DNA/RNA, Transcription/Translation,

& Mitosis/Meiosis Review

What is(are) the function(s) of nucleic acids?

A. Storage

B. Transmission

C. Expression

D. All of the above

What does DNA stand for?

• Deoxyribonucleic Acid

What does RNA stand for?

• Ribonucleic Acid

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide (nucleic acid)?

• Nitrogenous Base

• 5-Carbon Sugar

• Phosphate Group

What 2 Nitrogenous Bases are classified as Purines?

• Adenine & Guanine

What 3 Nitrogenous Bases are classified as Pyrimdines?

• Cytosine

• Uracil

• Thymine

Nitrogenous BasesPurines

• Adenine (A)

• Guanine (G)– pure As Gold

Pyrimdines

• Cytosine (C)

• Uracil (U)

• Thymine (T)• C U T the py

Who created the model for the Double Helix molecule of DNA?A. Watson and Crick

B. Meischier and Mendel

C. Pastuer and Luewenhooke

D. Hooke and Watson

Nitrogenous base pairingA ?G ?

What type of bonds determine base pairing in DNA?

A. Nitrogen bonds

B. Carbon bonds

C. Hydrogen bonds

D. Oxygen bonds

How many Hydrogen Bonds are there between A and T?

• 2 hydrogen bonds

How many Hydrogen Bonds are there between G and C?

• 3 hydrogen bonds

Nitrogen Base Pairing in DNAHydrogen bonds determine nitrogen base pairing

• Adenine (A) Thymine (T)

• Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)

DNA vs. RNA• Double stranded

• Deoxyribose sugar

• Bases: C,G A,T

• Self replicate

• Single stranded

• Ribose sugar

• Bases: C,G,A,U

• Can’t self replicate

• mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Both contain a sugar, phosphate, and base.

What is the 1st step in DNA Replication?

• DNA Strand unwinds or splits

Amino Acids are the building blocks of

A. DNA

B. isotopes

C. proteins

D. viruses

When a nitrogen base becomes bonded to a sugar that is bonded

to a phosphate, the resulting molecule is called a

A. nucleotide

B. amino acid

C. bacteriophage

D. enzyme

Nucleotides

Chemical analysis has shown that the number of adenine

molecules in a sample of DNA is always the same as the number of molecules of

A. thymine

B. guanine

C. cytosine

D. uracil

The Mechanisms by which DNA strands pair is

A. entanglement via the helical structure

B. ionic bonding between phospate groups

C. interaction between the sugar-phosphate backbones

D. hydrogen bonding between nitrogen bases

Genetic information is passed from parent to offspring in the

form ofA. DNA

B. RNA

C. proteins

D. amino acids

A codon is translated by a cell. The information received

codes for a

A. protein

B. nucleic Acid

C. amino acid

D. gene

There are exceptions, but in general, the basic flow of genetic information

in living organisms is from

A. Nucleotides and proteins

B. DNA to RNA to protein

C. RNA to DNA to amino acids

D. Protein to RNA to DNA

Watson and Crick described the DNA molecules as a

A. Straight chain

B. Double-stranded molecule

C. Single-stranded molecule

D. Branching chain

Why does adenine pair only with thymine and cytosine only with

guanine in a DNA molecule

A. Adenine and cytosine are acids, and guanine and thymine are bases

B. Their molecular shape determines how they are paired

C. They do not

D. Adenine sometimes pairs with uracil in DNA

Which molecule acts as a proofreader during DNA

replication?

A. DNA ligase

B. histones

C. Nucleosomes

D. DNA polymerase

Genes act by directing the synthesis of

A. Carbohydrates

B. Proteins

C. Lipids

D. Sugar

“Working Tapes” of instructions that are carried to the ribosomes

areA. Protein molecules

B. tRNA molecules

C. mRNA molecules

D. DNA molecules

DNA controls protein synthesis by

A. Encoding amino-acid sequence

B. activating enzymes

C. organizing molecules

D. directly copying proteins

Which of the following in not a representative of known types of RNA molecules?

A. messenger RNA (mRNA)

B. previous RNA (pRNA)

C. transfer RNA (tRNA)

D. ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

The sequence of nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule

(mRNA) is determined by the sequence

A. transfer RNA (tRNA) moleculeB. protein moleculeC. polysaccharide moleculeD. DNA molecule

In a cell, the transfer of genetic information from

DNA to RNA occurs in the

A. cell membrane

B. nucleus

C. endoplasmic reticulum

D. nucleolus

DNA in the nucleus controls the activities in the rest of the cell by serving as a blueprint for

A. lipids

B. sugars

C. enzymes

D. RNA

Proteins are an excellent mechanism by which genetic information is expressed

because unlike sugars, lipids, and nucleotides, proteins

A. can be metabolized to make energy that will be used throughout the body.

B. can be structural or catalytic molecules or may be involved in cell-cell communication

C. are easily transported in the body

D. can replicated themselves

Gene expression begins with

A. RNA synthesis

B. metabolism of sugars

C. ribosomes

D. rearrangement of bases

During protein synthesis, the substance that attaches to a

particular amino-acid molecule and positions it on a ribosome is

A. tRNA

B. mRNA

C. DNA

D. ADP

Where does translation take place?

A. ribosomes

B. mitochondria

C. nuclei

D. nucleoli

Every one of the cells in the body contain exactly the same

A. cytoplasm

B. ribosomes

C. mutations

D. instructions

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

The two chromosomes that decide you sex or gender are

the X or the

A. X

B. Y

C. Z

D. X’

Why do cells need to divide?

1. Needed for development

2. Needed for growth

3. Need to replace dead dying cells

4. All of the above

Mitosis is cell division.

1. True

2. False

What is mitosis?

1. Process by which cells make a duplicate set of chromosomes

2. Cell division

3. The # of chromosomes is reduced by half

4. When water moves in and out of cells

What are the phases of mitosis?

1. Prophase, Metapahse, Prophase II, Anaphase II

2. Telophase, Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase II

3. Interphase, Metaphase, Prophase, Telophase, Anaphase

4. Prophase, Telophase II, Prometaphase, Anaphase

Phases of Mitosis1. Interphase

2. Propahse

3. Metaphase

4. Anaphase

5. Telophase

What phase of mitosis is this?

Interphase

What phase of mitosis is this?

Metaphase

What phase of mitosis is this?

Telophase

What phase of mitosis is this?

Prophase

What phase of mitosis is this?

Anaphase

How long does mitosis take?

1. 1 – 2 days

2. 30 min.

3. 50 – 90 min

4. 1 week

Prior to meiosis the chromosome count is __ and after meiosis the

chromosome count is ___.

1. 46, 35

2. 46, 23

3. 56, 10

4. 23, 46

When we lined up chromosomes according to their size and shape

it is called_________?

1. Karyotype

2. Sequencing

3. Ordering

4. Fission

What stage in meiosis does crossing over (synapse) occur?

1. Anaphase II

2. Telophase I

3. Prophase I

4. Metaphase II

Prophase I: •  Prophase I: Homologues condense and synapse

(overlap), exchanging DNA by 'crossing over’ : sections of chromosomes from homologues are swapped. The result: chromosomes after meiosis are genetically unique and have combinations of DNA derived from both parents.

Picture of Meiosis

Picture of Meiosis

The end product of meiosis is 4 identical daughter cells.

• True

• False