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7/31/2019 n thc tp tt nghip - Nghin cu v trin khai h thng mng vi giao thc OSPF

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1

TRNG CAO NG CNG NGH THNG TIN

HU NGH VITHN

KHOA KHOA HC MY TNH

BO CO

THC TP TT NGHIP

Tn ti:

Nghin cu v trin khai h thng mng vi giao thc OSPF

Sinh vin thc hin : Nguyn c Trung

Lp : CCMM030C

Ging vin hng dn : Ths.ng Quang Hin

Nng, thng 5 nm 2012


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Nghin cu v trin khai h thng mng vi giao thc OSPF 2

Khoa Khoa hc my tnhLp CCMM03C Nguyn c Trung (91)

LI MU

1. L do chn ti

Nh chng ta bit, ni n mng my tnh l ni n truyn d liu trn mng.

Vy d liu trn mng c truyn nh th no? D liu trn mng c truyn nh cc

b nh tuyn thc thicc gii thut chn ng i (hay chng ta vn gi l giao thc

nh tuyn).

Chng ta ni rt nhiu n giao thc nh tuyn, mt trong nhng giao thc

phi k n l giao thc nh tuyn Open Shortest Path First (OSPF). OSPF l mt giao

thc nh tuyn khng phi mi so vi th gii, tuy nhin thc t ti Vit Nam khng c

nhiu c quan, t chc, trng hc ... c mt h thng mng ln s dng Router v pdng cc phng php nh tuyn, qun tr ti tn nht. Chnh v vy m cc khi nim v

nh tuyn hay cu hnh nh tuyn cng cha phi l ph bin i vi rt nhiu ngi.

Xc nh c tm quan trng ca giaothc ny trong h thng mng ngy nay nn

em chn v nghin cu ti "Nghin cu v trin khai h thng mng vi giao

thc OSPF" vi mc ch tm hiu su sc v c ch hot ng ca n cng nh pht

hin ra nhng nhc im tm nhng gii php khc phc nhng nhc im ny.

2. Mc tiu v nhim v nghin cu.Nghin cu v giao thc nh tuyn OSPF.

Trin khai h thng mng vi giao thc nh tuyn OSPF bng cc thit b tht ca

hng Cisco.

3. i tng v phm vi nghin cu.

Nghin cu m hnhh thng mng vi giao thc nh tuyn OSPF.

Nghin cu trin khai h thng mng vi giao thc nh tuyn OSPF.

4. Nhng phng tin cng c c th trin khai.Mt s Router 2600 ca hng Cisco, mt s PC u cui, cp mng Cat5e, cp

console, cp Serial.

5. Phng php nghin cu.

Di s hng dn ca ging vin hng dn.


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Khoa Khoa hc my tnhLp CCMM03C Nguyn c Trung (91)

Tm hiu cc ti liu lin quan v giao thc nh tuyn OSPF v h thng mng

c trin khai vi giao thc nh tuyn OSPF.

Trin khai h thng mng vi cc thit b tht ca hng Cisco kim chng l

thuyt nghin cu c.

6. D kin kt qu.Hiu c su sc v giao thc nh tuyn OSPF.

Trin khai c mt h thng mng vi giao thc nh tuyn OSPF.

7. ngha khoa hc v thc tin.

- ngha khoa hc:

Cung cp mt b tiliu hc tp v tham kho cho cc kha sau.

Cung cp mt b ti liu tp hun trin khai h thng mng vi giao thc OSPF.

- ngha thc tin:

Sau khi thc hin ti c th gip sinh vin nng cao k nng nh tuyn vi mt

s thit b, cch xy dng mt h thng mng vi giao thc OSPF.

Trin khai c mt h thng mng vi giao thc nh tuyn OSPF.

8. t tn ti.

Tn ti c chn ph hp vi nhng ni dng s nghin cu v trin khai l

Nghin cu v trin khai h thng mng vi giao thc OSPF".


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4

CNG HA X HI CHNGHA VIT NAM

c lp - Tdo - Hnh phc

PHIU NH GI

KT QU THC TP TT NGHIP CUI KHO CA SINH VINKHA HC: 2009 - 2012

- H v tn sinh vin: Nguyn c Trung

-Ngy thng nm sinh: 03/09/1991

-Ni sinh: Thnh PhQui Nhn Tnh Bnh nh

- Lp: CCMM03C Kha: 2009 2012 Ho to: Cao ng

-Ngnh o to: Mng My Tnh

- Thi gian thc tp tt nghip: t ngy: 26/03/2012 n ngy: 04/05/2012- Ti c quan: Trng Cao ng Cng Ngh Thng Tin Hu Ngh Vit Hn, Trung

Tm Cng Ngh Thng Tin.

- Ni dung thc tp:

+ Kho st m hnh mng ca trung tm, cc thit b m trung tm s dng.

+ Tm hiu qun l h thng mng v cc ng dng c sn ca trung tm.

+ Cch cu hnh mt h thng mng hon chnh vi mt s thit b.

1. Nhn xt v chuyn mn:.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

2. Nhn xt v thi , tinh thn trch nhim, chp hnh ni quy, quy ch ca c

quan thc tp:

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

3. Kt qu thc tp tt nghip:(chm theo thang im 10): ... ......................................

Nng, ngy 02 thng 05 nm 2012

CN BHNG DN C QUAN TIP NHN SINH VIN THC TP

(K, ghi r h tn) (K tn, ng du)


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Khoa khoa hc my tnhLp CCMM03C Nguyn c Trung (91)

MC LC

LI MU ..................................................................................................................... 2

MC LC ........................................................................................................................... 5

DANH MC CC HNH V ............................................................................................ 7

PHN I: GII THIU V TRNG CAO NG CNG NGH THNG TIN

HU NGH VITHN.................................................................................................. 9

1. C QUAN THC TP ............................................................................................. 9

2. GII THIU CHUNG ............................................................................................... 9

2.1. VTrng C CNTT hu ngh VitHn........................................................ 9

2.2. V Trung Tm CNTT thuc Trng C CNTT hu ngh VitHn ............. 103. MC TIU HOT NG ...................................................................................... 11

4. T CHC HOT NG ........................................................................................ 12

5. LNH VC HOT NG ...................................................................................... 12

PHN II: NGHIN CU V TRIN KHAI H THNG MNG VI GIAO

THC OSPF ..................................................................................................................... 15

1. CC GIAO THC TRONG NH TUYN IP ...................................................... 15

1.1. Khi nim .......................................................................................................... 151.2. Phn loi ............................................................................................................ 15

1.2.1. nh tuyn tnh ........................................................................................... 15

1.2.2. nh tuyn ng.......................................................................................... 16

1.3. Giao thc RIP (Routing Information Protocol) ................................................. 17

1.3.1. Giao thc RIPv1 ......................................................................................... 17

1.3.2. Giao thc RIPv2 ......................................................................................... 18

1.4. Giao thc IGRP ................................................................................................. 181.5. Giao thc EIGRP ............................................................................................... 19

2. GIAO THC NH TUYN OSPF ........................................................................ 19

2.1. Khi nim .......................................................................................................... 19

2.2. OSPF Gii quyt cc vn .............................................................................. 19

2.3. ng gi bn tin OSPF ...................................................................................... 19


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2.4. Cc loi gi tin OSPF ........................................................................................ 20

2.5. Gi tin Hello ...................................................................................................... 20

2.5.1. Thit lp hng xm ..................................................................................... 21

2.5.2. OSPF Hello v Dead Interval ..................................................................... 21

2.5.3. OSPF link-state Update .............................................................................. 222.5.4. Bu DR v BDR ......................................................................................... 22

2.6. Xc thc ............................................................................................................. 22

2.7. Cch xc n Router ID ..................................................................................... 23

2.8. Bng nh tuyn ................................................................................................. 24

2.9. QU TRNH LAN TRN BN TIN LSAs V BU CHN DR V BDR

TRONG MNG MULTIACCESS.............................................................................. 26

2.9.1. Qu trnh lan trn bn tin LSAs .................................................................. 26

2.9.2. Bu chn DR v BDR ................................................................................. 27

2.10. Metric OSPF ................................................................................................... 28

2.11. Cc cu lnh c bn trong OSPF ................................................................... 29

3. TRIN KHAI H THNG MNG SDNG GIAO THC NH TUYN

OSPF ............................................................................................................................... 30

3.1. M hnh h thng mng s dng giao thc nh tuyn OSPF .......................... 30

3.2. Cu hnh v kim tra h thng ........................................................................... 32

3.2.1. Cu hnh giao thc OSPF ........................................................................... 32

3.2.2. Kim tra h thng ....................................................................................... 39

3.3. Ti u h thng .................................................................................................. 42

KT LUN ....................................................................................................................... 47

TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................................ 48


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DANH MC CC HNH V

Hnh 1.1 Bng nh tuyn ................................................................................................... 16Hnh 2.1 ng gi bn tin OSPF ........................................................................................ 20Hnh 2.2. Giao thc Hello .................................................................................................. 21Hnh 2.3. Cu trc gi tin LSUs ......................................................................................... 22Hnh 2.4. M hnh 3 router ................................................................................................. 23Hnh 2.5. M hnh mng gm 3 router ............................................................................... 24Hnh 2.6. Bng nh tuyn ca Router R1 ......................................................................... 25Hnh 2.7. Bng nh tuyn ca Router R2 ......................................................................... 25Hnh 2.8. Bng nh tuyn ca Router R3 ......................................................................... 26Hnh 2.9. Qu trnh lan trn bn tin LSAs .......................................................................... 27Hnh 2.10. Gi tr Cost ca OSPF ...................................................................................... 29Hnh 3.1. M hnh h thng mng ...................................................................................... 31Hnh 3.2. Cc interface trn router R1 ............................................................................... 35Hnh 3.3. Cc interface trn router R2 ............................................................................... 35Hnh 3.4. Cc interface trn router R3 ............................................................................... 36Hnh 3.5. Thng s TCP/IP ca PC1 .................................................................................. 36Hnh 3.6. Thng s TCP/IP ca PC2 .................................................................................. 37Hnh 3.7. Thng s TCP/IP ca PC3 .................................................................................. 37Hnh 3.8. Cu hnh OSPF trn router R1 ........................................................................... 38Hnh 3.9. Cu hnh OSPF trn router R2 ........................................................................... 38Hnh 3.10. Cu hnh OSPF trn router R3 ......................................................................... 39Hnh 3.11. Bng nh tuyn trn router R1 ........................................................................ 39Hnh 3.12. Bng nh tuyn trn router R2 ........................................................................ 40Hnh 3.13. Bng nh tuyn trn router R3 ........................................................................ 40Hnh 3.14. Ping t PC1 PC2 .......................................................................................... 41Hnh 3.15. Ping t PC1 PC3 .......................................................................................... 41Hnh 3.16. Ping t PC2 PC3 .......................................................................................... 42Hnh 3.17. Lnh show ip protocols .................................................................................... 42Hnh 3.18. Lnh show ip ospf ............................................................................................ 43


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Hnh 3.19. Lnh show ip ospf interface ............................................................................. 43Hnh 3.20. Lnh show ip ospf neighbor trn R1 ................................................................ 44Hnh 3.21. Lnh show ip ospf neighbor trn R2 ................................................................ 44Hnh 3.22. Lnh show ip ospf neighbor trn R3 ................................................................ 45Hnh 3.23. Gi tr OSPF cost trn R1 ................................................................................. 45Hnh 3.24. Bng thng ca giao din Serial 0/0 trn R1 .................................................... 46


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PHN I: GII THIU VTRNG CAO NG CNG NGH

THNG TIN HU NGH VITHN

1. C QUAN THC TPTn c quan: Trng Cao ng Cng Ngh Thng Tin Hu Ngh VitHn, Trung

Tm Cng Ngh Thng Tin.

a ch: Phng Ha QuQun Ng Hnh Sn Thnh ph Nng.

Email: [email protected]

Website: http://www.viethanit.edu.vn

2. GII THIU CHUNG2.1. VTrng C CNTT hu ngh VitHn

Trng Cao ng Cng ngh Thng tin Hu ngh Vit - Hn (tn ting Anh:Vietnam - Korea Friendship Information College) l trng cao ng cng lp trc thuc

B Thng tin v Truyn thng, c tr s ti Nng. Trng c chc nng o to

ngun nhn lc cng ngh thng tin trnh cao ng, p dng m hnh v phng php

o to cng ngh thng tin tin tin ca Hn Quc.

y l d n hp tc tiu biu tng trng cho mi quan h hp tc hu ngh pht

trin khng ngng gia Vit Nam v Hn Quc sau khi hai nc thit lp quan h ngoi

giao nm 1992, nhm o to ngun nhn lc cng ngh thng tin phc v cho s nghipcng nghip ho, hin i ho ca Vit Nam ni chung v khu vc min Trung - Ty

Nguyn ni ring.

Lch shnh thnh trng

- Tngy 15/9 n ngy 19/9/2003, on cn b cp cao ca Chnh ph Vit Nam

tham gia chnh thc Hn Quc do Thtng Chnh phPhan Vn Khi dn u theo li

mi ca Thtng Hn Quc Goh Kun. Trong bui tip on Chnh ph Vit Nam ca

Tng thng Hn Quc, Ngi Tng thng Hn Quc Roh Moo Hyun cng b gip VitNam xy dng trng Cao ng Cng ngh thng tin Hu ngh Vit Hn vi mn qu tr

gi 10 triu USD.

- Thng 12-2003: Thtng Chnh ph giao cho BBu chnh Vin thng lm chu

t xy dng Trng Cao ng Cng ngh thng tin Hu ngh Vit Hn
mailto:[email protected]://www.viethanit.edu.vn/http://www.viethanit.edu.vn/mailto:[email protected]


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- Thng 11-2004: Ch tch UBND thnh ph Nng ph duyt quy hoch mng

cng cng vo Trng Cao ng Cng ngh thng tin Hu ngh Vit Hn.

- Thng 6-2005: UBND thnh ph Nng ph duyt phng n bi thng thit hi

gii phng mt bng, h tr ti nh c d n Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit Hn,

qun Ng Hnh Sn, thnh ph Nng.- Thng 12-2005: B trng B gio dc v o to quyt nh ng v nguyn tc

vic thnh lp Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit Hn ti Nng.

- Thng 1-2006: Ti thnh ph Nng, BBu chnh vin thng phi hp vi C quan

Hp tc quc t Hn Quc (KOICA) t chc lng th khi cng xy dng Trng

C CNTT Hu ngh Vit Hn.

- Thng 2-2006: Btrng Bu chnh vin thng ra quyt nh thnh lp Ban Qun l d

n u t xy dng Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit Hn.

- Thng 9-2006: Btrng BBu chnh vin thng gi cng vn n B Gio dc v

o to v vic xin c cch quyt nh thnh lp Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit-

Hn.

- Thng 5-2007: B Gio dc v o to ra quyt nh Trng C CNTT Hu ngh Vit

Hn l mt trng cao ng cng lp trc thuc BBu chnh Vin thng.

- Thng 8-2007: Trng C Cng ngh thng tin Hu ngh Vit- Hn chnh thc tuyn

sinh kha u tin (nm hc 2007- 2008) theo hnh thc xt tuyn. Vi ch tiu tuyn sinh

l 720 sinh vin cho 4 ngnh gm 08 chuyn ngnh o to: Lp trnh my tnh, C sd

liu, Mng my tnh, ha my tnh, Thit k Kin trc in ton, Qun tr thng tin

Marketing, Thng mi in t, Qung co v Quan h cng ng.

2.2. V Trung Tm CNTT thuc Trng C CNTT hu ngh VitHnChc nng

Trung tm Cng ngh thng tin gip Hiu trng trong cng tc nghin cu xy

dng v h trcc chng trnh v cng ngh thng tin. Trung tm Cng ngh thng tin

c cc nhim v ch yu sau:

Xy dng v t chc thc hin k hoch h tr thng tin cho cng tc qun l v

cng tc o to ca trng, bao gm; h tr ti nguyn cng ngh thng tin (c phn

cng v phn mm); cc ng dng v h thng, mng, EMS, SMS; lp k hoch tch hp


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mng, phn cng h thng; pht trin v bo tr cc chng trnh ng dng.Phi hp vi

cc khoa, cc trung tm hu quan nghin cu, pht trin ti nguyn cng ngh thng tin

phc v cho cng tc qun l v o to.

Lp k hoch v t chc vic lin kt nghin cu pht trin cng ngh thng tin vi

cc t chc, c nhn ngoi trng.Nhim v

Vn hnh, bo dng cc h thng thit b vin thng, cng ngh thng tin ca

trng; Pht trin v qun l h thng mng my tnh, qun tr h thng thng tin ca

Trng.

Duy tr kt ni mng ni b vi mng din rng, cung cp v qun l cc dch v

Internet. Pht trin v qun l cc ng dng, dch v trn mng ca Trng; pht trin v

qun l web site ca Trng.

T chc thc hin cc dch v v chuyn giao cng ngh, t vn v x l thng

tin; xy dng, tuyn chn, khai thc, ph bin phn mm qun l gio dc, phn mm dy

hc cho cc n vtrong trng.

ng dng CNTT v truyn thng vo cc hot ng thu thp, x l, lu tr v

cung cp thng tin: phn tch s liu v gio dc o to phc v cng tc qun l ca

Trng. Phi hp vi cc khoa trong vic h trging dy thc hnh; ng dng cc cng

ngh mi trong gio dc; Tham gia thc hin chng trnh pht trin o to t xa v cc

chng trnh, d n khc c lin quan.

Phi hp xut nhng ni dung nghin cu khoa hc vlnh vc thng tin, pht

trin cng ngh thng tin trong gio dc o to; ng dng kt qu nghin cu vo thc

tin. Tham gia thm nh cc dn CNTT do Trng qun l. Lu tr v bo mt d liu

ca ton trng trn h thng my ch ca Trng.

3. MC TIU HOT NGTrng c nhim vo to C cng ngh thng tin (CNTT) h chnh qui, p dng

m hnh v phng php o to CNTT ca Hn Quc nhm o to ngun nhn lc

CNTT Vit Nam; bi dng, o to theo cc chuyn vCNTT, o to CNTT cc h

trung cp, k thut vin theo nhu cu x hi v theo nh hng pht trin kinh t x hi

trong khu vc min Trung v Ty nguyn...


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4. T CHC HOT NG

5. LNH VC HOT NGo to vlnh vc cng ngh thng tin vi 4 chuyn ngnh chnh nh:

- Ngnh tin hc ng dng+ Chuyn ngnh ha my tnh: trang b cho sinh vin khnng s dng thnh

tho cc cng c thit k ha vi tnh trong vic lp m hnh, thit k v to cc i

tng ha trong khng gian 2D/3D; kin thc c bn v ngnh thit k m thut, thit

k sn phm ha, thit k cng nghip, qun l d liu ha v cc cng c thit k

ha 2D/3D; nng cao khnng kt hp l thuyt v thc hnh thit kcc n

thit k ha c bn.

+ Chuyn ngnh thit kkin trc: trang b cho sinh vin kin thc c bn ca

ngnh kin trc xy dng & lut xy dng; khnng thc hnh thit k v th hin cc


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n kin trc xy dng bng my tnh in ton; s dng thnh tho cc phn mm my

tnh h trqu trnh thit k kin trc.

+ Chuyn ngnh thit kc tin: trang bcho ngi hc kin thc v k thut thit

k, ch to c kh - thit k tng ha. Sau khi tt nghip, k s thc hnh chuyn

ngnh thit kc tin c trnh l thuyt v knng thc hnh vng vng, c khnngto to v nng cao trnh lm vic trong cc lnh vc thit k, ch to chi tit

my, lp t cc thit bc kh, thc hin bo tr, bo dng cc thit bc kh, tng

ha trong cc nh my, dy chuyn sn xut, c khnng t chc v lp k hoch qun l

mt t, nhm sn xut, c khnng cp nht kin thc nng cao trnh ph hp vi nhu

cu cng vic.

+ Chuyn ngnh tin hc vin thng: trang b cho sinh vin kin thc chuyn mn

vlnh vc in t s v tng ha trn c scc kin thc v cng ngh thng tin v

in t bn dn, bn cnh sinh vin cng c trang by cc kin thc v truyn

thng s c th thch ng lm vic trong mi trng hi t cng ngh thng tin v t

ng ha. Mc tiu o to ca bmn l o to ks thc hnh trong lnh vc in t

cng ngh cao v tng ha.

- Ngnh khoa hc my tnh+ Chuyn ngnh h thng thng tin : cung cp vn kin thc, khnng thit k

v xy dng hc sd liu mt cch c bn. Sau khi hc xong, sinh vin hiu c bn

cht v cch t chc hc sd liu, v c th lm cc cng vic nh: c khnng thit

k, xy dng v qun l c sd liu (CSDL) mt cch c h thng; qun triu hnh

mt h CSDL; bo tr v nng cp CSDL; pht trin c cc ng dng s dng CSDL

trong cc mi trng khc nhau.

+ Chuyn ngnh mng my tnh: cung cp cho sinh vin nhng kin thc c bn

v mng my tnh v d liu, cc giao thc hot ng trong mng, k thut kt ni mng

LAN, WAN, ng thi trang b cc kin thc khc v mng nh qun tr mng, mng

khng dy, an ninh mng, chuyn mch v nh tuyn d liu. Ngoi ra, sinh vin cn

c trang b khnng v lp trnh mng. Vi chng trnh o to ch trng vo thc

hnh trn cc thit b v dng c v mng my tnh nn cc sinh vin khi ra trng s c

knng v thc hnh v c thp ng ngay c cng vic trong thc t.


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+ Chuyn ngnh lp trnh my tnh: o to ra nhng lp trnh vin my tnh

chuyn nghip, nhng ngi s hiu bit v s dng thnh tho cc cng c, cc ngn

ng lp trnh khc nhau c th tham gia, thit k, xy dng, khai thc v pht trin

phn mm trong cc lnh vc ng dng cng ngh thng tin hin nay trn th gii cng

nh Vit Nam. Ngoi vic trang b cc knng ngh nghip, p ng vi trnh Caong, sinh vin cn c trang b cc l lun, cc hiu bit v kin thc x hi, cng nh

cc lnh vc ng dng ca cng nghthng tin trong tng lai.

- Ngnh qun tr kinh doanh+ Chuyn ngnh thng mi in t: o to c nhn nm vng nhng kin thc

c bn v v my tnh, knng thao tc, l lun c bn vthng mi in t, qu trnh

kinh doanh trn mng; c kin thc v knng chuyn su v thit k, lp trnh, qun tr

c sd liu web cng nh nm vng cc tin trnh, lut lc lin quan n thng mi

in t cng cc knng marketing, giao dch v thanh ton trn mng Internet; bit vn

dng k thut thng mi in t, khai thc thng tin trn Internet v thng tin my tnh

thc hin ton b qu trnh kinh doanh trn mng Internet.

+ Chuyn ngnh qung co v quan h cng chng (PR): sinh vin c trang b

cc kin thc chuyn ngnh qung co, quan h cng chng, cc knng quan h vi

khch hng v cc kin thc kinh doanh c bn.

- Ngnh marketingo to c nhn c knng nghin cu, phn tch, hoch nh v tc nghip cc

hot ng thuc lnh vc marketing trong mi trng truyn thng v mi trng trc

tuyn da trn s h trca cng ngh thng tin.


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PHN II: NGHIN CU V TRIN KHAI H THNG MNG

VI GIAO THC OSPF

1. CC GIAO THC TRONG NH TUYN IP1.1. Khi nim

nh tuyn l cch thc m Router (bnh tuyn) hoc thit b mng khc s dng

truyn pht cc gi tin ti a chch trn mng.

Khi nim routing gn lin vi mng Intranet v Internet s dng mt m hnh nh

tuyn hop-by-hop. iu ny c ngha rng mi PC hay Router s tin hnh kim tra

trng a chch trong phn tiu ca gi IP, tnh ton chng tip theo (Next hop)

tng bc chuyn gi IP dn n ch ca n v cc Router c tip tc pht cc gi ti

chng tip theo nh vy cho ti khi cc gi IP n c ch.1.2. Phn loi

C 2 loi nh tuyn: nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng

1.2.1.nh tuyn tnhTrong bng nh tuyn gm:

a ch mng v subnet mask v a ch IP ca router tip theo hoc exitinterface.

c k hiu l chS trong bng nh tuyn.Chng ta s dng nh tuyn tnh khi :

Khi mng ch c 1 vi router hay m hnh mng n gin . Mng c kt ni vi Internet ch thng qua 1 ISP. M hnh Hub & spoke c s dng trn 1 mng ln.


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Hnh 1.1 Bng nh tuyn1.2.2.nh tuyn ng

Giao thc nh tuyn ng c s dng bi cc router chia s thng tin v tnh

trng ca cc mng t xa. Giao thc nh tuyn ng thc hin 1 s hot ng bao gm:

Khm ph mng. Cp nht v duy tr bng nh tuyn.

im c trng ca nh tuyn ng l:

Tng khm ph mng Duy tr bng nh tuyn.

Cc loi nh tuyn ng:

1. RIP(Routing Information Protocol).

2. IGRP(Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)

3. EIGRP(Enhanced IGRP)

4. OSPF(Open Shortest Path First)

5. IS-IS(Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System )6. BGP (Border Gateway Protocol).

Cc thut ton tm ng :gm 2 loi

Giao thc nh tuyn Distance vector : Cc giao thc nh tuyn thuc loi nynh RIP,IGRP........


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Hot ng theo nguyn tc Neighbors, ngha l mi router s gi bng nh tuyn

ca mnh cho tt c router kt ni trc tip vi n. Cc router sau so snh vi bng

nh tuyn m mnh hin c v kim tra li cc tuyn ng ca mnh vi cc tuyn

ng mi nhn c, tuyn ng no ti u hn sc a vo bng nh tuyn cc

gi tin update sc gi theo chu k (30s vi RIP, 90s vi EIGRP). Giao thc nh tuyn Link-state : Cc giao thc nh tuyn thuc loi ny nh :

OSPF, IS-IS

Link-state khng gi bng nh tuyn ca mnh, m ch gi trng thi ca cc

ng link trong linkstate database ca mnh i cho cc router khc, cc router s p dng

gii thut SPF (shortest path first), t xy dng bng nh tuyn ring cho mnh. Khi

mng hi t, link state protocol s khng gi update nh k m ch gi khi no c s

thay i trong mng.

1.3. Giao thc RIP (Routing Information Protocol)Routing Information Protocol (RIP) l giao thc nh tuyn vector khong cch

(Distance Vector Protocol) xut hin sm nht. N sut hin vo nm 1970 bi Xerox

nh l mt phn ca b giao thc Xerox Networking Services (XNS). Mt iu k l l

RIP c chp nhn rng ri trc khi c mt chun chnh thc c xut bn. Mi n

nm 1988 RIP mi c chnh thc ban b trong RFC1058 bi Charles Hedrick. RIP

c s dng rng ri do tnh cht n gin v tin dng ca n.

Giao thc nh tuyn RIP c 2 phin bn RIPv1 v RIPv2.

1.3.1. Giao thc RIPv1c im: RIPv1 (RIP phin bn 1) l giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch

nn qung b ton b bng nh tuyn ca n cho cc router lng ging theo nh k. Chu

k cp nht ca RIP l 30 giy. Thng snh tuyn ca RIP l slng hop, gi tr ti

a l 15 hop.

RIPv1 l giao thc nh tuyn theo lp a ch. Khi RIP router nhn thng tin v mt

mng no t mt cng, trong thng tin nh tuyn ny khng c thng tin v subnet

mask i km. Do router s ly subnet mask ca cng p dng cho a ch mng m

n nhn c t cng ny. Nu subnet mask ny khng ph hp th n s ly subnet mask

mc nh theo lp a ch p dng cho a ch mng m n nhn c.


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Mt s hn ch ca RIPv1:

- Khng gi thng tin subnet mask trong thng tin nh tuyn

- Gi qung b thng tin nh tuyn theo a ch 255.255.255.255

- Khng h trxc minh thng tin nhn c

- Khng h trVLSM v CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing)1.3.2. Giao thc RIPv2

RIPv2 c pht trin t RIPv1 nn c nhiu c im ging RIPv1:

- L mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vct khong cch, s dng s hop lm thng snh

tuyn.

- S dng thi gian holddown chng lp (loop), thi gian ny mc nh l 180 giy.

- S dng c chsplit horizon chng loop.

- Gi tr hop ti a l 15

RIPv2 c gi subnet mask i km vi cc a ch mng trong thng tin nh tuyn v

vy RIPv2 c h trVLSM v CIDR. RIPv2 cng h trvic xc minh thng tin nh

tuyn. V vy ta c th cu hnh cho RIP gi v nhn thng tin xc minh trn cng giao

tip ca router bng m ha MD5 hay khng m ha.

1.4. Giao thc IGRPTrc nhng nhc im vn c ca RIP nh: metric l hop count, kch thc mng

ti a l 15 hop. Cisco pht trin mt giao thc c quyn ca ring mnh l IGRP

khc phc nhng nhc im .

C th l metric ca IGRP l s t hp ca 5 yu t, mc nh l bandwidth v

delay: Bandwidth, Delay Load, Reliability, Maximum transfer unit (MTU).

IGRP khng s dng hop count trong metric ca mnh, tuy nhin n vn theo di

c hop count. Mt mng ci t IGRP th kch thc mng c th nn ti 255 hop.

u im na ca IGRP so vi RIP l n h trc unequal-cost load sharing v

thi gian update lu hn RIP gp 3 ln. (90 giy).

Tuy nhin bn cnh nhng u im ca mnh so vi RIP, IGRP cng c nhng

nhc im l giao thc c quyn ca Cisco.


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1.5. Giao thc EIGRPL mt giao thc m rng ca IGRP, c pht trin bi Cisco. IGRP l classful

routing protocol, cn EIGRP l classless routing protocol.

EIGRP l mt giao thc nh tuyn lai (hybrid routing), n va mang nhng c

im ca distance vector va mang mt sc im ca link-state.EIGRP h trVLSM v CIDR nn s dng hiu qukhng gian a ch. S dng

a chmulticast (224.0.0.10) trao i thng tin cp nht nh tuyn.

2. GIAO THC NH TUYN OSPF2.1. Khi nim

OSPF l giao thc nh tuyn dng Link-State da trn chun mc pht trin

thay thphng thc Distance Vector (RIP). RIP l mt giao thc nh tuyn c chp

nhn trong nhng ngy u ca mng v Internet, nhng do ph thuc vo slng hop

m router c thi c ch l 15 nn RIP nhanh chng khng th chp nhn c trong

cc mng ln hn. Cc mng ln hn cn 1 gii php nh tuyn mnh mhn. OSPF l 1

giao thc nh tuyn classless m s dng khi nim vng cho kh nng mrng. N s

dng thng scost tnh ng i tt nht. OSPF s dng bng thng nh l thc o

chi ph.

2.2. OSPF Gii quyt cc vn Tc hi t nhanh H trVLSM (Variable length subnet mask) Kch thc mng c th h trln Chn ng theo trng thi ng lin kt hiu quhn distance vector ng i linh hot hn. H trxc thc (Authenticate).

2.3. ng gi bn tin OSPFPhn d liu ca 1 thng bo OSPF c ng trong 1 gi.Trng d liu ny c

th bao gm 1 trong 5 loi bn tin OSPF.

Cc gi tiu OSPF c gi km vi mi gi tin OSPF, bt k loi bn tin no

ca OSPF. Cc OSPF header v loi gi d liu c thc gi gn trong gi tin IP.

Trong gi tiu IP, trng giao thc c thit lp bng 89 cho bit l OSPF, v a


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chchc thit lp l 1 trong 2 a ch multicast: 224.0.0.5 hoc 224.0.0.6. Nu gi

OSPF c ng gi trong 1 khung Ethernet, a ch MAC ch cng l 1 a ch

multicast : 01-00-5E-00-00-05 hoc 01-00-5E-00-00-06.

Hnh 2.1 ng gi bn tin OSPF

2.4. Cc loi gi tin OSPF Hello : dng thit lp v duy tr mi quan h hng xm vi nhng routerkhc .

DBD : gi tin ny dng chn la router no sc trao i thng tintrc (master/slave)

LSR : Link state request gi tin ny dng chnh loi LSA dng trongtin trnh trao i gi tin DBD.

LSU : Link-state update c s dng tr li LSRs cng nh cng bthng tin mi.LSUs cha 7 loi khc nhau ca LSAs.

LSAck : khi 1 LSU c nhn,router gi 1 Link-State Acknowledgement(LSAck) xc nhn LSU.

2.5. Gi tin HelloGi OSPF loi 1 l gi OSPF Hello. Cc gi Hello c s dng :

Khm ph hng xm OSPF v thit lp hng xm gn k. Qung b cc thng strn 2 con router m l hng xm ca nhau.Bu chn DR v BDR trn mng multiaccess v Ethernet nh Frame Relay.


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2.5.1. Thit lp hng xmTrc khi 1 router OSPF gi trng thi lin kt ca n ti tt c cc router khc,

trc tin n phi xc nh xem c bt k hng xm OSPF no trn bt k lin kt no

ca n. Trong hnh, router OSPF ang gi nhng gi Hello ra tt c cc cng ca n cho

php cc cng ca n xc nh xem c bt k hng xm no trn lin kt khng.Thng tin trong OSPF Hello bao gm OSPF Router ID ca router ang gi gi Hello.

Nhn 1 gi OSPF Hello trn giao din xc nhn cho 1 router m c router OSPF khc

trn lin kt ny. Sau OSPF c thit lp l hng xm gn k.

Hnh 2.2. Giao thc Hello

2.5.2. OSPF Hello v Dead IntervalTrc khi 2 router c th hnh thnh hng xm gn k, chng phi ng v 3 gi

tr thi gian Hello, cng thi gian duy tr Dead Interval, v kiu mng.

Thi gian Hello ch ra vic gi Hello gi thng xuyn th no mc nh vi mng

multiaccess v point-to-point l 10s v 30s vi mng non-broadcast multiaccess (NBMA).

Trong hu ht trng hp, gi OSPF Hello gi nh multicast n 1 a ch dnhring cho tt c SPF router ti 224.0.0.5. S dng a ch multicast cho php thit b b

qua cc gi d liu nu cc cng ca n khng c kch hot chp nhn cc gi tin

OSPF. Dead Interval l thi gian m router ch trc khi cho hng xm vo trng thi

down. Thi gian ny theo cisco mc nh l gp 4 ln thi gian Hello. Vi mng

multiaccess v point-to-point l 40s v vi NBMA l 120s.


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2.5.3. OSPF link-state UpdateLink-state updates (LSU) l gi tin c s dng cp nht nh tuyn OSPF. Mt

gi LSU c th cha 10 loi bn tin khc nhau ca link-state Advertisements (LSAs) nh

hin thhnh bn di. S khc nhau gia cc iu khon LSU v LSA i khi c th

kh hiu. i khi nhng thut ngny c dng ln ln. Mt LSU cha 1 hoc nhiuLSAs v cc iu khon khc c thc s dng tuyn truyn thng tin trng thi

lin kt bi router OSPF.

Hnh 2.3. Cu trc gi tin LSUs2.5.4.Bu DR v BDR

gim lu lng truy cp trn cc mng multiaccess, OSPF bu 1 DR v 1 BDR.

DR c nhim v cp nht router khc (gi l DROthers) khi c sthay i trong mng.

BDR d phng cho DR.

2.6. Xc thcGing nh cc giao thc nh tuyn khc OSPF c thc cu hnh xc thc.

RIPV2, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS v BGP tt cu c cu hnh m ho v xc thcthng tin nh tuyn iu ny m bo rng cc con router ch chp nhn thng tin nh

tuyn trouter khc c cu hnh vi cng mt khu v thng tin xc thc.


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2.7. Cch xc n Router IDCc OSPF Router ID c s dng nhn din tng router trong vng nh tuyn

OSPF. Mt router ID chn gin l 1 a ch IP. Router cisco chn router id da trn 3

tiu ch :

S dng a chIP c cu hnh vi lnh router-id . Nu router-idkhng c cu hnh th router chn a ch IP cao nht cabt k cng

loopback no. Nu khng c cng loopback c cu hnh th router schon a ch IP caonht ca bt k cng vt l no ca n ang hot ng .

V D : Cho m hnh nh hnh v

Hnh 2.4. M hnh 3 router

Bi v chng ta khng cu hnh router id hoc cng loopback nn chng ta xc

nh router id da vo iu kin th 3. Ta c th s dng lnh show ip protocol kim

tra router id. Mt s IOS khng hin thc nh hnh v th ta s dng lnh show ipospf interface. Nh th hin trong hnh router id ca mi router l :

R1: 192.168.10.5, which is higher than either 172.16.1.17 or 192.168.10.1




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2.8. Bng nh tuynXt m hnh nh hnh v sau khi mang hi t th mi router s c 1 bng nh tuyn

ca n nh trong hnh v:

Hnh 2.5. M hnh mng gm 3 router


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Ta dng lnh show ip route thy bng nh tuyn ca tng router:

Hnh 2.6. Bng nh tuyn ca Router R1



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OSPF c 5 kiu mng :

Point-to-point Broadcast Multiaccess. Nonbroadcast Multiaccess (NBMA). Point-to-multipoint. Virtual links.

2.9. QU TRNH LAN TRN BN TIN LSAs V BU CHN DR V BDRTRONG MNG MULTIACCESS

2.9.1. Qu trnh lan trn bn tin LSAsBn tin LSAs c gi i khi khi to hoc khi c sthay i ca m hnh mng.

Nh trong hnh v:


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Hnh 2.9. Qu trnh lan trn bn tin LSAs

Do tt c router trong mng u l lt gi bn tin LSAs slm cho lu lng mng

trnn tc nghn khng lu thng c. Gii php ua ra l phi bu chn DR v BDR.

2.9.2.Bu chn DR v BDR qun l c lu lng mng cng nh s lng bn tin LSAs ta bu DR v

BDR. DR c nhim v thu thp v phn phi bn tin LSAs. BDR dung d phng trong

trng hp DR khng hot ng. Cc con router khc gi l DROthers.Cch thc hot ng:

Thay v phi gi lan trn bn tin LSAs th DROthers ch gi LSAs ca n cho DR

v BDR sdung a chi 224.0.0.6.trong trng hp ny R1 gi LSA cho DR v BDR,

Sau BDR lng nghe xem DR c hot ng tt hay khng. Sau DR c nhim v

chuyn tip cc LSAs ti tt c cc router khc trong mng bng a ch 224.0.0.5. Kt

qu cui cng ch 1 router lm nhim v gi lan trn cc LSAs.

Cc tiu ch bu DR v BDR:

DR : router vi u tin ca cng l cao nht BDR : router vi u tin ca cng l cao th 2 Nu u tin bng nhau th Router ID cao nht c s dng lm DRMc nh u tin l 1


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Thi gian bu chn DR v BDR ch din ra trong vng vi giy ngay sau khi routerkhi ng vi vic kch hot giao thc OSPF hoc mng Multiaccess. Khi 1 router c

bu lm DR th n vn l DR cho n khi 1 trong cc iu kin sau thay i

DR b hng Tin trnh OSPF trn con DR b hng Cng Multiaccess trn con DR b hng

2.10. Metric OSPFMetric OSPF c gi l cost. OSPF s dng cost nh l metric xc nh ng

i tt nht. gi tr cost cng nh cng tt v cost c tnh theo cng thc:

108 / bandwidth

Bng thng mc nh l 100Mbps gi tr ny c ththay i c nhcu lnh.

auto-cost reference-Bandwidth

Cost ca mt tuyn ng l gi tr tch lu t 1 router ti router k tip cho ti khi

n ch.


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Hnh 2.10. Gi tr Cost ca OSPF

2.11. Cc cu lnh c bn trong OSPFCu hnh c bn

Router(config)#router ospf 10

Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.1 0.0.0.0 area 1

Router(config-router)#network 30.0.0.1 0.0.0.0 a 2

Router(config-router)#network 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 area 0Router(config-router)#auto-cost reference-bandwidth 1000

Router (config-router)#router-id 10.0.0.1

Router(config-router)#end

Cu hnh priority cc interface bu DR v BDR

Router(config)#interface s0/0

Router(config-if)#ip ospf priority 50

Cu hnh authentication n gin

Router(config-if)#ip ospf authentication-key password

Router(config-router)#area area number authentication

Cu hnh authentication theo dng m ho, bo mt cao.


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Router(config-if)#ip ospf message-digest-key key ID md5 encryption-type key

Router(config-router)#area area ID authentication message-digest

Cu hnh qung b mt tuyn mc nh trong OSPF

Router(config-router)#default-information originate

Qung b mt tuyn khc (khng phi l default)

Router(config-router)#redistribute protocols subnets

Cc lnh show dng kim tra cu hnh OSPF

show ip protocol

show ip route

show ip ospf

show ip ospf interface

show ip ospf database

show ip ospf neighbor detail

clear ip route *

debug ip ospf events

debug ip ospf adj3. TRIN KHAI H THNG MNG SDNG GIAO THC NH TUYNOSPF

3.1. M hnh h thng mng sdng giao thc nh tuyn OSPFXy dng mt h thng mng nh hnh v:


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Hnh 3.1. M hnh h thng mng

a ch IP ca cc interface c cho nh sau:

Thit b Giao din a ch IP Subnet Mask Default

Gateway

R1

Fa0/0 172.16.1.17 255.255.255.240

S0/0 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.252

S0/1 192.168.10.5 255.255.255.252

R2

Fa0/0 10.10.10.1 255.255.255.0

S0/0 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.252

S0/1 192.168.10.9 255.255.255.252

R3

F0/0 172.16.1.33 255.255.255.248

S0/0 192.168.10.6 255.255.255.252S0/1 192.168.10.10 255.255.255.252

PC1 NIC 172.16.1.20 255.255.255.240 172.16.1.17

PC2 NIC 10.10.10.10 255.255.255.0 10.10.10.1

PC3 NIC 172.16.1.35 255.255.255.248 172.16.1.33


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3.2. Cu hnh v kim tra h thng3.2.1. Cu hnh giao thc OSPF

Hng dn cu hnhBc 1: To h thng mng

Kt ni cc thit bnh s v khi ng router

Bc 2: Cu hnh cc thng sc bn trn cc router

Router R1

Router(config)#hostname R1

R1(config)#enable password class

R1(config)#no ip domain-lookup

R1(config)#banner motd #Vo phan su mien vao#

R1(config)#line console 0

R1(config-line)#logging synchoronous

R1(config-line)#password cisco

R1(config-line)#login

R1(config-line)#exit

R1(config)#line vty 0 4

R1(config-line)#password ciscoR1(config-line)#login

R1(config-line#exit

R1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0

R1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.17 255.255.255.240

R1(config-if)#no shutdown

R1(config-if)#exit

R1(config)#interface seriral 0/0R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.252

R1(config-if)#clock rate 64000


R1(config-if)#exit

R1(config)#interface serial 0/1


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R1(config-if)#end

R1#copy running-config startup-config

Router R2













R2(config-line#exit




R2(config-if)#exit





R2(config-if)#exit



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R2(config-if)#end

R2#copy running-config startup-config

Router R3













R3(config-line#exit




R3(config-if)#exit





R3(config-if)#exit



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R3(config-if)#end

R3#copy running-config startup-configBc 3: Kim tra li cc thng s cu hnh trn cc Router

+ Cc Interface trn Router

Hnh 3.2. Cc interface trn router R1

Hnh 3.3. Cc interface trn router R2


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Hnh 3.4. Cc interface trn router R3+ Cu hnh thng s TCP/IP cho cc PC

Hnh 3.5. Thng s TCP/IP ca PC1


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Bc 4: Cu hnh OSPF trn cc Router

Hnh 3.8. Cu hnh OSPF trn router R1

Hnh 3.9. Cu hnh OSPF trn router R2


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Hnh 3.10. Cu hnh OSPF trn router R33.2.2.Kim tra h thng

- Kim tra bng nh tuyn trn cc Router

Hnh 3.11. Bng nh tuyn trn router R1


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- Kim tra s hi t ca mng+ Ping t PC1 PC2, PC1 PC3 v t PC2 PC3


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Hnh 3.14. Ping t PC1 PC2

Hnh 3.15. Ping t PC1 PC3


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Hnh 3.16. Ping t PC2

PC33.3. Ti u h thng

- Bc 1: Cu hnh OSPF Router ID trn cc router+ Kim tra router ID:

Router ID c thc nhn thy t thng tin ca cc lnh nh show ip protocols,

show ip ospfvshow ip ospf interface.

Hnh 3.17. Lnh show ip protocols


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Hnh 3.18. Lnh show ip ospf

Hnh 3.19. Lnh show ip ospf interface

+ S dng a ch loopback thay i router IDs ca cc router trong m

hnh mng:

R1(config)#interface loopback 0





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+ Khi ng li router s dng Router IDs mi

Khi Router ID mi c cu hnh, n skhng c s dng cho n khi tin trnh

OSPF c khi ng li. Hy chc chn rng cu hnh hin ti s c lu voNVRAM, v sau s dng lnh reload khi ng li cc bnh tuyn.

+ S dng lnh show ip ospf neighbors xc nhn li sthay i ca Router

IDs

Hnh 3.20. Lnh show ip ospf neighbor trn R1



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- Bc 2: Cu hnh gi tr OSPF Cost+ S dng lnhshow ip route trn router R1 hin thOSPF cost n min

mng 10.10.10.0/24.

Hnh 3.23. Gi tr OSPF cost trn R1

+ S dng lnh show interfaces serial0/0 trn router R1 hin thbng

thng ca giao din Serial 0/0.


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Hnh 3.24. Bng thng ca giao din Serial 0/0 trn R1

+ S dng lnhbandwidththay i bng thng ca giao din serial trn R1

v R2 vi bng thng l 64 kbps.

Router R1:

R1(config)#interface serial0/0

R1(config-if)#bandwidth 64

R1(config-if)#interface serial0/1


Router R2:





+ S dng lnh ip ospf cost to cu hnh OSPF cost trn router R3Router R3:


R3(config-if)#ip ospf cost 1562


R3(config-if)#ip ospf cost 1562


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KT LUN

T nhng g trnh by trn v giao thc nh tuyn OSPF ta c th rt ra mt s

kt lun sau y:

Cc giao thc nh tuyn: a ra cc giao thc truyn trn mng, cc cim, u im, nhc im ca tng giao thc.

Giao thc nh tuyn OSPF: Hiu r hn v giao thc OSPF v tm hiuc cu lnh cu hnh cho thit b.

Trin khai h thng mng vi giao thc OSPF: c cu hnh trn thit btht ca hng Cisco do c thm kinh nghim khi i lm.

Vi vic thc hin trin khai h thng mng trn thit b tht ca hng Cisco, em

c ci nhn trc quan hn v giao thc OSPF. Em xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti Thy

ng Quang Hin v cc Thy Trung Tm Cng Ngh Thng TinTrng Cao ng

CNTT hu ngh Vit Hn hng dn v gp em hon thnh bo co thc tp

ny.


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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Ting Vit.

[1] Ths.Trn ThSn (2007), Gio trnh Mng my tnh, Trng Cao ng

CNTT Hu Ngh Vit-Hn.

[2] Ths.Trn Quc Vit (2011), Gio trnh nh tuyn v chuyn mch, NXB

Thng tin v truyn thng.

2. Ting Anh.

[3] Todd Lammle (2008), CCNA IOS COMMANDS, Wiley Publishing, Inc.

[4] CCNA Exploration 2: Routing Protocols and Concepts

3. Ngun tInternet

[5] http://vi.wikipedia.org

[6] http://pronet.edu.vn

[7] http://nhatnghe.com

[8] http://vnpro.org

[9] http://en.wikipedia.org

[10] http://cisco.com
http://www.pfsense.org/http://nhatnghe.com/http://www.linuxviet.com/http://www.mangmaytinh.org/http://www.hvaonline.net/http://www.hvaonline.net/http://www.mangmaytinh.org/http://www.linuxviet.com/http://nhatnghe.com/http://www.pfsense.org/

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