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Transcript of DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own...
![Page 1: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
DNA BasicsDeoxyribonucleic Acid
Every living organism has DNA
Every living thing has itrsquos own unique DNA
But DNA is DNA andhellip
According to Nat Geo we share 96 of the DNA chimps have and share 50 with a banana
Watson and Crick figured out the structure of the DNA molecule
But it was Rosalyn Franklin who had the photograph that made everything make sense
Stolen Photo - 51
DNA is found in the nucleus
DNA is found only in the nucleus it is so important it canrsquot leave the nucleus
-------ever--------
Your DNA is your blueprint or building instructions
It is your complete instruction manuel for how to build repair and replace you
(Your DNA codes for building proteins)
A rose by any other namehellipRomeo and Juliet
1 DNA by any other name
2-3Chromatin
4 Chromosomes
5 Sister Chromatidsbull Deoxyribonucleic Acid
will still carry your code
How is DNA structured
The entire molecule is twisted into a double helix
DNA is a polymer made of monomers called nucleotides
bull Larry the Cable guy would just say something like this
bull Itrsquos somrsquon perdy big thatrsquos made from lots of little bitty things that are perdy small
bull But itrsquos all perdy small really
bull Yor teacher said learn it
The nucleotides are composed of 3 things
bull Phosphate groupbull Deoxyribose sugar
bull Nitrogen base
Nitrogen Bases are Adenine Thymine Guanine and Cytosine
A-TG-C
The DNA backbone is made of a Sugar and a phosphate
The steps of the ladder are the nitrogen bases that are held together by weak
HYDROGEN BONDS
(Hydrogen high-school
heartbreak bonds ndash easily broken)
Replication If something needs repair or you
just need more
bull DNA unzips and makes an exact copy of itself during interphase of the cell cycle
If your body needs to build something it is called
protein synthesis
bull Synthesis (putting something together)
Why is protein important to me
All livings need protein forhellipeverythinghellip
80 of every cell is made of protein
Enzymes speed up reactions
Hormones send signals
DNA needs to make a protein but DNA doesnt speak the
language that proteins speak
english and arabic
You have to have a translator
1 strand 2strands
mRNA DNA1 one strand two strands
2 AUGC ATGC
3 Ribose Deoxyribose
There are 2 steps in protein synthesis
Transcription ndash a script is a copy
Translation ndash latethis is the last part
Transcription (part 1)bullDNA strand stays in the nucleus
bullDNA unzips (enzyme called polymerase)
bullmRNA comes into the nucleus and makes a copy because DNA cannot leave the nucleus
bull MRNA uses a nitrogen base called uracilbullmRNA takes a copy to a ribosome in the
cytoplasm bullDNA zips back up and you have the original and
a copy toobullQuestions
Questionsbull What makes a copy of the
DNA
bull Where is the copy made
bull Where is the copy taken
bull What sugar is in DNA RNA
bull Why can DNA not leave the nucleus
bull What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA
bull DNA strand ishellip GTCATACCA mRNA strand is
Translation (part2)
tRNA is the worker It carries amino acids but it only reads in 3rsquos
It translates mRNA into short a 3 letter words
mRNA has the real code
tRNA has the matching code (or anticode) that matches the correct amino acid
rRNA
All of this happens at the ribosome or the rRNA
bull One by one these tRNA bring amino acids to link into a protein chain according to the DNA instructions
bull How amazing is thatbull Should we be clapping now
Review the steps of Protein Synthesis
1 Transcription (writing the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766DNA mRNA messenger carries code
2 Translation (reading the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766mRNA tRNAprotein (AA chain)message translated into a proteinmessenger carries codeto cytoplasmto cytoplasm
DNA Replication
DNA unwinds and makes a copy
(Itrsquos that simple)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 2: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Every living organism has DNA
Every living thing has itrsquos own unique DNA
But DNA is DNA andhellip
According to Nat Geo we share 96 of the DNA chimps have and share 50 with a banana
Watson and Crick figured out the structure of the DNA molecule
But it was Rosalyn Franklin who had the photograph that made everything make sense
Stolen Photo - 51
DNA is found in the nucleus
DNA is found only in the nucleus it is so important it canrsquot leave the nucleus
-------ever--------
Your DNA is your blueprint or building instructions
It is your complete instruction manuel for how to build repair and replace you
(Your DNA codes for building proteins)
A rose by any other namehellipRomeo and Juliet
1 DNA by any other name
2-3Chromatin
4 Chromosomes
5 Sister Chromatidsbull Deoxyribonucleic Acid
will still carry your code
How is DNA structured
The entire molecule is twisted into a double helix
DNA is a polymer made of monomers called nucleotides
bull Larry the Cable guy would just say something like this
bull Itrsquos somrsquon perdy big thatrsquos made from lots of little bitty things that are perdy small
bull But itrsquos all perdy small really
bull Yor teacher said learn it
The nucleotides are composed of 3 things
bull Phosphate groupbull Deoxyribose sugar
bull Nitrogen base
Nitrogen Bases are Adenine Thymine Guanine and Cytosine
A-TG-C
The DNA backbone is made of a Sugar and a phosphate
The steps of the ladder are the nitrogen bases that are held together by weak
HYDROGEN BONDS
(Hydrogen high-school
heartbreak bonds ndash easily broken)
Replication If something needs repair or you
just need more
bull DNA unzips and makes an exact copy of itself during interphase of the cell cycle
If your body needs to build something it is called
protein synthesis
bull Synthesis (putting something together)
Why is protein important to me
All livings need protein forhellipeverythinghellip
80 of every cell is made of protein
Enzymes speed up reactions
Hormones send signals
DNA needs to make a protein but DNA doesnt speak the
language that proteins speak
english and arabic
You have to have a translator
1 strand 2strands
mRNA DNA1 one strand two strands
2 AUGC ATGC
3 Ribose Deoxyribose
There are 2 steps in protein synthesis
Transcription ndash a script is a copy
Translation ndash latethis is the last part
Transcription (part 1)bullDNA strand stays in the nucleus
bullDNA unzips (enzyme called polymerase)
bullmRNA comes into the nucleus and makes a copy because DNA cannot leave the nucleus
bull MRNA uses a nitrogen base called uracilbullmRNA takes a copy to a ribosome in the
cytoplasm bullDNA zips back up and you have the original and
a copy toobullQuestions
Questionsbull What makes a copy of the
DNA
bull Where is the copy made
bull Where is the copy taken
bull What sugar is in DNA RNA
bull Why can DNA not leave the nucleus
bull What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA
bull DNA strand ishellip GTCATACCA mRNA strand is
Translation (part2)
tRNA is the worker It carries amino acids but it only reads in 3rsquos
It translates mRNA into short a 3 letter words
mRNA has the real code
tRNA has the matching code (or anticode) that matches the correct amino acid
rRNA
All of this happens at the ribosome or the rRNA
bull One by one these tRNA bring amino acids to link into a protein chain according to the DNA instructions
bull How amazing is thatbull Should we be clapping now
Review the steps of Protein Synthesis
1 Transcription (writing the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766DNA mRNA messenger carries code
2 Translation (reading the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766mRNA tRNAprotein (AA chain)message translated into a proteinmessenger carries codeto cytoplasmto cytoplasm
DNA Replication
DNA unwinds and makes a copy
(Itrsquos that simple)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 3: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Watson and Crick figured out the structure of the DNA molecule
But it was Rosalyn Franklin who had the photograph that made everything make sense
Stolen Photo - 51
DNA is found in the nucleus
DNA is found only in the nucleus it is so important it canrsquot leave the nucleus
-------ever--------
Your DNA is your blueprint or building instructions
It is your complete instruction manuel for how to build repair and replace you
(Your DNA codes for building proteins)
A rose by any other namehellipRomeo and Juliet
1 DNA by any other name
2-3Chromatin
4 Chromosomes
5 Sister Chromatidsbull Deoxyribonucleic Acid
will still carry your code
How is DNA structured
The entire molecule is twisted into a double helix
DNA is a polymer made of monomers called nucleotides
bull Larry the Cable guy would just say something like this
bull Itrsquos somrsquon perdy big thatrsquos made from lots of little bitty things that are perdy small
bull But itrsquos all perdy small really
bull Yor teacher said learn it
The nucleotides are composed of 3 things
bull Phosphate groupbull Deoxyribose sugar
bull Nitrogen base
Nitrogen Bases are Adenine Thymine Guanine and Cytosine
A-TG-C
The DNA backbone is made of a Sugar and a phosphate
The steps of the ladder are the nitrogen bases that are held together by weak
HYDROGEN BONDS
(Hydrogen high-school
heartbreak bonds ndash easily broken)
Replication If something needs repair or you
just need more
bull DNA unzips and makes an exact copy of itself during interphase of the cell cycle
If your body needs to build something it is called
protein synthesis
bull Synthesis (putting something together)
Why is protein important to me
All livings need protein forhellipeverythinghellip
80 of every cell is made of protein
Enzymes speed up reactions
Hormones send signals
DNA needs to make a protein but DNA doesnt speak the
language that proteins speak
english and arabic
You have to have a translator
1 strand 2strands
mRNA DNA1 one strand two strands
2 AUGC ATGC
3 Ribose Deoxyribose
There are 2 steps in protein synthesis
Transcription ndash a script is a copy
Translation ndash latethis is the last part
Transcription (part 1)bullDNA strand stays in the nucleus
bullDNA unzips (enzyme called polymerase)
bullmRNA comes into the nucleus and makes a copy because DNA cannot leave the nucleus
bull MRNA uses a nitrogen base called uracilbullmRNA takes a copy to a ribosome in the
cytoplasm bullDNA zips back up and you have the original and
a copy toobullQuestions
Questionsbull What makes a copy of the
DNA
bull Where is the copy made
bull Where is the copy taken
bull What sugar is in DNA RNA
bull Why can DNA not leave the nucleus
bull What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA
bull DNA strand ishellip GTCATACCA mRNA strand is
Translation (part2)
tRNA is the worker It carries amino acids but it only reads in 3rsquos
It translates mRNA into short a 3 letter words
mRNA has the real code
tRNA has the matching code (or anticode) that matches the correct amino acid
rRNA
All of this happens at the ribosome or the rRNA
bull One by one these tRNA bring amino acids to link into a protein chain according to the DNA instructions
bull How amazing is thatbull Should we be clapping now
Review the steps of Protein Synthesis
1 Transcription (writing the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766DNA mRNA messenger carries code
2 Translation (reading the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766mRNA tRNAprotein (AA chain)message translated into a proteinmessenger carries codeto cytoplasmto cytoplasm
DNA Replication
DNA unwinds and makes a copy
(Itrsquos that simple)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 4: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
But it was Rosalyn Franklin who had the photograph that made everything make sense
Stolen Photo - 51
DNA is found in the nucleus
DNA is found only in the nucleus it is so important it canrsquot leave the nucleus
-------ever--------
Your DNA is your blueprint or building instructions
It is your complete instruction manuel for how to build repair and replace you
(Your DNA codes for building proteins)
A rose by any other namehellipRomeo and Juliet
1 DNA by any other name
2-3Chromatin
4 Chromosomes
5 Sister Chromatidsbull Deoxyribonucleic Acid
will still carry your code
How is DNA structured
The entire molecule is twisted into a double helix
DNA is a polymer made of monomers called nucleotides
bull Larry the Cable guy would just say something like this
bull Itrsquos somrsquon perdy big thatrsquos made from lots of little bitty things that are perdy small
bull But itrsquos all perdy small really
bull Yor teacher said learn it
The nucleotides are composed of 3 things
bull Phosphate groupbull Deoxyribose sugar
bull Nitrogen base
Nitrogen Bases are Adenine Thymine Guanine and Cytosine
A-TG-C
The DNA backbone is made of a Sugar and a phosphate
The steps of the ladder are the nitrogen bases that are held together by weak
HYDROGEN BONDS
(Hydrogen high-school
heartbreak bonds ndash easily broken)
Replication If something needs repair or you
just need more
bull DNA unzips and makes an exact copy of itself during interphase of the cell cycle
If your body needs to build something it is called
protein synthesis
bull Synthesis (putting something together)
Why is protein important to me
All livings need protein forhellipeverythinghellip
80 of every cell is made of protein
Enzymes speed up reactions
Hormones send signals
DNA needs to make a protein but DNA doesnt speak the
language that proteins speak
english and arabic
You have to have a translator
1 strand 2strands
mRNA DNA1 one strand two strands
2 AUGC ATGC
3 Ribose Deoxyribose
There are 2 steps in protein synthesis
Transcription ndash a script is a copy
Translation ndash latethis is the last part
Transcription (part 1)bullDNA strand stays in the nucleus
bullDNA unzips (enzyme called polymerase)
bullmRNA comes into the nucleus and makes a copy because DNA cannot leave the nucleus
bull MRNA uses a nitrogen base called uracilbullmRNA takes a copy to a ribosome in the
cytoplasm bullDNA zips back up and you have the original and
a copy toobullQuestions
Questionsbull What makes a copy of the
DNA
bull Where is the copy made
bull Where is the copy taken
bull What sugar is in DNA RNA
bull Why can DNA not leave the nucleus
bull What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA
bull DNA strand ishellip GTCATACCA mRNA strand is
Translation (part2)
tRNA is the worker It carries amino acids but it only reads in 3rsquos
It translates mRNA into short a 3 letter words
mRNA has the real code
tRNA has the matching code (or anticode) that matches the correct amino acid
rRNA
All of this happens at the ribosome or the rRNA
bull One by one these tRNA bring amino acids to link into a protein chain according to the DNA instructions
bull How amazing is thatbull Should we be clapping now
Review the steps of Protein Synthesis
1 Transcription (writing the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766DNA mRNA messenger carries code
2 Translation (reading the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766mRNA tRNAprotein (AA chain)message translated into a proteinmessenger carries codeto cytoplasmto cytoplasm
DNA Replication
DNA unwinds and makes a copy
(Itrsquos that simple)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 5: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
DNA is found in the nucleus
DNA is found only in the nucleus it is so important it canrsquot leave the nucleus
-------ever--------
Your DNA is your blueprint or building instructions
It is your complete instruction manuel for how to build repair and replace you
(Your DNA codes for building proteins)
A rose by any other namehellipRomeo and Juliet
1 DNA by any other name
2-3Chromatin
4 Chromosomes
5 Sister Chromatidsbull Deoxyribonucleic Acid
will still carry your code
How is DNA structured
The entire molecule is twisted into a double helix
DNA is a polymer made of monomers called nucleotides
bull Larry the Cable guy would just say something like this
bull Itrsquos somrsquon perdy big thatrsquos made from lots of little bitty things that are perdy small
bull But itrsquos all perdy small really
bull Yor teacher said learn it
The nucleotides are composed of 3 things
bull Phosphate groupbull Deoxyribose sugar
bull Nitrogen base
Nitrogen Bases are Adenine Thymine Guanine and Cytosine
A-TG-C
The DNA backbone is made of a Sugar and a phosphate
The steps of the ladder are the nitrogen bases that are held together by weak
HYDROGEN BONDS
(Hydrogen high-school
heartbreak bonds ndash easily broken)
Replication If something needs repair or you
just need more
bull DNA unzips and makes an exact copy of itself during interphase of the cell cycle
If your body needs to build something it is called
protein synthesis
bull Synthesis (putting something together)
Why is protein important to me
All livings need protein forhellipeverythinghellip
80 of every cell is made of protein
Enzymes speed up reactions
Hormones send signals
DNA needs to make a protein but DNA doesnt speak the
language that proteins speak
english and arabic
You have to have a translator
1 strand 2strands
mRNA DNA1 one strand two strands
2 AUGC ATGC
3 Ribose Deoxyribose
There are 2 steps in protein synthesis
Transcription ndash a script is a copy
Translation ndash latethis is the last part
Transcription (part 1)bullDNA strand stays in the nucleus
bullDNA unzips (enzyme called polymerase)
bullmRNA comes into the nucleus and makes a copy because DNA cannot leave the nucleus
bull MRNA uses a nitrogen base called uracilbullmRNA takes a copy to a ribosome in the
cytoplasm bullDNA zips back up and you have the original and
a copy toobullQuestions
Questionsbull What makes a copy of the
DNA
bull Where is the copy made
bull Where is the copy taken
bull What sugar is in DNA RNA
bull Why can DNA not leave the nucleus
bull What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA
bull DNA strand ishellip GTCATACCA mRNA strand is
Translation (part2)
tRNA is the worker It carries amino acids but it only reads in 3rsquos
It translates mRNA into short a 3 letter words
mRNA has the real code
tRNA has the matching code (or anticode) that matches the correct amino acid
rRNA
All of this happens at the ribosome or the rRNA
bull One by one these tRNA bring amino acids to link into a protein chain according to the DNA instructions
bull How amazing is thatbull Should we be clapping now
Review the steps of Protein Synthesis
1 Transcription (writing the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766DNA mRNA messenger carries code
2 Translation (reading the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766mRNA tRNAprotein (AA chain)message translated into a proteinmessenger carries codeto cytoplasmto cytoplasm
DNA Replication
DNA unwinds and makes a copy
(Itrsquos that simple)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 6: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
DNA is found only in the nucleus it is so important it canrsquot leave the nucleus
-------ever--------
Your DNA is your blueprint or building instructions
It is your complete instruction manuel for how to build repair and replace you
(Your DNA codes for building proteins)
A rose by any other namehellipRomeo and Juliet
1 DNA by any other name
2-3Chromatin
4 Chromosomes
5 Sister Chromatidsbull Deoxyribonucleic Acid
will still carry your code
How is DNA structured
The entire molecule is twisted into a double helix
DNA is a polymer made of monomers called nucleotides
bull Larry the Cable guy would just say something like this
bull Itrsquos somrsquon perdy big thatrsquos made from lots of little bitty things that are perdy small
bull But itrsquos all perdy small really
bull Yor teacher said learn it
The nucleotides are composed of 3 things
bull Phosphate groupbull Deoxyribose sugar
bull Nitrogen base
Nitrogen Bases are Adenine Thymine Guanine and Cytosine
A-TG-C
The DNA backbone is made of a Sugar and a phosphate
The steps of the ladder are the nitrogen bases that are held together by weak
HYDROGEN BONDS
(Hydrogen high-school
heartbreak bonds ndash easily broken)
Replication If something needs repair or you
just need more
bull DNA unzips and makes an exact copy of itself during interphase of the cell cycle
If your body needs to build something it is called
protein synthesis
bull Synthesis (putting something together)
Why is protein important to me
All livings need protein forhellipeverythinghellip
80 of every cell is made of protein
Enzymes speed up reactions
Hormones send signals
DNA needs to make a protein but DNA doesnt speak the
language that proteins speak
english and arabic
You have to have a translator
1 strand 2strands
mRNA DNA1 one strand two strands
2 AUGC ATGC
3 Ribose Deoxyribose
There are 2 steps in protein synthesis
Transcription ndash a script is a copy
Translation ndash latethis is the last part
Transcription (part 1)bullDNA strand stays in the nucleus
bullDNA unzips (enzyme called polymerase)
bullmRNA comes into the nucleus and makes a copy because DNA cannot leave the nucleus
bull MRNA uses a nitrogen base called uracilbullmRNA takes a copy to a ribosome in the
cytoplasm bullDNA zips back up and you have the original and
a copy toobullQuestions
Questionsbull What makes a copy of the
DNA
bull Where is the copy made
bull Where is the copy taken
bull What sugar is in DNA RNA
bull Why can DNA not leave the nucleus
bull What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA
bull DNA strand ishellip GTCATACCA mRNA strand is
Translation (part2)
tRNA is the worker It carries amino acids but it only reads in 3rsquos
It translates mRNA into short a 3 letter words
mRNA has the real code
tRNA has the matching code (or anticode) that matches the correct amino acid
rRNA
All of this happens at the ribosome or the rRNA
bull One by one these tRNA bring amino acids to link into a protein chain according to the DNA instructions
bull How amazing is thatbull Should we be clapping now
Review the steps of Protein Synthesis
1 Transcription (writing the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766DNA mRNA messenger carries code
2 Translation (reading the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766mRNA tRNAprotein (AA chain)message translated into a proteinmessenger carries codeto cytoplasmto cytoplasm
DNA Replication
DNA unwinds and makes a copy
(Itrsquos that simple)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 7: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
A rose by any other namehellipRomeo and Juliet
1 DNA by any other name
2-3Chromatin
4 Chromosomes
5 Sister Chromatidsbull Deoxyribonucleic Acid
will still carry your code
How is DNA structured
The entire molecule is twisted into a double helix
DNA is a polymer made of monomers called nucleotides
bull Larry the Cable guy would just say something like this
bull Itrsquos somrsquon perdy big thatrsquos made from lots of little bitty things that are perdy small
bull But itrsquos all perdy small really
bull Yor teacher said learn it
The nucleotides are composed of 3 things
bull Phosphate groupbull Deoxyribose sugar
bull Nitrogen base
Nitrogen Bases are Adenine Thymine Guanine and Cytosine
A-TG-C
The DNA backbone is made of a Sugar and a phosphate
The steps of the ladder are the nitrogen bases that are held together by weak
HYDROGEN BONDS
(Hydrogen high-school
heartbreak bonds ndash easily broken)
Replication If something needs repair or you
just need more
bull DNA unzips and makes an exact copy of itself during interphase of the cell cycle
If your body needs to build something it is called
protein synthesis
bull Synthesis (putting something together)
Why is protein important to me
All livings need protein forhellipeverythinghellip
80 of every cell is made of protein
Enzymes speed up reactions
Hormones send signals
DNA needs to make a protein but DNA doesnt speak the
language that proteins speak
english and arabic
You have to have a translator
1 strand 2strands
mRNA DNA1 one strand two strands
2 AUGC ATGC
3 Ribose Deoxyribose
There are 2 steps in protein synthesis
Transcription ndash a script is a copy
Translation ndash latethis is the last part
Transcription (part 1)bullDNA strand stays in the nucleus
bullDNA unzips (enzyme called polymerase)
bullmRNA comes into the nucleus and makes a copy because DNA cannot leave the nucleus
bull MRNA uses a nitrogen base called uracilbullmRNA takes a copy to a ribosome in the
cytoplasm bullDNA zips back up and you have the original and
a copy toobullQuestions
Questionsbull What makes a copy of the
DNA
bull Where is the copy made
bull Where is the copy taken
bull What sugar is in DNA RNA
bull Why can DNA not leave the nucleus
bull What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA
bull DNA strand ishellip GTCATACCA mRNA strand is
Translation (part2)
tRNA is the worker It carries amino acids but it only reads in 3rsquos
It translates mRNA into short a 3 letter words
mRNA has the real code
tRNA has the matching code (or anticode) that matches the correct amino acid
rRNA
All of this happens at the ribosome or the rRNA
bull One by one these tRNA bring amino acids to link into a protein chain according to the DNA instructions
bull How amazing is thatbull Should we be clapping now
Review the steps of Protein Synthesis
1 Transcription (writing the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766DNA mRNA messenger carries code
2 Translation (reading the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766mRNA tRNAprotein (AA chain)message translated into a proteinmessenger carries codeto cytoplasmto cytoplasm
DNA Replication
DNA unwinds and makes a copy
(Itrsquos that simple)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 8: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
How is DNA structured
The entire molecule is twisted into a double helix
DNA is a polymer made of monomers called nucleotides
bull Larry the Cable guy would just say something like this
bull Itrsquos somrsquon perdy big thatrsquos made from lots of little bitty things that are perdy small
bull But itrsquos all perdy small really
bull Yor teacher said learn it
The nucleotides are composed of 3 things
bull Phosphate groupbull Deoxyribose sugar
bull Nitrogen base
Nitrogen Bases are Adenine Thymine Guanine and Cytosine
A-TG-C
The DNA backbone is made of a Sugar and a phosphate
The steps of the ladder are the nitrogen bases that are held together by weak
HYDROGEN BONDS
(Hydrogen high-school
heartbreak bonds ndash easily broken)
Replication If something needs repair or you
just need more
bull DNA unzips and makes an exact copy of itself during interphase of the cell cycle
If your body needs to build something it is called
protein synthesis
bull Synthesis (putting something together)
Why is protein important to me
All livings need protein forhellipeverythinghellip
80 of every cell is made of protein
Enzymes speed up reactions
Hormones send signals
DNA needs to make a protein but DNA doesnt speak the
language that proteins speak
english and arabic
You have to have a translator
1 strand 2strands
mRNA DNA1 one strand two strands
2 AUGC ATGC
3 Ribose Deoxyribose
There are 2 steps in protein synthesis
Transcription ndash a script is a copy
Translation ndash latethis is the last part
Transcription (part 1)bullDNA strand stays in the nucleus
bullDNA unzips (enzyme called polymerase)
bullmRNA comes into the nucleus and makes a copy because DNA cannot leave the nucleus
bull MRNA uses a nitrogen base called uracilbullmRNA takes a copy to a ribosome in the
cytoplasm bullDNA zips back up and you have the original and
a copy toobullQuestions
Questionsbull What makes a copy of the
DNA
bull Where is the copy made
bull Where is the copy taken
bull What sugar is in DNA RNA
bull Why can DNA not leave the nucleus
bull What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA
bull DNA strand ishellip GTCATACCA mRNA strand is
Translation (part2)
tRNA is the worker It carries amino acids but it only reads in 3rsquos
It translates mRNA into short a 3 letter words
mRNA has the real code
tRNA has the matching code (or anticode) that matches the correct amino acid
rRNA
All of this happens at the ribosome or the rRNA
bull One by one these tRNA bring amino acids to link into a protein chain according to the DNA instructions
bull How amazing is thatbull Should we be clapping now
Review the steps of Protein Synthesis
1 Transcription (writing the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766DNA mRNA messenger carries code
2 Translation (reading the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766mRNA tRNAprotein (AA chain)message translated into a proteinmessenger carries codeto cytoplasmto cytoplasm
DNA Replication
DNA unwinds and makes a copy
(Itrsquos that simple)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 9: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
DNA is a polymer made of monomers called nucleotides
bull Larry the Cable guy would just say something like this
bull Itrsquos somrsquon perdy big thatrsquos made from lots of little bitty things that are perdy small
bull But itrsquos all perdy small really
bull Yor teacher said learn it
The nucleotides are composed of 3 things
bull Phosphate groupbull Deoxyribose sugar
bull Nitrogen base
Nitrogen Bases are Adenine Thymine Guanine and Cytosine
A-TG-C
The DNA backbone is made of a Sugar and a phosphate
The steps of the ladder are the nitrogen bases that are held together by weak
HYDROGEN BONDS
(Hydrogen high-school
heartbreak bonds ndash easily broken)
Replication If something needs repair or you
just need more
bull DNA unzips and makes an exact copy of itself during interphase of the cell cycle
If your body needs to build something it is called
protein synthesis
bull Synthesis (putting something together)
Why is protein important to me
All livings need protein forhellipeverythinghellip
80 of every cell is made of protein
Enzymes speed up reactions
Hormones send signals
DNA needs to make a protein but DNA doesnt speak the
language that proteins speak
english and arabic
You have to have a translator
1 strand 2strands
mRNA DNA1 one strand two strands
2 AUGC ATGC
3 Ribose Deoxyribose
There are 2 steps in protein synthesis
Transcription ndash a script is a copy
Translation ndash latethis is the last part
Transcription (part 1)bullDNA strand stays in the nucleus
bullDNA unzips (enzyme called polymerase)
bullmRNA comes into the nucleus and makes a copy because DNA cannot leave the nucleus
bull MRNA uses a nitrogen base called uracilbullmRNA takes a copy to a ribosome in the
cytoplasm bullDNA zips back up and you have the original and
a copy toobullQuestions
Questionsbull What makes a copy of the
DNA
bull Where is the copy made
bull Where is the copy taken
bull What sugar is in DNA RNA
bull Why can DNA not leave the nucleus
bull What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA
bull DNA strand ishellip GTCATACCA mRNA strand is
Translation (part2)
tRNA is the worker It carries amino acids but it only reads in 3rsquos
It translates mRNA into short a 3 letter words
mRNA has the real code
tRNA has the matching code (or anticode) that matches the correct amino acid
rRNA
All of this happens at the ribosome or the rRNA
bull One by one these tRNA bring amino acids to link into a protein chain according to the DNA instructions
bull How amazing is thatbull Should we be clapping now
Review the steps of Protein Synthesis
1 Transcription (writing the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766DNA mRNA messenger carries code
2 Translation (reading the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766mRNA tRNAprotein (AA chain)message translated into a proteinmessenger carries codeto cytoplasmto cytoplasm
DNA Replication
DNA unwinds and makes a copy
(Itrsquos that simple)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 10: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The nucleotides are composed of 3 things
bull Phosphate groupbull Deoxyribose sugar
bull Nitrogen base
Nitrogen Bases are Adenine Thymine Guanine and Cytosine
A-TG-C
The DNA backbone is made of a Sugar and a phosphate
The steps of the ladder are the nitrogen bases that are held together by weak
HYDROGEN BONDS
(Hydrogen high-school
heartbreak bonds ndash easily broken)
Replication If something needs repair or you
just need more
bull DNA unzips and makes an exact copy of itself during interphase of the cell cycle
If your body needs to build something it is called
protein synthesis
bull Synthesis (putting something together)
Why is protein important to me
All livings need protein forhellipeverythinghellip
80 of every cell is made of protein
Enzymes speed up reactions
Hormones send signals
DNA needs to make a protein but DNA doesnt speak the
language that proteins speak
english and arabic
You have to have a translator
1 strand 2strands
mRNA DNA1 one strand two strands
2 AUGC ATGC
3 Ribose Deoxyribose
There are 2 steps in protein synthesis
Transcription ndash a script is a copy
Translation ndash latethis is the last part
Transcription (part 1)bullDNA strand stays in the nucleus
bullDNA unzips (enzyme called polymerase)
bullmRNA comes into the nucleus and makes a copy because DNA cannot leave the nucleus
bull MRNA uses a nitrogen base called uracilbullmRNA takes a copy to a ribosome in the
cytoplasm bullDNA zips back up and you have the original and
a copy toobullQuestions
Questionsbull What makes a copy of the
DNA
bull Where is the copy made
bull Where is the copy taken
bull What sugar is in DNA RNA
bull Why can DNA not leave the nucleus
bull What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA
bull DNA strand ishellip GTCATACCA mRNA strand is
Translation (part2)
tRNA is the worker It carries amino acids but it only reads in 3rsquos
It translates mRNA into short a 3 letter words
mRNA has the real code
tRNA has the matching code (or anticode) that matches the correct amino acid
rRNA
All of this happens at the ribosome or the rRNA
bull One by one these tRNA bring amino acids to link into a protein chain according to the DNA instructions
bull How amazing is thatbull Should we be clapping now
Review the steps of Protein Synthesis
1 Transcription (writing the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766DNA mRNA messenger carries code
2 Translation (reading the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766mRNA tRNAprotein (AA chain)message translated into a proteinmessenger carries codeto cytoplasmto cytoplasm
DNA Replication
DNA unwinds and makes a copy
(Itrsquos that simple)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 11: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Nitrogen Bases are Adenine Thymine Guanine and Cytosine
A-TG-C
The DNA backbone is made of a Sugar and a phosphate
The steps of the ladder are the nitrogen bases that are held together by weak
HYDROGEN BONDS
(Hydrogen high-school
heartbreak bonds ndash easily broken)
Replication If something needs repair or you
just need more
bull DNA unzips and makes an exact copy of itself during interphase of the cell cycle
If your body needs to build something it is called
protein synthesis
bull Synthesis (putting something together)
Why is protein important to me
All livings need protein forhellipeverythinghellip
80 of every cell is made of protein
Enzymes speed up reactions
Hormones send signals
DNA needs to make a protein but DNA doesnt speak the
language that proteins speak
english and arabic
You have to have a translator
1 strand 2strands
mRNA DNA1 one strand two strands
2 AUGC ATGC
3 Ribose Deoxyribose
There are 2 steps in protein synthesis
Transcription ndash a script is a copy
Translation ndash latethis is the last part
Transcription (part 1)bullDNA strand stays in the nucleus
bullDNA unzips (enzyme called polymerase)
bullmRNA comes into the nucleus and makes a copy because DNA cannot leave the nucleus
bull MRNA uses a nitrogen base called uracilbullmRNA takes a copy to a ribosome in the
cytoplasm bullDNA zips back up and you have the original and
a copy toobullQuestions
Questionsbull What makes a copy of the
DNA
bull Where is the copy made
bull Where is the copy taken
bull What sugar is in DNA RNA
bull Why can DNA not leave the nucleus
bull What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA
bull DNA strand ishellip GTCATACCA mRNA strand is
Translation (part2)
tRNA is the worker It carries amino acids but it only reads in 3rsquos
It translates mRNA into short a 3 letter words
mRNA has the real code
tRNA has the matching code (or anticode) that matches the correct amino acid
rRNA
All of this happens at the ribosome or the rRNA
bull One by one these tRNA bring amino acids to link into a protein chain according to the DNA instructions
bull How amazing is thatbull Should we be clapping now
Review the steps of Protein Synthesis
1 Transcription (writing the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766DNA mRNA messenger carries code
2 Translation (reading the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766mRNA tRNAprotein (AA chain)message translated into a proteinmessenger carries codeto cytoplasmto cytoplasm
DNA Replication
DNA unwinds and makes a copy
(Itrsquos that simple)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 12: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The DNA backbone is made of a Sugar and a phosphate
The steps of the ladder are the nitrogen bases that are held together by weak
HYDROGEN BONDS
(Hydrogen high-school
heartbreak bonds ndash easily broken)
Replication If something needs repair or you
just need more
bull DNA unzips and makes an exact copy of itself during interphase of the cell cycle
If your body needs to build something it is called
protein synthesis
bull Synthesis (putting something together)
Why is protein important to me
All livings need protein forhellipeverythinghellip
80 of every cell is made of protein
Enzymes speed up reactions
Hormones send signals
DNA needs to make a protein but DNA doesnt speak the
language that proteins speak
english and arabic
You have to have a translator
1 strand 2strands
mRNA DNA1 one strand two strands
2 AUGC ATGC
3 Ribose Deoxyribose
There are 2 steps in protein synthesis
Transcription ndash a script is a copy
Translation ndash latethis is the last part
Transcription (part 1)bullDNA strand stays in the nucleus
bullDNA unzips (enzyme called polymerase)
bullmRNA comes into the nucleus and makes a copy because DNA cannot leave the nucleus
bull MRNA uses a nitrogen base called uracilbullmRNA takes a copy to a ribosome in the
cytoplasm bullDNA zips back up and you have the original and
a copy toobullQuestions
Questionsbull What makes a copy of the
DNA
bull Where is the copy made
bull Where is the copy taken
bull What sugar is in DNA RNA
bull Why can DNA not leave the nucleus
bull What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA
bull DNA strand ishellip GTCATACCA mRNA strand is
Translation (part2)
tRNA is the worker It carries amino acids but it only reads in 3rsquos
It translates mRNA into short a 3 letter words
mRNA has the real code
tRNA has the matching code (or anticode) that matches the correct amino acid
rRNA
All of this happens at the ribosome or the rRNA
bull One by one these tRNA bring amino acids to link into a protein chain according to the DNA instructions
bull How amazing is thatbull Should we be clapping now
Review the steps of Protein Synthesis
1 Transcription (writing the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766DNA mRNA messenger carries code
2 Translation (reading the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766mRNA tRNAprotein (AA chain)message translated into a proteinmessenger carries codeto cytoplasmto cytoplasm
DNA Replication
DNA unwinds and makes a copy
(Itrsquos that simple)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 13: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Replication If something needs repair or you
just need more
bull DNA unzips and makes an exact copy of itself during interphase of the cell cycle
If your body needs to build something it is called
protein synthesis
bull Synthesis (putting something together)
Why is protein important to me
All livings need protein forhellipeverythinghellip
80 of every cell is made of protein
Enzymes speed up reactions
Hormones send signals
DNA needs to make a protein but DNA doesnt speak the
language that proteins speak
english and arabic
You have to have a translator
1 strand 2strands
mRNA DNA1 one strand two strands
2 AUGC ATGC
3 Ribose Deoxyribose
There are 2 steps in protein synthesis
Transcription ndash a script is a copy
Translation ndash latethis is the last part
Transcription (part 1)bullDNA strand stays in the nucleus
bullDNA unzips (enzyme called polymerase)
bullmRNA comes into the nucleus and makes a copy because DNA cannot leave the nucleus
bull MRNA uses a nitrogen base called uracilbullmRNA takes a copy to a ribosome in the
cytoplasm bullDNA zips back up and you have the original and
a copy toobullQuestions
Questionsbull What makes a copy of the
DNA
bull Where is the copy made
bull Where is the copy taken
bull What sugar is in DNA RNA
bull Why can DNA not leave the nucleus
bull What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA
bull DNA strand ishellip GTCATACCA mRNA strand is
Translation (part2)
tRNA is the worker It carries amino acids but it only reads in 3rsquos
It translates mRNA into short a 3 letter words
mRNA has the real code
tRNA has the matching code (or anticode) that matches the correct amino acid
rRNA
All of this happens at the ribosome or the rRNA
bull One by one these tRNA bring amino acids to link into a protein chain according to the DNA instructions
bull How amazing is thatbull Should we be clapping now
Review the steps of Protein Synthesis
1 Transcription (writing the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766DNA mRNA messenger carries code
2 Translation (reading the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766mRNA tRNAprotein (AA chain)message translated into a proteinmessenger carries codeto cytoplasmto cytoplasm
DNA Replication
DNA unwinds and makes a copy
(Itrsquos that simple)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 14: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
If your body needs to build something it is called
protein synthesis
bull Synthesis (putting something together)
Why is protein important to me
All livings need protein forhellipeverythinghellip
80 of every cell is made of protein
Enzymes speed up reactions
Hormones send signals
DNA needs to make a protein but DNA doesnt speak the
language that proteins speak
english and arabic
You have to have a translator
1 strand 2strands
mRNA DNA1 one strand two strands
2 AUGC ATGC
3 Ribose Deoxyribose
There are 2 steps in protein synthesis
Transcription ndash a script is a copy
Translation ndash latethis is the last part
Transcription (part 1)bullDNA strand stays in the nucleus
bullDNA unzips (enzyme called polymerase)
bullmRNA comes into the nucleus and makes a copy because DNA cannot leave the nucleus
bull MRNA uses a nitrogen base called uracilbullmRNA takes a copy to a ribosome in the
cytoplasm bullDNA zips back up and you have the original and
a copy toobullQuestions
Questionsbull What makes a copy of the
DNA
bull Where is the copy made
bull Where is the copy taken
bull What sugar is in DNA RNA
bull Why can DNA not leave the nucleus
bull What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA
bull DNA strand ishellip GTCATACCA mRNA strand is
Translation (part2)
tRNA is the worker It carries amino acids but it only reads in 3rsquos
It translates mRNA into short a 3 letter words
mRNA has the real code
tRNA has the matching code (or anticode) that matches the correct amino acid
rRNA
All of this happens at the ribosome or the rRNA
bull One by one these tRNA bring amino acids to link into a protein chain according to the DNA instructions
bull How amazing is thatbull Should we be clapping now
Review the steps of Protein Synthesis
1 Transcription (writing the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766DNA mRNA messenger carries code
2 Translation (reading the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766mRNA tRNAprotein (AA chain)message translated into a proteinmessenger carries codeto cytoplasmto cytoplasm
DNA Replication
DNA unwinds and makes a copy
(Itrsquos that simple)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 15: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Why is protein important to me
All livings need protein forhellipeverythinghellip
80 of every cell is made of protein
Enzymes speed up reactions
Hormones send signals
DNA needs to make a protein but DNA doesnt speak the
language that proteins speak
english and arabic
You have to have a translator
1 strand 2strands
mRNA DNA1 one strand two strands
2 AUGC ATGC
3 Ribose Deoxyribose
There are 2 steps in protein synthesis
Transcription ndash a script is a copy
Translation ndash latethis is the last part
Transcription (part 1)bullDNA strand stays in the nucleus
bullDNA unzips (enzyme called polymerase)
bullmRNA comes into the nucleus and makes a copy because DNA cannot leave the nucleus
bull MRNA uses a nitrogen base called uracilbullmRNA takes a copy to a ribosome in the
cytoplasm bullDNA zips back up and you have the original and
a copy toobullQuestions
Questionsbull What makes a copy of the
DNA
bull Where is the copy made
bull Where is the copy taken
bull What sugar is in DNA RNA
bull Why can DNA not leave the nucleus
bull What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA
bull DNA strand ishellip GTCATACCA mRNA strand is
Translation (part2)
tRNA is the worker It carries amino acids but it only reads in 3rsquos
It translates mRNA into short a 3 letter words
mRNA has the real code
tRNA has the matching code (or anticode) that matches the correct amino acid
rRNA
All of this happens at the ribosome or the rRNA
bull One by one these tRNA bring amino acids to link into a protein chain according to the DNA instructions
bull How amazing is thatbull Should we be clapping now
Review the steps of Protein Synthesis
1 Transcription (writing the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766DNA mRNA messenger carries code
2 Translation (reading the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766mRNA tRNAprotein (AA chain)message translated into a proteinmessenger carries codeto cytoplasmto cytoplasm
DNA Replication
DNA unwinds and makes a copy
(Itrsquos that simple)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 16: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
DNA needs to make a protein but DNA doesnt speak the
language that proteins speak
english and arabic
You have to have a translator
1 strand 2strands
mRNA DNA1 one strand two strands
2 AUGC ATGC
3 Ribose Deoxyribose
There are 2 steps in protein synthesis
Transcription ndash a script is a copy
Translation ndash latethis is the last part
Transcription (part 1)bullDNA strand stays in the nucleus
bullDNA unzips (enzyme called polymerase)
bullmRNA comes into the nucleus and makes a copy because DNA cannot leave the nucleus
bull MRNA uses a nitrogen base called uracilbullmRNA takes a copy to a ribosome in the
cytoplasm bullDNA zips back up and you have the original and
a copy toobullQuestions
Questionsbull What makes a copy of the
DNA
bull Where is the copy made
bull Where is the copy taken
bull What sugar is in DNA RNA
bull Why can DNA not leave the nucleus
bull What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA
bull DNA strand ishellip GTCATACCA mRNA strand is
Translation (part2)
tRNA is the worker It carries amino acids but it only reads in 3rsquos
It translates mRNA into short a 3 letter words
mRNA has the real code
tRNA has the matching code (or anticode) that matches the correct amino acid
rRNA
All of this happens at the ribosome or the rRNA
bull One by one these tRNA bring amino acids to link into a protein chain according to the DNA instructions
bull How amazing is thatbull Should we be clapping now
Review the steps of Protein Synthesis
1 Transcription (writing the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766DNA mRNA messenger carries code
2 Translation (reading the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766mRNA tRNAprotein (AA chain)message translated into a proteinmessenger carries codeto cytoplasmto cytoplasm
DNA Replication
DNA unwinds and makes a copy
(Itrsquos that simple)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 17: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
1 strand 2strands
mRNA DNA1 one strand two strands
2 AUGC ATGC
3 Ribose Deoxyribose
There are 2 steps in protein synthesis
Transcription ndash a script is a copy
Translation ndash latethis is the last part
Transcription (part 1)bullDNA strand stays in the nucleus
bullDNA unzips (enzyme called polymerase)
bullmRNA comes into the nucleus and makes a copy because DNA cannot leave the nucleus
bull MRNA uses a nitrogen base called uracilbullmRNA takes a copy to a ribosome in the
cytoplasm bullDNA zips back up and you have the original and
a copy toobullQuestions
Questionsbull What makes a copy of the
DNA
bull Where is the copy made
bull Where is the copy taken
bull What sugar is in DNA RNA
bull Why can DNA not leave the nucleus
bull What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA
bull DNA strand ishellip GTCATACCA mRNA strand is
Translation (part2)
tRNA is the worker It carries amino acids but it only reads in 3rsquos
It translates mRNA into short a 3 letter words
mRNA has the real code
tRNA has the matching code (or anticode) that matches the correct amino acid
rRNA
All of this happens at the ribosome or the rRNA
bull One by one these tRNA bring amino acids to link into a protein chain according to the DNA instructions
bull How amazing is thatbull Should we be clapping now
Review the steps of Protein Synthesis
1 Transcription (writing the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766DNA mRNA messenger carries code
2 Translation (reading the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766mRNA tRNAprotein (AA chain)message translated into a proteinmessenger carries codeto cytoplasmto cytoplasm
DNA Replication
DNA unwinds and makes a copy
(Itrsquos that simple)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 18: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
mRNA DNA1 one strand two strands
2 AUGC ATGC
3 Ribose Deoxyribose
There are 2 steps in protein synthesis
Transcription ndash a script is a copy
Translation ndash latethis is the last part
Transcription (part 1)bullDNA strand stays in the nucleus
bullDNA unzips (enzyme called polymerase)
bullmRNA comes into the nucleus and makes a copy because DNA cannot leave the nucleus
bull MRNA uses a nitrogen base called uracilbullmRNA takes a copy to a ribosome in the
cytoplasm bullDNA zips back up and you have the original and
a copy toobullQuestions
Questionsbull What makes a copy of the
DNA
bull Where is the copy made
bull Where is the copy taken
bull What sugar is in DNA RNA
bull Why can DNA not leave the nucleus
bull What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA
bull DNA strand ishellip GTCATACCA mRNA strand is
Translation (part2)
tRNA is the worker It carries amino acids but it only reads in 3rsquos
It translates mRNA into short a 3 letter words
mRNA has the real code
tRNA has the matching code (or anticode) that matches the correct amino acid
rRNA
All of this happens at the ribosome or the rRNA
bull One by one these tRNA bring amino acids to link into a protein chain according to the DNA instructions
bull How amazing is thatbull Should we be clapping now
Review the steps of Protein Synthesis
1 Transcription (writing the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766DNA mRNA messenger carries code
2 Translation (reading the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766mRNA tRNAprotein (AA chain)message translated into a proteinmessenger carries codeto cytoplasmto cytoplasm
DNA Replication
DNA unwinds and makes a copy
(Itrsquos that simple)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 19: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
There are 2 steps in protein synthesis
Transcription ndash a script is a copy
Translation ndash latethis is the last part
Transcription (part 1)bullDNA strand stays in the nucleus
bullDNA unzips (enzyme called polymerase)
bullmRNA comes into the nucleus and makes a copy because DNA cannot leave the nucleus
bull MRNA uses a nitrogen base called uracilbullmRNA takes a copy to a ribosome in the
cytoplasm bullDNA zips back up and you have the original and
a copy toobullQuestions
Questionsbull What makes a copy of the
DNA
bull Where is the copy made
bull Where is the copy taken
bull What sugar is in DNA RNA
bull Why can DNA not leave the nucleus
bull What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA
bull DNA strand ishellip GTCATACCA mRNA strand is
Translation (part2)
tRNA is the worker It carries amino acids but it only reads in 3rsquos
It translates mRNA into short a 3 letter words
mRNA has the real code
tRNA has the matching code (or anticode) that matches the correct amino acid
rRNA
All of this happens at the ribosome or the rRNA
bull One by one these tRNA bring amino acids to link into a protein chain according to the DNA instructions
bull How amazing is thatbull Should we be clapping now
Review the steps of Protein Synthesis
1 Transcription (writing the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766DNA mRNA messenger carries code
2 Translation (reading the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766mRNA tRNAprotein (AA chain)message translated into a proteinmessenger carries codeto cytoplasmto cytoplasm
DNA Replication
DNA unwinds and makes a copy
(Itrsquos that simple)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 20: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Transcription (part 1)bullDNA strand stays in the nucleus
bullDNA unzips (enzyme called polymerase)
bullmRNA comes into the nucleus and makes a copy because DNA cannot leave the nucleus
bull MRNA uses a nitrogen base called uracilbullmRNA takes a copy to a ribosome in the
cytoplasm bullDNA zips back up and you have the original and
a copy toobullQuestions
Questionsbull What makes a copy of the
DNA
bull Where is the copy made
bull Where is the copy taken
bull What sugar is in DNA RNA
bull Why can DNA not leave the nucleus
bull What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA
bull DNA strand ishellip GTCATACCA mRNA strand is
Translation (part2)
tRNA is the worker It carries amino acids but it only reads in 3rsquos
It translates mRNA into short a 3 letter words
mRNA has the real code
tRNA has the matching code (or anticode) that matches the correct amino acid
rRNA
All of this happens at the ribosome or the rRNA
bull One by one these tRNA bring amino acids to link into a protein chain according to the DNA instructions
bull How amazing is thatbull Should we be clapping now
Review the steps of Protein Synthesis
1 Transcription (writing the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766DNA mRNA messenger carries code
2 Translation (reading the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766mRNA tRNAprotein (AA chain)message translated into a proteinmessenger carries codeto cytoplasmto cytoplasm
DNA Replication
DNA unwinds and makes a copy
(Itrsquos that simple)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 21: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Questionsbull What makes a copy of the
DNA
bull Where is the copy made
bull Where is the copy taken
bull What sugar is in DNA RNA
bull Why can DNA not leave the nucleus
bull What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA
bull DNA strand ishellip GTCATACCA mRNA strand is
Translation (part2)
tRNA is the worker It carries amino acids but it only reads in 3rsquos
It translates mRNA into short a 3 letter words
mRNA has the real code
tRNA has the matching code (or anticode) that matches the correct amino acid
rRNA
All of this happens at the ribosome or the rRNA
bull One by one these tRNA bring amino acids to link into a protein chain according to the DNA instructions
bull How amazing is thatbull Should we be clapping now
Review the steps of Protein Synthesis
1 Transcription (writing the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766DNA mRNA messenger carries code
2 Translation (reading the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766mRNA tRNAprotein (AA chain)message translated into a proteinmessenger carries codeto cytoplasmto cytoplasm
DNA Replication
DNA unwinds and makes a copy
(Itrsquos that simple)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 22: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
bull Why can DNA not leave the nucleus
bull What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA
bull DNA strand ishellip GTCATACCA mRNA strand is
Translation (part2)
tRNA is the worker It carries amino acids but it only reads in 3rsquos
It translates mRNA into short a 3 letter words
mRNA has the real code
tRNA has the matching code (or anticode) that matches the correct amino acid
rRNA
All of this happens at the ribosome or the rRNA
bull One by one these tRNA bring amino acids to link into a protein chain according to the DNA instructions
bull How amazing is thatbull Should we be clapping now
Review the steps of Protein Synthesis
1 Transcription (writing the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766DNA mRNA messenger carries code
2 Translation (reading the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766mRNA tRNAprotein (AA chain)message translated into a proteinmessenger carries codeto cytoplasmto cytoplasm
DNA Replication
DNA unwinds and makes a copy
(Itrsquos that simple)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 23: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Translation (part2)
tRNA is the worker It carries amino acids but it only reads in 3rsquos
It translates mRNA into short a 3 letter words
mRNA has the real code
tRNA has the matching code (or anticode) that matches the correct amino acid
rRNA
All of this happens at the ribosome or the rRNA
bull One by one these tRNA bring amino acids to link into a protein chain according to the DNA instructions
bull How amazing is thatbull Should we be clapping now
Review the steps of Protein Synthesis
1 Transcription (writing the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766DNA mRNA messenger carries code
2 Translation (reading the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766mRNA tRNAprotein (AA chain)message translated into a proteinmessenger carries codeto cytoplasmto cytoplasm
DNA Replication
DNA unwinds and makes a copy
(Itrsquos that simple)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 24: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
rRNA
All of this happens at the ribosome or the rRNA
bull One by one these tRNA bring amino acids to link into a protein chain according to the DNA instructions
bull How amazing is thatbull Should we be clapping now
Review the steps of Protein Synthesis
1 Transcription (writing the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766DNA mRNA messenger carries code
2 Translation (reading the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766mRNA tRNAprotein (AA chain)message translated into a proteinmessenger carries codeto cytoplasmto cytoplasm
DNA Replication
DNA unwinds and makes a copy
(Itrsquos that simple)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 25: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
bull One by one these tRNA bring amino acids to link into a protein chain according to the DNA instructions
bull How amazing is thatbull Should we be clapping now
Review the steps of Protein Synthesis
1 Transcription (writing the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766DNA mRNA messenger carries code
2 Translation (reading the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766mRNA tRNAprotein (AA chain)message translated into a proteinmessenger carries codeto cytoplasmto cytoplasm
DNA Replication
DNA unwinds and makes a copy
(Itrsquos that simple)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 26: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Review the steps of Protein Synthesis
1 Transcription (writing the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766DNA mRNA messenger carries code
2 Translation (reading the ldquomessagerdquo)
1048766mRNA tRNAprotein (AA chain)message translated into a proteinmessenger carries codeto cytoplasmto cytoplasm
DNA Replication
DNA unwinds and makes a copy
(Itrsquos that simple)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 27: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
DNA Replication
DNA unwinds and makes a copy
(Itrsquos that simple)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 28: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
This creates a replication bubble to copy only what is needed
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 29: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
For making big copies the DNA will start copying at different places at the same time to work faster
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 30: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Mutationsare not always bad
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 31: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Mutations can be caused by
bull Errors in replication (DNA-DNA)
bull Errors in transcription (DNA-RNA)
bull Cell Division ndash (Cancer)
bull External Agents ndash UV radiation chemicals smoking
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 32: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Mutation Types
1 Point mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dog bit the car
bull Only one letter is changed but the meaning is very different
bull wwwygyhorgcfcausehtm
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 33: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Mutation Types2 Frameshift Mutation
bull The dog bit the catbull The dob itt hec at
bull The ldquogrdquo is lost but everything is still read in groups of 3rsquos
bull Since the language of DNA is in codons (groups of 3 nucleotides) it can only translate in 3rsquos
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 34: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Glencoe 347
sickle cell (ygyh)
338 codon chart
bull Point Mutations ndash changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT
Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT ATE THE RAT
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 35: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes
Original Chromosome ABC DEFDeletion AC DEFDuplication ABBC DEFInversion AED CBFTranslocation ABC JKL
GHI DEF
Chromosome Mutations
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 36: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Translocation
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 37: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
bullMost are neutralbull Eye colorbull Birth marks
bullSome are harmfulbull Sickle Cell Anemiabull Down Syndrome
bullSome are beneficialbull Sickle Cell Anemia to Malariabull Immunity to HIV
Significance of Mutations
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27
![Page 38: DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Every living organism has DNA. Every living thing has it’s own unique DNA. But DNA is DNA and… According to Nat Geo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649eca5503460f94bd8319/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Nature shuffles our genesThe mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation It is one of several mutations such as hair colour baldness freckles and beauty spots which neither increases nor reduces a humanrsquos chance of survival
Originally we all had brown eyesrdquo said Professor Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ldquoBut a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ldquoswitchrdquo which literally ldquoturned offrdquo the ability to produce brown eyesrdquo
University of Copenhagen (2008 January 31) Blue-eyed Humans Have A Single Common Ancestor ScienceDaily Retrieved February 27