Dna model Laura Keller
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![Page 1: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
DNA ReplicationBy: Laura Keller
![Page 2: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
DNA
• The DNA double helix refers to the shape of the DNA molecule, or the twisted ladder. It has two intertwining strands made of sugar and phosphate with links across the middle. The rungs of the ladder are base pairs made of four different bases, represented by the letters A, T, G, and C.
![Page 3: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Enzyme DNA helicase “unzips” or unwinds the double stranded DNA at the origin of replication by breaking hydrogen bonds between complementary strands.
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= CytosineHydrogen Bond
3’
3’5’
5’
![Page 4: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
DN
A H
elic
ase
![Page 5: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
DN
A H
elic
ase
![Page 6: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
DN
A H
elic
ase
![Page 7: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
DN
A H
elic
ase
![Page 8: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
DN
A H
elic
ase
![Page 9: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
DN
A H
elic
ase
![Page 10: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
DN
A H
elic
ase
![Page 11: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= CytosineDN
A H
elic
ase
![Page 12: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
DN
A H
elic
ase
![Page 13: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
DN
A H
elic
ase
![Page 14: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
DN
A H
elic
ase
![Page 15: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
DN
A H
elic
ase
![Page 16: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
![Page 17: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork.
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
![Page 18: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork.
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
DN
A P
oly
me
rase
III
![Page 19: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork.
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
DN
A P
oly
me
rase
III
![Page 20: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork.
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
DN
A P
oly
me
rase
III
![Page 21: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork.
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
DN
A P
oly
me
rase
III
![Page 22: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork.
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
DN
A P
oly
me
rase
III
![Page 23: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork.
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
DN
A P
oly
me
rase
III
![Page 24: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork.
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
DN
A P
oly
me
rase
III
![Page 25: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Then, on the leading strand, DNA Polymerase III adds the 5’ phosphate end of a free floating nucleotide to the exposed 3’ OH ends on the single stranded DNA in a continuous fashion. The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork.
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
![Page 26: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
`
DN
A P
rim
ase
![Page 27: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.D
NA
Pri
mas
e
![Page 28: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DN
A P
rim
ase
![Page 29: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DN
A P
rim
ase
![Page 30: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
5’ 3’
3’ 5’
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
5’
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DN
A P
rim
ase
3’ 5’
![Page 31: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DN
A P
rim
ase
![Page 32: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DN
A P
rim
ase
![Page 33: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DN
A P
rim
ase
![Page 34: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DN
A P
rim
ase
![Page 35: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DN
A P
rim
ase
![Page 36: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DN
A P
rim
ase
![Page 37: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DN
A P
rim
ase
![Page 38: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DN
A P
rim
ase
![Page 39: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
RNA Primer
![Page 40: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
RNA Primer
DN
A P
oly
me
rase
II
![Page 41: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
RNA Primer
DN
A P
oly
me
rase
II
![Page 42: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DNA
DN
A P
oly
me
rase
II
When the DNA
Polymerase II reaches the
RNA primer, it turns into
DNA.
![Page 43: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DNA
DN
A P
oly
me
rase
II
When the DNA
Polymerase II reaches the RNA primer, it turns into
DNA.
![Page 44: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DNA
DN
A P
oly
me
rase
II
![Page 45: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DNA
DN
A P
oly
me
rase
II
![Page 46: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DNA
DN
A P
oly
me
rase
II
![Page 47: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Then, on the lagging strand, which has to be built discontinuously, a short RNA primer is synthesized from DNA primase. The primer is extended in a 5’ to 3’ direction, with short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments formed from DNA Polymerase II.
DNA
Okazaki fragments
![Page 48: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments.
DNA
Okazaki fragments
DN
A L
igas
e
![Page 49: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments.
DNA
Okazaki fragments
DN
A L
igas
e
![Page 50: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments.
DNA
Okazaki fragments
DN
A L
igas
e
![Page 51: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments.
DNA
Okazaki fragments
DN
A L
igas
e
![Page 52: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments.
DNA
Okazaki fragments
DN
A L
igas
e
![Page 53: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments.
DNA
Okazaki fragments
DN
A L
igas
e
![Page 54: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments.
DNA
Okazaki fragmentsD
NA
Lig
ase
![Page 55: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments.
DNA
Okazaki fragments
DN
A L
igas
e
![Page 56: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments.
DNA
Okazaki fragments
5’
DN
A L
igas
e
![Page 57: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments.
DNA
Okazaki fragments
5’
DN
A L
igas
e
![Page 58: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Key
= Phosphate
= Sugar
= Adenine
= Thymine
= Guanine
= Cytosine
Lead
ing
Str
and
Lagg
ing
Stran
d
Lastly, DNA Ligase forms a phophodiester bond to finalize the connection of Okazaki fragments.
DNA
Okazaki fragments
5’ 3’
3’
3’
3’ 5’
5’
5’
![Page 59: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Why Does DNA Need to Replicate?
• DNA needs to replicate because when a cell in your body divides, in order for your body to grow or repair itself it must also duplicate the cell's DNA. This is so the cell will then have it's own set of directions to know how to continue replicating.
![Page 60: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Where in Mitosis Does DNA Replication
Happen?• DNA replication happens in S Phase
and also in cytokinesis, or the last phase of mitosis.
![Page 61: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Where in the Cell?
•DNA replication happens in the nucleus of a cell.
![Page 62: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
In My Own Words...
• Telomeres- keep chromosomes from becoming attached to each other accidentally.
• Okazaki Fragment- a section of complimentary strands of DNA formed when the enzyme DNA Ligase is present.
• DNA Ligase- an enzyme that “stitches” a new complimentary strand of DNA called an okazaki fragment.
• Telomerase- an enzyme that helps a cell maintain the length of their telomeres.
![Page 63: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
In My Own Words… (Continued)
• Cancer- expresses the enzyme telomerase, which helps a tumor to grow.
• Transplanted Cells- cells that have been taken, added to, and then given back
• Cloning- taking a piece of something and making another copy
• Aging- the steady shrinking of cells in the body
![Page 64: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Mutations (Mistakes)
• If there are any mistakes while replicating DNA, it will result in the mutation of a gene. An organism can only have up to 3 mutations, or it cannot live. Sometimes, mutations are minor, while other times, they can change one’s whole genetic makeup. For example, a mutation can result in the crossing over of a 21st chromosome, resulting in one having Down’s Syndrome.
![Page 65: Dna model Laura Keller](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559424f01a28ab45768b466a/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Works Cited• http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_happens_if_there_
is_a_error_in_DNA_replication?#slide=6
• http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/dna-replication-and-causes-of-mutation-409
• http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/aminoacids/dna6.html
• http://www.biology.ewu.edu/aHerr/Genetics/Bio310/Pages/ch13pges/ch13note.html
• http://www.astrochem.org/sci/Nucleobases.php
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The End