DNA Secret of Photo 51

7/28/2019 DNA Secret of Photo 51

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DNA Secret of Photo 51 (NOVA)

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as the world comes to an end

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scientists discovered the secret of the data

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unleashing death and destruction on and unimaginable scale

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bailey says he's discovered

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the secret of life

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it will be defined of the century

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it's made first nineteen fifty two

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and when the scientists gathered at the royal society don't know

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the sentence very moment

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close by in london land

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an x_-ray camera is clicking on the one hundred our exposure of something called

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go independent

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this photograph

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revealed the structure of d_n_a_

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and this through understanding how the blueprint from all life on earth

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he's passed down from generation to generation

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two of the most determined detectives

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are francis creek

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anti-american jane's marks

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also in the room society

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is a thirty one-year-old british scientist named

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rosalindfranklin

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she is responsible

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for the crucial x-ray photo

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as watson creek and their colleague mars wilkins strive to solve the puzzle of

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d_n_a_

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franklin's were will pave the way

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without her knowledge

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they will gain access to her findings

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and her remarkable x_-ray image of d_n_a_

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it would be to one of the greatest discoveries in science

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and some believe

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to one of its greatest injustices

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up next on nova

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rosalindfranklin

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and the secret

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a photo fifty one

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corporate funding for nova is provided by sprint

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and microsoft

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additional funding is provided by the park foundation

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dedicated to the are

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environ

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the corporation for public broadcasting and by contributions to your p_b_s_

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station from viewers like you

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in nineteen sixty two

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a nobel prize is awarded to james watson francis crick

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and maurice wilkins

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for their groundbreaking work on d_n_a_

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it is one of the greatest achievements in the history of science

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often described as the key

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to unlocking the secret of life

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a few years later

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james watson publishes his personal account of the discovery

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in the double helix this land bestselling book

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he depicts the race to determine the structure of d_n_a_

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and introduces a little-known scientist named

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rosalindfranklin

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i don't think anybody would have heard of rosalindfranklin massively wouldn't

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have written a book

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unless james watson nineteen sixty eight in britain the double helix

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but in it this is character of the terrible rosie astm

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bad tempered blues stalking who according to data wouldn't let them and

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see if you had and dot lashed out at all of the narrow terrified of her

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and it really makes the whole story go

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watson's casting of franklin is villain

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works as a literary device

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but who she is in his book

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and who she was in real life

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are quite different

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and unfortunately

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franklin wasn't around to defend herself

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she died at the age of thirty seven

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a decade before the double helix was published and became a bestseller

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when the double helix was in rough draft

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harvard university press which is planning to publish it

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asked that all those so candidly mentioned being given a chance to read

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it

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and they did and wilkins and creek above all that not only objected most strongly

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as francis crick crick who wants in

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your book is misleading and in bad taste

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it does not eliminate the process of scientific discovery it distorts it

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mars will continue playing the book was

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unfair to almost everyone mentioned

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except professor watson himself

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and referring to rosalindfranklin he asked watson

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is there any mention in your book

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that she died

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our focal length objecting to

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the vocals is for sure also that there is always something that sort of out the

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wrong clothing or something rifled through this is a

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uh...

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pretty annoying

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that i had not true

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and then she was

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to say the least very presentable king

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who was the real rosalindfranklin

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and what is her contribution

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to one of the greatest breakthroughs in science

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rosalind franklin was born in london in nineteen twenty

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into a family that achieved well through banking and publishing

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they had approach addition of scholarship philanthropy and involvement

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in social causes

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the friends and family

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was one of a very select group of english jews

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who came to india during the eighteenth century

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they became very wealthy they are very close network uh...

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very intuition and madam language than english

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from an early age rosalind stands out

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she enjoys memory games

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and and and writes

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rosalind is alarmingly clapper

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she spends all the time doing arithmetic for pleasure

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and invariably gets her son's right

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her parents center just saint paul's girls school

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which despite its name had no church affiliation

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what it did have

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was a strong tradition of preparing girls for a career

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sandwich three and a m piper attended saint paul's

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and were rosalind franklin's lifelong friends

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sealaska their status out and she was the best of mass and she was just

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one of the best in that

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the best actress and that the air

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he played in the to use

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skulking cross

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yes that pull cricket she can't buy it and if using her mind play

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with having certain that rebel attack

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he always expected

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he she undertook something

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you're on the east

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that cigarette wish to make the workbook expected to be that that's

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well rosalind excels academically

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the outside world is encroaching

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the nazis are on the march

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as jewish refugees flee the nazi onslaught

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the fragments are active

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in finding safe haven in england

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for those who managed to escape

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rosalind is anxious to do something useful with her life

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she finishes a year early at saint paul's

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and wins a scholarship to study physics and chemistry at cambridge university

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in nineteen thirty eight

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crossnine arrives here at noon and college one of the women's colleges of

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cambridge university and classes she's introduced to the new subject of x-ray

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crystallography

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this technique can reveal the hidden atomic structure of matter

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case christian for

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atoms are too small to see under light microscopes

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so crystallogr first shoot invisible x_-rays again which then counsel order

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from

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onto a detector such as film

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by applying that to the diffraction pattern it's possible to calculate the

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three-dimensional form of even the most complex molecules

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inner extreme diffraction work

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rosalind joins the small band of the human race for whom

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tiny specks of matters realist billiard balls

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in nineteen thirty nine

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as franklin steps into the world of science

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cambridge university points its first female professor

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and britain prepares for the german invasion

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by the time she graduates

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franklin is determined to contribute to the war effort

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her father pressures her to carry on the family's charitable tradition

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she replies that she would be of little use in anything but science

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when he excuses her making science religion she writes

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in my view

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all that is necessary for faith

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is the belief that by doing our best

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we shall succeed in our teams

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the improvement of mankind

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cambridge really did for ruslan everything that it would university

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should

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they gave her a profession a philosophy of life in a blue to distance herself

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from her parents

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she originally to a socially and politically aware individual

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and she was ready to become a working scientist

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she joined the war ever doing research on cold

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her experiments led to a better gas mask and valuable contribution to inland

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under attack

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she published five landmark papers

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still psyche today

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and she is awarded her p_h_d_

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when the war was over

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her experience earned her the job offer of her dreams

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our research decision in one of the best blacks in paris

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one of her closest colleagues and friends up in the port wide

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is victoria lives up to you

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here in a restaurant across london chewing

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she dot

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she loved life today that quite ki

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she was very happy

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she took a flat on a little street behind the church of sense of peace

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in the sixth are on the small

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she wore the latest in paris fashion

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dealers in new york

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for the new one

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she shopped in the fresh air markets

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and took great pleasure cooking for her friends

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she walk to work along the seine

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passing in the shadow of military don

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to the board wants to try

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twelve kato he cast

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it was here

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in a collegial atmosphere

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the franklin perfected her techniques of x-ray diffraction

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she had uh...

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just a feeling for the work for experimental work she loved it

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uh... she loves being in the laboratory

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and a lot of people who were very very good scientists in even greater

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experimental scientist

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view that is drudgery that they have to get through to get an answer where she

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actually love the process of science

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franklin was gaining an international reputation

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speaking at conferences and publishing in professional journals

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and abit hiker she took trips with colleagues to norway

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whales and the alps

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her research was not without its risks

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lab workers were periodically checked for overexposure to x_-rays

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and when franklin exceeding safe levels she was upset that she had to stay away

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from the lab for a few weeks

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after four years in paris

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he faced a decision

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she she stay in france or returned home to england

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she asked the advice of dorothy hodgkin

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a renowned crystal offer for and one of only ten women to win a nobel prize

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and it lost

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dollars he's advise that he was

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time for

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to make up for him

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if he can def she decided

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had a scientific life the england

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he should go down

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and she left reluctant introductory happy to leave perry's i think that

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uh...

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indicate if you if you have to make it enough to some extent it cruel

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franklin is offered a position at king's college in london

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a highly prestigious research center

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she's hired by katie randall the director of the biophysics lab

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to create an x-ray diffraction unit

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to investigate the structure of proteins

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she accepts the offer

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the rights to a friend

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to change the banks of the senate for seller on the strength seems to me quite

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insane

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but as she is leaving parents she receives a letter from random

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shifting her focus from proteins

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to the little understood substance called d_n_a_

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rosalindfranklin these thirty years old

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as she unwittingly enters and undeclared race to unravel the secrets of life

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so this is d_n_a_

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it's really beautiful and amazing stuff

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responsible for heredity the genetic material

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some would argue that if the blueprint for every cell in your body

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the timeline rosalindfranklin started working on d_n_a_

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wasn't at all clear what do you really look like

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or how might work

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in nineteen forty three

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after a decade of work

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household adrian his team at rockefeller university transferred d_n_a_ from the

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disease-causing strain of bacteria into a harmless train

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the harmless trained turned virulent

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strongly suggesting the link between d_n_a_

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and her attitude

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every six perez show that

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genetic characteristics of one organism could be transferred to another we

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showed that d_n_a_ was that the other all of that transformation that d_n_a_

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was the genetic material at that conclusion was by no means universally

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accepted

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d_n_a_ was thought to consist of sugar and phosphates in long chains of some

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unknown shame

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it also appeared to have just four other chemical ingredients called basis

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but how could such a simple molecule be responsible for the diversity of all

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life on earth

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some believe that discovering the structure of d_n_a_

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would lead to an answer

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that was franklin's assignment when she arrives at king's college london in

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january nineteen fifty-one

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now a professor at kings

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raymond goslings a p_h_d_ student in biophysics at the time of franklin's

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arrival

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but i thought stead

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in the forty nine fifty

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what their walls

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walls a bomb crater

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of remains of the second world war

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we have to walk around the pond faith that i mean here

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through the main

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all of the college

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uh... copies

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this corridor

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right at the end of the matter crocodile

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x_-ray diffraction

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yes

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yes now this is quite close

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to what it was actually like

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this is about the size

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all the road

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and as you see it right in the basement

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said gives you a sort of taste

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to the following via us

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type environment in which

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the early work was done

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despite the war ravaged facilities

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king's college was the place to be for d_n_a_ research

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uh... boris wilkins as is all

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this just through these doors of those days

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marce wilkins a physicist fresh from the manhattan project

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took some of the first x-ray diffraction images and d_n_a_ here

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he had to improvise every step to cope with the labs antiquated technology

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marist came over and humble clothes day

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and we decided that course this this was a dreadful etiologic

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and he full for a bit

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then took a combo lock in his pocket and said here you are elect

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poke the column a test for that

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and so we did

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franklin quickly adjusted to the physical limitations of the land

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but not to the segregated boys club culture of king's college

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genocide

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in king's college

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and or what she told us impolitic continues to cry and and the fact that

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day

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common room lunch pace comes from britain to wean

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sounded

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but maybe you cannot have tried to block andy

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dr candlelight we would like to that

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anyway to be for being a big because the light bulb clergymen

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hope we do it

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to make matters worse there is confusion over who was in charge

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franklin

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or morris will convince

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at the time of her arrival wilkins was on holiday

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while he was gone

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his p_h_d_ student raymond gosling was put under franklin supervision

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we will constrictor nd he walked into a vastly improved lab

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but it was in his anymore

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he lost his lap and his p_h_d_ student

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and rosalindfranklin

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whom we thought was going to be his assistant

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turned out to be better trained

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and already working independently

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when he checked in on her progress

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he was rebuffed

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he just said go back to the left foot

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person of the world of mental health care all about

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so we have a wrenched restful

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aspect which does not held

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abroad portion of the fork as a result

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this stressful relationship between wilkinson franklin

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arose from a miscommunication it originated with the director of the lapd

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j_t_ rental

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here we have

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copies

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overalls on franklin's working notebooks

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sarin crew nobel prize winner and former president arroyo society was franklin's

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last collaborator

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after her death

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he studied her notebooks and letters

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including the one for rental

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and in december nineteen fifty

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he writes her letter

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unlike credit

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this means that as far as the experimental x_-ray efforts is concerned

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there will be at the moment only yourself engulfs layton

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that's left so

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um... was not seen by wilkins

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and that fact and the fact that wilkins was not present when friends in the ride

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at king's college in general nineteen fifty-one

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led to a great deal of dissension

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later on

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she thought

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picture washington indonesia trip

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and mortage salt that you want

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teach

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and that was a misunderstanding

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individual to read a bit that remained standing lives

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en route

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protection board if we can squid

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that kind of indignation dictionaries believed that broadly

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why did this kind of unclear situations

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the situation was inflamed by a basic personality clashes

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franklin articulate passionate and always up for a good debate and wilkins

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soft-spoken

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deliberate inchon just couldn't get along

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if you look really tough coastal single-minded

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spoke of

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spoke what she believed

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and uh...

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could in fact been quiet phyllis

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and it should be and i wouldn't want to tell him out

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yet another barrier with social class

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and a private life entirely separate from the lab

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she had of various

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for social life and the idea of

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for a fact that one station

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she was going out the first violin

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of the london philharmonic

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now im

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comparable the beer drinking chaps my gosh who was sitting kid finishes

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answer to spec extent she had i had flat

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she was living in makes

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she didn't suffer fools gladly she won't be a internship

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and she desperately wanted to get on with this one

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she was so convinced that

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he'd want that

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like arrived home to be plucked from the tree

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despite all the tensions of the land

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franklin applied yourself to the task was single-minded determination

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setting her sights on solving the structure of d_n_a_

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but now

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annual player was about to enter the gain

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well roslan was uh... setting up in a lab in king's college london

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james watson much younger twenty three april with a p_h_d_ had come to europe

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because he wanted to study the gene and he was convinced the gene was the thing

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to study missus we're going to be the secret of life

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wants and goes to a conference in naples

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where wilkins shows one of his early fuzzy diffraction images of d_n_a_

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what's interesting the wilkins

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and wrangle in invitation to work at king's college

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i tried to talk to matt morris shes

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using the ship mister strangers

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so i left tend to lose vague feeling that detection factory workers morris

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but it wasn't uh...

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was a disorder

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obvious coming together like mines

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will consist not take the bait

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but shortly after

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watson is invited to the capitation

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a famous research lab at cambridge university headed by noble laureate sir

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laurence brag

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there once was assigned in office with another physicist turned crystallogr for

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francis crick

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an old friend of wilkins

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creek and wants you

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immediately click

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but in our weight king's college

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the negative atmosphere takes a new turn for the worse

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rosalindfranklin is given a sarcastic nickname that watson will later

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popularize in the double helix

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rosie

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mention uh... huge mission

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returned walking around eleven forty ring up then

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the created by faction incineration

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provoked this also six-inch who work for a different repeatedly

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part of people refer to those pretty behind her back medical coverage of

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despite the hostile environment within months of her arrival at kings

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franklin is producing amazing results

25:51

vaseline

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the most proficient at work

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she had a good camera push to develop

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can put the pictures

26:03

the best in those days

26:07

within a few months

26:09

strengthen transformed to say to research and things

26:13

but above all

26:15

to this government that there were two forms of d_n_a_

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franklin's discovery that there are two forms of d_n_a_

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is perhaps the most crucial step

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toward the ultimate discovery of its structure

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before rosalindfranklin

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discovered that there were two distinct forms of d_n_a_ the end of the forms

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people we're probably looking at mixtures of those two forms it would be

26:40

sort of like if you had a picture of making now superimposed on a picture of

26:44

donald duck

26:45

the almost impossible to understand what i did mickey mouse or donald duck with

26:48

black

26:51

the a as a dryer more crystalline form of d_n_a_

26:55

and produces more detailed images

26:59

the day's wetter

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and how d_n_a_ occurs in living cells

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it produces a simpler image but reveals a key clue to solving the structure of

27:09

d_n_a_

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the actually in the middle

27:14

is the diffraction signature although he likes

27:20

the significance is not lost on franklin

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she noted in scientific short

27:26

and according to klug

27:27

presents her discovery

27:33

around them in nineteen fifty one

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frankfinn david philip cream about her work on this crime the a m they'd be

27:39

forms

27:41

she concentrated mostly on the aid form and the reform

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she says is likely to be healing filled

27:48

plot i'd like to be the biggest unquestionably interview was illegal

27:52

throughout was quite clear

27:54

but she was concentrated on the a form the course of the greater wealth of

27:57

information you can get from it

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that was her analytical approach

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in the audience that day is james watson

28:07

sent by creek to gather intelligence on franklin sleepers

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creek and watson are planning to use a different approach to solving the

28:15

structure of d_n_a_

28:17

model building

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within a week watson and creek invite the scientists from kings college

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to see their model

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general roslan josh uh... wasn't terribly amused

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kimchi never to prisoners anyway said

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sheet waltham

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pretty

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uh... shaw in criticism opel model

28:45

and explained in detail

28:47

white quickly

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be correct

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one two three

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had uh... and then we left

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the model of d_n_a_ tally by watson and craig

28:57

is embarrassing failure

29:00

well watson himself said very frankly didn't really know enough

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crystallography to understand the meaning of the data he knows that it's

29:07

highly any funds up to the just preoccupied with their locks

29:11

why was she so plain why didn't she wear lipstick

29:14

but he might have been pretty issued to try to do taking offer classes and done

29:18

something interesting with her hair

29:21

lawrence brag

29:22

the head of the cabin dish lab

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is humiliated

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and for bids watson crick to continue their model making

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it was a happy moment ralston eight cause

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get justified interpretation that you could build models but you couldn't

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prove which was the right one and he uh... their world mobile bill does hard

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at it and that produced completely the wrong lol

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to franklin

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the incident is an affirmation of her training

29:50

that experimentation and patient analysis of the data

29:54

will reveal the answer

29:57

but what franklin may not know

29:59

is that her unpublished findings will continue to make their way to watson and

30:04

creek

30:05

and they are getting there

30:07

through the deputy director of her own land

30:10

lawrence wilkins

30:12

gradually

30:13

wilkins fell

30:14

shut out of his own subject

30:16


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so he began going up to cambridge to talk to his old friend and he was an old

30:19

friend francis crick

30:22

about d_n_a_ which he was still interested and about this terrible rosie

30:25

who was dot avoiding he felt uh... her data

30:30

inadvertently wilkins was the conduit

30:33

a lot of information from ruslan and from kings

30:37

passed its way to cambridge

30:39

so that even if one senate and creek we're not officially working on d_n_a_

30:43

they was speculating

30:46

but while creek and wants to speculate

30:48

franklin continues to penalize and collect new information

30:53

in may nineteen fifty two

30:55

she sets up the x-ray diffractometer

30:58


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to take an image of the wetter form of d_n_a_

31:03

today x-ray diffraction technology vastly improved is still use to explore

31:09

molecular structure

31:11

at the end of this class capillary is a d_n_a_ finder

31:16

similar to the kind that ross of franklin worked best

31:19

and it is so small that it's difficult to see a within a few times

31:25

mass effect i had to bundled together twenty these fibers

31:28

enriching again exchange faction images

31:31

now scientists use d_n_a_ crystals

31:34

which give better results in these microscopic fibers

31:38

twenty of them bundled together are about the thickness of a human hair

31:44

and with the extreme teams at least three hundred times stronger today

31:49

in frankenstein

31:50


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it can take only seconds to expose an image that took franklin

31:55

one hundred alice

31:57

now

31:58

a computer interprets the image

32:00

and swiftly calculates app three d_ model but in frankenstein

32:05

analyzing diffraction patterns could require thousands of calculations done

32:10

by hand

32:11

and interpreting a single image

32:13

could take more than a year

32:16

sephora rosin

32:17

franklin to go through the calculation

32:20

set have persevering in it's and meditation and i will drive and

32:24

to do

32:26


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all of the calculations that was necessary by hand

32:32

in may nineteen fifty two

32:34

franklin's perseverance an exacting techniques payoff

32:38

producing the sharpest image yet absurdly form of d_n_a_

32:45

she labels it

32:46

photo fifty-one

32:48

and puts it aside while she continues her work on the a form

32:55

but around this time

32:57

franklin will acquire another nickname

33:00

the dark lady

33:02

she is so unhappy at kings

33:04

she ranges to leave

33:06

she agrees to finish analyzing the data

33:09


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right up her findings

33:11

and stay until the end of the year

33:13

unofficially

33:14

that

33:15

she should

33:17

necessary to to to leave but of course

33:20

appreciated that there was no two-thirds

33:23

the

33:25

the crown prince at the top navy whenever i get to get along together

33:30

he wasn't if settlers officer also escape today

33:35

in the midst of this transition

33:38

someone gives photo fifty one

33:40

to wilkins

33:46


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i cannot remember how he came by just beautiful

33:51

picture

33:52

it had been given to him but also point net being me

33:58

meanwhile at the cabin dish

34:00

a new researcher moves into the lab with watson incorrect

34:05

peter pauling

34:06

the son of the renowned guru of chemistry from cal tech

34:10

linus pauling

34:12

only a year ago

34:14

calling him pioneered the same model building technique adopted by watson

34:18

incorrect

34:19

with little experimental data

34:21

polling had come up with the structure for long stretches of proteins

34:25


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a single stranded helix

34:29

now polling since his son of paper

34:32

in which he proposes a structure

34:34

for d_n_a_

34:36

press who works at

34:38

question list

34:39

could be right

34:41

we knew that uh... minus didn't have a good actually

34:44

so clearly he applauded king st

34:48

the answer

34:49

was no

34:50

calling makes some of the same mistakes

34:53

that watson creek had made on their first model

34:56


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i three stranded helix with the basis on the outside

35:01

but callings mistake will be discovered as soon as he publishes

35:05

lotsa knows that if calling gets access to rosalindfranklin stator

35:10

he could quickly come up with the correct model

35:14

the race begins in earnest watson estimates hean creek have six weeks

35:19

to solve the problem

35:25

around the time franklin gives her last presentation at king's college

35:29

jim watson

35:30

shows up in her office

35:35

he tries to show her poland's paper

35:37

perhaps to convince her that calling will beat them to solve the structure of

35:41

d_n_a_ if she doesn't call her data with him and creek

35:46

and according to what since account

35:48


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he implies that she is incompetent in interpreting x_-ray pictures

35:55

and as he tells us in the double helix she began to his vast toward me

35:59

and uh... he said fearing that in her hot anger she might strike me

36:04

i retreated

36:05

jesse in search of his almost half its size

36:10

blocks and then reports

36:11

that he runs into marce wilkins

36:14

wilkins shows watson

36:16

photo fifty one

36:18

and when he saw this sunday

36:20

partnership prashanth war partnership here

36:23

the auto world misses must be done the last couple of days or something that's

36:28

confession and eighty nine that

36:30


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seven months

36:32

my mouth fell open and my pulse began to race watson says in the double helix

36:40

it is the clear

36:41

acts pattern

36:42

the signature of the helix it ignites his excitement

36:47

but there's more

36:51

from this photo alone

36:53

you can deduce

36:56

number of units they'll at that time that they really don't uh... the wherein

37:01

the helix

37:04

the number of lines in the photo

37:06

shows that each twist of the helix has ten units or molecular building blocks

37:13

and the dimensions of the image correspond to a helix of thirty-four

37:17


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angstroms per turn

37:21

wilkins gives this crucial information to watson

37:26

so they got the basic parameters

37:28

for building the illegal dot

37:31

on the train back to cambridge watson's sketches photo fifty one

37:35

on his newspaper

37:37

and reports to crack

37:39

based on franklin st

37:41

creek and want to go to lawrence bragged the head of the cavendish lab

37:45

and he gives them permissions once again to build a model

37:50

they begin on february fourth

37:52

nineteen fifty three

37:54

then they had another idea

37:57


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they knew that

37:58

deja from all of king's biophysics unit and

38:01

cluding

38:02

residents were was published in uh... report for the medical research council

38:07

in the n_r_c_ report

38:09

franklin places d_n_a_

38:11

in a class of molecules with a certain type of symmetry

38:15

as the sample drawings in her notebook illustrate

38:19

the implications of that symmetry

38:21

would be obvious to an expert

38:23

mike francis crick

38:25

the n_r_c_ report

38:27

contains franken's data

38:29


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the symmetry in the form all the personal parameters

38:33

but above all the symmetry

38:34

in the business and the trading was told creek attitude changed

38:39

running in hopes of direction

38:42

two strands each with the sugars and phosphates running in different

38:46

directions

38:47

and anti parallel

38:49

double humans

38:51

but where did the bases go

38:54

on the outside as watson encrypt depicted in their first model

38:58

or the inside as franklin had told him

39:01

there were two important clues

39:03

a few years earlier a british scientist william aspirate

39:07


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the rise of the four day since adn

39:10

enough i mean

39:11

limine and cytosine

39:13

would be stacked one can ease

39:15

and at columbia university early sharjah discovered that d_n_a_ always contains

39:21

equal amounts of at mean and timing

39:24

as well as the column and supplying inside the scene

39:28

at first watson thought that the bases must be paired like with like

39:33

they became thirichu you and so on

39:36

but in office made carried on here

39:39

shows him that he's using the wrong chemical forms

39:43

with the requirements watsonville mix kindly

39:47

he finds he can fit the bases

39:50


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into the helix measured by franklin

39:52

if he cares aid with teen

39:54

and she would see

39:56

arranged this way

39:58

the bases form the connecting runs in a twisting ladder on the inside of a

40:03

double helix

40:06

it is rosalind franklin's experimental framework

40:10

a collection of evidence

40:11

painstakingly accumulated over two years

40:15

that guides watson and creek

40:17

to solve the structure d_n_a_

40:21

and in another direction moment

40:24

the structure rewards them

40:25


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with the immediate realization

40:27

of how d_n_a_ replicates

40:31

unzipping the helix

40:32

produces to templates to create to new

40:36

ulysses

40:37

each identical to the original

40:41

d_n_a_ isn't just a molecule

40:43

it's the blueprint

40:48

in one of the most famous understatements in science

40:52

wants an incorrect right

40:54

it has not escaped our notice

40:56

that the specific caring we have cost related

40:59

immediately suggests

41:00


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a possible cocking mechanism for the genetic material

41:06

the day

41:07

was saturday

41:08

february twenty eighth

41:10

nineteen fifty three

41:13

that was the day

41:15

that they went into the pop the eagle

41:17

and creek told everybody we've discovered the secret of life

41:23

now that they've discovered the secret of life

41:25

they have another problem to solve

41:28

how are they going to prove it

41:32

once again

41:33

they need franklin

41:35


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she travels to cambridge to review the model

41:39

and walks arising as a book

41:41

that uh...

41:43

immunity acceptance of the model amazed me

41:46

embassies here on the stove immediately that the models correct

41:53

watching perhaps didn't know is how much of a date so that they had known

41:58

norms to build up of all

42:07

roslyn spot in the great discovery was obscured by a series of maneuvers made

42:11

behind your back

42:13

the thing is that what's in a quick wanted to publish quickly to get ahead

42:16

of linus pauling in california but they were held back by the embarrassing fact

42:20

that all the experimental work for that led to the greatly to the imagination of

42:24

the donut arrival institution that king's and roslyn stata had been

42:28


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published

42:30

according to brenda maddox

42:32

brand of the cabin dish and rental of kings approach the editors of nature to

42:37

engineer a solution

42:40

they agreed to publish three articles within a single issue

42:44

what's min creeks article first

42:47

wilkinson his collaborator next

42:49

and last is franklin and goslings article

42:54

its position at the end suggest franklin's findings nearly confirm

42:59

blossoming creeks model

43:01

instead of providing the essential data use to formulate it

43:06

sycamore cyn paper doesn't say

43:09

involved protecting our respect

43:11


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they were indicating to thank him for her way

43:15

sir john maddox later editor of nature for two decades here shows how

43:19

franklin's contribution

43:21

was obscured by watson crick

43:23

with a single guarded sentence

43:26

there's a we have been stimulated by entering nordic

43:30

have at work

43:31

but in fact they had particular mortgages of work

43:34

and i uh... as an editor

43:36

who were destroyed a black at that

43:39

franklin had written her own article a month before she saw the model

43:44

inserted by hand into the original text is the sentence

43:48

dusts our general ideas are consistent

43:51


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with the model proposed by creek and watson

43:54

indeed

43:55

her ideas were consistent with their model

43:58

because they largely based their model on her ideas

44:04

what they want to make that have without

44:06

prophet records data and the answer is almost nothing

44:10

they were poised to figure it out there work was brilliant but they couldn't do

44:13

it without russell frank was there

44:16

in fact

44:17

rosalindfranklin could be said to be watson and creeks unknowing

44:22

and unrecognized collaborator

44:32

by the time the articles appeared in nature on april twenty-fifth nineteen

44:36

fifty three

44:37


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franklin had taken her new position and prep back college in london

44:43

in her fifth floor office under leaky skylight

44:46

she often left a number of open on her desk to protect your papers

44:52

she handed the virus research lab from nineteen fifty three to nineteen

44:56

fifty-eight and thrived in protects collegial atmosphere

45:01

much like her beloved love art why in paris

45:06

here she made which she called

45:08

her greatest discovery

45:10

working out the complex structure of the virus

45:13

and locating it's infectious element

45:15

she collaborated with erin klug

45:18

whose later wins a nobel prize

45:21

she worked out the exact telling the truth

45:24


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so it is important

45:27

indecent history that you could actually do such things

45:31

vinland roles and she was single-minded

45:34

and she could tackle these laws and difficult problems

45:37

franklin's virus works security her international reputation

45:42

and brought many invitations to speak in the united states

45:46

in nineteen fifty-six she celebrated her thirty sixth birthday while visiting

45:50

universities in california

45:52

and climb mount whitney

45:54

one of the highest peaks in north america

45:57

but near the end of her trip

45:59

franklin was suffering from severe abdominal pains

46:05

on her return ticking when she was diagnosed with cancer

46:09


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there is speculation that her work with x_-rays

46:12

may have triggered the disease

46:16

candidate numbers

46:20

she was in the most of the cabs hospital

46:23

and that she was in the private one single room at the end of a collared

46:27

golf

46:28

where any person calculations or run

46:32

she was so off from the street from

46:35

uh... kafka bfa

46:37

this week a literature pervert

46:40

doncaster an american colleague

46:42

recalls her struggle to climb from the basement lab

46:46

to her fifth floor office upstairs

46:49


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consortium st louis

46:52

working away

46:54

wished we could uh... helper put

46:57

no unfortunately is the third

46:59

for the purpose

47:01

the stuff you could be done

47:03

factory year-and-a-half terrible illness

47:06

painful treatment she asked a doctor for a friend prognosis

47:10

and he told a seat the cancellation zip religion

47:13

she was curious if it's not religious she had fall agenda she had an

47:17

invitation to a fellowship in caracas she was too busy to die

47:23

dropping you know i've we're going to eighteen immediately

47:27

and she suggested that

47:29


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we could drive

47:30

and going vedic sharma alta

47:35

when a bright

47:37

in london

47:40

they expected

47:41

to stay with her

47:43

and all dogs

47:49

defecting michael

47:53

and he told me that she was in cost

47:55

seventy the ready last day

47:58

chico

47:59

countryside different

48:01

anxious died while

48:04


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at least and to me

48:12

her epitaph reads

48:13

scientist

48:15

her research and discoveries on viruses

48:18

remain of lasting benefit

48:20

to mankind

48:22

she died april sixteenth nineteen fifty-eight

48:26

that same day the mind and times carried an article claiming provider of smart

48:31

which was unveiled at the brussels

48:36

perpetual area in new york times called her

48:39

one of the select bandit

48:40

pioneers

48:41

unraveling

48:42


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virus diseases

48:43

and genetics

48:48

she went to the grade

48:49

never knowing how much walks in and chris had relied on her work

48:53

to make their greatest airplane

48:56

or if she knew

48:57

she didn't care

49:10

in nineteen sixty-two james watson francis crick and morris welcomes won

49:16

the nobel prize for their discovery of the structure of d_n_a_

49:21

franklin's name receives no mention

49:23

save a passing reference by welcomes

49:26

her crucial contribution to their work

49:29

becomes a footnote in scientific history

49:34


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broccoli

49:36

property what they have been forgotten not by printf

49:39

the the

49:42

from and coffee

49:44

i mean body

49:46

the public in general if we talk about fourteen he teased me coffee

49:52

the way gene walked from altering the epidemic

49:57

in nineteen sixty-eight james watson published a double helix his personal

50:02

account of the discovery of the structure of d_n_a_

50:07

in his book

50:08

watson cast franklin's uncooperative

50:11

an attractive

50:12

and incompetent in interpreting x_-ray pictures

50:17


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and yet once in admits he needs her findings

50:21

even boasts of using her work without her knowledge or permission

50:25

saying

50:26

rosie of course did not directly give as her data

50:29

for that matter

50:30

know when it came to realize that they were in our hands

50:38

when the book was in rough draft

50:40

harvard university press pass those mentioned in the menu skip to read it

50:44

many including creek and wilkins objections so strongly it in a highly

50:49

unprecedented move

50:51

harvard withdrew its offer to publish

50:54

the book came out with a popular press and became an instant bestseller

50:59

but most of the main

51:01


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portrait sweat modified all except rosalind who was dead rewrite and those

51:06

who come libeled the dead

51:08

franklin's family and colleagues protested watsons creek trail of

51:13

as one put it

51:14

that gifted girl

51:15

who could not defend herself

51:18

so wat son obliged to you wrote a pious epilogue saying as a young man he had

51:23

not appreciated

51:26

difficulties that women had and being accepted and making their way in science

51:31

and the epilogue is their but it does nothing to act

51:35

alters soften the character of this of this terrible rosie

51:41

what's in the client novus request

51:43

for an interview

51:52


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franklin is now receiving some long overdue recognition

51:55

plaques where she lived and worked

51:58

and recently

51:59

britain's royal society created the rosalindfranklin award

52:03

to support women in science

52:07

winsor arun klug won his nobel prize in part for the work he started with

52:11

franklin

52:13

unlike the d_n_a_ trio

52:15

honored her contribution

52:18

as i say i love the bill that's right

52:20

teammate

52:22

compression on me

52:24

relationship points in the way to tackling important difficult problems in

52:30


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the middle of the took

52:34

frozen died

52:35

thirty-seven

52:36

with no sense ninety minutes down in a race that only watson increase music

52:41

mace

52:42

she died proud over world reputation and cold and virus research

52:47

she was cheated

52:48

well the only thing she really wanted which is a chance to finish ur work

52:52

my view her lust prize was life

52:57

those who admire frankly

52:59

take solace in her uncompromising dedication

53:04

for rosalindfranklin

53:06

the joy of science

53:08


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was in the work itself

53:09

and it's alternate room

53:12

the betterment of humankind

53:29

business

53:31

find out why rosalind franklin's photo fifty-one holds so many clues to the

53:36

structure of d_n_a_ at p_b_s_ dot org or america online keyword p_b_s_

53:59

the secret of photo fifty one video and the book rosalindfranklin the dark lady

54:03

of d_n_a_ are available from w_g_b_h_ boston video to place an order please

54:08

call one eight hundred two five five nine four two four

54:25

is a production of

54:27

ph boston

54:28

corporate funding for nova is provided by sprint

54:32

and microsoft

54:36


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additional funding is provided by

54:38

the park foundation

54:39

dedicated to education put television

54:43

are

54:44

environ

54:45

the corporation for public broadcasting and by contributions to your p_b_s_

54:49

station from viewers like you

54:58

people yes

DNA Secret of Photo 51

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Transcript of DNA Secret of Photo 51