Do your friends make you smarter? Exploring social interactions in search
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Transcript of Do your friends make you smarter? Exploring social interactions in search
Do your friends make you smarter? Exploring social interactions in search
Supervised by: David KirshBrynn M. Evans
Photo Credit: Mikey Ottawa
i. Search as an activity ii. Related workiii. My previous workiv. Theoretical orientationv. Conclusion
Search as an activity
What hummingbird species is this?
Search Question
Photo Credit: OpenThreads
Icon Credit: fasticon.com & iconaholic.com
Apr 13 Apr 16 Apr 30Apr 20 May 9
Icon Credit: fasticon.com & iconaholic.com
Apr 13 Apr 16
Apr 30Apr 20 May 9
Icon Credit: fasticon.com & iconaholic.com
Apr 13 Apr 16
GOOGLE BOOK
Apr 30Apr 20 May 9
Icon Credit: fasticon.com & iconaholic.com
Apr 13 Apr 16
FRIENDSGOOGLE BOOK
Apr 30Apr 20 May 9
Icon Credit: fasticon.com & iconaholic.com
Apr 13 Apr 16
FRIENDS SOCIAL NETWORK
(http://watch.birds.cornell.edu)
GOOGLE BOOK
Apr 30Apr 20 May 9
Icon Credit: fasticon.com & iconaholic.com
Apr 13 Apr 16
FRIENDS SOCIAL NETWORKGOOGLE BOOK
Apr 30Apr 20 May 9 Anna’s Hummingbird!
✔
search ≠ database lookup
search ≠ keyword queries
Photo Credit: B1gJ4k3
search ≠ database lookup
search ≠ keyword queries
Photo Credit: B1gJ4k3
search = an activity
Even smaller searches are embedded in rich activities
Even smaller searches are embedded in rich activities
Even smaller searches are embedded in rich activities
Photo Source: Peter Voerman
examples from EVANS & CHI 2008
A reaction to the classic view of search
single‐user activity
query‐response mechanism
few keywords, short sessions
log files from single search engine
Photo Credit: Thomas Hawk
classic view of search
Photo Credit: David Wild
revised view of search
activity can involve other people (remotely or co‐located)
highly dynamic, fluid process
search can last over an extended period
search takes place in a rich ecology of social and information resources
single‐user activity
query‐response mechanism
few keywords, short sessions
log files from single search engine
Photo Credit: Thomas Hawk
classic view of search
Photo Credit: David Wild
revised view of search
activity can involve other people (remotely or co‐located)
highly dynamic, fluid process
search can last over an extended period
search takes place in a rich ecology of social and information resources
single‐user activity
query‐response mechanism
few keywords, short sessions
log files from single search engine
Photo Credit: Thomas Hawk
classic view of search
Photo Credit: David Wild
revised view of search
activity can involve other people (remotely or co‐located)
highly dynamic, fluid process
search can last over an extended period
search takes place in a rich ecology of social and information resources
ActivitiesGoalsOperators
With a revised notion of search......comes a revised method of study
Searches are composed of:
ActivitiesGoalsOperators
Log files reveal operators
With a revised notion of search......comes a revised method of study
Searches are composed of:
ActivitiesGoalsOperators
Observations reveal activities
With a revised notion of search......comes a revised method of study
Searches are composed of:
Related work
SEARCH GOAL
SEA
RC
H L
OC
ATIO
N
SEARCH GOAL
SEA
RC
H L
OC
ATIO
N
ALLEN 1977; CROSS ET AL 2001; CROSS & SPROULL 2004; BORGATTI & CROSS 2003
Information seeking in physical contexts
Photo Credit: Rachael Lovinger
ALLEN 1977; CROSS ET AL 2001; CROSS & SPROULL 2004; BORGATTI & CROSS 2003
Information seeking in physical contexts
Photo Credit: Rachael Lovinger
ALLEN 1977; CROSS ET AL 2001; CROSS & SPROULL 2004; BORGATTI & CROSS 2003
Information seeking in physical contexts
Photo Credit: Rachael Lovinger
PROXIMITYHIERARCHY (STATUS) SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS
MORRIS 2008; PICKENS ET AL. 2008; PAUL & MORRIS 2009; SHAH 2008.
(Joint) collaborative search online
CO-SENSESEARCH TOGETHER
MORRIS 2008; PICKENS ET AL. 2008; PAUL & MORRIS 2009; SHAH 2008.
(Joint) collaborative search online
CO-SENSESEARCH TOGETHER
SEARCH GOAL
SEA
RC
H L
OC
ATIO
N
SEARCH GOAL
SEA
RC
H L
OC
ATIO
N
How can we improve search with social networking technologies?
Research Questions
Empirical question:
Design question:
How do social interacTons help with individual search tasks?
My previous work
study one survey: everyday searches
study two
study three
survey: difficult or failed searches
observaTons: cogniTve benefits of social interacTons during search
Characterization studies of social search(studies one and two)
EVANS & CHI 2008; EVANS & CHI 2009
generic or “everyday” 150
difficult or failed 150
SEARCH STUDY N =
Mechanical Turk
Photo Credit: egoldviet (USED WITHOUT PERMISSION)
Large scale characterization studies
generic or “everyday” 150
difficult or failed 150
SEARCH STUDY N =
searching for informaTon assumed to be present, but otherwise unknown
INFORMATIONAL
Large scale characterization studies
generic or “everyday” 150
difficult or failed 150
SEARCH STUDY N =
59%
87%
INFORMATIONAL
searching for informaTon assumed to be present, but otherwise unknown
INFORMATIONAL
Large scale characterization studies
generic or “everyday” 150
difficult or failed 150
SEARCH STUDY N =
59%
87%
INFORMATIONAL
DURING
• search preparaTon• problem formulaTon
• search execuTon• lookup, foraging, re‐finding
• reflecTon, synthesis• feedback, iteraTon• sensemaking
AFTERBEFORE
Large scale characterization studies
generic or “everyday” 150
difficult or failed 150
SEARCH STUDY N =
59%
87%
INFORMATIONAL
40%
61%
SOCIAL INTERACTIONS
DURING
• search preparaTon• problem formulaTon
• search execuTon• lookup, foraging, re‐finding
• reflecTon, synthesis• feedback, iteraTon• sensemaking
AFTERBEFORE
Large scale characterization studies
SEARCH GOAL
SEA
RC
H L
OC
ATIO
N
SEARCH GOAL
SEA
RC
H L
OC
ATIO
N
Social tactics do support informational searches, but in different ways:
Social networks: users parse problems themselves, firstTargeting friends: users synthesize info better, later
Cognitive benefits of social searching(study three)
EVANS, KAIRAM, PIROLLI 2009; EVANS, KAIRAM, PIROLLI 2009
PARTICIPANTS (N=8)PRE-TEST SURVEY
• knowledge of energy policies• computer and internet use
• search experTse
• social acTviTes
Icon Credit: Iconaholic.com, dryicon.com
Recruiting subjects
EVANS, KAIRAM, PIROLLI 2009; EVANS, KAIRAM, PIROLLI 2009
PARTICIPANTS (N=8)PRE-TEST SURVEY
• knowledge of energy policies• computer and internet use
• search experTse
• social acTviTes
Icon Credit: Iconaholic.com, dryicon.com
Recruiting subjects
EVANS, KAIRAM, PIROLLI 2009; EVANS, KAIRAM, PIROLLI 2009
Two task questions
Icon Credit: iconfactory.com, http://ecotechdaily.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/oil_drums_450.jpg
“If we lowered the speed limit nationally to 55 mph, how many fewer barrels of oil would the U.S. consume every year?”
55 mph
Two task questions
Icon Credit: iconfactory.com, http://ecotechdaily.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/oil_drums_450.jpg
“If we lowered the speed limit nationally to 55 mph, how many fewer barrels of oil would the U.S. consume every year?”
55 mph
“What role does pyrolytic oil (or pyrolysis) play in the debate over carbon emissions?”
Pyrolytic oil
Two task questions
Icon Credit: iconfactory.com, http://ecotechdaily.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/oil_drums_450.jpg
Icon Credit: fasticon.com, deleket.com, sykonist.deviantart.com
• friends (email, phone, IM, etc.)
• social networks• blogs•QuesTon‐Answer sites
• search engines (Google, Yahoo)
•Wikipedia
Two search conditions
NON-SOCIALSOCIAL
Talk
-alo
ud p
roto
col
Icon Credit: fasticon.com, deleket.com, sykonist.deviantart.com
• friends (email, phone, IM, etc.)
• social networks• blogs•QuesTon‐Answer sites
• search engines (Google, Yahoo)
•Wikipedia
Two search conditions
NON-SOCIALSOCIAL
Talk
-alo
ud p
roto
col
12:00 - 35:00
Icon Credit: mugenb16.deviantart.com, bombiadesign.com, dryicon.com
5:00 - 20:00 5:00 - 40:00 5:00 - 18:00
Protocol
NON-SOCIALSOCIAL INTERVIEW INTERVIEW
Block duration
12:00 - 35:00
Icon Credit: mugenb16.deviantart.com, bombiadesign.com, dryicon.com
5:00 - 20:00 5:00 - 40:00 5:00 - 18:00
Protocol
NON-SOCIALSOCIAL INTERVIEW INTERVIEW
Block duration
SEARCHING
NETWORK ASKING
TARGETED ASKING
Icon Credit: fasticon.com, deleket.com, walrick.deviantart.com
Three social tactics
Coding of activities
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LEGEND
Coding of activities
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LEGEND
Coding of activities
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LEGEND
Coding of activities
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SEARCHING
NETWORK ASKING
SEARCHING NETW. ASKING TARGETED ASKING OFF-TASKTHINKINGCHECKING
TARGETED ASKING
LEGEND
Coding of activities
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TIME
THINKINGCHECKING FOR REPLIESOFF-TASK
SEARCHING
NETWORK ASKING
SEARCHING NETW. ASKING TARGETED ASKING OFF-TASKTHINKINGCHECKING
TARGETED ASKING
LEGEND
1 identified or perceives facts, data, or info
2understands the meaning of info; presents a translaTon of info
3 integrates and synthesizes learned info
SCORE DESCRIPTION
TIMEEx. of learning of one fact over time
SCORE 1 2 3
Depth of processing
1 identified or perceives facts, data, or info
2understands the meaning of info; presents a translaTon of info
3 integrates and synthesizes learned info
(FINAL)SCORE FOR FACT #1
SCORE DESCRIPTION
TIMEEx. of learning of one fact over time
SCORE 1 2 3
Depth of processing
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Coding of activities
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the U.S. enacted a 55mph speed limit in 1974
TIME
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123323
21
17PERFORMANCE SCORETIME
Coding of activities
ID#social tactics
Performance score
S04 1 1
S07 1 3
S02 1 6
S06 2 2
S05 2 9
S08 3 7
S01 3 9
S03 3 17
Spearman R: 0.77
More social tactics leads to better performance
ID#social tactics
Performance score
S04 1 1
S07 1 3
S02 1 6
S06 2 2
S05 2 9
S08 3 7
S01 3 9
S03 3 17
Spearman R: 0.77
More social tactics leads to better performance
SOCIAL TACTICS
TARGETED ASKING
NETWORK ASKING
SEARCHING
Number of social tactics is more predictive of task performance than...
...social network sizeNumber of social tactics is more predictive of task performance than...
...social network size
...how much knowledge is in the network
Number of social tactics is more predictive of task performance than...
...social network size
...how much knowledge is in the network
Number of social tactics is more predictive of task performance than...
...the user’s:• background knowledge • and interest in energy policy
Are there complimentary benefits to different social tactics?
NETWORK ASKING
TARGETED ASKING
Results
NETWORK ASKING
TARGETED ASKING
Thinking beforeposTng quesTon
Thinking a'erreceiving replies
Results
60% OF USERS
29% OF USERS
0% OF USERS
100% OF USERS
NETWORK ASKING
TARGETED ASKING
Thinking beforeposTng quesTon
Thinking a'erreceiving replies
TIME
TIME
Results
More thinking before posting questions on social networking sites
60% OF USERS
29% OF USERS
0% OF USERS
100% OF USERS
NETWORK ASKING
TARGETED ASKING
Thinking beforeposTng quesTon
Thinking a'erreceiving replies
TIME
TIME
Results
More thinking after receiving replies sent from targeted friends
60% OF USERS
29% OF USERS
0% OF USERS
100% OF USERS
NETWORK ASKING
TARGETED ASKING
Thinking beforeposTng quesTon
Thinking a'erreceiving replies
TIME
TIME
Results
Social networking sites: Thinking before posting to many
“Now, what could I say?”“Is this better phrased as two questions?”
“Let’s see...what do I really want to be asking?”
Social networking sites: Thinking before posting to many
Targeting friends: Thinking after getting replies from few
Targeting friends: Thinking after getting replies from few
instant messenger
Pyro means...
Long reply...
“What are people’s average driving speeds anyway?”
“If ‘pyro’ means fire, then this might be a process to...”
“Given that, then I needto also know...”
Targeting friends: Thinking after getting replies from few
instant messenger
Pyro means...
Long reply...
Nature of Replies
• short, conversa2onal• funny, not relevant
• long, detailed• focused, relevant
TARGETED ASKINGNETWORK ASKING
“Lots more waste sitting idly in traffic”
“Isn’t that something I rub on my [body]? Are you still in San Francisco?”
Nature of Replies
• short, conversa2onal• funny, not relevant
• long, detailed• focused, relevant
TARGETED ASKINGNETWORK ASKING
“Because no one drives the speed limit”
“Lots more waste sitting idly in traffic”
“Isn’t that something I rub on my [body]? Are you still in San Francisco?”
Nature of Replies
• short, conversa2onal• funny, not relevant
• long, detailed• focused, relevant
TARGETED ASKINGNETWORK ASKING
“There’s no one national speed limit, there are two: 55 miles per hour in general, 65 miles per hour for certain roads.”
“15-25% savings. But if those cars were electric, we’d have all those barrels left to use for something else.”
“Because no one drives the speed limit”
Network prediction
PREDICTED
probability of at least one
(relevant) reply
NETWORK SIZE
Network prediction
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 ... ... 450 ... ... 700 ... ... 1000
PREDICTED
probability of at least one
(relevant) reply
NETWORK SIZE
Network prediction
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 ... ... 450 ... ... 700 ... ... 1000
OBSERVED
PREDICTED
probability of at least one
(relevant) reply
NETWORK SIZE
Network prediction
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 ... ... 450 ... ... 700 ... ... 1000
OBSERVED
TARGETED ASKING NETWORK ASKING
How can we improve search with social networking technologies?
Design question:
Research Question
Theoretical orientation
“Inhabitedness”
“Inhabitedness”
Photo Credit: Niall Kennedy
Social Presence Theory
“A communicator’s sense of awareness of the presence of an interaction partner”
Short, Williams, & Christie 1976
Photo Credit: Carlo Nicora; George Duncan
Social Presence Theory
“A communicator’s sense of awareness of the presence of an interaction partner”
Short, Williams, & Christie 1976
Photo Credit: Carlo Nicora; George Duncan
Social Presence Theory
“A communicator’s sense of awareness of the presence of an interaction partner”
Short, Williams, & Christie 1976
Photo Credit: Carlo Nicora; George Duncan
ROBERT & DENNIS 2005
??
Inhabitedness
Photo Credit: Carlo Nicora; George Duncan, Sebastian Tauchmann,Guennadi Ivanov-Kuhn
Social Presence
Inhabitedness
Photo Credit: Carlo Nicora; George Duncan, Sebastian Tauchmann,Guennadi Ivanov-Kuhn
Social Presence Structure of the Space
+
Inhabitedness
Photo Credit: Carlo Nicora; George Duncan, Sebastian Tauchmann,Guennadi Ivanov-Kuhn
CARMONA, HEATH, OC, & TIESDELL 2003
Banks of the Seine, Paris A street cafe in Manchester, UK
Structure of the space
Banks of the Seine, Paris
Structure of the space
Structure of the space
A street cafe in Manchester, UK
Structure of the space
A street cafe in Manchester, UK
Structure of the space
A street cafe in Manchester, UK
Structure of the space
A street cafe in Manchester, UK
Social Presence Structure of the Space+
Inhabitedness
nature of the relaTonship!e strength (e.g., strong !es, weak !es)
relaTve group membershipsocial network size
apparent idenTtypseudonym vs. real name
visibilityfrequency of updates
features of the channelmul!media content
the acTviTes supported“social objects”
• operaTonalize the model
• develop hypotheses about how inhabitedness predicts behaviors
• test our predicTons experimentally
Analytical
Methodological
Next Steps...
Conclusion
Photo Credit: David Wild
TARGETED ASKING
NETWORK ASKING
generic or “everyday”
difficult or failed
SEARCH STUDY
40%
61%
SOCIAL INTERACTIONS
Predicted
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 ... ... 450 ... ... 700 ... ... 1000
Observed
old models ??
“Inhabitedness”
Photo Credit: Niall Kennedy
Third year classKaya de BarbaroMatthew LeonardJosh LewisAnne Marie Piper
SupervisorDavid Kirsh
Outside Collaborators Ed H. ChiPeter PirolliSanjay KairamMichael MullerElizabeth Churchill
PARCPARCPARCIBM ResearchYahoo! Research
Friend Helpers!Chris MessinaSharoda PaulMichael Bernstein
Third year advisorAndrea Chiba
Thank you!!
Search as an ac2vity: • Searches are embedded in rich acTviTes that benefit from social interacTons with others, and from social communiTes online
Research Findings: • More thinking before asking quesTons to large social networks;• More thinking amer genng replies from targeted friends
Towards a theory: • Social presence theory alone doesn’t explain most social search behaviors
• Inhabitedness may explain some of these behaviors
• This is a rich area for future design work
Discussion
Photo Credit: Peter Lee