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I. Introduction

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Diabetes is a disease that affects millions of people across the globe. Diabetes is

classified as a set of related diseases that occur when the body cannot regulate the

amount of sugar, or glucose, in the bloodstream. Diabetes mellitus is the epidemic of the

new millennium. This disorder has increased more than 6-fold during the last 40 years,

and the more than 798,000 new cases diagnosed each year in the United States have

resulted in direct and indirect costs that total more than $100 billion per year.

In the United States, approximately 17 million people, or 6.2% of the population,

are estimated to have diabetes, with a growing incidence. Roughly one third of this

population is estimated to be undiagnosed with type II diabetes. The prevalence of

diabetes is higher in certain racial and ethnic groups, affecting approximately 13% of

African Americans, 10.2% of Hispanics, and 15.1% of Native Americans, primarily with

type II diabetes.

According to the Philippines Department of Health, it is estimated that there are

about 3 million Filipinos who are diabetic, 50% are undiagnosed.

Based on the recent estimates of the World Health Organization (WHO), the

Philippines have been included in the top 10 countries with highest diabetes prevalence

by year 2030. In the next 25 years, WHO predicted that the Philippines and Egypt will

replace Italy and the Russian Federation in the top 10 list as diabetes rates in both

countries continue to escalate.

Patients with diabetes are more likely to develop eye problems such as cataracts

and glaucoma, but the diseases affect on the retina is the main threat to vision. Most

patients develop diabetic changes in the retina after approximately 20 years. The effect

of diabetes on the eye is called diabetic retinopathy.

Diabetic retinopathy is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes,

affecting approximately 49% of those with diabetes. Of the 209 million Americans over

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the age of 18 years, diabetic retinopathy affects more than 5.3 million, or a little more

than 2.5% of the entire adult US population.

According to the World Health Organization, diabetic retinopathy is the leading

cause of blindness in working age adults and a leading cause of vision loss in diabetics.

The American Diabetes Association reports that there are approximately 18 million

diabetics in the U.S. and approximately 1.3 million newly diagnosed cases of diabetes in

the U.S. each year. Prevent Blindness America and the National Eye Institute estimate

that in the U.S. there are over 5.3 million people aged 18 or older with diabetic

retinopathy, including approximately 500,000 with DME. The CDC estimates that there

are approximately 75,000 new cases of DME in the U.S. each year.

Incidence (annual) of Diabetic Retinopathy presented by the Research to Prevent

Blindness is 65,000 diabetics develop proliferative retinopathy, the most sight-

threatening stage in the US, while the incidence rate is approximately 1 in 4,184 or

0.02% or 65,000 people in USA. Incidence extrapolations for USA for Diabetic

Retinopathy: 65,000 per year, 5,416 per month, 1,250 per week, 178 per day, 7 per

hour, 0 per minute, 0 per second.

Objectives:

1. To better understand the how diabetic retinopathy occurs.

2. To identify signs and symptoms of the disease

3. To know what are the types of diagnostic procedures to confirm existence of the

disease.

4. To enumerate treatment regimen and surgical procedures done in treating the

disease.

5. To identify nursing responsibilities in the treatment of the disease.

Reasons for Choosing the Disease:

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I choose this disease because I find it interesting. I am not familiar with the condition

that is why this case study will help me understand fully the disease condition. Though

the disease is uncommon, it is the number one cause of blindness in diabetic patients. I

believe that vision is one of the most important senses that we have, so we should take

care of our eyes.

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