Do an Quan Ly He Thong Mang Nhom 4

7/31/2019 Do an Quan Ly He Thong Mang Nhom 4

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BO CO N MN HCQUN L H THNG MNG

ti: Tm hiu giao thc SNMP va phn mm qun ly h thng mng CiscoWorks LAN Management Solution.

Gio vin : L T ThanhLp : MM02A Nhm 4Sinh vin thc hin

- Trn Hu t- Khng vn Phc- Phan Vn Ty


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CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V QUN L HTHNG MNG VI GIAO THCSNMP 1CHNG 2: CC YU CU CA QUN L H THNG MNG

15CHNG 3: TRIN KHAI PHN MM QUN L H THNG MNGCISCOWORKS LAN MANAGEMENT SOLUTION ......................................................17Tng Kt 28Ti liu tham kho .............................................................................................................. 28


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Qun l h thng mng 1-

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V QUN L H THNG MNG VIGIAO THC SNMP

1.1. Gii thiu chung v qun ly h thng mng

S pht trin v hi t mng trong nhng nm gn y tc ng mnh m titt c cc kha cnh ca mng li, thm ch c v nhng nhn thc nn tng v phng

php tip cn Qun l mng cng l mt trong nhng lnh vc ang c nhng s thayi v hon thin mnh m trong c n lc tiu chun ho ca cc t chc tiu chunln trn th gii v yu cu t pha ngi s dng dch v. Mt khc cc nh khai thcmng, nh cung cp thit b v ngi s dng thng p dng cc phng php chinlc khc nhau cho vic qun l mng v thit b ca mnh. Mi nh cung cp thit bthng a ra gii php qun l mng ring cho sn phm ca mnh. Trong bi cnh hit mng hin nay, s lng thit b v dch v rt a dng v phc tp to ra ccthch thc ln trong vn qun l mng.

Nhim v ca qun l mng rt r rng v mt nguyn tc chung, nhng cc biton qun l c th li c phc tp rt ln. iu ny xut pht t tnh a dng ca cch thng thit b v cc c tnh qun l ca cc loi thit b, v xa hn na l chinlc qun l phi ph hp vi kin trc mng v p ng yu cu ca ngi s dng.Mt lot cc thit b in hnh cn c qun l gm: My tnh c nhn, my trm,server, my vi tnh c nh, my vi tnh c ln, cc thit b u cui, thit b o kim,my in thoi, tng i in thoi ni b, cc thit b truyn hnh, my quay, modem,

b ghp knh, b chuyn i giao thc, CSU/DSU, b ghp knh thng k, b ghp vgii gi, thit b tng thch ISDN, card NIC, cc b m ho v gii m tn hiu, thit bnn d liu, cc gateway, cc b x l front-end, cc ng trung k, DSC/DAC, cc blp, b ti to tn hiu, cc thit b chuyn mch, cc bridge, router v switch, tt c mich l mt phn ca danh sch cc thit b s phi c qun l.

Ton cnh ca bc tranh qun l phi bao gm qun l cc ti nguyn mng cngnh cc ti nguyn dch v, ngi s dng, cc ng dng h thng, cc c s d liukhc nhau trong cc loi mi trng ng dng. V mt k thut, tt c thng tin trnc thu thp, trao i v c kt hp vi hot ng qun l mng di dng cc sliu qun l bi cc k thut tng t nh cc k thut s dng trong mng truyn sliu. Tuy nhin s khc nhau cn bn gia truyn thng s liu v trao i thng tinqun l l vic trao i thng tin qun l i hi cc trng d liu chuyn bit, ccgiao thc truyn thng cng nh cc m hnh thng tin chuyn bit, cc k nng chuyn

bit c th thit k, vn hnh h thng qun l cng nh bin dch cc thng tin qunl v bo li, hin trng h thng, cu hnh v bo mt.

1.2. Tng quan v giao thc SNMP

1.2.1.Hai phng thc gim st Poll v AlertHai phng thc gim st Poll v Alert, y l 2 phng thc c bn ca

cc k thut gim st h thng, nhiu phn mm v giao thc c xy dng da trn 2phng thc ny, trong c SNMP. Vic hiu r hot ng ca Poll & Alert v unhc im ca chng s gip chng ta d dng tm hiu nguyn tc hot ng ca cc

giao thc hay phn mm gim st khc.

Khoa hc my tnh MM02A


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1.2.1.1. Phng thc PollNguyn tc hot ng: Trung tm gim st (manager) s thng xuyn hi thng

tin ca thit b cn gim st (device). Nu Manager khng hi th Device khng tr li,nu Manager hi th Device phi tr li. Bng cch hi thng xuyn, Manager s luncp nht c thng tin minht t Device.

1.2.1.2. Phng thc AlertNguyn tc hot ng : Mi khi trong Device xy ra mt s kin (event) no

th Device s t ng gi thng bo cho Manager, gi l Alert. Manager khng hithng tin nh k t Device.

Device ch gi nhng thng bo mang tnh s kin ch khng gi nhng thngtin thng xuyn thay i, n cng s khng gi Alert nu chng c s kin g xy ra.Chng hn khi mt port down/up th Device s gi cnh bo, cn tng s byte truynqua port s khng c Device gi i v l thng tin thng xuyn thay i.Mun ly nhng thng tin thng xuyn thay i th Manager phi ch ng i hiDevice, tc l phi thc hin phng thc Poll.

1.2.1.3. So snh phng thc Poll v AlertHai phng thc Poll v Alert l hon ton khc nhau v c ch. Mt ng dng

gim st c th s dng Poll hoc Alert, hoc c hai, ty vo yu cu c th trong thct.

Bng sau so snh nhng im khc bit ca 2 phng thc :



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Qun l h thng mng 3-

1.2.2.Gii thiu giao thc SNMPSNMP l giao thc qun l mng n gin, nh vy th no l giao thc qun

l mng n gin.Giao thc l mt tp hp cc th tc m cc bn tham gia cn tun theo c th

giao tip c vi nhau. Trong lnh vc thng tin, mt giao thc quy nh cu trc, nhdng (format) ca dng d liu trao i vi nhau v quy nh trnh t, th tc traoi dng d liu . Nu mt bn tham gia gi d liu khng ng nh dng hockhng theo trnh t th cc bn khc s khng hiu hoc t chi trao i thngtin. SNMP l mt giao thc, do n c nhng quy nh ring m cc thnh phn trongmng phi tun theo.

Mt thit b hiu c v hot ng tun theo giao thc SNMP c gi l ch tr SNMP (SNMP supported) hoc tng thch SNMP (SNMP compartible).SNMP dng qun l, ngha l c th theo di, c th ly thng tin, c th c thng

bo, v c th tc ng h thng hot ng nh mun. VD mt s kh nng caphn mm SNMP :

Theo di tc ng truyn ca mt router, bit c tng s byte

truyn/nhn. Ly thng tin my ch ang c bao nhiu cng, mi cng cn trngbao nhiu.



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Qun l h thng mng 5-

Mt management station c th qun l nhiu element, mt element cng c th cqun l bi nhiu management station. Vy nu mt element c qun l bi 2station th iu g s xy ra ? Nu station ly thng tin t element th c 2 station sc thng tin ging nhau. Nu 2 station tc ng n cng mt element th element s

p ng c 2 tc ng theo th t ci no n trc.

Ngoi ra cn c khi nim SNMP agent. SNMP agent l mt tin trnh (process)chy trn network element, c nhim v cung cp thng tin ca element chostation, nh station c th qun l c element. Chnh xc hn l applicationchy trn station v agent chy trn element mi l 2 tin trnh SNMP trc tip lin hvi nhau.

1.2.3.1. ObjectID:Mt thit b h tr SNMP c th cung cp nhiu thng tin khc nhau, mi thng tin

gi l mt object. V d : My tnh c th cung cp cc thng tin : tng s cng, tng s portni mng, tng s byte truyn/nhn, tn my tnh, tn cc process ang chy,. Router c th cung cp cc thng tin : tng s card, tng s port, tng s

byte truyn/nhn, tn router, tnh trng cc port ca router, .

Mi object c mt tn gi v mt m s nhn dng object , m s gi l Object ID(OID). V d :Tn thit b c gi l sysName, OID l 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5 4.

Tng s port giao tip (interface) c gi l ifNumber, OID l1.3.6.1.2.1.2.1. a ch Mac Address ca mt port c gi l ifPhysAddress, OID l1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.6.

S byte nhn trn mt port c gi l ifInOctets, OID l1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.10.

Bn hy khoan thc mc ngha ca tng ch s trong OID, chng s c gii thchtrong phn sau. Mt object ch c mt OID, chng hn tn ca thit b l mt object.Tuy nhin nu mt thit b li c nhiu tn th lm th no phn bit ? Lc nyngi ta dng thm 1 ch s gi l scalar instance index (cng c th gi l sub-id)t ngay sau OID.

hu ht cc thit b, cc object c th c nhiu gi tr th thng c vit didng c sub-id. V d: mt thit b d ch c 1 tn th n vn phi c OID lsysName.0 hay 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5.0. Bn cn nh quy tc ny ng dng trong lp trnh

phn mm SNMP manager.

Sub-id khng nht thit phi lin tc hay bt u t 0. VD mt thit b c 2 mac addressth c th chng c gi l ifPhysAddress.23 v ifPhysAddress.125645.



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Qun l h thng mng 6-

OID ca cc object ph bin c th c chun ha, OID ca cc object do bn tora th bn phi t m t chng. ly mt thng tin c OID chun ha th SNMPapplication phi gi mt bn tin SNMP c cha OID ca object cho SNMP agent,SNMP agent khi nhn c th n phi tr li bng thng tin ng vi OID .VD : Mun ly tn ca mt PC chy Windows, tn ca mt PC chy Linux hoc tn

ca mt router th SNMP application ch cn gi bn tin c cha OID l1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5.0. Khi SNMP agent chy trn PC Windows, PC Linux hay routernhn c bn tin c cha OID 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5.0, agent lp tc hiu rng y l bn tinhi sysName.0, v agent s tr li bng tn ca h thng. Nu SNMP agent nhnc mt OID m n khng hiu (khng h tr) th n s khng tr li.

Mt trong cc u im ca SNMP l c c thit k chy c lp vi cc thit bkhc nhau. Chnh nh vic chun ha OID m ta c th dng mt SNMP application ly thng tin cc loi device ca cc hng khc nhau.

1.2.3.2. Object access:Mi object c quyn truy cp l READ_ONLY hoc READ_WRITE. Mi object uc th c c nhng ch nhng object c quyn READ_WRITE mi c th thayi c gi tr. VD : Tn ca mt thit b (sysName) l READ_WRITE, ta c ththay i tn ca thit b thng qua giao thc SNMP. Tng s port ca thit b(ifNumber) l READ_ONLY, d nhin ta khng th thay i s port ca n.

1.2.3.3. Management Information Base:MIB (c s thng tin qun l) l mt cu trc d liu gm cc i tng c qun l

(managed object), c dng cho vic qun l cc thit b chy trn nn TCP/IP. MIBl kin trc chung m cc giao thc qun l trn TCP/IP nn tun theo, trong cSNMP. MIB c th hin thnh 1 file (MIB file), v c th biu din thnh 1 cy(MIB tree). MIB c th c chun ha hoc t to.Hnh sau minh ha MIB tree:



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Qun l h thng mng 7-

Mt node trong cy l mt object, c th c gi bng tn hoc id.

Cc objectID trong MIB c sp xp th t nhng khng phi l lin tc, khi bitmt OID th khng chc chn c th xc nh c OID tip theo trong MIB. VD

trong chun mib-2th object ifSpecific v object atIfIndex nm k nhau nhng OIDln lt l 1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.22 v 1.3.6.1.2.1.3.1.1.1Mun hiu c mt OID no th bn cn c file MIB m t OID . Mt MIBfile khng nht thit phi cha ton b cy trn m c th ch cha m t cho mtnhnh con. Bt c nhnh con no v tt c l ca n u c th gi l mt mib.

Mt manager c th qun l c mt device ch khi ng dng SNMP manager v ngdng SNMP agent cng h tr mt MIB. Cc ng dng ny cng c th h tr cng lcnhiu MIB.

Trong chng ny chng ta ch cp n khi nim MIB ngn gn nh trn. Chng3 s m t chi tit cu trc ca file MIB.

1.2.3.4. Cc thc thcua h thng qun ly mngBan u, h thng qun l mng c xy dng da trn m hnh kh n gin.

Qun l c nh ngha l s tng tc qua li gia hai thc th: thc th qun l vthc th b qun l. Thc th qun l c trng bi h thng qun l, nn tng qun l(flatform) v ng dng qun l.

Agent cung c th l Agent qun l hoc Agent b qun l. Manager chnh lthc th qun l, trong khi Agent lm thc th n di s tng tc gia Manager vcc ngun ti nguyn b qun l thc s.

M hnh Manager Agent rt thn dng, dng m t thc th qun l v thcth b qun l lp cao. y cng chnh l l do m cc m hnh c to ra t nhincho mc ch qun l u gn vi m hnh Manager Agent. Tuy nhin trong thc tm hnh ny phc tp hn nhiu.

C mt s m hnh khc cng dng cho vic trao i thng tin qun l nh mhnh Client Server hay m hnh Application Object server. Nhng m hnh ny, v

Khoa hoc my tnh MM02A


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bn cht dng xy dng cc ng dng phn b hoc cc mi trng i tng phnb.

1.2.3.5. Quan im qun ly Manager Agent thc thCc quan im v qun l cho rng chc nng quan trng nht trong qun l l

quan h gia thc th qun l v thc th b qun l. iu ny da trn m hnh phnhi. Manager s yu cu t Agent cc thng tin qun l c trng v thc th b qunl , thng qua Agent, s c qun l li bng thng tin cha y cc yu cu. Nuthng tin yu cu phn hi c s dng lin tc tm kim mi Agent v cc itng b qun l tng ng th c ch ny gi l polling v ln u tin c ng dng qun l trong mi trng internet da trn giao thc qun l mng n gin SNMP.

1.3. Cc phng thc ca SNMPGiao thc SNMPv1 c 5 phng thc hot ng, tng ng vi 5 loi bn tin

nh sau :

Mi bn tin u c cha OID cho bit object mang trong n l g. OID trongGetRequest cho bit n mun ly thng tin ca object no. OID trong GetResponsecho bit n mang gi tr ca object no. OID trong SetRequest ch ra n mun thit lpgi tr cho object no. OID trong Trap ch ra n thng bo s kin xy ra i vi objectno.1.3.1.GetRequestBn tin GetRequest c manager gi n agent ly mt thng tin no . TrongGetRequest c cha OID ca object mun ly. VD : Mun ly thng tin tn caDevice1 th manager gi bn tin GetRequest OID=1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5 n Device1, tintrnh SNMP agent trn Device1 s nhn c bn tin v to bn tin tr li.Trong mt bn tin GetRequest c th cha nhiu OID, ngha l dng mt GetRequestc th ly v cng lc nhiu thng tin.1.3.2.SetRequest

Bn tin SetRequest c manager gi cho agent thit lp gi tr cho mt object no. V d :

C th t li tn ca mt my tnh hay router bng phn mm SNMP manager,bng cch gi bn tin SetRequest c OID l 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5.0 (sysName.0) v cgi tr l tn mi cn t.



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C th shutdown mt port trn switch bng phn mm SNMP manager, bngcch gi bn tin c OID l 1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.7 (ifAdminStatus) v c gi tr l 27.

Ch nhng object c quyn READ_WRITE mi c th thay i c gi tr.1.3.3.GetResponse

Mi khi SNMP agent nhn c cc bn tin GetRequest, GetNextRequest haySetRequest th n s gi li bn tin GetResponse tr li. Trong bn tinGetResponse c cha OID ca object c request v gi tr ca object .1.3.4.Trap

Bn tin Trap c agent t ng gi cho manager mi khi c s kin xy ra bntrong agent, cc s kin ny khng phi l cc hot ng thng xuyn ca agent ml cc s kin mang tnh bin c. V d : Khi c mt port down, khi c mt ngidng login khng thnh cng, hoc khi thit b khi ng li, agent s gi trap chomanager.

Tuy nhin khng phi mi bin c u c agent gi trap, cng khng phi mi

agent u gi trap khi xy ra cng mt bin c. Vic agent gi hay khng gitrap cho bin c no l do hng sn xut device/agent quy nh.

Phng thc trap l c lp vi cc phng thc request/response. SNMPrequest/response dng qun l cn SNMP trap dng cnh bo. Ngun gi trapgi l Trap Senderv ni nhn trap gi l Trap Receiver. Mt trap sender c th ccu hnh gi trap n nhiu trap receiver cng lc.

C 2 loi trap : trap ph bin (generic trap) v trap c th (specific trap). Generictrap c quy nh trong cc chun SNMP, cn specific trap do ngi dng t nhngha (ngi dng y l hng sn xut SNMP device). Loi trap l mt s nguyncha trong bn tin trap, da vo m pha nhn trap bit bn tin trap c ngha g.

Theo SNMPv1, generic trap c 7 loi sau : coldStart(0), warmStart(1),linkDown(2), linkUp(3), authenticationFailure(4), egpNeighborloss(5),enterpriseSpecific(6). Gi tr trong ngoc l m s ca cc loi trap. ngha ca cc

bn tin generic-trap nh sau :

ColdStart : thng bo rng thit b gi bn tin ny ang khi ng li(reinitialize) v cu hnh ca n c th b thay i sau khi khi ng.

WarmStart : thng bo rng thit b gi bn tin ny ang khi ng li v ginguyn cu hnh c.

LinkDown : thng bo rng thit b gi bn tin ny pht hin c mt trongnhng kt ni truyn thng (communication link) ca n gp li. Trong bn tintrap c tham s ch ra ifIndex ca kt ni b li.

LinkUp : thng bo rng thit b gi bn tin ny pht hin c mt trongnhng kt ni truyn thng ca n khi phc tr li. Trong bn tin trap ctham s ch ra ifIndex ca kt ni c khi phc.

AuthenticationFailure : thng bo rng thit b gi bn tin ny nhn cmt bn tin khng c chng thc thnh cng (bn tin b chng thc khngthnh cng c th thuc nhiu giao thc khc nhau nh telnet, ssh, snmp, ftp,). Thng thng trap loi ny xy ra l do user ng nhp khng thnh cng

vo thit b.



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EgpNeighborloss : thng bo rng mt trong s nhng EGPneighbor ca thitb gi trap b coi l down v quan h i tc (peer relationship) gia 2 bnkhng cn c duy tr.

EnterpriseSpecific : thng bo rng bn tin trap ny khng thuc cc kiu

generic nh trn m n l mt loi bn tin do ngi dng t nh ngha. Ngidng c th t nh ngha thm cc loi trap lm phong ph thm kh nngcnh bo ca thit b nh : boardFailed, configChanged, powerLoss,cpuTooHigh, v.v.

Ngi dng t quy nh ngha v gi tr ca cc specific trap ny, v d nhin chnhng trap receiver v trap sender h tr cng mt MIB mi c th hiu ngha caspecific trap. Do nu bn dng mt phn mm trap receiver bt k nhn trap cacc trap sender bt k, bn c th c v hiu cc generic trap khi chng xy ra; nhng

bn s khng hiu ngha cc specific trap khi chng hin ln mn hnh v bn tin trap

ch cha nhng con s.

i vi cc phng thc Get/Set/Response th SNMP Agent lng nghe port UDP161, cn phng thc trap th SNMP Trap Receiver lng nghe port UDP 162.

1.4. Cc i tng trong giao thc SNMPSNMP gm hai i tng chnh: ngi qun l v ngi phc v (Agent). Agent

bao gm c mt phn ca phn mm trong my. SNMP Agent tn ti tt c cc phnca thit b , tuy nhin thit l p Agent khng cho php lm bt c g cho n khi hi

ngi qun l. y l mt chng trnh ring l, ngi qun tr chy chnh my camnh hi nhng cu hi n my Agent thu th p thng tin.Thit l p thng tin c gi l MIB (Management Information Base) c s qun

l thng tin. Hu ht mi Agent u c nhng MIB nh cho php ngi qun tr xemnhng gi tin nh p xut ca h thng. Ngoi MIB c bn ny, mi Agent h tr nhngMIB khc nhau cha ng thng tin v mc ch c bit ca n.

Mt giao tip (community) SNMP l mi quan h logic gia ngi phc vSNMP v mt hoc nhiu ngi qun l. Mt community gm c tn v tt tt c nhngthnh vin trong community c cng mt quyn truy c p nh nhau. Thao tc TRAP ginhng thng tin n trm qun l ( Management Station) khi mt i tng c thay

i (cho thy rng vic thay i quan trng n vic phi gi nhng thng bo)Mc nh chui community cung cp kim tra hay c nhng kh nng ththng xuyn c bit n mc nh s iu khin hay vit nhng chui community



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th thng xuyn c giu kn. SNMP khai thc nhng thun li ca nhng chuicommunity mc nh cho php ngi tn cng thu th p thng tin v nhng thit b sdng nhng chu community chung, hay ngi tn cng c th thay i cu hnh hthng s dng nhng chui community kn o.

1.5. Cu truc va c im ca thng tin qun ly (SMI)SMI (Structure Management Information) nh ngha mt c cu t chc chungcho thng tin qun l. SMI nhn dng cc kiu d liu trong MIB v ch r cch thcmiu t v t tn cc ti nguyn trong MIB. SIM duy tr tnh n gin v kh nng mrng trong MIB, v th MIB ch lu tr nhng loi d liu n gin. SMI khng cungcp cch to hoc truy xut cc cu trc d liu phc tp. Cc MIB s cha cc loi dliu do nh cung cp to ra.

cung cp phng thc tiu chun biu din thng tin qun tr SMI cn nhngcng vic sau:

Cung cp k thut tiu chun nh ngha cu trc MIB c bit.l

Cung cp k thut tiu chun nh ngha cc i tng n l, bao gmc php v gi tr mi i tng . Cung cp k thut tiu chun m ha cc gi tr i tng.

S m t cc i tng qun l c SMI thc hin thng qua ngn ng ASN. 1Vic nh ngha i tng gm 5 trng:

Object: Tn i tng Systax: C php cho loi i tng. Definition : Cc nh ngha. Truy c p (Access): C th l ch c, c ghi, khng th truy c p. Trng thi (Status): C th cng ch, ty chn hay khng cn hiu lc.

1.6. SNMPv2SNMPv2 tch hp kh nng lin iu hnh t manager ti manager v hai n v

d liu giao thc mi. Kh nng lin kt iu hnh manager-manager cho php SNMPh tr qun l mng phn tn trong mt trm v gi bo co ti mt trm khc. htr tng tc tt nht, SNMPv2 thm cc nhm cnh bo v s kin vo trong c sthng tin qun l MIB. Nhm cnh bo cho php t ngng thit lp cho cc bn tincnh bo. Nhm s kin c a ra khi thng tin Trap xc nh cc gi tr phn tMIB.

Hai n v d liu giao thc PDU (Protocol Data Unit) l GetbulkRequest vInformRequest. Cc PDU ny lin quan ti x l li v kh nng m ca SNMPv2. Xl li trong SNMPv2 i km vi cc i tng yu cu cho php trm qun l lp trnht cc phng php khi phc hoc dng truyn bn tin. Kh nng m trong SNMPv2s dng b m 64 bit (hoc 32) duy tr trng thi ca cc lin kt v giao din.1.6.1.Cu trc bn tin SNMPv2



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Hnh: Cu trc bn tin SNMPv2

Cc bn tin trao i trong SNMPv2 cha cc n v d liu giao thc PDU. Hnhtrn m t cu trc chung cc bn tin ny.

+ Trng phin bn (Version) th hin phin bn ca giao thc SNMPv2.

+ Trng Community l mt chui password xc nhn cho c tin trnh ly vthay i d liu. SNMP PDU cha kiu iu hnh (get, set), yu cu p ng (cng sth t vi bn tin gi i) - cho php ngi iu hnh gi ng thi nhiu bn tin. Binghp gm cc thit b c c t trong RFC 2358 v cha c gi tr t ti i tng.

Trng n v d liu giao thc (PDU) gm c cc trng con: Kiu n v dliu giao thc, nhn dng cc yu cu (Request ID), trng thi li, ch s li, cc gi trv i tng.

Cc kiu n v d liu giao thc PDU th hin cc bn tin s dng trongSNMPv2 gm c: GetRequest,GetNextRequest, SetRequest, GetResponse, Trap,GetBulkReques, InformRequest .

1.6.2.C s thng tin qun l MIB trong SNMPv2IB trong SNMPv2 nh ngha cc i tng m t tc ng ca mt phn t

NMPv2. MIB ny gm 3 nhm: Nhm h thng (System group): l mt m rng ca nhm system trong

MIB-II gc, bao gm mt nhm cc i tng cho php mt AgentSNMPv2 m t cc i tng ti nguyn ca n. Cc i tng mi trong

phn m rng c tn bt u bng sysOR, chng lin quan n ti nguynh thng v c s dng bi mt Agent SNMPv2 m t cc itng ti nguyn m vic iu khin chng tu thuc vo cu hnh ng

bi mt b phn qun l. Nhm SNMP (SNMP group): mt ci tin ca nhm SNMP trong MIB-II

gc, bao gm cc i tng cung cp cc cng c c bn cho hot nggiao thc. N c thm mt s i tng mi v loi b mt s i tng

ban u. Nhm SNMP cha mt vi thng tin lu lng c bn lin quann ton t SNMPv2 v ch c mt trong cc i tng l b m ch c32-bit.

Nhm cc i tng MIB (MIB objects group): mt tp hp cc itng lin quan n cc SNMPv2-Trap PDU v cho php mt vi phn tSNMPv2 cng hot ng, thc hin nh trm qun tr, phi hp vic sdng ca chng trong ton t Set ca SNMPv2.



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Phn u ca nhm ny l mt nhm con, snmpTrap, bao gm hai i tng linquan n Trap:

SNMPTrapOID: l nhn dng i tng ca Trap hoc thng bo cgi hin thi. Gi tr ca i tng ny xut hin nh mt varbind(variable binding) th hai trong mi SNMPv2-Trap PDU v

InformRequest PDU. SNMPTrapEnterprise: l nhn dng i tng ca t chc lin quan n

Trap c gi hin thi. Khi mt Agent u quyn SNMPv2 nh x mtTrap PDU sang mt SNMPv2-Trap PDU, bin ny xut hin nh mtvarbind cui cng.

Phn th hai ca nhm ny l mt nhm con, snmpSet, bao gm mt i tngn snmpSerialNo. i tng ny c s dng gii quyt hai vn c th xuthin khi s dng ton t Set: Th nht l mt qun tr c th s dng nhiu ton t Settrn cng mt i tng MIB. Cc ton t ny cn thc hin theo mt trt t c ara thm ch khi chng c truyn khng theo th t. Th hai l vic s dng ng thi

cc ton t Set trn cng mt i tng MIB bi nhiu manager c th gy ra mt smu thun hoc lm cho c s d liu b sai.

i tng snmpSet c s dng theo cch sau: Khi mt manager mun t mthay nhiu gi tr i tng trong mt Agent, u tin n nhn gi tr ca i tngsnmpSet. Sau n gi SetRequest PDU c danh sch bin lin kt bao gm c itng snmpSet vi gi tr nhn c ca n. Nu nhiu manager gi ccsetRequestPDU s dng cng mt gi tr ca snmpSet, bn tin n Agent trc s cthc hin (gi s khng c li), kt qu l lm tng snmpSet; cc ton t set cn li s bli v khng ph hp vi gi tr snmpSet. Hn na, nu mt manager mun gi mtchui cc ton t set v m bo rng chng c thc hin theo mt trt t nht nhth i tng snmpSet phi c gp vo trong mi ton t.

1.6.3.Nguyn tc hot ng cua SNMP

1.6.3.1. Truyn mt bn tin SNMPv2Qui tc gi v nhn bn tin ca Manager v Agent c th hin trong bng sau:

Mt phn t SNMPv2 thc hin cc hnh ng sau truyn mt PDU cho mt phn tSNMPv2 khc:

S dng ASN.1 m t mt PDU. PDU ny c chuyn sang dch v xc nhn cng vi cc a ch ngun

v ch ca truyn thng v mt tn truyn thng. Dch v xc nhn sau



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thc hin nhng bin i bt k theo yu cu cho s trao i ny nhm ho hoc thm m xc nhn v tr li kt qu.

Phn t giao thc sau to ra bn tin gm trng s hiu phin bn, tntruyn thng vo kt qu ca bc trn.

i tng ASN. 1 mi ny sau c m ho s dng BER v gi n

dch v vn chuyn.

1.6.3.2. Nhn mt bn tin SNMPv2

1.6.3.3. Cc trng thi thch ng cho SNMPv2

1.7. SNMPv3Nh trnh by cc phn trn, bn thn SNMPv2 c phn bo m bo mt

c thm vo. Tuy nhin phn ny cha c to s ng thun ca ngi s dng dotnh tin li v bo mt ca n. sa cha nhng thiu ht ca n,SNMPv3 c gii

thiu nh mt chun ngh cho nhng lnh vc qun tr mng v c trnh by chitit ln u tin vo nm 1998 vi cc ti liu RFC2271-RFC2275. Chun ny a ranhm hon thin hn vn qun tr v bo mt.

Mc ch chnh ca SNMPv3 l h tr kin trc theo kiu module c th ddng m rng. Theo cch ny, nu cc giao thc bo mt mi c m rng chng cth c h tr SNMPv3 bng cch nh ngha nh l cc module ring. C s thng tinqun tr v cc dng thng tin s dng trong SNMPv3 cng hon ton tng t trongSNMPv3.1.7.1.Cc c im mi cua SNMP v3

SNMPv3 da trn vic thc hin giao thc, loi d liu v y quyn nh

SNMPv2 v ci tin phn an ton. SNMPv3 cung cp an ton truy c p cc thit b bngcch kt hp s xc nhn v m ha gi tin trn mng. Nhng c im bo mt cungcp trong SNMPv3

Tnh ton ven thng bo: m bo cc gi tin khng b sa trong khitruyn .

S xc nhn: xc nhn ngun ca thng bo gi n. M ha: o ni dung ca gi ngn cn vic gi thng bo t ngun

khng c xc nhn.SNMPv3 cung cp m hnh an ton v cc mc an ton. M hnh an ton l thc

hin vic xc nhn c thit l p cho ngi s dng v nhm cc ngi s dng hin c

. Mc an ton l mc bo m an ton trong m hnh an ton . S kt hp ca m hnhan ton v mc an ton s xc nh c ch an ton khi gi mt gi tin.Tuy nhin vic s dng SNMPv3 rt phc tp v cng knh. Tuy nhin y l s

la chn tt nht cho vn bo mt ca mng. Nhng vic s dng s tn rt nhiu tinguyn do trong mi bn tin truyn i s c phn m ha BER. N s chim mt phn

bng thng ng truyn do lm tng ph tn mng.Mc d c coi l phin bn ngh cui cng v c coi l y nht

nhng SNMPv3 vn ch l tiu chun d tho v vn ang c nghin cu hon thin.1.7.2.H tr bo mt v xc thc trong SNMPv3

Mt trong nhng mc tiu chnh nu khng coi l mt mc ch chnh chnh

khi pht trin SNMPv3 l thm c tnh bo mt cho qun l SNMP. Xc thc v bov thng tin, cng nh xc thc v iu khin truy cp, c nu r trn. Cu trc



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SNMPv3 cho php s dng linh hot bt c mt giao thc no cho xc thc v bo vthng tin. D sao, nhm IETF SNMPv3 a ra m hnh bo mt ngi dng. Chngta s tm hiu thm v cc kha cnh chung v bo mt kt hp vi cc kiu ca cc mie do bo mt, m hnh bo mt, nh dng d liu bn tin iu tit cc tham s bomt v s dng cng nh qun l ca cc kho trong phn ny.

Cc mi e do bo mt.C 4 mi e do n thng tin qun l mng khi mt thc th qun l c truyn

n thc th khc l: Thng tin c th b thay i bi mt ngi dng khng c php no

trong khi truyn. Ngi dng khng c php c gng gi trang nh ngi dng c

php. Thng tin SNMP c chia lm nhiu gi nh truyn i theo nhiu

hng v pha nhn phi sp xp li. V vy n c th b ngi no lm tr 1 gi tin, b gi li do mt ngi khng c php to ra ... lmthay i thng tin ca bn tin.

B ngn chn hoc b l bn tin.t nht c 2 mi e do trn thng xy ra vi kt ni d liu truyn thng,

nhng vi m hnh bo mt ngi dng SNMP th n c coi l khng c mi e do.Th nht l t chi dch v, mt xc thc ngi dng s b t chi dch v bi thc thqun l. N khng b coi nh mi e do, khi mng li c th l l do ca s t chi, vmt giao thc s thc thi mc ch ny. Th hai l thng k lu lng bi mt ngidng khng xc thc. Nhm IETF SNMv3 xc nh rng khng c thun li quantrng no t c bng cch chng li s tn cng ny.

M hnh bo mtM hnh bo mt trong SNMPv3 l m hnh bo mt ngi dng (User-base

Security Model vit tt l USM). N phn nh khi nim tn ngi dng truyn thng.Nh chng ta nh ngha giao din dch v tru tng gia cc phn h khc nhautrong thc th SNMP, by gi chng ta s nh ngha giao din dch v tru tng trongUSM. Cc nh ngha ny bao trm ln khi nim v giao din gia dch v ging USMv xc thc khng ph thuc v dch v ring. Hai primitive c kt hp vi mt dchv xc thc, mt to ra bn tin xc thc i, v mt kim tra bn tin xc thc n.Tng t, 2 primitive c kt hp vi cc dch v ring: encryptData m ho bntin i v decryptData gii m bn tin n.

Cc dch v c cung cp bi module xc thc v module ring trong phn hbo mt cho bn tin i v bn tin n. M hnh x l bn tin dn chng cho USM trongphn h bo mt. Da trn mc bo mt gn trn bn tin, USM ln lt c dn quamodule xc thc v module ring. Kt qu c a tr li m hnh x l bn tin biUSM.

CHNG 2: CC YU CU CA QUN L H THNG MNG2.1. Cac yu cu qun ly h thng mng

Cc c ch qun l mng c nhn nhn t hai gc , gc mng ch ra h

thng qun l nm ti cc mc cao ca m hnh OSI v t pha ngi iu hnh qun lh thng mng. Mc d c rt nhiu quan im khc nhau v m hnh qun l h thng



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nhng u thng nht bi ba chc nng qun l c bn gm: gim st, iu khin va ra bo co ti ngi iu hnh.

Chc nng gim st c nhim v thu thp lin tc cc thng tin v trngthi ca cc ti nguyn c qun l sau chuyn cc thng tin ny didng cc s kin v a ra cc cnh bo khi cc tham s ca ti nguyn

mng c qun l vt qu ngng cho php. Chc nng qun l c nhim v thc hin cc yu cu ca ngi qun l

hoc cc ng dng qun l nhm thay i trng thi hay cu hnh ca mtti nguyn c qun l no .

Chc nng a ra bo co c nhim v chuyn i v hin th cc bo codi dng m ngi qun l c th c, nh gi hoc tm kim, tra cuthng tin c bo co.

Di gc ca ngi iu hnh qun l mng, mt s yu cu c bn thngc t ra gm:

Kh nng gim st v iu khin mng cng nh cc thnh phn ca hthng thit b t u cui n u cui.

C th truy nhp v cu hnh li t xa cc ti nguyn c qun l. D dng trong vic ci t, vn hnh v bo dng h thng qun l cng

nh cc ng dng ca n. Bo mt hot ng qun l v truy nhp ca ngi s dng, bo mt

truyn thng cc thng tin qun l. C kh nng a ra cc bo co y v r ngha v cc thng tin qun

l. Qun l theo thi gian thc v hot ng qun l hng ngy c thc

hin mt cch t ng. Mm do trong vic nng cp h thng v c kh nng tng thch vi

nhiu cng ngh khc nhau. C kh nng lu tr v khi phc cc thng tin qun l.

2.2. Kin trc qun ly h thng mang2.2.1.Kin trc qun ly mng

Qun l mng gm mt tp cc chc nng iu khin, lp k hoch, lin kt,trin khai v gim st ti nguyn mng. Qun l mng c th c nhn nhn nh mtcu trc gm nhiu lp:

Qun l kinh doanh: Qun l kha cnh kinh doanh ca mng v dnh: ngn sch/ ti nguyn, k hoch v cc tha thun. Qun l dch v: Qun l cc dch v cung cp cho ngi s dng, v

d cc dch v cung cp bao gm vic qun l bng thng truy nhp,lu tr d liu v cc ng dng cung cp.

Qun l mng: Qun l ton b thit b mng trong mng. Qun l phn t: Qun l mt tp hp thit b mng, v d cc b nh

tuyn truy nhp hoc cc h thng qun l thu bao. Qun l phn t mng: Qun l tng thit b n trong mng, v d b

nh tuyn, chuyn mch, Hub.

Qun l mng c th chia thnh hai chc nng c s: truyn ti thng tin qun lqua h thng v qun l cc phn t thng tin qun l mng. Cc chc nng ny gm



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cc nhim v khc nhau nh: Gim st, cu hnh, sa li v lp k hoch c thc hinbi nh qun tr hoc nhn vin qun l mng.

2.2.2.C ch qun ly mngC ch qun l mng bao gm c cc giao thc qun l mng, cc giao thc qun

l mng cung cp cc c ch thu thp, thay i v truyn cc d liu qun l mng quamng.Cc c ch gim st nhm xc nh cc c tnh ca thit b mng, tin trnh

gim st bao gm thu thp c v lu tr cc tp con ca d liu . D liu thngc thu thp thng qua polling hoc tin trnh gim st gm cc giao thc qunlmng.

X l d liu sau qu trnh thu thp thng tin qun l mng l bc loi b btcc thng tin d liu khng cn thit i vi tng nhim v qun l. S th hin ccthng tin qun l cho ngi qun l cho php ngi qun l nm bt hiu qu nht cctnh nng v c tnh mng cn qun l. Mt s k thut biu din d liu thng c

s dng di dng k t, th hoc lu (tnh hoc ng).Ti thi im x l thng tin d liu, rt nhiu cc thng tin cha kp x l clu tr ti cc vng nh lu tr khc nhau. Cc c ch d phng v cp nht lu trlun c xc nh trc trong cc c ch qun l mng nhm trnh ti a tn tht dliu.

Cc phn tch thi gian thc lun yu cu thi gian hi p ti cc thit b qunl trong khong thi gian ngn. y l iu kin nh i gia s lng c tnh vthit b mng vi lng ti nguyn (kh nng tnh ton, s lng thit b tnh ton, bnh, lu tr) cn thit h tr cc phn tch.

Thc hin nhim v cu hnh chnh l ci t cc tham s trong mt thit b

mng iu hnh v iu khin cc phn t. Cc c ch cu hnh bao gm truy nhptrc tip ti cc thit b, truy nhp t xa v ly cc file cu hnh t cc thit b . Dliu cu hnh c thng qua cc cch sau:

Cc cu lnh SET ca SNMP Truy nhp qua telnet v giao din dng lnh Truy nhp qua HTTP Truy nhp qua kin trc CORBA S dng FTP/TFTP ly file cu hnh

CHNG 3: TRIN KHAI PHN MM QUN L H THNGMNG CISCOWORKS LAN MANAGEMENT SOLUTION

3.1. Gii thiuVi cc h thng mng ln, vic qun tr cc thit b mng bao gm Router, Switch

v Access Point l rt quan trng. c bit l vi cc h thng vi s lng thit b lnv thi gian gin on mng cho php ngn. Thng qua vic qun tr ny, ngi qun trc th thay i cu hnh cc thit b mng cng nh thun tin trong vic sa li mtcch nhanh nht c th. Vi cc yu cu ny, Cisco c cung cp b gii php qun trmng dnh cho cc thit b nh Routers, Switches v Access points.Chi tit cc thng s k thut:LMS l mt phn ca gii php qun tr mng CiscoWorks, cung cp cc cng c cit, qun tr, gim st, pht hin li, v khc phc s c c th xy ra trong mng. Cc



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cng c ny c th p dng cho hu ht cc thit b trong mng, bao gm Switch,Router, PIX Firewall v k c thit b mi chy phn mm Cisco CallManager.B phn mm LMS c vit trn cc giao thc chun ca Internet v thm cc chcnng m rng cho cc thit b v phn mm ca Cisco, to nn mt cng c mnh mgip nh qun tr mng c th qun l mng ni b ca mnh mt cch hiu qu. LMS

c giao din web nn nh qun tr c th d dng xem cc s mng, xem cc cuhnh, v thng tin v tnh trng ca cc thit b t bt k mt v tr no trong mng thngqua trnh duyt web.LMS c thit k linh hot, c th ci t ring hoc dng chung vi cc phn mmqun tr mng khc ca HP, Sun gip cho nh qun tr c nhiu la chn ph hp vikinh nghim ca mnh.B phn mm CiscoWorks LAN Management Solution bao gm cc thnh phn sau:Campus Manager (CM) l phn mm qun l cc thit b switch ca Cisco qua giaodin web, cung cp thng tin v cc thit b lp 2, m hnh kt ni chi tit, cu hnhVLAN, ATM LANE, qun l cc thit b ca ngi dng, in thoi IP

Device Fault Manager (DFM) Phn mm gim st hot ng v kim tra li ca ccthit b mng Cisco hot ng thi gian thc, thng bo li qua cc thng bo li, quaemail, hoc kt hp vi cc thng bo ca cc chng trnh khc.Resource Manager Essentials (RME) Gip qun l danh sch cc thit b mng, cuhnh phn cng, phn mm, cc s c xy ra S dng phn mm ny ch yu nhmmc ch thng k, lp bo co, lu h s v mng.eGenius Real-Time Monitor (RTM) y l phn mm mi c a vo b CWLMS,hot ng da vo giao thc RMON nhm qun l, gim st hot ng v khc phc sc ca mng. Cc kt qu phn tch, bo co u c a ln mn hnh web trc quanvi y thng tin.

CiscoView (CV) y l phn mm ph bin nht ca Cisco dng truy cp xemthng tin trng thi v ci t cu hnh ca thit b mng.

Vi tp hp cc phn mm trn, gii php LMS cung cp gim st t mi gc cnhtrong hot ng ca mng LAN, t nhng g xy ra cho n hin ti nhm pht hin, phng v khc phc s c mng c th xy ra, gim thi gian gin on mng xungmc thp nht.. Do tp trng vo qun l, gim st cc hot ng ca cc thit b mng,

b phn mm LSM gip nh qun tr mng lun yn tm v thi gian hot ng camng ni b.

3.2. Trin khai phn mm3.2.1.M hnh h thng trin khai thc nghim

Ciscowork LMS l mt phn mm mnh, h tr cc h thng mng ln, phctp, nhiu thit b khc nhau nh: Switch, router, server, PC, IP Phone.. y nhm xin a ra mt m hnh nh trin khai thc nghim bao gm cc thit bnh switch, router, server, PC nh hnh di.



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Hnh: M hnh h thng.3.2.2.Cu hnh h thng yu cu

3.2.3.Ci t phn mmCi t CiscoWorks LAN Management Solution 3.2 cng ging nh ci tnhng phn mm khc. Hon ton bng giao din, rt d dng cho vic ci t dcho ngi mi tip xc ln u cng khng my kh khn trong vic s dng.

Chng trnh ch chy trn cc phin bn h iu hnh mng nh Windows 2K3hoc Windows 2K8. y nhm trin khai thc nghim trn mi trngWindows 2K3 phin bn R2.



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Qu trnh khi chy ci t chng trnh cng ging nh nhng chng trnh bnhthng khc ta thng ci t.

Xut hin bng thng bo ta nhn NEXT tip tc cng vic ci t



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Yu cu chp nhn cc iu khon gia nh pht trin v ngi s dng phn mm cahng cung cp. Ta nhn vo I accept the term of the license agreement v nhn NEXT tip tc cng vic ci t.

Yu cu la chn ci t theo cu hnh mc nh ca nh sn xut phn mm hoc l citheo ty chnh ca ngi s dng. Ta la chn mt trong 2 phng thc ci t m tacho l ph hp. Sau tip tc nhn NEXT.

Sau mt vi ln lp li cc bc tng t l ta ci t xong phn mm.

3.2.4.Giao din s dng vo cc tnh nng c bn

Sau khi ci t thnh cng ta kch hot chng trnh. Chng trnh gim st mngciscoworks lan management solutionl mt chng trnh c giao din chy hon ton



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trn ng dng web, s dng giao thc HTTP hoc HTTPS ty theo yu cu cng vicm ta c th ty chn. Nu la chn HTTP th chng trnh s hot ng nhanh nhngkm bo mt, ngc li HTTPS li cho ta tnh bo mt cao nhng li lm cho h thng

b chm i.

Ta ng nhp vo chng trnh bng User v Password in vo trc lc ci t login vo chng trnh.

Sau khi ng nhp thnh cng chng trnh s a cho chng ta mt giao din gm cctnh nng iu khin, xem xt, qun l.

Hnh: Giao din chnh ca chng trnh.



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Giao din chnh ca chng trnh l tng th cc iu khin nm trong tab Functionalbao gm cc tnh nng nh: Common service: cho ta bit v tnh trng server, trung tm phn mn, cc thit

b Setup Centrer: Ni ta cu hnh cho ton b chng trnh nh to user, thm, sa

thng tin, xa cc thit b, cc kt ni Campus Manager: l trung tm iu khin, hin th cc user ang lm vic, xem

thng bo, cu hnh. Cisco View : Ni chng ta c th xem xt tng quan cc thit b, dng Mini

Rmon sa li cho cc thit b, s c mng Ngoi ra cn c cc Report gip din gii nhng hng dn cho ngi dng

bng cc Clip ngn gip ngi dng d dng s dng.

Hnh: Ca s System

Ca s System cho ta bit v cc cng vic no ang hot ng, cng vic no angb ngng, cng vic no hon thnh hay cha.Trong phn Log space Usage cn cho ta bit tnh trng cc file log ghi li cc s kinca h thng.

Ngoi ra chng trnh cn h tr chc nng tm kim xem cc cng vic, thit b,cng hot ng



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Hnh: Ca s Network

Ca s Network cho ta thy cc thng tin v h thng mng ang hot ng bao gmcc thit b ang hot ng, tnh trng ca thit b mng, cc tc t lin quan

Hnh: Ca s CM



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DFM l phn mm gim st hot ng v kim tra li ca cc thit b mng Cisco hotng thi gian thc, thng bo li qua cc thng bo li, qua email, hoc kt hp vicc thng bo ca cc chng trnh khc.

Hnh: Ca s IPM

IPM cung cp cho chng ta cc thng tin v cc hot ng qua li gia cc mng khcnhau trong h thng m chng ta qun l.

Hnh: Ca s RME



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Resource Manager Essentials (RME) Gip qun l danh sch cc thit b mng, cuhnh phn cng, phn mm, cc s c xy ra S dng phn mm ny ch yu nhmmc ch thng k, lp bo co, lu h s v mng.

Ngoi ra phn mn cn cung cp cc thng k nh sc khe ca h thng, tnh trng

thit b, h thng mng

Hnh: Thng tin v thit b trong mng

Hnh: Tnh trng ca cc thit b trong mng



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Hnh: Hin trng ca cc port

Tng Kt

Qua n ny gip cho sinh vin c k nng lm vic theo nhm. Cng c cc kinthc hc trong b mn qun l h thng mng, gip cho sinh vin c thm kinhnghim khi ra trng khng b gp kh khn khi tip xc vi cc cng ngh mi.

Nhng y ch l mt n mn hc nn qu trnh tm hiu, lng kin thc cn t, cnnhiu hn ch trong cch trnh byV phn nhm, nhm rt c gng cng nhau chia s cng vic, tm kim, trao i tiliu c mt n tt nht c th. Song do lng kin thc cn t v knh nghim cnthiu nn cng s kh trnh khi nhng sai st trong cng vic. Phn mm ciscoworkslan management solution l mt phn mm ln, i hi cu hnh my ch kh cao, c

bn quyn s dng Mc d c php dng th nhng li b hn ch nhiu tnhnng cng vi my cu hnh khng mnh lm cho nhm gp nhiu kh khn trongvic trin khai m hnh trn thc t.

Ti liu tham kho

SNMP ton tp Dip Thnh Nguyn.Gii php an ninh trong kin trc qun tr mng SNMP Trn Duy Minh.

http://nhatnghe.com

http://hvaonline.net

http://net-snmp.sourceforge.net

http://nhatnghe.com/http://hvaonline.net/http://net-snmp.sourceforge.net/http://nhatnghe.com/http://hvaonline.net/http://net-snmp.sourceforge.net/


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Do an Quan Ly He Thong Mang Nhom 4

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