DNA and RNA Chapter 12. Griffith Studied disease in humans in 1928 Wanted to know how certain types...
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Transcript of DNA and RNA Chapter 12. Griffith Studied disease in humans in 1928 Wanted to know how certain types...
Griffith Studied disease in
humans in 1928 Wanted to know
how certain types of bacteria cause pneumonia
Found two strains of pneumonia bacteria
Smooth coated bacteria caused the disease to appear in humans
Rough coated bacteria of the same type did not
Transformation Somehow the heat-killed bacteria
had passed their disease-causing ability to the harmless strain.
One strain of bacteria was “transformed” into a disease-causing strain.
Griffith called the process transformation
Bacteriophage Phage-eat Bacterio- Composed of a
DNA or RNA core and protein coat
Injects viral genes into bacteria and “reprogram” the bacteria to make more viruses
Hershey-Chase If they could determine which part of
the virus, the protein coat or the DNA core, entered the infected cell they would know whether genes were made of protein or DNA
They grew viruses in cultures of radioactive isotopes found in protein coats and in DNA
DNA Long molecule made up of units
called nucleotides Each nucleotide is made up of three
basic components Sugar (deoxyribose) Phosphate group Nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) base
H - Bonds Return!Chargraff’s Rules C=G in almost any
sample of DNA A=T in almost any
sample of DNA From bacteria to
humans, it’s always true
Hydrogen Bonds Return! Hydrogen bonds can form between
certain nitrogenous bases and provide just enough force to hold the two strands together
H-bonds form only between given pairs A-T and C-G
This is known as base pairing Adenine-Thiamine, Cytosine-Guanine
Prokaryotic DNA The prokaryotic DNA molecule is
located in the cytoplasm. It is usually a single circular
molecule It contains nearly all of the cell’s
genetic information Usually referred to as the cell’s
chromosome.
Miles and Miles of Info! E. coli contains
4,639,221 base pairs and is around 1.6mm
In larger terms, that’s like stuffing 300m of rope into your book bag
Bacterial DNA is usually about 1000 times as long as the bacteria itself
Chromosome Structure Many eukaryotes have as much as
1000 times the amount of DNA as prokaryotes.
The nucleus of a human cell contains more than 1 meter of DNA. (3.28 feet or 39.37 inches in each nucleus!)
Eukaryotic chromosomes contain both DNA and protein, packed together to form chromatin.
Chromatin is DNA that is tightly coiled around proteins called histones.
Histone
To make a chromosome The DNA and histone molecules form
a bead-like structure called a nucleosome.
During most of the cell cycle the fibers are dispersed and not visible.
During mitosis, the fibers are drawn together to form a tightly wound chromosome.
DNA
Histone
Supercoils
Nucleosome
Chromosome
Nucleosomes seem to be able to forld enormous lengths of DNA into the tiny space available in the cell.
The histone proteins have hardly changed during evolution, probably because mistakes in DNA folding could be devastating to a cell
Coils
DNA Replication: Why Multiply?
Mitosis and Meiosis both require replication of DNA molecules
Growth Healing from injury Replacing worn molecules
Creating Sex Cells for sexual reproduction
Replication
1. Before a cell divides, it duplicates its DNA in a copying process called replication.
2. The two DNA strands are “uncoiled” and “unzipped” from each other by enzymes regulating replication
1. “Unzipped” means the hydrogen bonds holding the opposing bases together are broken
3. DNA polymerase builds a new complementary strand onto each of the old unzipped strands
DNA Replication In prokaryotes,
DNA replication begins at a single point in the chromosome
Replication proceeds in two directions around the circle
In eukaryotes, DNA replication occurs at hundreds of places
Replication proceeds in both directions
Sites where separation and replication occur are called replication forks
Replication Fork
Original DNA strand
New DNA strands
DNA Polymerase
“Unzipping” -breaking Hydrogen bonds
Polymerase Joins individual
nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule (which is a polymer)
“Proofreads” each new DNA strand to maximize odds of correct pairing