Do Now 1.What is photosynthesis? 2.What is the equation of photosynthesis? (it’s the opposite of...
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Transcript of Do Now 1.What is photosynthesis? 2.What is the equation of photosynthesis? (it’s the opposite of...
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Do NowDo Now
1. What is photosynthesis?
2. What is the equation of photosynthesis? (it’s the opposite of respiration)
3. What does a plant need for photosynthesis?
1. What is photosynthesis?
2. What is the equation of photosynthesis? (it’s the opposite of respiration)
3. What does a plant need for photosynthesis?
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Light EnergyLight Energy
Light travels in waves Wavelength is the distance from 1
crest to another crest
Light travels in waves Wavelength is the distance from 1
crest to another crest
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Visible Light SpectrumVisible Light Spectrum A small portion of all the possible wavelengths Sunlight is called “white light” If you put white light through a prism you get?
All the colors of the rainbow, This is known as the Visible spectrum
A small portion of all the possible wavelengths Sunlight is called “white light” If you put white light through a prism you get?
All the colors of the rainbow, This is known as the Visible spectrum
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Light Particles Light Particles
Each particle of light is called a photon The shorter the wavelength, the more
energy it has
Each particle of light is called a photon The shorter the wavelength, the more
energy it has
VioletRed
ENERGY
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Pigment A Substance that absorbs light
You only see the light waves that are reflected off a substance
All the other light waves are absorbed by the substance
Pigment A Substance that absorbs light
You only see the light waves that are reflected off a substance
All the other light waves are absorbed by the substance
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Colorblindness TestColorblindness Test
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What color blind people see:What color blind people see:
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/lightandcolor/humanvisionintro.html
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Do NowDo Now I shine a blue light on a yellow banana
in complete darkness, what color would the banana appear to be?
I shine a blue light on a yellow banana in complete darkness, what color would the banana appear to be?
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Sample QuestionSample Question1. This green plant is hit with white light,
what colors are reflected? Green
2. What Happens to all the other colors? They are absorbed
1. This green plant is hit with white light, what colors are reflected?
Green
2. What Happens to all the other colors? They are absorbed
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Day
0
Day
5
Day 10
Day 15
Day 20
Day 25
Red 5 8 11 15 17 20
Orange 5 8 12 15 18 22
Yellow 5 5 7 9 10 11
Green 5 5 6 7 9 10
Blue 5 7 10 13 18 25
Violet 5 7 9 12 18 23
Control 5 5 5 5 4 4
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DO NOWDO NOW
Take a chromatography lab (#19) HAND IN LIGHT WAVES LAB!!!! Why are leaves green? Why do leaves change color in the fall?
Take a chromatography lab (#19) HAND IN LIGHT WAVES LAB!!!! Why are leaves green? Why do leaves change color in the fall?
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ChromatographyChromatography Separating the different pigments that
make up a plant.
Separating the different pigments that make up a plant.
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Photosynthetic PigmentsPhotosynthetic Pigments
There are 4 photosynthetic pigment in each chloroplast
Chlorophyll a Primary photosynthetic pigment
Absorbs all light waves but green
Chlorophyll b, Carotenes, & xanthophylls Absorbs all light waves but red, yellow, and orange
Absorb light and transfer energy to chlorophyll a
There are 4 photosynthetic pigment in each chloroplast
Chlorophyll a Primary photosynthetic pigment
Absorbs all light waves but green
Chlorophyll b, Carotenes, & xanthophylls Absorbs all light waves but red, yellow, and orange
Absorb light and transfer energy to chlorophyll a
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So why are leaves green?So why are leaves green?
There is A LOT more chlorophyll a So it hides the other pigments and the
leaf appears green
There is A LOT more chlorophyll a So it hides the other pigments and the
leaf appears green
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So why do leaves change colors?So why do leaves change colors? In spring and summer time
Leaves have chlorophyll a & b, carotenes, & xanthophylls
All colors except most green is absorbed But during the fall
Chlorophyll a leaves cells Only Chlorophyll b, carotene, & xanthophyll is left Leaves reflect orange, yellow, or red
In spring and summer time Leaves have chlorophyll a & b, carotenes, &
xanthophylls All colors except most green is absorbed
But during the fall Chlorophyll a leaves cells Only Chlorophyll b, carotene, & xanthophyll is left Leaves reflect orange, yellow, or red
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Do NowDo Now
1. What color light would you shine on a green plant to give
off the least amount of oxygen?
2. HAND IN CHROMATOGRAPHY LAB
1. What color light would you shine on a green plant to give
off the least amount of oxygen?
2. HAND IN CHROMATOGRAPHY LAB
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ChloroplastsChloroplasts Where photosynthesis occurs Thylakoids
Flattened sacs (pennies)
Grana Stacks of thylakoids
Stroma Liquid in chloroplast
Where photosynthesis occurs Thylakoids
Flattened sacs (pennies)
Grana Stacks of thylakoids
Stroma Liquid in chloroplast
6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
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PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis Autotrophs make their own food by
converting radiant energy into chemical energy (carbohydrates).
Autotrophs make their own food by converting radiant energy into chemical energy (carbohydrates).
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PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
2 Reactions Light Reactions, light
dependent reaction Calvin Cycle, Dark reaction,
light independent reaction, carbon fixation reactions
2 Reactions Light Reactions, light
dependent reaction Calvin Cycle, Dark reaction,
light independent reaction, carbon fixation reactions
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Light Reactions/light dependentLight Reactions/light dependent
Light energy is converted to chemical energy to split hydrogen ions from water.
Takes place in the grana of the chloroplasts (the coin-like stacks of sacs).
Byproducts are oxygen (O2), NADPH, and ATP
Light energy is converted to chemical energy to split hydrogen ions from water.
Takes place in the grana of the chloroplasts (the coin-like stacks of sacs).
Byproducts are oxygen (O2), NADPH, and ATP
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PhotolysisPhotolysis
2H2O 4H+ + 4e- + O2
Electrons will replace lost by photosystem II
H+ ions will move through thylakoid membrane by ATP synthase and make ATP
2H2O 4H+ + 4e- + O2
Electrons will replace lost by photosystem II
H+ ions will move through thylakoid membrane by ATP synthase and make ATP
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http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/paper/gov.html
http://faculty.nl.edu/jste/photosynthesis.htm
http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/paper/gov.html
http://faculty.nl.edu/jste/photosynthesis.htm
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Light ReactionsLight Reactions
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Do NowDo Now
1. Why is it called the light dependent
reactions?
2. What are the products of the light
reactions?
1. Why is it called the light dependent
reactions?
2. What are the products of the light
reactions?
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Photosystems I & IIPhotosystems I & II
In thylakoid membranes Absorbs sunlight here A clump of chlorophyll and other
pigments Excites electrons and moves them
down ETC to combine with NADP
In thylakoid membranes Absorbs sunlight here A clump of chlorophyll and other
pigments Excites electrons and moves them
down ETC to combine with NADP
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Cyclic PhotophosphorylationCyclic Photophosphorylation Only photosystem 1 Makes only 6 ATP
Only photosystem 1 Makes only 6 ATP
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Noncyclic PhotophosphorylationNoncyclic Photophosphorylation
Uses both photosystems I & II Makes 12 NADPH and 6 ATP
Uses both photosystems I & II Makes 12 NADPH and 6 ATP
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Noncyclic PhotophosphorylationNoncyclic Photophosphorylation1. Light energy hits PSII excites electrons
2. Excited Electron gets ready to travel down ETC
3. Light energy splits water into H+, e-, and O2
4. The electrons replaced those lost as electrons travel down ETC into PSI, making 6 ATP
5. Nonenergized electrons go into PSI
1. Light energy hits PSII excites electrons
2. Excited Electron gets ready to travel down ETC
3. Light energy splits water into H+, e-, and O2
4. The electrons replaced those lost as electrons travel down ETC into PSI, making 6 ATP
5. Nonenergized electrons go into PSI
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6. Light energy hits PSI, excites electrons
7. Excited electrons travel down 2nd ETC
8. Electrons and H+ are added to NADP
9. Makes 12 NADPH
6. Light energy hits PSI, excites electrons
7. Excited electrons travel down 2nd ETC
8. Electrons and H+ are added to NADP
9. Makes 12 NADPH
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QuestionsQuestions How are cyclic and noncyclic
phosphorylation similar?
How are they different?
How are cyclic and noncyclic phosphorylation similar?
How are they different?
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Calvin Cycle/Dark/Light Independent ReactionsCalvin Cycle/Dark/Light Independent Reactions
ATP and NADPH from the light reactions are used along with CO2 to form a glucose
Takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts (the liquid filling).
Products are C6H12O6 (glucose), ADP, and NADP+ (which return to the light reactions).
ATP and NADPH from the light reactions are used along with CO2 to form a glucose
Takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts (the liquid filling).
Products are C6H12O6 (glucose), ADP, and NADP+ (which return to the light reactions).
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Important Facts of the Calvin CycleImportant Facts of the Calvin Cycle The 3-carbon sugar that is synthesized is
known by different names G3P, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (PGAL) A VERY important eznyme required for the
Calvin Cycle is RUBISCO The making of sugar is a reduction reaction Because, CO2 is gaining hydrogen
The 3-carbon sugar that is synthesized is known by different names
G3P, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (PGAL) A VERY important eznyme required for the
Calvin Cycle is RUBISCO The making of sugar is a reduction reaction Because, CO2 is gaining hydrogen
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Sunlight
NADP+
ADP NADPH
CO2
H2O
O2
CHLOROPLAST
ATP
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ReviewReview
1. What are ATP and NADPH used for?
2. Why is it called light-dependent reactions?
3. What are the 2 reactants for this part of photosynthesis?
4. What are the 3 products of the light-dependent reaction?
1. What are ATP and NADPH used for?
2. Why is it called light-dependent reactions?
3. What are the 2 reactants for this part of photosynthesis?
4. What are the 3 products of the light-dependent reaction?
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Do NowDo Now
1. Grab one of each sheet and colored pencils
2. Hand in Quiz Corrections
1. Grab one of each sheet and colored pencils
2. Hand in Quiz Corrections
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Parts of the leafParts of the leaf Cuticle
Layer of wax to keep water in leaf Upper Epidermis
Outer layer of cells on top of leaf Palisade Mesophyll
Where photosynthesis takes place Spongy Mesophyll
Important place of gas exchange Lower Epidermis
Outer layer of cells on bottom of leaf
Cuticle Layer of wax to keep water in leaf
Upper Epidermis Outer layer of cells on top of leaf
Palisade Mesophyll Where photosynthesis takes place
Spongy Mesophyll Important place of gas exchange
Lower Epidermis Outer layer of cells on bottom of leaf
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Stomate Openings on bottom of leaf
Guard Cells Specialized cells that open and close stomates
Xylem Veins that carry nutrients up the top of the plant
Phloem Veins to carry nutrients down to the roots
Air Space Area in spongy layer for CO2 for photosynthesis
Stomate Openings on bottom of leaf
Guard Cells Specialized cells that open and close stomates
Xylem Veins that carry nutrients up the top of the plant
Phloem Veins to carry nutrients down to the roots
Air Space Area in spongy layer for CO2 for photosynthesis
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Cuticle - purpleLower epidermis - tanPalisade layer - dark greenPhloem - blueUpper epidermis - yellowSpongy layer - orangeXylem - redGuard cells - dark green
Cuticle - purpleLower epidermis - tanPalisade layer - dark greenPhloem - blueUpper epidermis - yellowSpongy layer - orangeXylem - redGuard cells - dark green
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Do NowDo Now
1. List at least two things that would affect the rate of photosynthesis.
(Think about what helps plant grow)
2. HAND IN LEAF PARTS LAB
1. List at least two things that would affect the rate of photosynthesis.
(Think about what helps plant grow)
2. HAND IN LEAF PARTS LAB
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4 Factors that affect Photosynthesis4 Factors that affect Photosynthesis1. Light Intensity2. Temperature3. Water availability4. Mineral availability As they increase, they increase
photosynthetic rate BUT Too much of these causes
photosynthesis to slow down
1. Light Intensity2. Temperature3. Water availability4. Mineral availability As they increase, they increase
photosynthetic rate BUT Too much of these causes
photosynthesis to slow down
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Do NowDo Now
Why do leaves change color in autumn? Why do leaves change color in autumn?
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ReviewReview
1. Why is it called light independent reactions or dark reactions?
2. How many glucose molecules do we make at the end of the light independent reactions?
1. Why is it called light independent reactions or dark reactions?
2. How many glucose molecules do we make at the end of the light independent reactions?
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Special CasesSpecial Cases C4 plants
Make a 4 carbon sugar instead of glucose. Fix CO2 more rapidly but need more light energy
Ex: sugar cane and corn CAM plants
Plants that close stomates during the day to prevent water loss
EX: cactus
Heterotrophic plants Plants that also engulf other organisms Ex: mistletoe, dodder plant, venus fly
traps
C4 plants Make a 4 carbon sugar instead of
glucose. Fix CO2 more rapidly but need more light energy
Ex: sugar cane and corn CAM plants
Plants that close stomates during the day to prevent water loss
EX: cactus
Heterotrophic plants Plants that also engulf other organisms Ex: mistletoe, dodder plant, venus fly
traps
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ChemosynthesisChemosynthesis Some autotrophs can convert inorganic
substances to energy. Most are adapted to live in conditions
where there is no oxygen. Marshes. Lake sediments. Digestive tracts of mammals. Deep in the ocean.
Some autotrophs can convert inorganic substances to energy.
Most are adapted to live in conditions where there is no oxygen. Marshes. Lake sediments. Digestive tracts of mammals. Deep in the ocean.
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Fill out your bingo sheetFill out your bingo sheet
1. H2O2. Photosystem3. Yellow4. Green5. Heterotrophic6. Light Reaction7. Glucose8. Palisade Layer9. NADPH10. Chlorophyll b11. Chlorophyll a12. Dog
1. H2O2. Photosystem3. Yellow4. Green5. Heterotrophic6. Light Reaction7. Glucose8. Palisade Layer9. NADPH10. Chlorophyll b11. Chlorophyll a12. Dog
13. Sunlight14. Stroma15. Thylakoid16. Spongy Layer17. RuBP18. Calvin Cycle19. PGAL20. Cuticle21. CAM22. C4 23. Stomata24. Guard Cells
13. Sunlight14. Stroma15. Thylakoid16. Spongy Layer17. RuBP18. Calvin Cycle19. PGAL20. Cuticle21. CAM22. C4 23. Stomata24. Guard Cells
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Sunlight
Photo-System
I
Photo-system
II
NADP+
ADPNADPHATP
CalvinCO2
H2O
O2
ATP
ATP
NAD+ NADH
ElectronTransportSystem
Cycle
CitricAcid
Heat
CHLOROPLAST MITOCHONDRIONATP
Glycolysis
Glucose Pyruvate
Cycle
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Sunlight
Photo-System
I
Photo-system
II
NADP+
ADPNADPHATP
CycleCalvin CO2
H2O
O2
ATP
ATP
NAD+ NADH
ElectronTransportSystem
Cycle
CitricAcid
Heat
CHLOROPLAST MITOCHONDRION
Glucose
ATP
Pyruvate
Glycolysis