DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid. DNA is our genetic code. DNA is located in the nucleus of every living...
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Transcript of DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid. DNA is our genetic code. DNA is located in the nucleus of every living...
![Page 1: DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid. DNA is our genetic code. DNA is located in the nucleus of every living cell in our bodies.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ef65503460f94c0a6fd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
DNADeoxyribonucleic
Acid
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• DNA is our genetic code.
• DNA is located in the nucleus of every living cell in our bodies.
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• DNA is made up of smaller units called nucleotides.
• Nucleotides make segments on DNA called genes.
• Genes control traits that are inherited from parents.
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Humans have 46 strands of DNA called
chromosomes or chromatin.
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• Our chromosomes are arranged in 23 pairs.
• KARYOTYPE: Man-made arrangement of all chromosomes in a cell. (shown here)
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We have over 30,000 functional genes located on our 46 chromosomes.
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• For genes to express themselves as a trait, you need a gene pair.
• In each pair of chromosomes: 1 came from mom and 1 came from dad.
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nucleotides DNA genes chromosomes
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STRUCTURE OF A NUCLEOTIDE
• A nucleotide is the simplest monomer of a DNA molecule. It is composed of 3 parts:
1. A phosphate group
2. A deoxyribose sugar
3. A nitrogenous base
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Nitrogenous Bases• Guanine = G
• Cytosine = C
• Adenine = A
• Thymine = T
• Uracil = U*
(*Replaces T in RNA only!)
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Nitrogenous Bases
• C always pairs with G
• A always pairs with T**In RNA, A always pairs with U
• Bases are held together with hydrogen bonds
–A T (2 H bonds)
–C G (3 H bonds)
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Chargaff’s Rules• Erwin Chargaff, American
biochemist
• The percentage of Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C) bases are almost equal in any DNA sample.
• The same is true for Adenine (A) and Thymine (T) bases.
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Nitrogenous Bases
• Purines—
2 rings (A & G)
• Pyridimines—
1 ring (C & T)
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THE DISCOVERY OF DNA
BACK THEN…
IT WAS A RACE!
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JAMES WATSON & FRANCIS CRICK
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• February 28, 1953
• Watson was only 25 years old!
• Crick was 37 years old
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MAURICE WILKINS &ROSALIND FRANKLIN
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• In 1962, Watson, Crick, and Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
• "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material“
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DNA vs. RNA
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DNADeoxyribonucleic
acid
1. Double helix (larger in size)
RNARibonucleic acid
1. Single strand (smaller in size)
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DNA2. Carries
instructions for genetic blueprint (directions for making proteins)
RNA2. Translates and
decodes genetic message and builds proteins
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DNA3. Found in the
nucleus
4. Sugar = deoxyribose
RNA3. Found in the
nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm
4. Sugar = ribose
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DNA5. Processes:
-replication
-transcription
6. 4 nitrogen bases
A, T, C, G
RNA5. Processes:
-transcription
-translation
6. 4 nitrogen bases
A, U, C, G
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DNA7. One type
RNA7. Three types
-messenger-ribosomal-transfer
All made from DNAAll have different
structures to suit their functions
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TYPES OF RNA
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MESSENGER RNA
• Also called mRNA• Acts as a messenger (carries
genetic instructions)• Moves genetic instructions out
of nucleus after making a copy• (DNA can’t leave the nucleus!!!)
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MESSENGER RNA
• Copy is carried to the ribosome to be translated
• Contains special base sequences called CODONS (a code word)
• CODON—Series of 3 bases
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MESSENGER RNA• Shape of mRNA:
–Long, linear single strand
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TRANSFER RNA
• Also called tRNA
• Two functions:
–Decoder/translator of genetic message
–Transports amino acids to ribosome for assemble of protein
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TRANSFER RNA
• Has two important binding regions–ANTICODON: sequence of 3 bases
on tRNA that must be complementary of mRNA codon)
–Attachment site for AMINO ACID to bind
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TRANSFER RNA• Shape of tRNA:
–Folded linear molecule, resembles a “t” shape or “cross”
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RIBOSOMAL RNA
• Also called rRNA• Site where amino acids are
assembled into proteins needed by the cell
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RIBOSOMAL RNA• Shape of rRNA:
–Makes up the structure of the ribosome
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