Dnata Cargo_Study Material

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Self Study Self Study

Airport Operations & Airline Commercial TrainingAirport Operations & Airline Commercial Training

Version 01, July 2009

Dear Team member,

Airport Operations & Airline Commercial Training has designed this self-study material to

provide you with certain basic aspects of the Aviation Industry. The topics covered in this

self-study are:

Module 1: Fundamentals of Aviation

Module 2: Airline Geography

Module 3: Cargo and Ramp Operations

Please read through these modules and complete the exercises given at the end of each

module. The model answers to these exercises are provided at the end of the book. On the

following page, you will find the Learning Outcome as well as the Assessment Criteria on

which you will be assessed.

Wish you all the best and look forward to your active involvement in completing this self-

study material.

A. Kanagaratnam

Manager Learning & Development

Airport Services & Group Commercial

Pre-Screener (Outsourced)

© Emirates Aviation College Version 1, July 2009

Learning Outcomes & Assessment Criteria

Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria

Learning Outcome Assessment Criteria

1.0 Recall information related to the

fundamentals of aviation

1.1 Write the names of the pioneers of aviation

1.2 Write the year of formation and members of ICAO

and IATA

1.3 List the main offices of IATA and ICAO

1.4 Identify the five Freedoms of the Air

1.5 List the advantages of IATA

2.0 Interpret airline geography for air

itineraries and calculate world

time for airline operations

2.1. Identify the “areas of the world” defined by IATA

2.2. Name the two main ocean bodies associated with

IATA geography

2.3. Recognize commercially important cities on a

world map for passengers’ itineraries

3.0 Associate and distinguish the

functions of the units in airline

operations

A Cargo and Ramp Operations

3.1 List the main departments of ground operations

and their related activities

3.2 Write the functions of Baggage Services, Ramp

Services and Operations Services

3.3 Name the manuals used in Airline Ground

Operations

B. Air Cargo

3.4 Explain the definition of the term “cargo” in

relation to travel

3.5 Define the advantages of “air cargo” in airline

operations

3.6 List the main document used in “air cargo” to

transport goods

3.7 Describe the import and export process of “air

cargo” when transporting goods

3.8 Understand the Aircraft Structural Weight

Limitations


© Emirates Aviation College Version 1, July 2009

Learning Outcomes & Assessment Criteria

3.9 Understand the importance of Spreader Boards

3.10 Understand Lashing and Aircraft Locks

3.11 Name the manuals used in Air Cargo

3.12 List the modes of payment accepted for “air

cargo” when transporting goods

3.13 List / Identify the special types of “air cargo”

transported by people

Table Of Contents:

1. Fundamentals of Aviation ............................................................................................ 1

1.1 The History of Aviation ............................................................................................ 1

1.2 International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) ................................................... 2

1.3 Bilateral Agreements & Freedoms of the Air ........................................................... 2

1.3.1 The five Freedoms of Air Service ...................................................................... 3

1.4 International Air Transport Association (IATA) ...................................................... 5

1.4.1 IATA Members .................................................................................................. 5

1.4.2 Main Offices....................................................................................................... 5

1.4.3 Advantages of IATA .......................................................................................... 6

1.4.3.1 To the Travelling Public.................................................................................. 6

1.4.3.2 To the Airline .................................................................................................. 6

1.4.3.3 To the Government.......................................................................................... 6

1.5 Overview of Product Distribution ................................................................................. 7

Practical - Fundamentals of Aviation.............................................................................. 8

2. AIRLINE GEOGRAPHY................................................................................................... 10

2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 10

2.2 IATA Areas of the world ............................................................................................ 10

2.2.1 Three Letter City/ Airport codes .......................................................................... 10

2.2.2 IATA world map ................................................................................................. 11

2.2.3 IATA world map with areas and sub areas .......................................................... 12

2.2.4 Important Cities with Codes................................................................................. 13

2.2.4 World map of important cities ............................................................................. 14

Practical - Airline Geography ........................................................................................ 15

3 CARGO AND RAMP OPERATIONS................................................................................... 17

3.1 Ground Operations ...................................................................................................... 17

3.1.1 Baggage Services ................................................................................................. 17

3.1.2 Ramp Services...................................................................................................... 18

3.1.3 Operations Services.............................................................................................. 19

3.1.3.1 Load Control ................................................................................................. 19

3.1.3.2 Dispatch......................................................................................................... 20

3.1.4 Manuals and Publications..................................................................................... 20

PRACTICAL – GROUND OPERATIONS ............................................................................... 21

3.2 Cargo ........................................................................................................................... 22

3.2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 22

3.2.2 Other Means of Transport .................................................................................... 23

3.2.3 Advantages of Air Cargo...................................................................................... 23

3.3.4 Unit Load Device (ULD) ..................................................................................... 23 3.3.4.1 ULD - Identification ..................................................................................... 24 3.3.5 Export Cargo Process........................................................................................... 24 3.3.7 Import Cargo Process........................................................................................... 26 3.3.8 Responsibility of the Shipper............................................................................... 26 3.3.9 Air cargo Agencies & Competitors...................................................................... 26 3.3.10 Manuals and Publications .................................................................................. 26 3.3.11 Main document involved in the carriage of air-cargo........................................ 27 3.3.12 Mode of Payment............................................................................................... 28 3.3.13 Different types of Special Cargo that can be transported by air ........................ 28

PRACTICAL – CARGO ....................................................................................................... 30 4. ANSWERS ...................................................................................................................... 31

Practical – 1.Fundamentals of Aviation........................................................................ 31 Practical – 2.2 Airline Geography ............................................................................... 33 Practical – 3.3 Ground Operations................................................................................ 33 Practical – 3.4 Cargo..................................................................................................... 35

Fundamentals of Aviation

Module 1


©Emirates Aviation College Version 1, July 2009 1


1. Fundamentals of Aviation

1.1 The History of Aviation The rapid development of aeronautical science is an important part of the twentieth century. The record of man's patient attempts towards a perfect flight has been a long one. Many who remembered the first powered flight of the Wright brothers were still alive when the supersonic flight was achieved. We invite you to travel through time with us now - through our shortened version of the history of civil aviation.

The first manned flight in history took place on 21st November 1783. The two Montgolfier brothers designed and built a hot air balloon which travelled for five miles across the city of Paris. In 1804 Sir George Cayley, an English gentleman designed the first model aircraft with a mainplane and in 1852, a 10-year old son of one of Sir George's servants was carried into the air by a glider constructed by him at Brampton Hall, in Yorkshire, England. Like most great human success stories, the Wright brothers ultimate triumph at Kitty Hawk on 17th December 1903 was achieved with a great deal of patience, trial and research. Before their first powered flight, the brothers had made over 1000 flights in their No. 3 glider, during which time they became the first aviators to use lateral (rudder) control and turn an aircraft by banking (tilting). Their first powered flight lasted 13 seconds and covered a distance of 60 meters.




1.2 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) was formed in 1944 at a convention in Chicago. ICAO is a United Nations agency with its headquarters in Montreal, Canada. Members of ICAO are Governments only. These member governments have agreed on regulations and certain principles pertaining to Civil Aviation, such as: y To ensure safety of flight in international air navigation. y To provide safe, regular, efficient and economical air transport. y To standardise procedures and documentation. These procedures enforced on

member government for implementation through ‘Annexes;. E.g. Pilot’s licensing, Aircraft registration, Documents required for the Crew, Passengers and Cargo.

y To ensure that the rights of contracting governments are fully respected and they have a fair opportunity to operate international airlines.

In each country there will be one Civil Aviation Department within the Government to look after the interest of ICAO and oversee the implementation of the standards set by ICAO. ICAO has made provisions for the manner in which international air services may be operated between two countries. These agreements are known as the bilateral air services agreements.

1.3 Bilateral Agreements & Freedoms of the Air One of the main contributions of ICAO to the airline industry is regulating the air transportation between countries. This is based on the freedoms of air and bilateral agreements between countries which are negotiated agreed and documented frequently.




1.3.1 The five Freedoms of Air Service Air service rights under bilateral agreements are broken into a series of rights or more commonly known as freedoms of the air. First Freedom: Right of transit without landing (overflying).

The right to fly across the territory of another state without landing (overflying).

Second Freedom: Right of non-traffic stop (Technical Stop)

The right to make stops in the territory of another state for non –traffic purposes. E.g.: fuelling, technical stops etc.




Third Freedom: Right to transport from Nation “A” to Nation “B”

The right to put down in the territory of another state, traffic (passengers, cargo and mail) uplifted from the home country.

Fourth Freedom: Right to transport from Nation “B” to Nation “A”

The right to uplift traffic from a foreign country to the home country. Fifth Freedom: Right to carry traffic between foreign territories

The right to uplift traffic between (both ways) two foreign countries.


©Emirates Aviation College Version 1, July 2009


1.4 International Air Transport Association (IATA)

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) is an

organisation of international and domestic airlines that have

agreed on and set up rules and regulations relating to:

y Safe, regular and economical air transport.

y Co-ordinated fares and rates.

y Operational, traffic, technical, financial, medical, legal and handling procedures.

y Co-operation with ICAO and other international organisations.

1.4.1 IATA Members

Airlines are members of IATA. When IATA came into existence in 1945 when most of

the airlines felt the need to standardise procedures, which could be followed by all

airlines. There are two types of members: -

Active Member

Airlines engaged in International Transportation who takes active part during

meetings regarding fares.

Associate Member

Airlines engaged in Domestic Transportation.

1.4.2 Main Offices

The two main offices of IATA are located in: -

y Montreal, Canada- Secretariat and Main Office

y Geneva, Switzerland- Administrative offices and Clearing House.




1.4.3 Advantages of IATA

1.4.3.1 To the Travelling Public. One ticket – one payment; passengers can purchase one ticket for a journey involving many airlines.

1.4.3.2 To the Airline Settlement off accounts for interline revenue transactions between airline, through IATA Clearing House, Geneva.

1.4.3.3 To the Government Economic boost to Travel and Tourism.




1.5 Overview of Product Distribution “Distribution involves activities that make the firms products available to the right customer at the right time for purchase and consumption” Distribution Channels:

Direct Airline Distribution

Indirect Airline Distribution

Airline

City ticket office

Internet Electronic ticketing

Call centres

Sub Agents

Airline

General Sales Agents

IATA approved Agents (Passengers

/Cargo)




Practical - Fundamentals of Aviation

ICAO Circle the correct answer: 1- The year that ICAO was formed: a) 1944 b) 1950 c) 1945 2- The headquarters of ICAO: a) Geneva (Switzerland) b) Montreal (Canada) c) Chicago (United States) 3- The members of ICAO: a) International Airlines b) Domestic Airlines c) Governments 4- Write the full form of the term ICAO 5- Match the following freedoms with the examples 1-Emirates uplifting cargo to Rome from Dubai

a. Freedom 5

2-Thai Airways carrying passengers from Dubai to Frankfurt

b. Freedom 4

3- Egypt Air fight over Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during a flight between Dubai to Cairo

c. Freedom 3

4- Air France uplifting Po. Mail from Dubai to Paris

d. Freedom 2

5- Singapore Airline flight SIN to ROM landing in Dubai for refuelling

e. Freedom 1




IATA Circle the correct answer: 1- The year in which IATA was formed a) 1944 b) 1950 c) 1945 2- The members of IATA a) Airlines b) Governments c) Travel Agents 3- The two main offices of IATA 4- Write the full form of the term IATA

Airline Geography

Module 2



Airline Geography

2. AIRLINE GEOGRAPHY

2.1 INTRODUCTION A good knowledge of airline geography is essential for everyone to work competently in the airline industry. This industry spans the globe and it would be beneficial for us to know what exists in other parts, like countries, capitals, currencies, tourist destinations, and the climate. In this module we will restrict ourselves to Geography as stated by IATA.

2.2 IATA AREAS OF THE WORLD For the purpose of standardisation, IATA has divided the world into three areas also known as Traffic Conferences. (TC) This is done for the purpose of Air Fares and regulations. y IATA Area 1 (TC1) y IATA Area 2 (TC2) y IATA Area 3 (TC3)

2.2.1 Three Letter City/ Airport codes IATA has given 3 letter codes to all cities served by an airline. These codes help in various situations: y In communicating internally and externally with various bodies in the travel industry y In planning itineraries y In maintaining uniformity within the industry

E.g.: y FRA Frankfurt (first three alphabets in the city name) y MNL Manila (choice of three alphabets in the city name) y YMQ Montreal (no relation between the code and the city name)

The codes for all cities in Canada start with the letter Y).

Cities, which are served by multi- airports, have separate codes for each airport. E.g.: yNew York JFK John F. Kennedy LGA La Guardia EWR Newark y Paris CDG Charles de Gaulle ORY Orly LBG Le Bourget



Airline Geography

2.2.2 IATA world map



Airline Geography

2.2.3 IATA world map with areas and sub areas

Traffic Conference 1

Traffic Conference 2 Traffic Conference 3

North, Central and South

America

Europe including part of

Commonwealth of Independent

states (CIS) and adjacent

Islands

Asia and adjacent islands (except

the portion included in Area 2)

Greenland Iceland East Indies

Bermuda Azores Australia and New Zealand

West Indies and Caribbean

Islands

Africa and adjacent islands Pacific Islands not included in

Area 1

Hawaiian Islands (including

Midway and Palmyra)

Ascension Islands

Asia (lying west of the Ural

mountains including Middle

East up to Iran)

Area 1

Area 2

Area 3



Airline Geography

2.2.4 Important Cities with Codes

CITY CITY

CODE

AIRPORT

CODE

COUNTRY AREA

1. ACCRA ACC GHANA 2

2. BANGKOK BKK THAILAND 3

3. BRISBANE BNE AUSTRALIA 3

4. CAIRO CAI EGYPT 2

5. CAPE TOWN CPT SOUTH AFRICA 2

6. CARACAS CCS VENEZUELA 1

7. CASABLANCA CAS CMN MORROCCO 2

8. COLOMBO CMB SRI LANKA 3

9. DELHI DEL INDIA 3

10. DUBAI DXB UAE 2

11. ISTANBUL IST TURKEY 2

12. JOHANNESBURG JNB SOUTH AFRICA 2

13. KARACHI KHI PAKISTAN 3

14. LONDON LON LHR

LGW

UNITED

KINGDOM

2

15. LOS ANGELES LAX USA 1

16. MANILA MNL PHILLIPINES 3

17. MELBOURNE MEL AUSTRALIA 3

18. MEXICO CITY MEX MEXICO 1

19. MOSCOW MOW RUSSIA 2

20. MUMBAI BOM INDIA 3

21. NAIROBI NBO KENYA 2

22. NEW YORK NYC JFK/ LGA/EWR U.S.A 1

23. OSAKA OSA KIX JAPAN 3

24. PERTH PER AUSTRALIA 3

25. RIYADH RUH SAUDI ARABIA 2

26. RIO DE JANEIRO RIO BRAZIL 1

27. ROME ROM FCO ITALY 2

28. SANTIAGO SCL CHILE 1

29. SHANGHAI SHA PVG PEOPLE’S

REPUBLIC

OF CHINA

3

30. SINGAPORE SIN SINGAPORE 3

31. TORONTO YTO YYZ CANADA 1

32. VANCOUVER YVR CANADA 1

33. WELLINGTON WLG NEW ZEALAND 3

NOTE: The corresponding locations of the important cities are shown in the world map on

the next page.



Airline Geography

2.2.4 World map of important cities



Airline Geography

Practical - Airline Geography

1- Write the city codes, airport codes (if applicable), country names and IATA areas

CITY NAME CITY

CODE

AIRPORT

CODE

COUNTRY IATA

AREA

CASABLANCA

TORONTO

SANTIAGO

ROME

CAPETOWN

RIYADH

DELHI

BANGKOK

OSAKA

MELBOURNE

WELLINGTON

2- Check the location of the following cities on the blank map of the world (given on the next

page) and write the corresponding number of the cities in the table below.

E.g. for Dubai the corresponding number on the map is ‘6’.

CITY NAME CITY CODE CITY NUMBER

DUBAI DXB

LONDON LON

NEWYORK NYC

BRISBANE BNE

SHANGHAI SHA

MUMBAI BOM

NAIROBI NBO

JOHANNESBURG JNB

PERTH PER

RIO DE JANEIRO RIO

MOSCOW MOW

VANCOUVER YVR



Airline Geography

Cargo andRamp Operations

Module 3



Cargo and Ramp Operations

3 CARGO AND RAMP OPERATIONS

3.1 GROUND OPERATIONS

What is ‘Ground Operations’?

It refers to the various functions, carried out by the different departments on the ramp and

associated areas, in relation to the handling of a flight.

Following are some of the main departments:

y Baggage Services.

y Ramp Services.

y Operations Services. Let us have a look into each of these departments:

3.1.1 Baggage Services

This unit process the baggage for loading. They also deliver the inbound baggage to the

arrival hall. Another major task carried out by Baggage Services is the sorting and re-

forwarding of all the interline / transfer baggage. Baggage Services department uses

computer systems such as airlines’ DCS (Departure Control System) and BRS ( Baggage

Reconciliation System) to keep track of baggage and maintain records.

The Baggage checked in at the check-in counters, for different flights and different

destinations, finally converge at the Baggage Sorting area.

The massive amount of baggage that accumulates in this area, is sorted out flight-wise,

destination-wise and class-wise and loaded into the designated containers. This process is

carried out using sophisticated scanners, and the details are automatically fed into the

computer system.

This helps the Baggage Services staff to identify the container into which a piece with a

particular Baggage –tag number has been loaded, in case of baggage off- loading.

A minor lapse in the discharge of their duties could result in baggage going to the wrong

destination, and consequent loss or delay in its delivery. This will have a negative impact on

the services provided to the customers and may result in claims. An integral part of the

Baggage Services department is the Mis-handled Baggage unit that looks after baggage

which is lost, pilfered, damaged or found in excess.



Airline Geography

2. AIRLINE GEOGRAPHY

2.1 INTRODUCTION A good knowledge of airline geography is essential for everyone to work competently in the

airline industry. This industry spans the globe and it would be beneficial for us to know what

exists in other parts, like countries, capitals, currencies, tourist destinations, and the climate.

In this module we will restrict ourselves to Geography as stated by IATA.

2.2 IATA AREAS OF THE WORLD

For the purpose of standardisation, IATA has divided the world into three areas also known

as Traffic Conferences. (TC) This is done for the purpose of Air Fares and regulations.

y IATA Area 1 (TC1)

y IATA Area 2 (TC2)

y IATA Area 3 (TC3)

2.2.1 Three Letter City/ Airport codes

IATA has given 3 letter codes to all cities served by an airline. These codes help in various

situations:

y In communicating internally and externally with various bodies in the travel industry

y In planning itineraries

y In maintaining uniformity within the industry

E.g.:

y FRA Frankfurt (first three alphabets in the city name)

y MNL Manila (choice of three alphabets in the city name)

y YMQ Montreal (no relation between the code and the city name)

The codes for all cities in Canada start with the letter Y).

Cities, which are served by multi- airports, have separate codes for each airport.

E.g.:

yNew York

JFK John F. Kennedy

LGA La Guardia

EWR Newark

y Paris

CDG Charles de Gaulle

ORY Orly

LBG Le Bourget




3.1.2 Ramp Services

This department is responsible for the loading and unloading of the flights on the ramp.

This task is carried out under the supervision of the Loading Team Leader, and his team of

loaders. It is done as per the unloading and loading instructions, issued by the Load

Controller. Utmost care needs to be exercised, to avoid the following discrepancies:

yFailure to unload an item of incoming load, resulting in over-carriage to the next

destination.

yLeaving behind a joining item of load, by forgetting to load it.

yFailure to unload and load in compliance with the load plan issued by the

Load Controller.

You’ll never have a product or price advantage again. They

can be easily duplicated, but a strong customer service

culture can’t be copied

�




3.1.3 Operations Services

The two main sections in this department are Load Control and Dispatch. Calculating the

total weight of load and the total weight of the aircraft, as well as advising the captain about

the balance conditions of the aircraft, is the main task of Load Control. Co-ordinating the

tasks of different units to ensure a smooth and on time departure of the flight is the main job

of dispatch.

3.1.3.1 Load Control

As the name suggests, it is the most sensitive and important section dealing with the safety

aspects of the aircraft, in relation to its Weight and Balance.

The Load Controller ascertains the safety of the aircraft by certain calculations, carried out in

the following two documents:

y Load Sheet: Ensures that the aircraft is not overloaded, but is within the safety limits

permitted by the manufacturer.

y Trim Sheet: Ensures that the aircraft is neither too heavy in the front (Nose) nor too

heavy at the rear (Tail), but is well balanced.

These documents are then submitted to the Captain (pilot-in-command), who will perform a

final check on the accuracy of the calculations.




3.1.3.2 Dispatch The overall responsibility for the safe and punctual departure of an aircraft is vested with the Dispatcher. He oversees and co-ordinates the following functions:

y Commencement and finalisation of passenger boarding, within the specified time limits.

y Placement of all related documents on-board, before deadline. y Smooth functioning and completion of the unloading & loading activities y Providing information to the Load Controller y Attending and solving all other problems that may occur in relation to passengers,

crew, load, catering, fuel, flight- plan and delays.

3.1.4 Manuals and Publications

a. IATA Airport Handling Manual: This book describes the content for airport ground handling

b. Dangerous Goods Regulations: This book describes the rules regarding the safe

carriage of dangerous goods by air




PRACTICAL – GROUND OPERATIONS

1- Name the three main departments that come under ‘Ground Operations’?

2- What are the consequences of the discrepancies that could take place at the Baggage

Sorting area?

3- The unloading and loading of an aircraft is a task that needs to be done with utmost care,

to avoid the following three discrepancies.

4- Name the safety related documents prepared by the Load Controller.

5- List three responsibilities of the Dispatcher.

6- List the two manuals used in Airport Ground Operations.




3.2 CARGO

3.2.1 Introduction

Any kind of goods which are carried by means of a vessel, whether Land, Sea or Air is

known as Cargo or Freight. If the goods are transported by air then it is termed as Air Cargo

or Air Freight.

The first known or documented case of carriage of freight by air was in 1932 when Mr.J.R.D

Tata flew a single engined aircraft (De Havilland Puss Moth) from Karachi to Bombay (now

known as Mumbai). This aircraft was carrying post office mail

Shipper or Consignor is the person who sends the cargo, whereas the person who receives the

cargo is the consignee.

The goods themselves are termed as shipments or consignments.

Air transportation is expensive as compared to the other means of transport. However, it

plays an important role in the carriage of time sensitive shipments e.g. documents, medicines,

urgent spare parts, newspapers, magazines and other perishable items.

The main document used for the transportation of cargo is termed as the Air Waybill.

The formalities that are necessary to be completed prior transportation of a shipment are,

packing, marking, labelling, documentation, payment of charges etc.

The IATA CARGO AGENT assists the shipper to complete such formalities.

� Address Customer by Name

JAL -Boeing 747-400F




3.2.2 Other Means of Transport

3.2.3 Advantages of Air Cargo

When we consider other forms of transport, sea freight is the main competitor to air cargo

services. Some of the advantages of air cargo are:

y Low transportation time ( speed )

y Less handling time

y Ideal for high value commodities

y Reduced packing cost

y Increased cash flow and turnover

3.3.4 Unit Load Device (ULD)

These are containers or units which are used to load baggage and cargo in the aircraft.

SEA LAND




3.3.4.1 ULD - Identification

Unit load devices are of different sizes and shapes. The IATA identification code is intended to fully describe the unit load device and therefore combines the factors of type, external dimensions (base size) contour and compatibility. The code also includes an ownership/registration code. The IATA identification code of ULDs consists of nine characters. First character - ULD Category Second character - Base Dimensions Third character - Contour / Compatibility Fourth to Seventh character - Serial Number Eighth & Ninth character - Airline two letter code e.g.: A K E 1234 CX

1 2 3 4 5 (1) - A Certified Aircraft Container (2) - K Base dimensions (3) - E Contour Type (4) - 1234 Serial Number (5) - CX Two letter code of owner airline

3.3.5 Export Cargo Process

The shipper normally contacts an IATA approved agent or the airline for transporting his

goods.

The cargo agent is able to provide the shipper with many services such as, pick-up, packing,

marking, labelling, documentation etc.

In case the shipper does not wish to use a cargo agent, then these formalities must be

undertaken by the shipper.

The marked and labelled goods are taken to the customs personnel for clearance. The goods

are then handed over to the airline, who will then store it until flight loading.

The goods are then loaded onto ULDs (Unit Load Devices) i.e. containers and pallets which

are then taken to the aircraft for loading.




3.3.6 Aircraft Structural Weight Limitations Aircraft is made up of light weight materials. Though they are strong enough they cannot be

loaded without certain restrictions. Metallic strips (stringers) are joined together on a circular

frame to form the fuselage. Beams and cross beams are introduced inside the fuselage and

floor panels are attached to such a network of beams and cross beams. The weight of any load

placed on the hold floor will be transmitted through such beams and cross beams to the

fuselage. Therefore an aircraft hold will have some limitations depending on the strength of

the beams and the number of beams.

3.3.6.1 Area Load The hold area load limitation is expressed in Kgs/sq.ft. to prevent the weight of the load

resting upon a certain area of the compartment floor to exceed the capability of the aircraft

structure underneath the floor (beams, cross beams, attachments to aircraft body)

3.3.6.2 Linear Load The maximum permitted weight of load in a unit length of hold floor. This is expressed in

Kg/inch or kg/ft or kg/m

3.3.6.3 Spreader Board Spreader Boards are used to spread the weight of a shipment evenly on the ULD base or on

the cargo hold floor when its weight exceeds the floor loading limit.

To avoid the spreader from bending, the heavier the load to spread, the thicker the spreader

board must be. To increase its rigidity two or even three spreader boards can be nailed

together.

3.3.6.4 Lashing Standard lashing refers to the typical restrain layout applied to a normal load and consists of

three straps, six tie-down rings and one security rope.

1. One strap is used to restrain against upward movement.

2. One strap will restrain against forward movement and one against backward

movement

3. Each strap must be attached to two tie-down fittings.

4. Side restrain is also provided by the upward restrain on the standard lashing.

5. The security rope is used to prevent the forward and rearward straps from slipping

down.

3.3.6.5 Aircraft Locks Aircraft restraint systems fall into three categories: side restraints, side/vertical restraints and

forward/aft restraints. Each restraint direction is considered separately when

missing/inoperative restraint equipment exists (i.e. forward, aft, side left, side right and

vertical loading).




3.3.7 Import Cargo Process

On arrival at destination, the ULDs are offloaded from the aircraft and taken to the warehouse

for unloading the cargo. The offloaded cargo, is stored in the warehouse until the consignee

comes to collect the cargo. The goods are tallied against a checklist known as arrival cargo

manifest. The airline intimates the consignee of the arrival of the cargo and issues a delivery

order to the consignee after collecting the applicable charges. The delivery order enables the

consignee to take delivery of the goods after customs clearance.

3.3.8 Responsibility of the Shipper

The shipper is obligated to comply with all customs regulations and other governmental

regulations from where he transports the goods as well as, to where the goods are being

flown.

3.3.9 Air cargo Agencies & Competitors

The transportation of cargo outwardly seems to be a simple process, but there are several

commercial entities or organisations that facilitate this transport process. A simple transport

chain might consist of as few as 3 organisations or individuals or could be as many as 20 or

more. In addition to the airline there are several other organisations that take part in the

transportation chain.

Some of the important non-airline organisations involved are;

• The IATA cargo agent

• Air Freight Forwarders & Consolidators

• Others

• Air Cargo Integrators

• 3PL's

• 4PL's

• Banks & Financial Institutions

3.3.10 Manuals and Publications

The air cargo industry uses different manuals/publications to send cargo safely by air. They

are:

a. IATA TACT Rules book: This book describes the rules governing the transport of goods from one place to another

b. IATA TACT Rates book: This book gives the rates between two places c. Dangerous Goods Regulations: This book describes the rules regarding the safe

carriage of dangerous goods by air

d. Live Animal Regulations: This book describes the rules regarding the safe carriage of live animals by air

e. Perishable Cargo Regulations: this book describes the rules regarding the safe carriage of perishable cargo by air.




3.3.11 Main document involved in the carriage of air-cargo

Air Waybill

The Air Waybill is a non- negotiable document, that is prepared by the carrier or the carrier’s

agent based on the information provided by the Shipper. The Air Waybill must be complete

in all respects.




3.3.12 Mode of Payment

Charges Prepaid

When the charges for a consignment are paid at the origin it is termed as charges prepaid

consignment.

Charges Collect

When the charges for a consignment, has to be collected at the destination it is termed as a

charges collect consignment.

3.3.13 Different types of Special Cargo that can be transported by air

Live Animals (AVI)

Many live animals are transported by air. This might be due to different reasons. Most

common cases are cats, dogs and horses which are transported by their owners. Zoological

parks, wildlife sanctuaries also transport animals like lions, zebras, monkeys etc.

Dangerous Goods (DGR)

Dangerous goods are articles or substances which are capable of posing a significant risk to

health, safety, property or the environment when transported by air.

Dangerous goods are classified into nine hazard classes depending on the type of hazard it

poses.

In case such a shipment requires to be transported by air, the shipper needs to complete the

Shipper’s Declaration for Dangerous Goods form, which has to be duly signed and attached

with the Air Waybill.

All permitted dangerous goods can be transported provided they are identified, classified,

packaged, marked and labelled as per the Dangerous Goods Regulations manual.

Hazard Labels are Diamond Shaped with the DG class number mentioned on the bottom

which helps to identify the class they belong to.




Human Remains

Human Remains may be transported, as cremated ashes or non-cremated. Cremated remains

have to be transported in funeral urns, which are efficiently protected against breakage.

Non-cremated remains must be contained in a hermetically sealed inner coffin of lead or zinc,

which in turn must be packed in a wooden coffin.

Valuables

Any article having a declared value of carriage of US Dollars 1000/- or more per kilogram is

termed as Valuable consignment.

Example: Gold Bullion, Bank Notes, Diamonds, Rubies, Jewellery, Watches etc

Perishables

Shipments that need to be transported to destinations within a definite time frame are termed

as perishables. They have to be maintained at specific temperature in order to attain optimum

shelf life.

Example: Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers, Meat, Vaccines, Medicines etc




PRACTICAL – CARGO

1- What are the three different modes of transport?

2- Which is the main document required for transport of goods by air.

3- List three advantages of sending cargo by air.

4- Write the full form of the term ULD.

5- What is the checklist used to tally import cargo known as?

6- What are the two modes of payment for cargo?

7- List three types of special cargo which can be transported by air.

8- What are used to spread the weight of a shipment evenly on the ULD base or on the cargo

hold floor ?

Answers

Answers



Answers

Answers

Practical – 1.Fundamentals of Aviation

ICAO

Circle the correct answer:

1- The year that ICAO was formed:

a) 1944

b) 1950

c) 1945

2- The headquarters of ICAO:

a) Geneva (Switzerland)

b) Montreal (Canada)

c) Chicago (United States)

3- The members of ICAO:

a) International Airlines

b) Domestic Airlines

c) Government

4- Write the full form of the term ICAO

International Civil Aviation Organisation

5- Match the following freedoms with the examples

1-Emirates uplifting cargo to Rome from Dubai

a. Freedom 5

2- Thai Airways carrying passengers from Dubai

to Frankfurt

b. Freedom 4

3- Egypt Air fight over Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

during a flight between Dubai to Cairo

c. Freedom 3

4- Air France uplifting Po. Mail from Dubai to

Paris

d. Freedom 2

5- Singapore Airline flight SIN to ROM landing in

Dubai for refuelling

e Freedom1



Answers

IATA

Circle the correct answer:

1- The year in which IATA was formed

a) 1944

b) 1950

c) 1945

2- The members of IATA

a) Airlines

b) Government

c) Travel Agents

3- The two location of main offices of IATA

Montreal

Geneva

4- Write the full form of the term IATA

International Air Transport Association



Answers

Practical – 2.2 Airline Geography

1- Write the city codes, airport codes (if applicable), country names and IATA areas

CITY NAME CITY

CODE

AIRPORT

CODE

COUNTRY IATA

AREA

CASABLANCA CAS CMN MORROCCO 2

TORONTO YVR YYZ CANADA 1

SANTIAGO SCL - CHILE 1

ROME ROM FCO ITALY 2

CAPETOWN CPT - SOUTH AFRICA 2

RIYADH RUH - SAUDI ARABIA 2

DELHI DEL - INDIA 3

BANGKOK BKK - THAILAND 3

OSAKA OSA KIX JAPAN 3

MELBOURNE MEL - AUSTRALIA 3

WELLINGTON WLG - NEW ZEALAND 3

2- Check the location of the following cities on the blank map of the world (given on the next

page) and write the corresponding number of the cities in the table below.

E.g. for Dubai the corresponding number on the map is ‘6’.

Practic

al – 3.3 Ground Operations

CITY NAME CITY CODE CITY NUMBER

DUBAI DXB 6

LONDON LON 4

NEWYORK NYC 2

BRISBANE BNE 12

SHANGHAI SHA 10

MUMBAI BOM 9

NAIROBI NBO 7

JOHANNESBURG JNB 8

PERTH PER 11

RIO DE JANEIRO RIO 3

MOSCOW MOW 5

VANCOUVER YVR 1



Answers

1- Name the three main departments that come under ‘Ground Operations’?

2- What are the consequences of the discrepancies that could take place at the Baggage

sorting area?

Baggage may go to the wrong destination which may result in loss or delay in delivery.

3- The unloading and loading of an aircraft is a task that needs to be done with utmost care,

to avoid the following three discrepancies.

1- Failure to unload an item of incoming load.

2- Leaving behind a joining item of load.

3- Failure to unload and load in compliance with the load plan.

4- Name the safety related documents prepared by the Load Controller.

Load Sheet.

Trim Sheet.

5- List three responsibilities of the Dispatcher.

Placement of all related documents on-board, before deadline.

Smooth functioning and completion of the unloading & loading activities.

Providing information to the Load Controller

2- Ramp Services

1- Baggage Services

3- Operations Services



Answers

Practical – 3.4 Cargo

1- What are the three different modes of transport?

Land

Sea

Air

2- Which is the main document required for transport of goods by air.

Air Waybill

3- List three advantages of sending cargo by air.

Low transportation time (speed)

Ideal for high value commodities

Reduced packing cost

4- Write the full form of the term ULD.

Unit Load Device

5- What is the checklist used to tally import cargo known as?

Arrival Cargo Manifest

6- What are the two modes of payment for cargo?

Prepaid

Charges Collect

7- List three types of special cargo which can be transported by air.

Live Animals

Valuables

Dangerous Goods

8- What are used to spread the weight of a shipment evenly on the ULD base or on the cargo

hold floor ?

Spreader Boards

Emirates Aviation CollegeAirline & Agency Training

P O Box 28444, Dubai, UAEPhone: +971-4-2868118Fax: +971-4-283 1646 Email: [email protected]

Dnata Cargo_Study Material

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