcj d `ctcm rl`ltd il Fhjcnl

Orljzyfl



JUHZYHFL LJHIHFH. Ç scprhft d fi d ft d id n-n‘Cph`hjhc id nnd [hd trd Iurd d nlecrltcrhc ih rd stlurc ih @hrdfzd iln blrzc 5;;; d i hrh-

m d ft d Ztcrhj h id nn‘Lrtd id n bhfhst d rc pd r h Ed fh juntu rlnh d lbe hd ftlnh. Ç stltl vhshthfm prc` d sscr lnn‘Tfhvd rsht ë ih ZTF X [nltt - se urm , F.X. Iln <88< ln <888, jcb d prhb c

ihrhmd ftd id n bhfhstd rc ç s tltl scprhftd f-id ftd vhjlrhc prd ssc nl Zcprhftdfid fzl pd r h Ed fh lrthsthj h d Ztcrhjh ih @hrdfzd (rdm md ftd fd n <884-80). Gl ihrd ttc rd stlurh ih m rlfid hbpcrtlfzl. Gl plrtd jhpltc l bcstrd d jcf-vd mf h flzhcflnh d hftd rflzhcflnh, svcnmd ltth-vhtë ihiltthj l ufhvdrshtlrhl d gl puee nhjltcfubd rcsh stuih ltthfdft h hn Uhflsjhbd ftc.

Id n 5;;4 ç hn suc rcblfzc Nl nupl d hn Ndc-fd (Nd Nd ttdrd).

@ULFJDZJC JCNCFFL. Fltc fd n <89=, mhcr-flnhstl prc`d sshcf hstl, gl plrtd j hpltc lnnljrdlzhcfd id nnl prhbl rlihc nhed rl ̀ hcrd fthfl(Ulihc Nhed rl @hrd fzd ) d fd n <8=0, j cbd

rds pcfs lehnd id n fct hzhlrhc, lnnl flsj htl ih Yd nd nhed rl @hrd fzd . Iln <87: ç lnnl Flzhcfd jcbd jlpc id nnd plmhfd d jcfcbhjgd d vhjd-j lpcrd ilttcrd id nnd [rcvhfj d . Iln <888 ln 5;;9 ç fcbhfltc lssdsscrd lnnd Ltthvhtë prc-iutthvd ln Jcbufd ih @hrd fzd . Ilnn‘cttcerd id n 5;;9 ç p rd shid ftd id n [cnc pd r nl blrmh-flnhtë Hn @unhmfc (n‘crmlfhzzlzhcfd `hcrd fth-fl pdr n‘ljjcmnhdfzl tdbpcrlfdl idh sdfzl-tdttc).

NDCFLUIC ICBDFHJH. Ç fltc f d n <844 l@hrd fzd icvd sh ç nlurdltc hf @hncsc` hl bcrl-nd d gl hfhzhltc, fd n <8=0, n‘hbpd mf c pcnhth-jc. Gl `lttc plrtd idnnl sdmrdtdrhl flzhcflnd

id h Id bcj rlt h j h i h Zhf hs t rl d i ç s tltcrd spcfslehnd id mnh Dfth ncjlnh. Dnd ttc shfil-jc ih @hrd fzd f d n <888, iln 5;;; ç prd shid f-td id nn‘LFJH. Jcb d shfiljc gl crmlfhzzltchf [lnlzzc Pdj j ghc, fd n fcvdb erd <888, hn vd rthjd „Hn Uh`crbhsbc fd n WWH sd jcnc‒ ljuh g lffc plrtd jhpltc h prd shidfth id mnh Ztl-th Tfhth Ehnn J nhftcf, id n Erlshnd Dfrhqu d Jlricsc d jhfqud jlph ih mcvd rfc d urcpd h

N hcf d n Acsp hf, Ycfy Enlhr, Md rlri Zjgrcd -idr, Lftcfhc Mutdrrds d Blsshbc I'Lndbl.

Hn 5= m hum fc 5;;9 ç stltc rhdnd ttc shfiljc ih @hrd fzd pd r hn sd jcfic blfiltc.

@ULFJC @DUULUCYYH F t [ n n

rd spcfslehnd ih vlrh prcmd tth id nnl Jcbufhtëdurcpdl.

ILFHDND @TZH. Zucfl nl elttd rhl ilnn‘dtë ih fcvd lffh. Icpc vlrhd d spd rhdfzd bushj lnh iln ‘=4 sh id ihjl d sj nushvlbd ftd ln alzz.

Nlurd ltcsh hf Ztcrhl id nnl bushjl bd ihd vl-

nd , iln <8=7 hfsd mf l Ztcrhl d i Dstd t hjlbd ihd vlnd lnn‘Hsthtutc b ushjlnd plrd mm hltc„Uhflnic @rlfj h‒ ih Zhdfl. Iln <888 fd ç hn ihrd ttcrd hfjlrhjltc. Ç bus hjcncmc b d ihdvh-

stl d g l pueenhjltc vlrh slmm h d vcj h i‘d fj h-jncpd ihl sunnl bus hjl bd ihd vlnd d rhflsj h-bdftlnd.

FHJCNL OULJQXFL. Ç flt c l Olbhd fo c- szy rso h (ln jcf`hfd russc-pcnljj c) fd n <89;. Zh trls`d rhsj d fd m nh Tsl fd n <84< icvd sh nlu-rdl hf phtturl prd ssc nl Ugcid Hsnlfi Zjgccnc` Idshmf. Fd n <809 sh stlehnhsjd l @hrd fzd icvd , fd n fcvd be rd id n <80= vhdfd prd bhl-tc j cn @hcrhfc i‘Crc pd r nd `ctcm rl`hd sjlttl-

td iurlftd n‘lnnuvhcfd. Il qudstc bcbdftch such hftd rd ssh sh jcfj d ftrlfc d sj nushvl-bd ftd sun bcfic id nnl mrl`hjl. Iln <8=5 ln <87; ç j cnnle crltcrd ih Blrhfc Blrhfh d rdlnhzzl jcf uf suc plrthjcnlrd prcjdihbdf-tc tuttd nd hfjhshcfh l jcncrh id n Bldstrc. Iln <87: hfsd mf l hfjhshcfd prds sc nl stcrhjl

Zj uc nl i h m rl` hj l i ‘L rt d „H n Eh scft d ‒. Lttulnbd ftd ç ihrdttcrd id n ihplrthbd ftc i h Ed nnd Lrth lnnl Zlrlg Nlwrdfjd Tfhvdrshtyih @hrd fzd. Bcntd sud cpd rd sh trcvlfc fd nnljcnndzhcfd id n Mlehfd ttc Ihsdm fh d Ztlbpd id mnh T``hzh.

JNLTIHC BLUYHFH. Fltc hf Yufhshl, rhd ftrl

hf Htlnhl jcf nl ̀ lbhm nhl lm nh hfhzh id m nh lffh Zd sslftl d sh stlehnhsjd l [rltc. Ç shfiljc ih [rltc iln <877 ln <884 qulfic vhd fd d nd ttchf Jcfs hmnhc rd mhcflnd j cbd lssd sscrd ln

Ihrhttc lnnl slnutd . Hn <0 lprhnd 5;;; ihvdftl prd shid ftd id nnl Ud mhcfd Ycsj lfl. Fd n `d e-erlhc 5;;5 ç fcb hfltc rlpprds d ftlftd i d n Jcb htltc id nnd Ud mhcfh fdnnl Jcfvd fzhcfd d urcpd l jgd gl iltc vhtl lnnl fucvl Jcsth-tuzhcfd. Fd n sdttd berd 5;;5 ç d ndttc prd sh-id ftd id nnl Jcf`d rd fzl id nnd Ud mhcfh pd rh-

`d rhjg d blrhtt hbd i'Durcpl, hfj lrhj c j cf - `d rbltc fd n sd tt d berd 5;;9. Lnnd d nd zhcf h id n : d 9 lprhnd 5;;4, fucvlbd ftd jlfihil-t p Y I th ç t t h n tt

fl. Gl sj rhttc Lndsslfirc Blfzcfh d hn ict-tcr Lzzdjjlmlreumnh (Nd Nd t td rd , <888)? N‘hbblmhflzhcfd d hn pctdrd. Jrcfljgdidn ‘07 l [hsl d ihftcrfh (Fhstrh Nhsj gh 5 di.).

UHJJLUIC FDFJHFH. Gl jcb phutc s tuih

stc rhj h lnnl ̀ ljcntë ih Zjhd fzd [cnhthjgd Jd sl-rd Ln`hdrh ih @hrd fzd . Ç stltc j cfshmnhd rd jcbuflnd d jlpcmruppc [.Z.H. l @hrdfzd iln <884? id putltc fd nnl WH ndm hsnlturl? bd b-erc id nnl Jcb bhsshcfd Phmhnlfzl ULH, id n-nl Jcb bhsshcfd Junturl d id nnl Jcb bhs-

shc fd Zpd j hlnd pd r nd [cnht hjg d Jcb ufhtl-rhd? id putltc ln [lrnlbd ftc d urcpd c iln <889 ln <888. Dndttc fdn 5;;; fdn Jcfshmnhcrd mhcflnd id nnl Ycsjlfl, fd ihvhdfd prd sh-id ftd fd n blmm hc idnnc std ssc lffc. Ç vhjd -jc crihfltcrd id nnl Jcf` d rd fzl flzhcflnd idh prdshidfth idh Jcfshmnh rdmhcflnh d lutc-rd ih rcblfzh d slmmh stc rhjh.

ZYD@LFC UCNLFIC. F ltc l Bhnlfc fd n <897, sh ç nlurd ltc hf Zj hd fzd [cnh t h jgd (Tfhvd rshtë id mnh Ztuih ih Bhnlfc) d spd jhl-nhzzltc lnnl Zjucnl ih Ihrd zhcfd lzhd filnd id nn‘Tfhvd rshtë Ecjj cfh. M hcrflnhstl iln <8=;, ç prc`ds scrd lsscjhltc hf Djcfcb hl d

m d st hcfd id nnd hbprdsd , icj d ftd ih Yd crhl d t d jf h jgd id n nl jcbufhjlzhcfd pueen h jllnn'Tfhvdrshtë Hunb ih Bhnlfc d ihrd ttcrd id n

B lst d r uf hvd rsh tlrhc Hunb B lflm d b d ft idnnl jcbufhjlzhcfd scjhlnd, pcnhthjl d hsth-tuzhcflnd. Ç hfcntrd jcf shmnhdrd pd r nl jcb u-fhjlzhcfd hsthtuzhcflnd id n bhfhstrc id nnl@ufzhcfd [ueenhjl.

MHTNHLFC ZJLEHL. Ç f ltc l [licvl f d n <8:4. Zjrhttcrd , pcd tl, rd mhst l d spd ssc flr-rltcrd id h prcprh td sth, ç prctlmc fhstl ih lnjufd trl nd d spd rhd fzd td ltrlnh phø vhvd id mnh unthbh trdf t‘lffh. Gl hfsd mfltc irlb-blturmhl ln ILBZ ih Ecncm fl. Ilm nh lffh

F cvlftl, hn nlvcrc sunnl nhfm ul, b lturltcnufmc n‘dspdrhdfzl tdltrlnd, jcf`nuhsjd fdnnl

sj rhtturl ih rcblfzh d pcd shd . Hf plrthj cnlrd rhjcrihlbc1 Flfd Cjl, <885? Ncrdfzc dJdjhnhl, 5;;;? Phshcfh ih Mdsø jcf L`rcihtd,5;;9? @crdstd scrdnnd, 5;;4.

DICLUIC Z[DULFQL. Lvvc jltc j hvhnhst l, ç p hi t i nn‘D t J ih Uh p h ih

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