DNA Technology
description
Transcript of DNA Technology
![Page 1: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
DNA TechnologyChapter 13
![Page 2: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
DNA Technology Genetic Engineering
Uses: Cure Diseases Treat Genetic Disorders Improve Food Crops Improve Human Lives
![Page 3: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Restriction Enzymes (R.E.) Bacterial enzymes that cut DNA into
pieces R.E. recognizes specific nucleotide
sequences
![Page 4: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
“Sticky ENDs” Single chain “tails” of DNA that are
created on each DNA segment
Sticky Ends readily bond to complementary chains of DNA
![Page 5: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Cloning Vectors Restriction Enzymes can isolate specific
gene Can be transferred by a cloning vector
to an organism
PLASMID Small ring of DNA found in bacteria
that can serve as a cloning vector
![Page 6: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Procedure for using cloning vectors
Restriction enzymes cut the plasmid open. Donor gene is spliced in to the plasmidSpecific gene isolated from another organism Plasmid is returned to the bacterium The gene is replicated as the bacterium is
copiedEACH PLASMID HAS A GENE CLONE- exact copy of gene
![Page 8: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Transplanting Genes Plasmids transfer a gene to a
bacterium so it will produce a specific protein.
EXAMPLE: INSULIN production
Large quantities are produced by inserting a human gene for insulin into a bacterium
![Page 10: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Isolating Genes Isolate Human DNA and Plasmid from
DNA Use Restriction Enzyme to cut DNA Splice the DNA into the plasmid to
create a GENOMIC LIBRARY
Thousands of DNA pieces from a genome that have been inserted into a cloning vector 13-4a
![Page 12: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Producing Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA:
DNA from 2 or more sources
13-4c
![Page 14: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
DNA Technology TechniquesDNA Fingerprints: Pattern of bands made up of specific
fragments from an individuals DNA.
Banding patterns can be determined how closely related different organisms are.
![Page 18: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Making a DNA FINGERPRINTRFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms
1. Remove DNA and cut into fragments with restriction enzymes
2. Separate the fragments with Gel Electrophoresis
Procedure that separates nucleic acids based on size and charge.
![Page 20: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Making a DNA Fingerprint 3. Make visible only the bands being compared. DNA fragments are blotted onto the filter paper.4. Form PROBES : Radioactive segments of DNA
complementary to the segments being compared .
Form visible bands when exposed to photographic film.
Bands can be analyzed
![Page 21: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Accuracy of the Fingerprints Based on how unique the prints are A complete DNA sequence is NOT
USED, only a small portion. VERY ACCURATE since they focus on
unique regions – (non-coding areas) They look for repeat patterns at 5
different sites. LESS than 1 in 1 million chance of non-
twins having the same patterns
![Page 23: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction
Procedure for making many copies of the selected segments of the available DNA
PIC
![Page 24: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction
1. A sample of DNA2. A supply of the 4 DNA Nitrogen bases
(A,T,C,G)3. DNA Polymerase (enzyme that glues
DNA)4. PRIMERS:
> Artificially made single strand of DNA required to initiate replication
![Page 25: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction
What is needed and the procedures:5. Incubation (with all ingredients)6. DNA will quickly double – Every 5 minutes7. New samples will make a DNA fingerprint8. Only need about 50 blood cells to make a sample rather than 5,000 to 50,000 for RFLP analysis.
![Page 26: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
THE Human Genome Project THE START OF THE PROJECT:
In 1990, the National Institutes of HEALth (NIH) and the Department of ENERGY joined with international partners in a quest to sequence all 3 billion base pairs, In the human genome.
Projected to take 15 years to complete
![Page 27: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Human Genome Project The Completion of the Project:
In April 2003, researchers successfully completed the Human Genome Project
Under budget and more then 2 years ahead of schedule
![Page 28: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The Human Genome ProjectWhat have we achieved with the HGP:
Fueled the discovery of more than 1,800 disease genes
There are more than 1,000 genetic tests for human conditions
![Page 29: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The Human Genome ProjectThe Future: Completion of the HapMap (a catalog
of common genetic variation, or haplotypes)
Genetic factors for many common diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, and mental illness, will be found in the next few years.
![Page 30: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
A Copy of Your Personal Genome
Currently too costly ( approx $20,000 as of July 2010)
NIH will strive to cut the cost of sequencing an individual’s genome to $1,000 or less.
Having one’s complete genome sequence will make it easier to diagnose, manage, and treat many diseases.
![Page 31: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Individualized Care based on your Genome
Powerful form of preventive, personalized, and preemptive medicine.
Tailoring recommendations to each person’s DNA, health care professionals will be able to work with individuals to focus efforts on the specific strategies
EXAMPLES: Diet and high-tech medical surveillance
![Page 32: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Gene Therapy Technique that uses genes to treat or prevent
disease. Treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a
patient’s cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
EXAMPLES: Replacing a mutated gene that causes
disease with a healthy copy of the gene. Inactivating, or “knocking out,” a mutated
gene that is functioning improperly. Introducing a new gene into the body to help
fight a disease
![Page 33: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Gene Therapy Successes Nasal sprays for CF patients
![Page 34: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Problems with Gene TherapyGene Therapy has had limited success
It poses one of the greatest technical challenges in modern medicine
1. Corrected gene must be delivered to several million cells
2. Genes must be activated 3. Concern that the genes may go to the
wrong cells.4. Concern that germ cells (sex cells) would
get the genes and be passed to offspring.
![Page 35: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Problems with Gene Therapy
5. Immune response- body will fight off the vector as a foreign invader.6. Gene gets “stitched” into a wrong space and knocks out an important gene
Patients treated for SCID’s developed Leukemia- It was found that new gene interfered with a gene that controls the rate of cell division.
![Page 36: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
What are the Ethical Issues with Gene Therapy:
Altering GERM-LINE (sex cells)
Genetic enhancement
Concerns with past practices of EUGENICS- Adolf Hitler
eu·gen·ics The study of hereditary improvement of the human race by controlled selective breeding.
![Page 37: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Pic
![Page 39: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Producing Pharmaceutical Products
Can be produced more inexpensively
INSULIN: produced in bulk by bacteria
![Page 40: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Genetically Engineered Vaccines
VACCINE: Harmless version of a virus or bacterium
DNA technology may produce safer vaccines
![Page 41: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Increasing Agricultural Yields
Can insert genes into plants to make them resistant to pests
Crops that don’t need fertilizer
Ex: Genetically enhanced tomatoes that ripen without becoming soft
![Page 42: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Concerns with Genetically Engineered Foods
FDA requires scientific evidence that allergy- inducing properties have not been introduced into the food.
If a food contains a new protein, carbohydrate, or fat it must be approved by the FDA for sale.
Concerns that they could spread creating “SUPERWEEDS”
![Page 44: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Examples of Super weeds
Super WeedBiotechnology. A wild plant that has been accidentally pollinated by a genetically-modified plant and now contains that plant's abilities to resist herbicides and insects
![Page 45: DNA Technology](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062815/568168f4550346895ddffe9c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Let’s REVIEW