dmrc case study

8/12/2019 dmrc case study

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Delhi Metro- The commuters dream

Abstract

The key secret for successful project execution is to ensure that the project gets

completed within the budget and the time specified. Time is money and the movement the

project gets delayed, the cost of the projects also shoots up due to inflation. So it is always

necessary to take quick decision making process in the organization.

The problems which an infrastructure project encounters during the construction phase include

the difficulty in land acquisition, permission required for tree cutting and appropriate and timely

funding. Moreover it is necessary to have technically competent team in position to tackle

complex engineering problems which encountered during the project execution. The success and

the challenges faced by Delhi Metro will discussed in the following case

Keywords:

Budget, Project management, Land acquisition, Funding, Competent team


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Introduction

The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation has constructed one of the most modern metro Rail

system in the capital city of Delhi covering around 190 kilometers that to in only 12 years of

time. The construction of first phase began on the 1st

October 1998. The first section was

functional between Shahdara and Tis Hazari of 8.3 kilometers and was inaugurated on 24 th

December2002. Ever since then the DMRC keep on extending the existing line and opening of

new sections every six months till the network was spread to 190 kilometers in 2011.

In a country where many projects especially in government sector, are delayed by cost and time

overrun, the DMRC completed the phase-I two years and nine months ahead of schedule and

phase-II was done in a record time of four and a half year to meet the commonwealth games

deadline.

With 2 million people hitching a ride every day, Delhi Metro Rail has become a new way of life.

Delhi Metro has also made Delhiites punctual. A Metro commuter does not need to worry about

uncertain traffic conditions in the city. He can plan his journey and reach for a meeting on time

As the Delhi Metro covers more ground, more and more people have shifted to this mode of

transport. Some 200 trains cover 70,000 km everyday on 190-km-long Metro corridors in Delhi.

And the number of daily passengers has increased from 45,000 in 2003 to 2 million today. In

other words, the number of users of the Delhi Metro daily is comparable to the entire population

of Slovenia or half of that of Ireland. The numbers can only increase once another 140 km in

new lines are added by 2016.

According to a report by the Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), as many as 1.2 lakh

vehicles are off the road every day because of the Metro. Roughly 523 crore is saved annually

in fuel costs whereas the cost in terms of time of passengers saved per year works out to a

whopping 2,978 crore, according to the study. Passengers in a survey have rated Delhi Metroas the most comfortable mode of commuting in the city. The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation

was rated highest in terms of comfort with customers giving it 7.42 out of 10 points, followed by

its customer care service, which was rated as 7.38. Information dissemination, with a score of

7.30, came third. Presently, the ridership of the Delhi Metro has reached above 23 lakh.
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Background: The Making of Delhi Metro

The history of Delhi metro planning was started in 1970 when Central Road Research

institute (CRRI) undertook the exhaustive study on Traffic and Travel characteristics of Delhi.

The CRRI after examining recommended a mass Rapid Transport system for Delhi. Later the

Metropolitan Transport system (MTT) and the Ministry of Railways reviewed the study and

provided some more recommendations. They finally prepared a plan to construct the system. The

system was of 36 kilometers of underground corridors aligned on two axes namely North-South

and East-west corridors. The other was of 96 Kilometers of surface corridors.

The CRRI study on Delhi travel stood until 1981 after that the transport projection was assigned

to Town and Country Planning Organization who planned to construct a 58 kilometer

underground and 195 kilometer surface corridor. The plan was also prepared by Delhi

Development Authority for MPD-2001 Delhi in 1984 which suggested a modal transport system

of 200 kilometers of a Light Rail Transit System, 10 Kilometers of Tramway, an extension to the

surface rail system and an extensive road network. A study group was appointed by ministry of

Railways, Government of India to praise the alignment of east west corridor. The government

appointed the task force for assembling the choice of exact construction technology.

The government enterprise RITES works on Railway engineering projects prepared a report

suggesting an Integrating Multi Modal Mass Transport System which comprised of the Rail

corridors, Metro Corridors and the bus service. The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited was

registered in 1995. The DMRC got registered under the Companies Act, 1956. It has equal

participation of Government of Delhi and Government of India.

Need of Metro

The population of Delhi has increased many folds over last few decades. The population of Delhi

was 57 lakhs in 1981, to 162 lakhs in 2006 and 190 lakhs in 2011. Moreover the motor vehicles

are also increasing at the rate of 6.21 per annum. All this has resulted in extreme road

congestion, traffic jams, fuel wastage and environment problems. Moreover on an average 5 fatal

accidents and 13 injuries are been reported in Delhi every day. So there was a clear need to


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provide an effective mass transport system which could prevent further deterioration of the

situation.

Objective of Delhi Metro

To provide a safe, reliable, comfortable, low cost and environment friendly mass

transport system for the city of Delhi. It aims to operate on sound commercial lines obviating the

need for government support.

Key features of the project

Today Delhi Metro has completed 65 kilometers of Phase-I and 121 kilometers of phase-

II. The aim of DMRC is to cover the entire city with metro rail by 2021 and provide the world

class services to commuters with a safe, reliable, comfort, punctual and affordable mode of

transport. The Delhi metro guarantees that metro construction will not give any inconvenience or

endanger public life nor lead to environmental degradation.

The construction phases

The construction of first phase of Delhi Metro was during 1995-96 to 2004-05 and

second from 2005-06 to 2010-11. In 2004 the cost of construction was estimated for both of the

phases to be 64,060 and 80,260 million. Phase-III and Phase- IV are planned to cover the rest

Population Growth

1833- 1,20,000 people

1936- 6,00,000 people

1991- 93,70,000 people and

18,12,967 vehicles

2015- 209,00,000 people

Exhibit 1: Population Growth

Sorce: United Nation Population division ,World

Urbanization prospects
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of the Delhi and neighboring states. New areas will be added to Delhi Metro map by 2015 and

people will have access to MRTS network

The DMRC started with two rooms in the ministry of Urban Development where Mr. Gupta, Mr.

Pahujha and Mrs. Rajwade sat in Rail Bhavan with Dr. Shreedharan and Mr. Unny. Dr.

Shreedharan was officially the Managing Director, DMRC on 4thNovember 1997

The first challenge faced by DMRC was in finding the Right persons to build the project. The

people were taken from the Railways but many of them didnt have exposure to modern Metro

Rail system. Two teams were formed of 20 Engineers each covering diverse discipline like civil

engineering, electrical engineering, signaling and telecommunication engineering. These teams

were sent to worldwide tours covering 7-8 countries to get exposure of Metro technology

internationally. These tours were different from normal tours undertaken by the government

officials because the officials had very tight schedules and at times they had just 7-8 hours in one

country before they move to the next destination for the meeting with foreign Metro Rail

officials.

The Managing Director who had 40 years of service experience realized the need and importance

in crucial areas namely- Public Relations and Legal Branch. Dr Shreedharan wanted the best

officials for these jobs as these areas could become stumbling blocks in the progress of the

project. Dr Shreedharan gave open advertisement to create heads of these departments who could

further built up there teams

The DMRC management made Dozens of presentations in front of the Government for the

modifications in the original project sanctioned initially. The way the original project was

sanctioned initially would have let to failure of the project since it would have low ridership as

the routes were not along the populated areas.

The first modification in the route was approved in August 2000 in which alignment of Line 1 ofphaseI was altered to include populated 15 kms stretch from Inderlok to Rithala. The corridor

alteration was carried out to benefit innumerable Homes, offices and industrial unit of North-

west Delhi. Another initiative of DMRC was to provide an extra level below the existing Rajiv

Chowk metro station through the line below the Dwarka line had not been sanctioned. The

DMRC dug deeper without the approval without the approval as it would not have been possible


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to that later. These king of tough decision which involved money were taken by DMRC even

though there was a risk if the approval was not granted by the government.

The DMRC begin its work the detailed survey took place, tenders were awarded and proceedings

for land acquisition began. The permission for cutting down the trees was applied also utilities

were identified like water lines, sewer lines, telephone cables and electric lines which would

need to be moved before the Metro construction could be taken up as DMRC did not want to

disturb the life of local people in those areas. The DMRC knew that these disruptions could

generate negative feeling about the Delhi Metro project as it happened with Kolkata Metro.

DMRC Phase 1-

Line Length

(Kms)

Number of

Stations

Line No.1- Shahdara-Tri Nagar-Rithala 22.06 18

Line No.2- Vishwa Vidyalaya-Central Secretariat 10.84 10

Line No.3- Indraprastha-Barakhamba Road-Dwarka

Sub City

32.10 31

Total 65.00 59

Exhibit 2: DMRC phase I

Source:http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-10/delhi/39872383_1_northern-railway-delhi-metro-central-secretariat-mandi-househttp://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-10/delhi/39872383_1_northern-railway-delhi-metro-central-secretariat-mandi-househttp://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-10/delhi/39872383_1_northern-railway-delhi-metro-central-secretariat-mandi-househttp://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-10/delhi/39872383_1_northern-railway-delhi-metro-central-secretariat-mandi-house


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DMRC Phase 2-

Line Length(Kms) Number of Stations

ShahdaraDilshad Garden 3.09 3

Indraprastha Noida Sector 32 City Centre 15.07 11

Yamuna BankAnand Vihar ISBT 6.17 5

Vishwavidyalaya Jahangir Puri 6.36 5

Inderlok

Kirti Nagar

Mundka 18.46 15

Central SecretariatHUDA City Centre 27.45 19

Dwarka Sector 9 to Dwarka Sector 21 2.76 2

Airport Express Line 22.70 6

Anand ViharKB Vaishali 2.57 2

Central SecretariatBadarpur 20.04 15

Total 124.63 83

Exhibit 3: DMRC phase II

Source: http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com


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DMRC Phase 3-

Line Length(Kms) Number of Major Stations

Yamuna ViharMukundpur 56 5

Kalindi Kunj - Janakpuri (w) 33 4

Central Secretariat - Kashmere Gate 9.7 3

Jehangirpuri Badli 5.4 2

Total 104.1

Exhibit 4: DMRC phase III

Source:http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com

Finalizing the Gauge

One of the most crucial decisions taken by the DMRC was to use the broad gauge or the

standard gauge for the Delhi metro. All over the world almost 90% of the metro networks used

standard gauge as it provided better speed, maneuverability and safety and allows for sharper

turns on the tracks but he ministry of Railways was in favor of broad gauge as they felt it would

facilitate inter-connectivity of rolling stock between the Rail and Metro network and keeping the

uni-gauge policy in INDIA. The DMRC did not agree with the inter running of trains between

the metro and railways. Finally after One and a half year of discussion the final decision was

taken to use the broad gauge. Over time Dr shreedharan was able to persuade the ministry of

Railways to use the standard gauge and the entire phase-III is being planned on standard gauge.Due to the use of different gauge, the interchangeability of stock within two phases remains a

problem.
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-10/delhi/39872383_1_northern-railway-delhi-metro-central-secretariat-mandi-househttp://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-10/delhi/39872383_1_northern-railway-delhi-metro-central-secretariat-mandi-househttp://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-10/delhi/39872383_1_northern-railway-delhi-metro-central-secretariat-mandi-househttp://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-10/delhi/39872383_1_northern-railway-delhi-metro-central-secretariat-mandi-house


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Technology

The Delhi metro had an option for an old and conventional metro system or go for latest

features from the new metro such as Singapore and Hong Kong. The DMRC took the decision to

adopt extremely modern air conditioned rolling stock of Automatic Train Protection and

Automatic Train operations system. Terrestrial Trunk Radio (TETRA) was adopted to ensure

trouble free communication and DMRC became the first metro to adopt 25 kV rigid Overhead

electrical (OHE) system for the underground Metro. A paperless ticketless system was adopted

which being the most advanced since they were the first metro to have contactless tokens for the

ingle journeys. Moreover it was decided that the Delhi Metro should run on advanced ballast less

tracks which minimizes the need of track maintenance also long welded rails ensures that tracks

joints are minimized and thus provides the passengers with riding comfort and reduced noise

levels.

AFC Systems

AFC stands for Automatic Fare Collection System. These systems are meant for automated

computation of fare of passengers. They are based on contact less technology. The system

consists of semiautomatic ticket office machines, automatic entry-exit Gates, ticket vending

machines, Station Computer and Central Server. A passenger comes in unpaid concourse to

purchase ticket for the desired station. Token is issued to him/her with Zone, date, time, tom no.

and station ID marked on it

The Financial needs

The DMRC had requested for the government for import and excise duty concessions for

the equipment and rolling stock imported by the organization, but neither of them provided any

tax exemption to it during the initial stages of the project. However once the train was ready to

be launched ahead of time the government of India was convinced with the DMRC so the

government agreed to Grant the Delhi metro exercise and duty concessions amounting to Rs 14.0

billion in 2002 also the Government of Delhi waved the sales tax worth Rs 3.93 billion. Both of

the government also provided with several other concessions as the project progressed.


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Underground issues

The 13.17 kilometers of phase I was built underground. While digging around the Nayi

Sadak area the construction contractors used the tunnel Boaring methord(TBM) but ht e digging

had several delays as the cutter head of the machine could not cut through the rocks and broke.

The DMRC extended the deadline for them and asked them to bring more machines but the

process still remain limited due to the abrasive nature of rocks in that area. Finally the contactors

switched to New Austrian tunneling Method from the opposite end in order to complete the

tunneling in the appropriate time.

Difficulty in getting land

The persons who were affected from the proposed metro routes protested against some of

the planned routes and demanded realignment. One of the controversial areas was the Kashmere

gate as they were not happy that they had to Relocate there office so the meeting was held with

the chief minister, she supported the DMRC and did everything in her power to support the

inconvenienced. The DMRC had to deal with number of such alignment issues. They used the

same approach in dealing with land acquisition issues. The DMRC met personally with the land

owners and ensured that the land is handed over to them without too many problems.

The legal Framework

As DMRC was ready for the operations they felt the need of the legal cover for the

project. So an ordinance was promulgated two months before the inauguration and subsequently

the Delhi metro operations and maintenance act was passed in next session of the parliament.

This act listed the powers of metro administration and provided various other things of fare

fixation committee and appointment of a commissioner of Metro Railway safety. The fare

fixation committee ensured that fares would be fixed on realistic lines as the committee was

headed by the high court judge.


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Professional Competency

The engineer working at DMRC is expected to be fully qualified for his job with enough

experience in the field to undertake the job allocated to him. In some cases where training is

required the DMRC sends them to special training programs which includes visit to international

railway system such as Singapore, Hong Kong, Japan etc to increase their professional exposure

to work culture and techniques adopted by foreign engineers

DMRC Training Institute in Shastri Park, Delhi is used for training staff and executives

of metro rail operators in India. This institute provides 'simulator' training in which motormen

learn how to drive trains in modes such as the Automatic Train. Its training also includes

Siemens signaling system and station operation and management, among other aspects. It is the

only metro rail training institute in South Asia. DMRC has trained 300 staff from Namma Metro,

Kochi Metro, Chennai Metro, Rapid Metro Gurgaon and Jaipur Metro. DMRC in partnership

with Indian Institute of Technology Delhi is offering a one-year postgraduate diploma in metro

technology. The course will produce 25 executives a year to staff metros across India. Indian

Institute of Technology Madras also offers a similar course.

DMRC - Target Oriented

DMRC always had the intention to complete the work well before time so while the

government gave 10 years to DMRC to build phase-I, DMRC completed it in 7 years and 3

months. The DMRC sets its internal target for all of its lines which were monitored very

carefully all the times. The DMRC watched through the reverse countdown tract which was used

to show the number of days left for the completion of each line.

DMRC believed that time saved is money saved and calculated that for every day the

project gets delayed the DMRC would cost the DMRC 2.3 crores in phaseI and 4.3 Crores

extra per day in inflation cost and loss of operational revenue.


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Finance Department of DMRC

The financial department in DMRC had played a very important role in the success of

DMRC. They wre considered a part of executives. The finance officers attended all the meetings

so they were fully briefed about the developments and requirements of the company so the time

was not wasted in unnecessary cross notings on the files

The finance department ensured the timely payments to the contractors. The movement the

contractors bill was received it was released in three to four days. In case of disputes, only the

disputed amount was held and the rest was released. Also it was ensured that the disputes are

settled in a weak time and the disputed amount is also released.

Funding

The capital cost of Phases I and II has been estimated to be 14,430 crore at 2004 prices.

However, more recent estimates have placed the cost of construction at 200 crore per kilometer.

Thirty percent of the total investment for Phases I and II has been raised through equity capital

with the Government of India (GoI) and Government of Delhi contributing equal shares, and

approximately another 60 percent has been raised as either long-term or subordinate debt,

through soft loans from the Japan Bank for International Cooperation. The rest of the investment

is proposed to be recovered from internal revenues through operations and property

development. The Metro also received 1,914.3 crore as grant-in-aid from various agencies for

the financial year ending March 2009. As of August 7, 2010, Delhi Metro has paid back an

amount of 567.63 crore, which includes loan amount for Phase I and interest amounts for

Phases I and II, to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Delhi Metro's

implementation of Phase-I, which connected 65 km in the national capital, has been rated as

"excellent" by the project's funding agency, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
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Exhibit 5: Completion of Phase-I

Source: Book by Anuj Dayal

Exhibit 5: Completion of Phase-II

Source: Book by Anuj Dayal

6014

14

5 7

Completion of Phase-I

JICA LOAN

GOI EQUITY

GNCTD EQUITY

INTEREST FREE debt towards

land cost

PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT

49.16

20.72

20.72

6.67

2.010.72

Completion of Phase-II

JICA LOAN

GOI EQUITY

GNCTD EQUITY

INTEREST FREE debt towards

land cost

PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT

GRANT


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Role of legal department

The metro recognized the need of a very strong legal department to be able to execute the

project on time. So the DMRC from the beginning had set up a full-fledged legal department that

would handle the cases of land acquisition, property taxation, exercise and custom duties, labor

laws, personal matters, contractual disputes, arbitration etc.

All these disputes needed to be very well defended legally at all stages from the lower court to

the Supreme Court. The legal department was treated as a frontline department and all the other

departments provided full cooperation by giving them complete facts and figures whenever

needed. DMRC was thus able to get quick response and fast decisions from the judiciary by

constantly monitoring and arguing cases properly in courts

Revenue and profits

In 2007, the Delhi Metro claimed to be one of only five metro systems in the world that operated

at a profit without government subsidies. This was enabled by keeping maintenance costs to a

minimum and harnessing additional revenue from advertisements and property development,

apart from ticket sales. The Metro also generates revenue by leasing out its trains and stations for

film shoots. Due to its increasing association with Delhi as an image of the city's everyday life, it

has been a popular filming location for production houses, and several films and advertisements

have been shot on board. Producers have to pay as much as 1 lakh for every hour of filming,

besides a security deposit and insurance.

For the financial year ended March 2008, the Metro reported operating revenues of 305.27

crore and a profit before tax of 19.98 crore which rose to 723.77 crore and 90.43 crore

respectively for the financial year ended March 2009.

For the financial year ended March 2011, DMRC reported operating revenues of 1,608 crore, a

loss before tax of 13 crore, and EBITDA (operating income before interest and depreciation) of

768 crore (US$139 million). Property development (advertising and retail) contributed almost

98 crore to the revenue. Ticket sales fetched 938 crore, with the remainder coming from

consultancy for other Metro projects in the country and miscellaneous sources. DMRC made an
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operating profit of 0.48 per traveller. In the same period, "core" revenues were 939 crore and

EBITDA 489 crore , with the remainder coming from external projects (e.g. Jaipur Metro), real

estate and consultancy

Current routes

The whole of Phase-I and Phase-II are complete, with the network comprising six lines

with 142 metro stations and a total length of 189.7 km (117.9 mi)

LineFirst

operational

Last

ExtensionStations

]Length

(km)[

TerminalsRolling

stock

Red Line December24, 2002

June 4,2008

21 25.15 DilshadGarden

Rithala 23trains[26]

Yellow

Line

December

20, 2004

September

3, 201034 44.65 Jahangirpuri

HUDA

City

Centre

45

trains[6]

Blue

Line

December

31, 2005

October 30,

201044 49.93

Noida City

Centre

Dwarka

Sector 21 59

trains[7]January 7,

2010

July 14,

20118 8.75

Yamuna

BankVaishali

Green

Line

April 3, 2010 15 18.46 Inderlok Mundka15

trains[27]August 27,

2011 2 3.32 Kirti Nagar

Ashok

Park Main

Violet

Line

October 3,

2010

January 14,

2011

15 20.04Central

Secretariat

Badarpur29

trains

[28]

Airport

Express

February 23,

2011 6 22.70 New Delhi

Dwarka

Sector 218 trains

Exhibit 6: Phase I and Phase II

Source:http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Delhi_Metro
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-Gurgaon-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-Gurgaon-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-Gurgaon-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilshad_Garden_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilshad_Garden_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilshad_Garden_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rithala_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rithala_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-HTtrains-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-HTtrains-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-HTtrains-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahangirpuri_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahangirpuri_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HUDA_City_Centre_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HUDA_City_Centre_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HUDA_City_Centre_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HUDA_City_Centre_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-updates-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-updates-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-updates-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noida_City_Centre_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noida_City_Centre_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noida_City_Centre_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarka_Sector_21_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarka_Sector_21_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarka_Sector_21_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-P2Newtrains-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-P2Newtrains-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-P2Newtrains-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamuna_Bank_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamuna_Bank_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamuna_Bank_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishali_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishali_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inderlok_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inderlok_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundka_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-Mundka-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-Mundka-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-Mundka-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirti_Nagar_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirti_Nagar_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Park_Main_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Park_Main_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Park_Main_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Secretariat_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Secretariat_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Secretariat_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badarpur_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badarpur_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-Sarita_Vihar-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-Sarita_Vihar-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-Sarita_Vihar-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Airport_Metro_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Airport_Metro_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarka_Sector_21_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarka_Sector_21_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarka_Sector_21_(Delhi_Metro)http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Delhi_Metrohttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Delhi_Metrohttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Delhi_Metrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupeehttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Delhi_Metrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarka_Sector_21_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarka_Sector_21_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Airport_Metro_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Airport_Metro_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-Sarita_Vihar-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badarpur_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Secretariat_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Secretariat_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Park_Main_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Park_Main_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirti_Nagar_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-Mundka-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundka_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inderlok_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishali_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamuna_Bank_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamuna_Bank_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-P2Newtrains-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarka_Sector_21_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarka_Sector_21_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noida_City_Centre_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noida_City_Centre_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-updates-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HUDA_City_Centre_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HUDA_City_Centre_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HUDA_City_Centre_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahangirpuri_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-HTtrains-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rithala_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilshad_Garden_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilshad_Garden_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-Gurgaon-24


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Phase III

Out of 2 new lines and 10 route extensions proposed for Phase III, cabinet approvals have been

obtained for 2 new lines and 5 line extensions totalling 140 km, with an estimated cost of 350

billion (US$5.6 billion). Construction has already begun on many of these, and by mid-2012,

tenders of all approved lines will be awarded. These approved lines are:

Line StationsLength

(km)Terminals

No. of

interchanges

planned

Yellow

Line extension3 4.48 Jahangirpuri Badli 0

Violet Line

7 9.36Central

SecretariatKashmere Gate 2

11 13.875 BadarpurYMCA chowk,

Faridabad0

Blue Linebranch 4 5.5 Dwarka Najafgarh 1

Green Line 6 11.182 Mundka Bahadurgarh 0

Inner Ring Road Line

(Line 7)[70]37 58.40 Mukundpur Shiv Vihar 10

Outer Ring Road Line

(Line 8)26 37.25 Janakpuri West Botanical Garden 4

Total 92 140.047 17

Exhibit 7: Phase III


Other than these approved lines, there are several other proposed lines which are awaiting

approval for inclusion in Phase III. These line extensions are:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahangirpuri_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahangirpuri_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Secretariat_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Secretariat_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Secretariat_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmere_Gate_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmere_Gate_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badarpur_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badarpur_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarka_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarka_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundka_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahadurgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahadurgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janakpuri_West_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_Garden_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_Garden_(Delhi_Metro)http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Delhi_Metrohttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Delhi_Metrohttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Delhi_Metrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupeehttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Delhi_Metrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_Garden_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janakpuri_West_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro#cite_note-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahadurgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundka_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarka_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badarpur_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmere_Gate_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Secretariat_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Secretariat_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahangirpuri_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Line_(Delhi_Metro)


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Line StationsLength

(km)Terminals

No. of

interchanges

planned

BlueLinebranch

5 6 Noida CityCentre

Noida Sector 62 0

Airport

Express5 11.63

Dwarka Sector

21IFFCO Chowk 1

Red Line 6 9.6Dilshad

Garden

New Bus Stand,

Ghaziabad0

Red Line 6 12 Rithala Bawana 0

Total 39.23 1

Exhibit 8: Phase III


Phase III will have 28 underground stations covering 41 km. More than 20 tunnel boring

machines are expected to be simultaneously used during construction of Phase III. Delhi Metro is

expecting a ridership of 4 million after completion of Phase III. DMRC has decided to usecommunication based train control (CBTC) for signalling which will allow trains to run at a

short headway of 90 seconds. Keeping this in mind and other constraints, DMRC changed its

decision to build 9 car long stations for new lines and instead opting for shorter stations which

can accommodate 6 car trains.

For the first time Delhi Metro will construct ring lines in Phase III. Till Phase II, Delhi Metro

focused on expanding the reach of metro and thus built long radial lines. However, in Phase III,

Delhi Metro is aiming to interconnect existing lines by ring lines to improve connectivity. Thiswill not only help in reducing distances but will also relieve radial lines of some congestion.

Phase IV

Phase IV has a 2021 deadline, and tentatively includes further extensions to Sonia Vihar, Burari,

Mukundpur, Reola Khanpur, Palam,Najafgarh,Narela,Ghazipur, Noida sector 62, extensions of
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noida_City_Centre_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noida_City_Centre_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noida_City_Centre_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Airport_Metro_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Airport_Metro_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarka_Sector_21_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarka_Sector_21_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFFCO_Chowk_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFFCO_Chowk_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilshad_Garden_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilshad_Garden_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilshad_Garden_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rithala_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rithala_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawanahttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Delhi_Metrohttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Delhi_Metrohttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Delhi_Metrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najafgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najafgarhhttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Delhi_Metrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rithala_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilshad_Garden_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilshad_Garden_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFFCO_Chowk_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarka_Sector_21_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarka_Sector_21_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Airport_Metro_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Airport_Metro_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noida_City_Centre_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noida_City_Centre_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(Delhi_Metro)


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Violet line, Green line, Line 8, having a total length of over 100 km. There might be some

changes in plan before actual construction starts on these lines.

Apart from these lines in Phases I to IV, plans have been mooted to construct a new line from

Noida Sector 62 to Greater Noida which will intersect IndraprasthaNoida Sector 32 line. TheGhaziabad Development Authority is planning to extend Delhi Metro lines deeper

intoGhaziabad through extension of the Blue Line from Vaishali to Mehrauli viaIndirapuram.

The independently operatedGurgaon Metro,work on which is going on and has a deadline of

2013, will also interchange with the Delhi Metro atSikandarpur station on Yellow line

Economic Rate of Return

Metro projects are considered to provide high economic rate of return since these projects

provide number of social and economic benefits to the citizens as they save time in the travel.

They enjoy better health benefits as because of less exposure to poisonous automobile fames and

the accidents are less since the metro is safer than the road transport. Some of these benefits were

quantified by DMRC with the help of Central Board of research institute.

Exhibit 9: Economic Rate of Return

Source:bookby Anuj Dayal

Benefit in Crore Rupees Year2011

Annual time cost saved of Metro Passengers 2978.08

Annual fuel cost saved of Metro Passengers 523.81

Annual Vehicle (capital and operating) cost saved 758.70

Emission Cost saved 80.92

Accident cost 27.70

Annual time cost saved on Road passengers 197.57

Annual fuel cost saved on road passengers 23.87

Annual Infrastructure Maintenance cost 314.88

Total cost of all the benefits 4905.54
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaziabad,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirapuramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurgaon_Metrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikandarpur_(Delhi_Metro)http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Delhi_Metrohttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Delhi_Metrohttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Delhi_Metrohttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Delhi_Metrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikandarpur_(Delhi_Metro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurgaon_Metrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirapuramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaziabad,_India


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The Delhi Metro has helped remove 1.5 lakh vehicles daily from the roads of delhi and has

played a role in preventing more than two lakhs tones of emissions of harmful gases. If the social

and economic benefit are quantified, then the value of accrued benefits of phase-I will become

10,801.64 crores by the end of March 2012, while the cost of construction of phase-I was

10,571 crores.

Security Measures

Security guards and controllers are stationed at problems from occurring and to ensure

that commuters follow the code of conduct. They are authorized to penalize commuters that

violate Delhi metro rules and regulations. Thus far, 3000 violators have been fined for offences

such as spitting, squatting, fighting and destroying metro property.

DMRC has made the following provisions to ensure the safety of its passengers: Increased the

number of dog squads (inside the metro) Strengthened the bomb disposal Increased the supply

of bomb blankets Additional door frame metal detectors on the Metro system Procurement of

power search lights called dragon lights and TETRA radio sets Baggage scanners for automatic

scanning of luggage Installed 3000 lose circuit TV (CCTV) cameras at the stations

Questions

Q1. Do you think making the metro completely underground would have been the better idea?

Q2. Is it right to opt private land for public use by the government?

Q3. Should metro be operational in Night? Give reasons to support your answer

Q4. The DMRC did not agree to the interconnectivity of the Metro and the Railways. Was the

decision correct? Give your views

Q5. What further measures the DMRC can take to improve the security in Delhi Metro?


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References

Shukla, A. (2004). Planning and management of effective urban transportation systems.

Sreedharan, E. (2003). Metro rail2500less buses on roads! http://www.indiainfoline.com

Sreedharan E. (2001). Delhi Metro rail: An inescapable necessity. HindustanTimes.

Singh, Y. P. (2002). Performance of the Kolkata Metro Railway: A case study. CODATU X

The Need - Delhi MRTS project,http://delhigovt.nic.in/dmrc.asp

Dayal, (2012) 25 management strategies for Delhi Metro
http://delhigovt.nic.in/dmrc.asphttp://delhigovt.nic.in/dmrc.asp

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