DO NOW The allele B carries the trait for blue body color. The allele b carries the trait for pink...
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Transcript of DO NOW The allele B carries the trait for blue body color. The allele b carries the trait for pink...
![Page 1: DO NOW The allele B carries the trait for blue body color. The allele b carries the trait for pink body color. Cross Bb and BB.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032801/56649ddd5503460f94ad5908/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
DO NOWThe allele B carries the trait for blue body color. The allele b carries the trait for pink body color.
Cross Bb and BB
![Page 2: DO NOW The allele B carries the trait for blue body color. The allele b carries the trait for pink body color. Cross Bb and BB.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032801/56649ddd5503460f94ad5908/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Heredity
• The passing of traits from parents to offspring– Genes on chromosomes control the traits that
show up in organisms
![Page 3: DO NOW The allele B carries the trait for blue body color. The allele b carries the trait for pink body color. Cross Bb and BB.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032801/56649ddd5503460f94ad5908/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Gregor Mendel
• The father of genetics• First to use
mathematics of probability to explain heredity and to trace one trait for several generations
![Page 4: DO NOW The allele B carries the trait for blue body color. The allele b carries the trait for pink body color. Cross Bb and BB.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032801/56649ddd5503460f94ad5908/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Alleles
• Different forms of a trait that a gene may have are alleles.
• During meiosis, a pair of chromosomes separates and the alleles move into separate sex cells.
• Each sex cell now contains ONE allele for each trait.
• The study of how traits are inherited is genetics.
![Page 5: DO NOW The allele B carries the trait for blue body color. The allele b carries the trait for pink body color. Cross Bb and BB.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032801/56649ddd5503460f94ad5908/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Alleles• Dominant allele- covers up or dominates
other allele• Recessive allele- the trait seems to disappear
unless the organism has TWO copies
![Page 6: DO NOW The allele B carries the trait for blue body color. The allele b carries the trait for pink body color. Cross Bb and BB.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032801/56649ddd5503460f94ad5908/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Hybrids
• Hybrids receive DIFFERENT genetic information for a trait from each parent
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Punnett Square
• Upper case letters- dominant alleles• Lowercase letters- recessive alleles
![Page 8: DO NOW The allele B carries the trait for blue body color. The allele b carries the trait for pink body color. Cross Bb and BB.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032801/56649ddd5503460f94ad5908/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Genotype and Phenotype
• Genotype- the genetic makeup of an organism– Homozygous- an organism
with two alleles for one trait that are the SAME
– Heterozygous- an organism with two alleles for one trait that are the DIFFERENT
• Phenotype- the way an organism looks and behaves as a result of its genotype
![Page 9: DO NOW The allele B carries the trait for blue body color. The allele b carries the trait for pink body color. Cross Bb and BB.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032801/56649ddd5503460f94ad5908/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
DO NOW
![Page 10: DO NOW The allele B carries the trait for blue body color. The allele b carries the trait for pink body color. Cross Bb and BB.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032801/56649ddd5503460f94ad5908/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Incomplete dominance
• When the offspring of two homozygous parents show an intermediate phenotype– Such as flower color in some plants, coat of some
horse breeds
Chesnut horse Cremello horse Palomino horse
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Multiple Alleles
• Many traits are controlled by more than one allele
• Traits controlled by multiple alleles produce more than 3 phenotypes of that trait– Ex: blood type in
humans
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Blood Type• Alleles are A, B, and O• O is recessive to both A and B• If a person inherits both A and B, both are expressed, creating
genotype/phenotype AB• Genotypes AA and AO are phenotype A• Genotypes BB and BO are phenotype B• Genotype OO are phenotype O
![Page 13: DO NOW The allele B carries the trait for blue body color. The allele b carries the trait for pink body color. Cross Bb and BB.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032801/56649ddd5503460f94ad5908/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Polygenic Inheritance
• Occurs when a group of gene pairs act together to produce a trait
• The effects of many alleles produce a wide variety of phenotypes– Ex: height, eye and skin color
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Environmental Impact
• Environment plays a role in how genes are expressed– Ex: some people have genes that make them at
risk for developing skin cancer, but if they limit their exposure to the sun, they may never get cancer
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Mutations
• Genes that are altered or copied incorrectly– Can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect– Can be caused by x-rays or radioactive substances
Bruce Banner was exposed to Gamma Radiation, turning him into the Hulk.
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Chromosome Disorders
• Mistakes in meiosis can result in new organism with more or fewer chromosomes than normal– Usually fatal to unborn fetus, but not always– Ex: Down Syndrome
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Recessive Genetic Disorders
• Some recessive genes are result of a mutation• These disorders occur when both parents have
a recessive allele responsible– Because parents heterozygous, they don’t show
symptoms• Ex: cystic fibrosis
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![Page 19: DO NOW The allele B carries the trait for blue body color. The allele b carries the trait for pink body color. Cross Bb and BB.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032801/56649ddd5503460f94ad5908/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Cystic Fibrosis
• Most common genetic disorder leading to death among Caucasian Americans
• People with disease produce thick mucous instead of thin fluid which normally lines lungs
• The mucus builds up, making it hard to breathe, and results in bacterial infections and prevents flow of substances necessary for digesting food
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Sex Determination
• Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism are XX in females and XY in males
• Females produce eggs with X chromosome only and males produce sperm with X or Y.
![Page 21: DO NOW The allele B carries the trait for blue body color. The allele b carries the trait for pink body color. Cross Bb and BB.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032801/56649ddd5503460f94ad5908/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Sex Linked Disorders
• Sex-linked gene- an allele inherited on a sex chromosome– Ex: color blindness trait
for color blindness recessive on X chromosome. Because men only have one X chromosome, a male with this allele is color blind.
![Page 22: DO NOW The allele B carries the trait for blue body color. The allele b carries the trait for pink body color. Cross Bb and BB.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032801/56649ddd5503460f94ad5908/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Pedigree
• A visual tool for following a trait through generations of a family
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Genetic Engineering
• When scientists experiment with biological and chemical methods to change the arrangement of DNA that makes up a gene– Can be done to find new ways to improve crop
production and quality, including the development of plants that are resistant to disease
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Methods of Genetic Engineering
• Recombinant DNA- made by inserting a useful segment of DNA from one organism into a bacterium– ex: large quantities of human insulin are made by
genetically engineered organisms• Gene therapy- a normal allele is placed in a virus. The
virus then delivers the normal allele when it infects target, and the normal allele replaces defective one.– Used to test ways of controlling cystic fibrosis and cancer
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Genetically Engineered Plants
• In the past, improvements to plants were result of selecting plants with most desirable traits and breeding them, or selective breeding.
• NOW, we can find the genes that produce desirable trait in one plant and then insert those genes into another plant
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Genetically Engineering Plants
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Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
Benefits• More nutritious food• Tastier food• Disease- and drought-resistant plants
that require fewer environmental resources (water, fertilizer, etc.)
• Decreased use of pesticides• Increased supply of food with
reduced cost and longer shelf life• Faster growing plants and animals• Food with more desirable traits, such
as potatoes that absorb less fat when fried
• Medicinal foods that could be used as vaccines or other medications
Risks• Modified plants or animals may
have genetic changes that are unexpected and harmful.
• Modified organisms may interbreed with natural organisms and out-compete them, leading to extinction of the original organism or to other unpredictable environmental effects.
• Plants may be less resistant to some pests and more susceptible to others.