DNA & RNA: Structure and Functions 11.1 – 11.3

DNA & RNA: Structure and Functions 11.1 – 11.3

Page 280 - 295

1Hickox: Baker Biology

• Objective 8.0:12 Questions• Identify the structure and function of DNA, RNA, and protein.• Explaining relationships among DNA, genes, and chromosomes • Listing significant contributions of biotechnology to society, including agricultural and medical practice

Examples: DNA fingerprinting, insulin, growth hormone• Relating normal patterns of genetic inheritance to genetic variation Example: crossing over• Relating ways chance, mutagens, and genetic engineering increase diversity/insertion, deletion,

translocation, inversion, recombinant DNA• Relating genetic disorders and disease to patterns of genetic inheritance- ex – hemophilia, sickle cell

anemia, down’s syndrome, Tay-Sachs disease, cystic fibrosis, color blindness, phenylketonuria (PKU)• Rosalind Franklin died of cancer at an early age. Her cancer was probably caused by the X rays she

worked with to create photographs of DNA.• The differences observed between two individuals are 2 million to 10 million nucleotide base pairs out of

3 billion---only 1 percent of the total DNA.• Childhood cancers are probably caused by exposure in the womb to environmental and industrial

pollutants that have been inhaled by the mother.• In all organisms, the instructions for specifying the characteristics of the organism are carried in DNA, a

nucleic acid formed from subunits of four kinds (A, G, C, and T). The chemical and structural properties of DNA explain how the genetic information that underlies heredity is both encoded in genes (as a string of molecular "letters") and replicated (by a tinplating mechanism). Each DNA molecule in a cell forms a single chromosome. Each chromosome is made of many genes.

• Double helix, Nucleotide, DNA, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Replication


Traits are determined by proteins that are built according to instructions specified in an organism’s DNA. The instructions are transferred from a gene to an RNA molecule in a process called transcription. Cells then use two different types of RNA to read the instructions on the RNA molecule and put together the amino acids that make up the protein in a process called translation. In addition to other functions, proteins can function as enzymes• RNA, Insertion, Transcription, Deletion. Translation, Translocation, Genetic code , Inversion, Transfer RNA,

Recombinant DNA, Ribosomal RNA , Amino Acid,Uracil, EnzymesThe fact that the human body is formed from cells that contain two copies of each chromosome--and therefore two copies of each gene--explains many features of human heredity, such as how variations that are hidden in one generation can be expressed in the next. Crossing-over occurs when portions of a chromatid on one homologous chromosome are broken and exchanged with the corresponding portions on one of the chromatids of the other homologous chromosome. This adds more recombination to the independent assortment of chromosomes that occurs later in meiosis. The number of genetic combinations that can occur among gametes is practically unlimited.Crossing over, Chromosome,Gene, ChromatidBiotechnology has made significant contributions to society, especially in the areas of agriculture and medicine. The process of manipulating genes for practical purposes is called genetic engineering. Most of the cells in a human contain two copies of each of 22 different chromosomes. In addition, there is a pair of chromosomes that determines sex: a female contains two X chromosomes and a male contains one X and one Y chromosome. Transmission of genetic information to offspring occurs through egg and sperm cells that contain only one representative from each chromosome pair. An egg and a sperm unite to form a new individual. The fact that the human body is formed from cells that contain two copies of each chromosome--and therefore two copies of each gene--explains many features of human heredity, such as how variations that are hidden in one generation can be expressed in the next. DNA fingerprinting, cystic fibrosis, Insulin, color blindness, Growth Hormone, phenylketonuria, Hemophilia, Tay-Sachs disease ,sickle cell anemia, Down’s syndrome


What is DNA?1. Your skin, muscles, and

bones contain _____________. 2. All actions depend on

proteins called _____________, that speed up reactions.

3. Within _______is the information for life, containing the instructions to make all the different proteins an organism needs.


How can DNA hold all that information?

4. The amazing amounts of information can exist because of its ___________.

5. DNA is very long made up of repeating sub units called ____________.

6. A nucleotides is made up of:7. A sugar8. A phosphate group9. A nitrogenous base

10. Adenine (_____)

11. Guanine (_____)

12. Cytosine (_____)

13.Thymine (_____)


What does the DNA molecule look like?

13. Watson and Crick described the structure as two strands of nucleotides, a __________________held together by

nitrogenous bases14. sugar group

15.phosphate group

16. nitrogenous bases6

How can DNA do so much with so little?

17. Made up of _________ nucleotides.18. The key is the sequence or order of the four

nucleotides.19. It is the sequence of nucleotides that forms

the genetic information for every organism.

• Adenine (A)• Guanine (G)• Cytosine (C)• Thymine (T)

Chapter 11

Purines (two rings)

Pyrimidines (one ring)


Replication of DNA20. DNA is made of two strands of nucleotides joined together like a zipper at the ____________ ______21. A) bonds with (T) and (C) bonds with (G) always!

KeyAdenine (A)

Thymine (T)

Cytosine (C)

Guanine (G)

22. Nucleotide

24. Deoxyribose Sugar-phosphate

backbone

23. Hydrogen

bonds


Ch 11Chapter 11

Watson & Crick Model


Ch 11

Chapter 11

How does DNA REPLICATE?

25. The DNA molecule __________and ____________.26. As the DNA unzips, nucleotides are ________________in the cell and begin attaching to the unzipped chain.27.Each new strand formed is a ___________of one of the original strand. When all the chromosomes are replicated the cell can divide, passing on the genetic information to the new cell.


Ch 11

Chapter 11

DNA REPLICATION

28. What is the complementary strand of bases:

TACGTT? ___________________

29. __________ are important in this process of “unzipping” and “zipping” these strands

30. Because enzymes are involved with this process, DNA replication, the enzyme designed for this process is called:

________________________


Ch 11.2

Chapter 11.2

FROM DNA TO PROTEIN

31. DNA contains information used to make ___________32. All this information is based on the sequence of

nucleotides in the DNA molecule.RNA (three types)

33. DNA gives the instructions to make _____________. 34. ___________ RNA (mRNA) brings the information from

the DNA to the cytoplasm. The _____________ RNA (rRNA) binds to the mRNA and use the instructions to assemble the amino acids in the right order. ____________ RNA (tRNA) delivers amino acids to the ribosomes to be made into proteins.


Ch 11. 2RNA and Protein Synthesis

Chapter 11

RNA Structure35. Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within the cell.

36. An RNA molecule is a polymer composed of subunits known as___________.

Steps

37. Copy nucleotide sequence from DNA into RNA

38. RNA then carry out the process of making ______________


Ch 11.2

Chapter 11.2

RNA Structure39. long chain nucleotides

40. single strand

41. contains __________ in place of thymine (T)42. a “disposable copy” of a segment of DNA

43. could be even a “working copy” of a single gene


Ch 11.2

Chapter 11.2

TYPES OF RNA

44. the assembly of ___________ into proteins is controlled by RNA

45. __________________carries copies of instructions for assembly of amino acids into proteins

46. Ribosomes are made of rRNA and protein.47. ___________________ are responsible for carrying or transferring Amino Acid molecules to ribosome.


Hickox: Baker Biology 17

Ch 11-2

Chapter 11.`2

TRANSCRIPTION: Messenger RNA is formed• RNA molecules are produced by copying

part of the DNA sequence called _____________________

• Required enzyme: ______________________

• Uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble a strand of RNA


Hickox: Baker Biology 18

48. RNApolymerase

49. DNA50.

mRNA

51. NucleusAdenine (DNA and RNA)Cystosine (DNA and RNA)Guanine(DNA and RNA)Thymine (DNA only)Uracil (RNA only)

TRANSCRIPTION: Messenger RNA is formed

What does RNA look like?52. RNA is a ________ strand53. Looks like one half of a zipper54. RNA also has______ nitrogenous bases but

instead of thymine (T), RNA has ________ (U) that binds with adenine (A).

55. ______________RNA has to be made.56. RNA is made from part of a ______57. Free RNA nucleotides form a strand by bonding

together58. RNA strand leaves the __________and enters the

______________.

Transcription


Ch 11.2

Chapter 11.2

THE GENETIC CODE59. Remember? The nucleotide sequence transcribed from DNA to a strand of mRNA is a genetic message that has all the information needed to build a protein. Proteins are made up of _________ _______.

60. There are _____ different amino acids

61. The “language” of mRNA instructions is called the _______________.

62.The code is written in 3 letters of these: ________

Page 292 20Hickox: Baker Biology

Ch 11.2

Chapter 11.2

The Genetic Code62. The Genetic code is read 3 letters at a time63. Each word therefore is 3 bases long64. Each 3 letter word in mRNA is known as a

__________.65. A codon consists of _____ consecutive

nucleotides that specify a single amino acid 66. With 4 different bases, there are 64 possible

codons of the genetic code67. Special codons:

Start protein synthesis: AUG (methionine) Stop (end of polypeptide): UAG, UAA, & ________


Genetic code (20 amino acids)


Cracking the CodeWhat is the START CODON? What are the

STOP CODONS?


Ch 11.2

Chapter 11.2

Translation ! From mRNA to protein

68. The _______ moves to the cytoplasm.69. The _______ attaches itself to the start codon (AUG) on the mRNA.70. _______ carrying the amino acid approaches the ribosome. For every codon on the mRNA there is an __________ on the tRNA. 71. The ribosome attaches the anticodon to the codon, the amino acids bond, and the ribosome slides over.72. this translation continues until a ______ codon stops translation.


Messenger RNA Messenger RNA is transcribed in the nucleus.

B:Transfer RNA: The mRNA enters cytoplasm and attaches to ribosome.

Translation begins at AUG, the start codon. Each tRNA has an anticodon whose bases are complementary to a codon on the mRNA strand. The ribosome positions the start codon to attract its anticodon, which is part of the tRNA that binds methionine. The ribosome also binds the next codon and its anticodon.

77. mRNA 76. Start codon

78. Ribosome

79. Methionine

80.Phenylalanine 73. tRNA

74.Lysine

Nucleus

Section 11.2

mRNA

A: Transcription from the DNA in the nucleus into mRNA and is released in the cytoplasm


The Polypeptide “Assembly Line”The ribosome joins the two amino acids—methionine and phenylalanine—and breaks the bond between methionine and its tRNA. The tRNA floats away, allowing the ribosome to bind to another tRNA. The ribosome moves along the mRNA, binding new tRNA molecules an amino acid.

mRNARibosome

Translation direction

Lysine tRNA

tRNARibosome

Growing polypeptide chain

mRNA

Completing the PolypeptideThe process continues until the ribosome reaches one of the three stop codons. The result is a growing polypeptide chain.

Translation (continued)

C

D

Amino Acids

MethioninePhenylalanine


Ch 11.2

Chapter 11.2

Genes and Proteins

81. Think of _________ as “Master Plan”, remaining safely in the nucleus

82. ________as the disposable “blueprints” that travel to protein building sites, the _______________

The Central Idea

83. __________contain only the instructions for assembling proteins 84.____________ determine blood type, color eyes, “everything”, rate and pattern or growth, size and shape

85.__________are key to almost everything that living cells do!!!!!! This same process occurs in every living thing from the simplest bacteria to the most complex animals. 27Hickox: Baker Biology

DNA(information storage)

TRANSCRIPTION

mRNA(information carrier)

Proteins(active cell ACTION!)

TRANSLATION


Ch 11.3 Genetic Changes

Chapter 11.3

Gene Mutations86. Occasionally, there is a change in the DNA sequences.

87.Any changes in sequences are called ___________88. Mutations can result in:

Proteins that work A new trait An offspring that survives better in environment

Mutations from outside the body:89. ___________: Are what causes mutations,

examples are: X rays, ultraviolet light, and radioactive substances that can change the chemical nature of DNA.90. Sometimes mutagens can cause ___________

by cells dividing too quickly.29Hickox: Baker Biology

Ch 11.3 Mutations

Chapter 11.3

Gene Mutations91. Most mutations involve just __________ base pair,

CALLED _________ mutations.92. Generally point mutations change ___________ amino

acid in a protein.93. When point mutations change a nucleotide, much bigger

results occur.Example: AAGUUUGGC to AAGUUUAGC

94. Remember: the genetic code is read in groups of three bases called __________

95. If there is a shift when a single nitrogenous base is added or deleted from the DNA sequence called _____________. This results in more harmful result than a point mutation.


Ch 11.3 Mutations

Chapter 11.3

Gene Mutations

Proteins can loose its normal functionExample: AATTAGAAATAG to ATTAGAAATAG

out

Results: nearly every amino acid in the protein will be changed!


Ch 11.3 Mutations

Chapter 11.3

Chromosomal Mutations or Abnormality96.A _____________ mutation involves changes in the number of structure of chromosomes.

97. Translocation: when one chromosome breaks off and is added to a different chromosome!

97. Deletion

98.Duplication

99.Inversion

100.Translocation 32Hickox: Baker Biology

Ch 11.3 Mutations

Chapter 11.3

Gene Mutations

Substitution Insertion Deletion

Gene mutations results from changes in a single gene


DNA & RNA: Structure and Functions 11.1 – 11.3

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