DNA: The Molecule of Life
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Transcript of DNA: The Molecule of Life
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DNA: The Molecule of Life
Alan D. MoralesBiology
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Introduction Genetic code: the program of the
cell that is passed from one generation to another; tells cells what to do and how to do it Must be able to:
1. duplicate itself quickly and accurately 2. be decoded and put into effect
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Discovery of DNA Griffith: 1928--discovered transformation of
bacteria Avery: 1944-discovered that DNA was the
transforming factor Hershey and Chase: 1952-studied whether
viruses that infect bacteria inject protein or DNA
PA Levine- Discovered the nitrogenous bases, deoxyribose, and phosphate group.
Franklin and Wilkins: DNA has a helical structure
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What is DNA? Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid Chargraff
A=T, G=C James Watson and Francis
Crick Model of DNA
Double stranded structure Bases inside
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DNA-Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
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What is DNA Made of? 5-carbon sugar
(Deoxyribose) Phosphate Nitrogenous Base
Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)
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What are the Structures of the bases? Purines
Adenine
Guanine
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What are the structures of the bases? Pyrimidines
Thymine
Cytosine
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A View of base pairing A:T
2 hydrogen bonds
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A View of Base Pairing G:C
3 hydrogen bonds
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What is important about base pairs? Can predict sequence of one
strand based on the sequence of the other.
Replication and Transcription Repair of damaged DNA
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Linking it all together:
A, G, C or T
What makes DNA Different from RNA?
Forms sugar Phosphate Backbone
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Where is DNA in the cell? Prokaryotic cell: Cytoplasm Eukaryotic cell: in the
chromosomes
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DNA-Chromosome Formation http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/
media/action/yt/watch?videoId=4PKjF7OumYo
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DNA Replication: Why?
When cells divides, each new cell needs it’s own copy of DNA.
Where? Nucleus in Eukaryotes. Cytosol in Prokaryotes
When? S phase of Interphase
What causes? DNA Polymerase
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DNA Replication
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DNA Replication DNA Helicase cause DNA to unwind and
unzip SSB: Single strand binding protein keeps
DNA separated RNA Primase add a short segment on
each end DNA Polymerase causes addition of new
nucleotides 3’ to 5’ direction Leading and Lagging strand Matching on Base pairing
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DNA Replication Okazaki fragment
is small segment of lagging strand of DNA formed during replication
DNA Ligase connect the Okazaki fragments
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Comparing DNA Replication in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes cells Eukaryotes cells unwind in multiple
areas Prokaryotes cells unwind only in
area of replication
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DNA Replication Lab DNA Replication Video
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RNA Transcription
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Transcription DNA RNA What is the difference between DNA
and RNA? Sugar: Ribose Strands: 1 Instead of thymine
=Uracil A, U, C, G
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Types of RNA mRNA-messenger RNA
Take message from DNA out of nucleus to ribosomes
tRNA-transfer RNA Transfer code to protein
rRNA-ribosomal RNA Assist with making protein
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Transcription Where?
Nucleus in Eukaryotes Cytosol in Prokaryotes
What? DNA copied/written by mRNA
When? When protein is needed
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Transcription How?
RNA polymerase Base-pairing
A-U and G-C Only one strand
RNA Synthesis Animation
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Transcription
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Transcription Lab
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Translation Language of RNA
instructions A, U, G, C
Codon: three consecutive nucleotides that forms a specific single amino acid from mRNA. 1 codon=3 nucleotides
Anticodon-3 consecutive nucleotides that from tRNA
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Codon tRNA Molecule
Example: UCGCACGGU UCG-CAC-GGU Serine-Histidine-Glycine
UCG=Serine CAC=Histidine GGU=Glycine
Start Codon AUG
Stop Codon UAA, UAG, UGA
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Amino Acids-Proteins Amino acids are
attached to tRNA Amino acids joined
together into long chains to make proteins
Protein properties are determined by order of amino acid.
20 different amino acids
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The Genetic Code
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Translation What?
mRNA with tRNA & rRNA Protein Where?
Cytosol When?
When proteins are needed Why?
Proteins are vital for cells
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Translation How?
Ribosomal Subunits mRNA, tRNA, & rRNA
Stages of Translation Initiation: AUG starts process Elongation: Amino acids attach to each
other Termination: ends with stop codon
Translation Animation
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Quick Lab1. What is the difference between DNA and RNA? 2. Replicate the following DNA Molecule: (hint: in DNA
Replication you will match it to another DNA molecule): GACAAGTCCACAATC
3. Transcribe the following DNA Molecule (hint: in Transcription you will match it to mRNA molecule): GACAAGTCCACAATC
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Genetic Code
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Quick Lab Answers1. What is the difference between DNA and
RNA?1. Sugar: Ribose2. Strands: 13. Instead of thymine
2. Replication of DNA Molecule: CTGTTCAGGTGTTAG
3. Transcribe into mRNA molecule: CUGUUCAGGUGUUAG
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Protein Synthesis Review Replicate the following DNA
molecule DNA: GACTTACCGGGA DNA: CTGAATGGCCCT
Transcribe the following DNA molecule DNA: GACTTACCGGGA mRNA: CUGAAUGGCCCU
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Protein Synthesis Review Translate the
following RNA molecule into a protein mRNA:
CUGAAUGGCCCU tRNA:
GACUUACCGGGA GAC-UUA-CCG-GGA Aspartic Acid-Leucine-Proline-
Glycine
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Pop Quiz1. Translate following
mRNA molecule: GACAAGUCCACAAUC 1. tRNA strand:2. Amino Acid:
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Pop Quiz Answers1. Translate from mRNA molecule to
amino acid sequence via tRNA1. tRNA strand: CUG-UUC-AGG-UGU-UAG2. Amino Acid: Leucine-Phenylalanine-Arginine-
Cysteine-Stop
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Genes and Protein Genes contain information to
assembly Protein Proteins carry out the instructions
of the genes One gene-One enzyme
Beadle-Tatum
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Gene Regulation Ability of an organism to control
which genes are transcribed in response to the environment
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Gene Regulation Prokaryote Cells
Operon-Segment of DNA that contains genes for the protein in specific metabolic pathway
Eukaryote Cells Regulate protein synthesis using
various transcription factors, nucleosomes structures and RNA interferences
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Why is this important? Mutations Genetic
Engineering Gene Splicing
Cloning
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Mutations Mutation-change in the DNA
sequence that affect genetic information
Types of Mutations Point Mutation Chromosomal Mutation
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Mutations Point Mutation-
one nucleotide has changed
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Mutations Chromosomal
Mutation changes in the
number or structure of the chromosome
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Body cell vs. Sex cell Mutations Somatic cell
Mostly neutral mutation
Are not passed on to offspring
Sex Cell Mutations are
passed on to offspring
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The End