Do Now ●Hand in your labs in the bin. ●What are karyotypes used for? ●What are three purposes...
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Transcript of Do Now ●Hand in your labs in the bin. ●What are karyotypes used for? ●What are three purposes...
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Do Now
●Hand in your labs in the bin.
●What are karyotypes used for?
●What are three purposes that they serve?
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Karyotypes
●A picture of all the chromosomes in an individual arranged in an order of descending size. The sex chromosomes are placed at the end.
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Autosomes are “regular” chromosomes and we use numbers to identify them.
Sex chromosomes determine an individuals gender.
Healthy humans have 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes
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What can Karyotypes tell you?1. The gender of the individual.
Two X chromosomes (XX) the individual is FEMALE One X and one Y (XY) the individual is MALE.
2. The species the individual belongs too 23 chromosomes = human
3. If the individual has a chromosome disorder One pair for each numbered chromosome is healthy.
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Labeling a Karyotype
●To label a karyotype correctly, first list the number of chromosomes found in the karyotype. Ex. 46
●Secondly, list the type of sex chromosomes found in the karyotype. Ex. XX
●Lastly, list the any abnormalities at the appropriate chromosome number.Normal Human Female: 46, XXNormal Human Male: 46, XY
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What are abnormalities?
●Sometimes, during meiosis, things go wrong.
●The most common error is nondisjunction, which means “not coming apart”.
●If nondisjunction occurs , abnormal numbers of chromosomes may find their way into gametes, and a disorder of chromosome numbers may result.
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Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
●Two copies of an autosomal chromosome fail to separate during meiosis, an individual may be born with THREE copies of a chromosome.
●This is known as a “Trisomy”●Trisomy 13, Trisomy 18, Trisomy 21.
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Down Syndrome
●Most common, Trisomy 21 (down syndrome)
●1 in 800 babies born in U.S. with Trisomy 21.
●Mild to severe mental retardation
●Increased susceptibility to many diseases and a higher frequency of other birth defects.
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Sex Chromosome Disorders
●Turner’s Syndrome (nondisjunction)○Female inherits only one X chromosome○Karyotype: 45, X○Women are sterile, sex organs do not develop
at puberty.●Klinefelter’s syndrome (nondisjunction)
○Males receive an extra X chromosome○Karyotype: 47, XXY○The extra X chromosome interferes with
meiosis and prevents ind. from reproducing.
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