DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands...
Transcript of DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands...
![Page 1: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
DNA and Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology
![Page 2: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
DNA � Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid
� DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? � Nucleic acids!
� Function � Contains the “code” for life � Is the pattern for making proteins
� **more on this next semester!
![Page 3: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
� Found in the nucleus � Characteristics
� Double stranded helix � Twisted ladder
![Page 4: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
� Can take on a few different forms � Chromatin: an
uncondensed form of DNA � The DNA is loose, like an
unraveled extension cord
� Chromosome: a condensed form of DNA � The DNA is organized, like
an extension cord that is all wound up
![Page 5: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Draw this in your notes
![Page 6: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
� DNA is an example of a nucleic acid polymer What is the monomer called?
� Nucleotide � Nucleotide = base unit
of DNA � Consists of sugar,
phosphate, and a nitrogen base
![Page 7: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Nitrogen Base � There are four
� Adenine (A) � Cytosine (C) � Thymine (T) � Guanine (G)
![Page 8: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Nitrogen Bases � These bases bond in
very specific ways � Adenine always binds
with Thymine � Cytosine always bonds
with Guanine
![Page 9: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
� Example: � Given that DNA is a double strand, what is
the code on the mystery strand?
Strand 1: A C T C G A C T G A T C
![Page 10: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
� Example: � Given that DNA is a double strand, what is
the code on the mystery strand?
Strand 1: A C T C G A C T G A T C
Strand 2: T G A G C T G A C T A G
![Page 11: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
� When a cell divides, it must be copied. � Known as replication � This is going to make a new copy of DNA for
the new cell
� Next, we are going to talk about how the cell divides and what happens to the DNA
![Page 12: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Cell Division � Cell division is necessary for the
reproduction of both somatic (body) and sex cells (gametes) � Division of somatic cells: mitosis � Division of gametes: meiosis
� Involves the distribution of identical genetic material (DNA) to two daughter cells
![Page 13: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Cell Cycle
� Interphase � G1 � S � G2
� Cell Division � Mitosis � Cytokinesis
Cell Division
Cytokinesis
M phase
G1 phase (Cell Growth)
S Phase (DNA Copied)
G2 Phase (Growth and prepara>on
for division)
Interphase
![Page 14: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Draw this in your notes
![Page 15: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Interphase � Most of the time spent in this
phase � Cell grows and copies its
chromosomes in preparation for cell division
� G1 = Growth � S = DNA Synthesis
� DNA is copied � G2 = Cell prepares for division
� Sometimes cells exit cycle from G1 and enter G0 where they simply exist and never divide.
![Page 16: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Interphase � G1 Phase; “first gap”
� Cell grows by producing proteins and organelles
� S Phase; “synthesis” � Chromosomes are duplicated
� G2 Phase; “second gap” � Cell continues to grow and prepares for
division
![Page 17: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Draw this in your notes
![Page 18: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Mitosis � Division of the nucleus � 4 phases of Mitosis
� Prophase � Metaphase � Anaphase � Telophase
![Page 19: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Prophase � Chromatin condenses to become chromosomes
� Chromosomes appear as sister chromatids � They are identical!
� Nuclear membrane disappears � Centrioles (an organelle) move to opposite sides
of the cell � creates spindle fibers
� Microtubules
![Page 20: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Draw this in your notes
![Page 21: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Metaphase � Chromosomes line up along center of cell
� The “metaphase plate” � Spindle fibers attach to centromere to move them
![Page 23: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Draw this in your notes
![Page 25: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Draw this in your notes
![Page 26: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Anaphase � Sister chromatids
separate at the centromere � Chromatid: half
of a chromosome
� Slowly pulled to opposite sides of the cell
![Page 27: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Draw this in your notes
![Page 28: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Draw this in your notes
![Page 31: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Telophase � Two daughter nuclei begin to form � Spindle fibers disassemble � Chromosomes return to chromatin � Nuclear membrane forms � Mitosis is complete
![Page 32: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Draw this in your notes
![Page 33: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Cytokinesis � Division of the cytoplasm � Animal cells pinch in creating cleavage furrow � Plant cells develop a cell plate
![Page 35: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Draw this in your notes
![Page 36: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: DNA and Mitosis Notes - jmueller2.weebly.com · Mitosis Notes LISA Pre-AP Biology . DNA ! Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid ! DNA is an example of what kind of macromolecule? ! Nucleic](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043003/5f8234a014dfe4457a550cd3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)