DNA Notes 2014

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DNA

(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)The code of

life or "How to makeprotein"

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DNA= deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA= ribonucleic acid

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Nucleotide

1.Sugar =deoxyriboseor ribose

2. Phosphate3.Base:either

A = AdenineT = ThymineG = GuanineC = CytosineU = Uracil

This is a DNA Nucleotide

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DOUBLE HELIX MODEL

Discovered by Watson and Crick.

A = T, G = CChargaffs rules: each species has a unique ratio

and all members of a species has the same ratio

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DNA Structure

Double Helix

3 D view animation
http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAanatomy.htmlhttp://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/media/DNAi_paired_strands-lg.movhttp://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/media/DNAi_paired_strands-lg.movhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAanatomy.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAanatomy.html

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DNA Shape: confirmation withX-ray crystallography

TwistedLadder

RosalindFranklin

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Nucleotides, Hydrogen bonds, 3vs 5and antiparallel.

what dos all that of mean to DNA structure???

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DNA vs. RNA NucleotidesCAN YOU SEE THE DIFFERENCES?

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6. Instructions

3. Leaves nucleus to cytoplasm/rough ER

5. Thymine

4. Temporary4. Permanent

3. In nucleus(& mitochondria)

mRNA: Single strandedtRNA: a Unit- looks like cloverleafrRNA: sm &lg round units

2. Double Helix

Ribosesugar1. Deoxyribose sugar

mRNADNA

6. Messenger5.Uracil

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RNA typesm = messenger

mRNA

t = transfer

tRNAr = ribosomal

rRNA

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How many types of DNA are

there?ONE!

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DNA REPLICATION

/ WHAT is it?/ WHERE is it done?/ WHY is it done?/ WHEN is it done?

Copying ALL the DNA in a cell

Nucleus

Make copies for daughter cells

S phase of interphase- right beforecell division (mitosis or meiosis)

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DNA Replication(animation)1. Unwindingthe double helix

2. Unzipping the DNA3. Add in new nucleotides-complimentary to each half4. Moves in opposite directions
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/dna-rna2.swfhttp://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/dna-rna2.swf

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Two processes:

Translation- using the instructions

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Transcription- getting the instructions

THE GOAL:

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WHAT IS THE JOB OF mRNA?

Made when an RNA polymerase readsthe gene

(gets order of nucleotides) from DNA = this is

the order of amino acids so it tells=

how to make protein!

Get Instructions

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WHAT IS the Job of tRNA?

Carry amino acids into the Ribosome,

Hook onto the mRNA in right order to

attach the amino acid to the growing protein

chain

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mRNA transcription(animation)

1.In nucleus: DNAunwindsat one spot

2. RNA polymeraseattachesto DNA3. Matches RNA

nucleotides to DNAnucleotides

3. Sends new mRNAout of nucleus

Translation ( i ti )
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/transcription.swfhttp://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/transcription.swfhttp://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swfhttp://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swf

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Translation(animation)

1.The ribosomeattaches tomRNA ( 2 parts)

2.1st tRNA attaches at the Psite at the start CODON.

3.Its job is to bring aminoacids to drop off in order.

4.Amino acids link togetherby peptide bonds to makeapolypepetide

In ribosome in cytroplasm or ERAlso called protein synthesis
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swfhttp://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swf

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Translationcontinued

Translocation: the ribosomemoves and the prroces

repeatsuntil a STOP

codon is reached.

5. Thepolypeptidechaingoes to golgi to be

modified.8

REVIEW

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REVIEW

Cover your notes and look only at

this diagram- discuss these with apartner

What is the role of the mRNA?

What is the role of tRNA? What happens between 2 tRNAs

sitting next to each other?

What is being made?

Where is this happening?

What is this process called?

What does DNA have to do with all

this?

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Interpreting the code using mRNA codons

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Mutations: What are they really?

A. Gene Mutation = change to DNA code

o Point: changes a single amino acidHOW?

a. delete a whole code (3 nucleotides);b. change one nucleotide;c. insert a whole code

This can be harmless or somewhat bad or reallybad (ex: sickle cell anemia)

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Gene Mutation (cont)

o Frameshift: shift the reading of the DNA so allthe amino acids after that are different

HOW? delete or insert 1 or 2 nucleotides

B. Chromosomal Mutation= BIG change to chromosome-

involves many genes all at once and whole sectrions of

chromosomes

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Chromosomal mutations

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Mutagens= cause the mutation

Environmental(ex: asbestos, smoke)

Viral (insert their DNA and mess up code)

Xrays (ex: UV radiation, nuclear radiation) Chemicals(ex: pollutants, industrial, dyes)

NOTE: most gene mutations are random errors occuringin the code during replication

IN THE NEWS!!

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IN THE NEWS!!Quadruple DNA! Seems toabnormal replication and be

involved with cancer mutations-exciting new research area

REVIEW:
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/fresh-twist-to-the-dna-story-signals-major-cancer-breakthrough-8459211.htmlhttp://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/fresh-twist-to-the-dna-story-signals-major-cancer-breakthrough-8459211.htmlhttp://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/fresh-twist-to-the-dna-story-signals-major-cancer-breakthrough-8459211.htmlhttp://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/fresh-twist-to-the-dna-story-signals-major-cancer-breakthrough-8459211.html

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REVIEW:

A. Diagram a DNA molecule-see

directions in notes- do withoutlooking at notes!

B. Use the word bank for the key

terms to match to definitions- do alone

and then check with a partner- do

without looking at the notes!

I t t t

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Important terms

1.Code = a wordin DNA language; 3nucleotides, code for an amino acid

2.Gene =A sentencemade of many

nucleotides that codes for a particular protein(the building blocks of the cell) proteins aremade of long chains of amino acids arrangedfrom a possible 20 different kinds of amino acids

Important terms

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Important terms1. DNA2. Nucleotide

3. CODE4. Gene5. Chromosome, 46, 23

6. Double helix7. Codon8.Anticodon9. Transcription

10.Translation11.Translocation12.Complimentary

13.Replication

THE BIG PICTURE

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LETS PULL IT ALL

TOGETHERFlow Chart activity-

The CENTRAL DOGMA

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Ghost of slides from past

Translation

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1.Small part of ribosome

attaches to mRNA2.1st tRNA attaches at the P

site. Large ribosome partattaches.

3. The 2nd tRNA lands in the Asite. Ready to start creating a

protein.4. tRNA brings in amino acid

to ribosome5. Amino acids link together

by peptide bondandprotein chain is moved

over to 2nd tRNA.

In ribosomeAlso called protein synthesis

Translation continued
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swfhttp://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swfhttp://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swfhttp://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swf

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Translationcontinued

6. Translocation7. Repeat until a STOP

codon is reached

8. Releasing factor

9. Thepolypeptidechain goesto golgi to be modified.

8

DNA Notes 2014

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