Do Now:Do Now:

In 2008, what are some of the newest and In 2008, what are some of the newest and most exciting inventions that you have most exciting inventions that you have seen hit the market recently?seen hit the market recently?

Outside of those, what inventions can you Outside of those, what inventions can you come up with that you feel would be useful come up with that you feel would be useful in today’s world? (work with a partner, in today’s world? (work with a partner, and draw one of your inventions out, and and draw one of your inventions out, and be prepared to share)be prepared to share)

Advances in chemistry

Anatomical

Studies

The Astrolabe- a device used to measure the angles of the sun and stars above the horizon. It was difficult to use in the rough seas.

Cartography

Nicholas Copernicus (1473 – 1543)Nicholas Copernicus (1473 – 1543)

A Polish astronomer who studied A Polish astronomer who studied astronomyastronomy

Revolutionary theory – SUN IS THE Revolutionary theory – SUN IS THE CENTER OF THE SOLAR SYSTEMCENTER OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

This is called HELIOCENTRIC THEORY This is called HELIOCENTRIC THEORY ((helio helio is Greek for sun)is Greek for sun)

Does anyone know why this was Does anyone know why this was revolutionary?revolutionary?

Geocentric TheoryGeocentric Theory

Since ancient times, Aristotle, the famous Since ancient times, Aristotle, the famous philosopher depicted in Raphael’s School philosopher depicted in Raphael’s School of Athens, taught that the Earth was the of Athens, taught that the Earth was the center of the solar system (Geo is Greek center of the solar system (Geo is Greek for Earth)for Earth)

Ptolemy (90 – 168 C.E.) supported this Ptolemy (90 – 168 C.E.) supported this viewview

The Church agreed for over 1,500 years – The Church agreed for over 1,500 years – Why would the Church support this view?Why would the Church support this view?

Geocentric and The ChurchGeocentric and The Church

The geocentric held that the Earth was the The geocentric held that the Earth was the center of the solar system, because God center of the solar system, because God made Earth special.made Earth special.

All other heavenly bodies (planets, the All other heavenly bodies (planets, the Sun) revolved around the Earth in perfect Sun) revolved around the Earth in perfect circles while the Earth stood still. circles while the Earth stood still.

If the scientists were observing something If the scientists were observing something different, why would the Church still different, why would the Church still support this view?support this view?

In Support of CopernicusIn Support of Copernicus Tyco BraheTyco Brahe (1546 – 1601)(1546 – 1601) – Danish – Danish

astronomer collected evidence over many astronomer collected evidence over many years of observation supporting years of observation supporting Copernicus’s workCopernicus’s work

Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) – – German astronomer who assisted Brahe. German astronomer who assisted Brahe. Used Brahe’s data to calculate the orbits of Used Brahe’s data to calculate the orbits of planets around the sun.planets around the sun.

Planets move in ellipses not perfect circles Planets move in ellipses not perfect circles like Ptolemy and Copernicus believed.like Ptolemy and Copernicus believed.

Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642)

Who was he?

Is he just a guy mentioned in Queen’s Bohemian Rhapsody?

Galileo GalileiGalileo Galilei

Italian astronomer – it shows how the Italian astronomer – it shows how the ideas of Copernicus, Brahe, and Kepler ideas of Copernicus, Brahe, and Kepler spread spread

Built a more advanced telescopeBuilt a more advanced telescope Observed mountains on the moon, fiery Observed mountains on the moon, fiery

spots on the Sun, and four moons spots on the Sun, and four moons revolving around Jupiterrevolving around Jupiter

A copy of one of A copy of one of Galileo’s original Galileo’s original drawings of the drawings of the moonmoon

Isn’t this cool?Isn’t this cool? Think about when Think about when

you have to draw you have to draw diagrams during diagrams during your science labsyour science labs

You are doing the You are doing the same thing that a same thing that a famous scientist famous scientist did in the 17did in the 17thth centurycentury

““I did discover many particulars in I did discover many particulars in Heaven that had been unseen and Heaven that had been unseen and unheard of until our age.” unheard of until our age.”

Galileo Galileo GalileiGalilei

Galileo and The ChurchGalileo and The Church

Where did Galileo live? Why was this a Where did Galileo live? Why was this a problem? problem?

The Catholic Counter-Reformation is going The Catholic Counter-Reformation is going onon

Counter Reformation – 16Counter Reformation – 16thth and 17 and 17thth centuriescenturies

Council of Trent is meeting and has Council of Trent is meeting and has implemented reformsimplemented reforms

Jesuits are out spreading Catholic ideas Jesuits are out spreading Catholic ideas around the worldaround the world

Catholics and Protestants are at war Catholics and Protestants are at war around Europearound Europe

The Catholic Church is using the The Catholic Church is using the Inquisition to try hereticsInquisition to try heretics

Index of Forbidden BooksIndex of Forbidden Books

Part of the Counter Reformation and Part of the Counter Reformation and Inquisition was to create an Index of Inquisition was to create an Index of Forbidden BooksForbidden Books

Guess whose books were banned?Guess whose books were banned? Luther’s and Calvin’s writingsLuther’s and Calvin’s writings Copernicus’s Copernicus’s On the Revolutions of the On the Revolutions of the

Heavenly SpheresHeavenly Spheres

Galileo on TrialGalileo on Trial Galileo published his astronomical Galileo published his astronomical

observationsobservations His observations supported Copernicus’s His observations supported Copernicus’s

viewsviews 1633 – Galileo is tried before the 1633 – Galileo is tried before the

Inquisition Inquisition Under the threat of death, Galileo had to Under the threat of death, Galileo had to

recant his heresies and state publicly in recant his heresies and state publicly in court that the Earth stands motionless at court that the Earth stands motionless at the center of the solar systemthe center of the solar system

Legend has it that as he left court, Galileo Legend has it that as he left court, Galileo muttered: “And yet it moves.”muttered: “And yet it moves.”

A New Scientific MethodA New Scientific Method

During Renaissance, thinkers During Renaissance, thinkers rediscovered of the work of Plato, the rediscovered of the work of Plato, the classical Greek philosopher (Raphael put classical Greek philosopher (Raphael put him next to Aristotle in him next to Aristotle in School of AthensSchool of Athens))

Plato taught that man should look beyond Plato taught that man should look beyond simple appearances to nature’s truthssimple appearances to nature’s truths

Mathematics was the key to learning these Mathematics was the key to learning these truthstruths

Scientific Scientific MethodMethod

Renaissance Renaissance spirit of inquiry spirit of inquiry inspired this inspired this type of thinkingtype of thinking

Exploring the Human BodyExploring the Human Body

Andreas Vesalius – famous for dissecting Andreas Vesalius – famous for dissecting bodies, published a book with the most bodies, published a book with the most accurate drawings and labeling of his time accurate drawings and labeling of his time – On the Structure of the Human Body– On the Structure of the Human Body

William Harvey – described the circulation William Harvey – described the circulation of the blood for the first time, showed how of the blood for the first time, showed how the heart acts as a pump to force blood the heart acts as a pump to force blood through the veins and arteriesthrough the veins and arteries

Andreas VesaliusAndreas VesaliusRenaissance-era physician

Wrote book called On the Fabric of the Human Body

This is a print of Vesalius doing a public dissection of a woman

Harvey’s Discoveries vs. Galen’s Harvey’s Discoveries vs. Galen’s TheoriesTheories

Galen (129 – 200 C.E.)Galen (129 – 200 C.E.) Two types of blood – dark venous blood Two types of blood – dark venous blood

that came from the liver, lighter arterial that came from the liver, lighter arterial blood came from the heart, travelled blood came from the heart, travelled throughout the body where it was throughout the body where it was consumedconsumed

Harvey’s book explained that the heart Harvey’s book explained that the heart pumped blood continuously throughout the pumped blood continuously throughout the body body

He discovered this partially by vivisecting He discovered this partially by vivisecting animals – AWWW!animals – AWWW!

Anton van LeeuwenhoekAnton van Leeuwenhoek

Perfected microscopePerfected microscope First human known to see cells and First human known to see cells and

microorganisms microorganisms

Man using Leeuwenhoek's microscope compared to a modern microscope

Philosophy and Francis Bacon:

A new system of logic based on reduction.

Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton

By age 24, formed a brilliant theory to By age 24, formed a brilliant theory to explain why planets moved the way they explain why planets moved the way they diddid

Legend has it that an apple fell from a tree Legend has it that an apple fell from a tree – Could the force that pulled that apple to – Could the force that pulled that apple to Earth also control the movements of the Earth also control the movements of the planets?planets?

Over the next 20 years, Newton perfected Over the next 20 years, Newton perfected his theory. He called the force gravity. his theory. He called the force gravity.

1687 – published book on his ideas of the 1687 – published book on his ideas of the workings of the universeworkings of the universe

All motion in the universe can be All motion in the universe can be measured and explained by mathematicsmeasured and explained by mathematics

For 200 years, Newton’s laws held fastFor 200 years, Newton’s laws held fast Early 1900s, new theories about the Early 1900s, new theories about the

universe called his ideas into questionuniverse called his ideas into question Newton’s laws of motion and mechanics Newton’s laws of motion and mechanics

continue to have many practical usescontinue to have many practical uses Calculus – partially developed by Newton Calculus – partially developed by Newton

and used to explain his laws is still applied and used to explain his laws is still applied todaytoday

"A body persists its state of rest or of "A body persists its state of rest or of uniform motion unless acted upon by an uniform motion unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force."external unbalanced force."

Sound familiar?Sound familiar? Newton’s First Law of Motion – the Law of Newton’s First Law of Motion – the Law of

Inertia Inertia

Newton’s Second Law of MotionNewton’s Second Law of Motion

"Force equals mass times acceleration "Force equals mass times acceleration ((FF =  = mmaa): the net force on an object is ): the net force on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration." by its acceleration."

Newton’s Third Law of MotionNewton’s Third Law of Motion

Whenever a particle Whenever a particle AA exerts a force on exerts a force on another particle another particle BB, , BB simultaneously exerts simultaneously exerts a force on a force on AA with the same magnitude in with the same magnitude in the opposite direction. the opposite direction.

This law is often simplified into the This law is often simplified into the sentence, "To every action there is an sentence, "To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction."equal and opposite reaction."

What lessons did you learn about What lessons did you learn about the Scientific Revolution?the Scientific Revolution?

Consider and DiscussConsider and Discuss Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Theories – Key Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Theories – Key

scientistsscientists Anatomical discoveriesAnatomical discoveries Inventions of new devices to help scienceInventions of new devices to help science Newtonian laws Newtonian laws

What lessons can we learn from What lessons can we learn from the scientists?the scientists?

Being brave and honest – How could Being brave and honest – How could Copernicus, Galileo, or any of the other Copernicus, Galileo, or any of the other scientists go against what they saw with scientists go against what they saw with their own eyes?their own eyes?

Believing in yourself and standing up for Believing in yourself and standing up for what you believe inwhat you believe in

Believing that you are right so long as you Believing that you are right so long as you can back up what you say with evidencecan back up what you say with evidence

Not accepting something just because Not accepting something just because everyone else accepts iteveryone else accepts it