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Django Tutorial IIDjango ( )Django: a high-level Python Web

framework that encourages rapiddevelopment and clean,pragmatic design.

On Freenode IRC: #python.twSpeaker: timchen119 (aka. tim/

)

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Review:Web Announce System

#1: Start project (django-admin.pystartproject)

#2: Create application (manage.pystartapp)

#3: Write your model (models.py)#4: Create Database/Install Models

(settings.py)#5: Add admin site (admin.py)#6: Write URLConf (urls.py)

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Review:

MVCDjango File StructuresDevelopment Environment/Web

ServerHelloWorldSettings.pyAdmin Interface (admin.py)

Very Basic URLConf Usage

Very Basic Template Usage

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Controller (DjangosView)

ModelView (Djangos

Template)

HTTPRequest

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Django 4-2

Write Books Management SystemMost Examples/Explanations comeFrom Django Book Chapter 5 Learn Object-relational mapper(ORM)

Learn Django Database Shell

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Follow me. #1: Startproject

django-admin startproject mysite

mysite/

__init__.py

manage.py

settings.py

urls.py

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Follow me #2: Createapplication

cd mysite

python manage.py startapp books

mysite/books/

__init__.py

models.py

views.py

# t

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o ow me # - : r temodel

mysite/books/models.pyfrom django.db import models #autogenerate

class Publisher(models.Model):name =

models.CharField(max_length=30)

address =models.CharField(max_length=50)

city = models.CharField(max_length=60)

state_province

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Follow me #3-2: Writemodel

class Author(models.Model):first_name =

models.CharField(max_length=30)last_name =

models.CharField(max_length=40)email = models.EmailField()

class Book(models.Model):title =

models.CharField(max_length=100)=

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Explain Model

each model is represented by aPython class that is a subclass ofdjango.db.models.Model.

parent class, Model, contains all themachinery necessary to make theseobjects capable of interacting with a

databaseEach model generally corresponds to

a single database table, and each

attribute on a model generally

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SQL: Publisher model

CREATE TABLE "books_publisher" ( "id" serial NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,

"name" varchar(30) NOT NULL,"address" varchar(50) NOT NULL,"city" varchar(60) NOT NULL,"state_province" varchar(30) NOT

NULL,"country" varchar(50) NOT NULL,"website" varchar(200) NOT NULL

);

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id

we havent explicitly defined aprimary key in any of these models.Unless you instruct it otherwise,Django automatically gives everymodel an auto-incrementing integerprimary key field calledid. Each

Django model is required to have asingle-column primary key.

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More Model Definition

FieldsCharFieldEmailField IPAddressFieldDateTimeField .... lots of fields to define

http://www.djangobook.com/en/1.0/app
http://www.djangobook.com/en/1.0/appendixB/http://www.djangobook.com/en/1.0/appendixB/

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Follow me #4: CreateDatabase

notepad++ settings.py

DATABASE_ENGINE : sqlite3

DATABASE_NAME : books.db INSTALLED_APPS = 'mysite.books'

python manage.py syncdb

# also create a superuser

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Review: What Did WeDo?

Project: mysite (a python package dir with __init__.py)

App: books (another python package dir with __init__.py)

Models: models.py (python module a .py file)

INSTALLED_APPS: mysite.books insettings.py

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Stop Here!

We Can Finish This.(just like We wrote a Web Announce

System Last Time)

Could just: Add admin.pyAdd Some Views (controllers)

Add Some Templates (HTMLpages)However,Let's Playing Django Models First.

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Try Some Commands

python manage.py validatepython manage.py sqlall bookspython manage.py syncdbpython manage.py dbshellpython manage.py shell

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Basic Data Access(CRUD)CRUD: Create,Read,Update,Deletepython manage.py shell>>> from books.models import Publisher

>>> p1 = Publisher(name='Apress',address='2855 TelegraphAvenue',city='Berkeley',state_province='CA', country='U.S.A.',website='http://www.apress.com/')

>>> p1.save()You Create and Saved a Publisher Object

to Database! :)

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Basic Data Access(CRUD)

>>> p2 = Publisher(name="O'Reilly",address='10 Fawcett St.',

... city='Cambridge',state_province='MA',country='U.S.A.',

... website='http://www.oreilly.com/')

>>> p2.save()>>> publisher_list =

Publisher.objects.all()

>>> publisher_list

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2 Create Methods

p1 = Publisher(...)# At this point, p1 is not saved to the

database yet!p1.save()=========================

================

>>> p1 =Publisher.objects.create(name='Apress',

... address='2855 Telegraph Avenue',

... city='Berkeley', state_province='CA',=' '

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__unicode__()

>>> publisher_list =Publisher.objects.all()

>>> publisher_list [,

]A __unicode__() method tells Python

how to display the unicoderepresentation of an object.

Was __str__()

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Add __unicode__ tomodels

from django.db import models


models.CharField(max_length=30)address =

models.CharField(max_length=50)....

def __unicode__(self):

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class Author(models.Model):first_name =


models.CharField(max_length=40)email = models.EmailField()

def __unicode__(self):return u'%s %s' %

(self.first_name, self.last_name)

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class Book(models.Model):title =

models.CharField(max_length=100)authors =

models.ManyToManyField(Author)publisher =

models.ForeignKey(Publisher)publication_date =

models.DateField()

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__unicode__() effect

Was:>>> publisher_list[,

]Now:>>> from books.models import

Publisher>>> publisher_list =


>>> publisher_list

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Advanced: lambda,anonymous functions

Publisher.__unicode__ = lambda self:self.name

Author.__unicode__ = lambda self:u'%s %s' % (self.first_name,self.last_name)

Book.__unicode__ = lambda self:

self.titleYou could just define a Named

function and bind it in the django

shell without use lambda.

bj

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Create More Objects(INSERT)

>>> p = Publisher(name='Apress',... address='2855 Telegraph Ave.',... city='Berkeley',... state_province='CA',... country='U.S.A.',... website='

http://www.apress.com/')>>> p.save()
http://www.apress.com/http://www.apress.com/

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SQL

INSERT INTO books_publisher(name, address, city, state_province,

country, website)VALUES

('Apress', '2855 Telegraph Ave.','Berkeley', 'CA',

'U.S.A.', 'http://www.apress.com/');

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SQL queries Django is

running?>>> from django.db import connection>>> connection.queriesDEBUG=True (settings.py)``sql`` -- The raw SQL statement``time`` -- How long the statement

took to execute, in seconds.

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EDIT Objects (UPDATE)

>>> p.id52>>> p.name = 'Apress Publishing'>>> p.save()

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SQL

UPDATE books_publisher SETname = 'Apress Publishing',address = '2855 Telegraph Ave.',city = 'Berkeley',state_province = 'CA',country = 'U.S.A.',

website = 'http://www.apress.com'WHERE id = 52;

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Selecting Objects

>>> Publisher.objects.all()[,

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SQL

SELECT id, name, address, city,state_province, country, website

FROM books_publisher;

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Manager


Manager

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Advanced: Manager

All models automatically get a objectsmanager; youll use it any time youwant to look up model instances.

a models manager is an objectthrough which Django modelsperform database queries.

Each Django model has at least onemanager, and you can create custommanagers in order to customize

database access.

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commonly executed

queries in DSLs.DSL: Domain Specific Language.You DON'T really NEED it.Use it when you feel comfortable.Add a class extended

django.db.models.Manager.Write a custom function.

Replace default manager 'objects'.Benefit: Prevent Duplicate Code.Defects: Create Difficult Code.

(possibly)

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class BookManager(models.Manager):def title_count(self, keyword):

return

self.filter(title__icontains=keyword).count()class Book(models.Model):title =


authors =models.ManyToManyField(Author)publisher = models.ForeignKey(Publisher)

publication date = models.DateField()

Advanced: Book Manager

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Examples:

>>> Book.objects.title_count('django')4>>> Book.objects.title_count('python')18

H t ll SQL

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How to manually use SQLin models?

Standard Python DBAPI>>> from django.db import connection>>> cursor = connection.cursor()>>> cursor.execute("""... SELECT DISTINCT first_name... FROM people_person

... WHERE last_name = %s""",['Lennon'])

>>> row = cursor.fetchone()

>>> print row' '

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Usage: Custom SQL in

Modelsfrom django.db import connection,models

classPersonManager(models.Manager):def first_names(self, last_name):

cursor = connection.cursor()cursor.execute("""

SELECT DISTINCT first_name

FROM people person= """

Custom SQL define in

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Custom SQL define inmodels

class Person(models.Model):first_name =


models.CharField(max_length=50)objects = PersonManager()

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SQL? Didn't see it now.

>>>Person.objects.first_names('Lennon')

['John', 'Cynthia']

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Filtering Data

>>>Publisher.objects.filter(name='Apress')

[]

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SQL


FROM books_publisherWHERE name = 'Apress';

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Filtering Data (more)

>>>Publisher.objects.filter(country="U.S.A.", state_province="CA")

[]

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SQL


FROM books_publisherWHERE country = 'U.S.A.'AND state_province = 'CA';

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XXX__contains

>>>Publisher.objects.filter(name__contains="press")

[]

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SQL


FROM books_publisher

WHERE name LIKE '%press%';

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Lookup Examples:

>>>Entry.objects.filter(headline__istartswith='will')

>>>Entry.objects.filter(headline__endswith='cats')

>>>Entry.objects.filter(headline__iendswith='cats')

>>> start_date = datetime.date(2005, 1,

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More Field Lookups

_ _ ==> MAGICS in python__contains__icontains (case insensitive contains)__startswith__endswith__range (SQL between)

....http://www.djangobook.com/en/1.0/app
http://www.djangobook.com/en/1.0/appendixC/http://www.djangobook.com/en/1.0/appendixC/

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Retrieving Single Objects

filter() returned a QuerySet>>> Publisher.objects.filter(country="U.S.A.",

state_province="CA")[]>>> Publisher.objects.get(name="Apress")>>> Publisher.objects.get(country="U.S.A.")

Traceback (most recent call last):...MultipleObjectsReturned: get() returned more

than one Publisher --

it returned 2! Lookup parameters were' ' ' '

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DoesNotExist exception

>>>Publisher.objects.get(name="Penguin")

Traceback (most recent call last):...

DoesNotExist: Publisher matching

query does not exist.

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Handle Exception

try:p =

Publisher.objects.get(name='Apress')

except Publisher.DoesNotExist:print "Apress isn't in the database

yet."

else:print "Apress is in the database."

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Ordering Data

>>>Publisher.objects.order_by("name")

[, , ]

>>>"

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Ordering Data

order by multiple fields>>>

Publisher.objects.order_by("state_pro

vince", "address")[, ,

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Default ordering inmodel



address =models.CharField(max_length=50)city =

models.CharField(max_length=60)state_province =

models.CharField(max_length=30)country =

=

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Chaining Lookups

>>>Publisher.objects.filter(country="U.S.A.").order_by("-name")

[

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SQL



WHERE country = 'U.S.A'ORDER BY name DESC;

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Slicing Data

>>>Publisher.objects.order_by('name')[0]

SQL:SELECT id, name, address, city,

state_province, country, websiteFROM books_publisherORDER BY nameLIMIT 1;

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Slicing Data

>>>Publisher.objects.order_by('name')[0:2]


FROM books_publisherORDER BY nameOFFSET 0 LIMIT 2;

Django Slice: No

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Django Slice: NoNegative indexing

>>>Publisher.objects.order_by('name')[-1]

Traceback (most recent call last):...

AssertionError: Negative indexing is

not supported.

Publisher.objects.order_by('-name')[0]

Tips: SQL optimize

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Tips: SQL optimizeTricks: update()

update()Update Objects using save()

>>> p =Publisher.objects.get(name='Apress')

>>> p.name = 'Apress Publishing'

>>> p.save()

Problem: updates all columns in arow.

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SQL

SELECT id, name, address, city, state_province,country, website


WHERE name = 'Apress';UPDATE books_publisher SETname = 'Apress Publishing',address = '2855 Telegraph Ave.',

city = 'Berkeley',state_province = 'CA',country = 'U.S.A.',website = 'http://www.apress.com'

WHERE id = 52;

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Update Objects Idioms

update()

>>>

Publisher.objects.filter(id=52).update(name='Apress Publishing')

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SQL

UPDATE books_publisherSET name = 'Apress Publishing'WHERE id = 52;

d Q S

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Update QuerySet

update() method works on anyQuerySet

>>>

Publisher.objects.all().update(country='USA')

2

2 -- an integer representing howmany records changed

D l i Obj

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Deleting Objects

>>> p =Publisher.objects.get(name="O'Reilly")

>>> p.delete()

>>> Publisher.objects.all()[]>>>

Publisher.objects.filter(country='USA').delete()>>> Publisher.objects.all().delete()>>> Publisher.objects.all()

D l ti Obj t

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Deleting Objects

Delete All Objects:>>> Publisher.objects.all().delete()Delete Subset Objects:

>>>Publisher.objects.filter(country='USA').delete()

Remember use all()

>>> Publisher.objects.delete()Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

AttributeError: 'Manager' object has no

D i W b Sit

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Dynamic Web Site

Template

R b H ll ld?

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Remember Helloworld?

from django.http import HttpResponse

def hello(request):

return HttpResponse("Hello world")

What do you need for a

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What do you need for adjango program?

You Just need these things inDjango's view: Define a function

IN: Request

OUT: ResponseNo template Need.

No models (database) Need.Just view and urlconf are enough for

web scripts.

i

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views.py

from django.http import HttpResponseimport datetime

def current_datetime(request):now = datetime.datetime.now()html = "It is now

%s." % nowreturn HttpResponse(html)

Wh t' W ?

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What's Wrong?

HTML is mixed in python code UGLY.

Any change to the design of the page

requires a change to the Pythoncode. -- The design of a site tends tochange far more frequently.

Writing Python code and designingHTML are two different disciplines --Designers and HTML/CSS codersshouldnt be required to edit Python

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T l t

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Templates

A template is simply a text file. It cangenerate any text-based format(HTML, XML, CSV, etc.).

A template contains variables, whichget replaced with values when thetemplate is evaluated, and tags,

which control the logic of thetemplate.TEMPLATE_DIRS

i i l t l t

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a minimal template

{% extends "base_generic.html" %}{% block title %}{{ section.title }}{% endblock

%}{% block content %}{{ section.title }}{% for story in story_list %}

{{ story.headline|upper }}

{{ story.tease|truncatewords:"100" }}
{% endfor %}
{% endblock %}

V i bl

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Variables

{{ variable }}Use a dot (.) to access attributes of a

variable. * Dictionary lookup * Attribute lookup * Method call

* List-index lookup http://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/topics/templates/#using-the-built-in-rExample:{{ section.title }}

Variables
http://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/topics/templates/#using-the-built-in-referencehttp://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/topics/templates/#using-the-built-in-reference

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Variables

{% extends "base_generic.html" %}{% block title %}{{ section.title }}{%

endblock %}

{% block content %}{{ section.title }}{% for story in story_list %} {{ story.headline|upper }}

{{ story.tease|

truncatewords:"100" }}

Filters

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Filters

modify variables for display by usingfilters.

{{ name|lower }}This displays the value of the

{{ name }} variable after beingfiltered through the lower filter, which

converts text to lowercase.{{ text|escape|linebreaks }} is a

common idiom for escaping textcontents, then converting line breaks

default filter

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default filter

If a variable is false or empty, usegiven default. Otherwise, use thevalue of the variable

{{ value|default:"nothing" }}

If value isn't provided or is empty, theabove will display "nothing".

length filter

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length filter

Returns the length of the value. Thisworks for both strings and lists;

{{ value|length }}

If value is ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], the output

will be 4.

striptags filter

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striptags filter

Strips all [X]HTML tags

{{ value|striptags }}

If value is "Joelis a

slug", the output willbe "Joel is a slug".

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Tags

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Tags

Tags look like this:{% tag %}more complex than variables control flow load external information

create text in the output

....

for

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for

{% for athlete in athlete_list %}

{{ athlete.name }}

{% endfor %}

if else

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if else

{% if athlete_list %}Number of athletes: {{ athlete_list|

length }}

{% else %}No athletes.

{% endif %}

ifequal and ifnotequal

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ifequal and ifnotequal

{% ifequal athlete.name coach.name%}...

{% endifequal %}

{% ifnotequal athlete.name "Joe" %}

...{% endifnotequal %}

Comments

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Comments

comment syntax: {# #}{# greeting #}hello Only render 'hello'

A comment can contain any templatecode {# {% if foo %}bar{% else %} #}

only be used for single-line commentsMultiple lines: {% comment %} and {% endcomment

%}

Template inheritance

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Template inheritance

block and extends -- tagsFor extra readability, you can

optionally give a name to your {%

endblock %} tag. For example:

{% block content %}

...{% endblock content %}

Base html

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Base.html

{% block title %}My amazing site{% endblock%}

{% block sidebar %}HomeBlog

{% endblock %}

{% block content %}{% endblock %}

Child html

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Child.html

{% extends "base.html" %}

{% block title %}My amazing blog{%

endblock %}

{% block content %}

{% for entry in blog_entries %}{{ entry.title }}

{{ entry.body }}

{% endfor %}

Final Result

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Final Result

My amazing blog

HomeBlog

Entry one

This is my first entry.
Entry two
This is my second entry.

tips for template

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inheritance

the child template didn't define thesidebar block, the value from theparent template is used instead.

Content within a {% block %} tag ina parent template is always used as afallback.

If you use {% extends %} in atemplate, it must be the firsttemplate tag in that template.

Template inheritance won't work,

tips for template

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inheritance

More {% block %} tags in your basetemplates are better. Remember, childtemplates don't have to define all parentblocks, so you can fill in reasonabledefaults in a number of blocks, then onlydefine the ones you need later. It's betterto have more hooks than fewer hooks.

you can't define multiple {% block %}tags with the same name in the sametemplate.

tips for template

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inheritance

{{ block.super }} variable can getthe content of the block from theparent template, This is useful if you

want to modify/add to the contents ofa parent block instead of completelyoverriding it.

example:{% block menu %}{{ block.super }}another stuff

Custom tag and filter

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libraries

To access custom tags and filters in atemplate, use the {% load %} tag

Example:

{% load comments %}

{% comment_form for blogs.entries

entry.id with is_public yes %}

{% load comments i18n %}

Forms

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Forms

interactive Web sitesGoogles search boxaccess user-submitted form data,

validate it and do something with it. HttpRequest and Form objects.

Hello World Again

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Hello World Again

from django.http import HttpResponse

def hello(request):

return HttpResponse("Hello world")

HttpRequest

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HttpRequest

Have Information About SubmittedData

request.GET and request.POSTPOST data generally is submitted

from an HTML GET data can come from a or

the query string in the pages URL.

Django 6

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Django 6

views.pyfrom django.shortcuts import

render_to_response

def search_form(request):return

render_to_response('search_form.html')

HTML

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HTML

search_form.html

Search

urls.py

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urls.py

from mysite.books import views

urlpatterns = patterns('',

# ... (r'^search-form/$',

'books.views.search_form'),

# ...)

Add Search function

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Add Search function

# urls.py

urlpatterns = patterns('',

# ...(r'^search-form/$',

'books.views.search_form'),

(r'^search/$', 'books.views.search'),# ...)

views.py (1 -- Easy)

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views.py (1 Easy)

# views.py

def search(request):

if 'q' in request.GET:message = 'You searched for: %r'

% request.GET['q']

else:message = 'You submitted anempty form.'return HttpResponse(message)

views.py (2-1 UseD B )

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DataBase)

from django.http import HttpResponsefrom django.shortcuts import

render_to_response

from mysite.books.models import Book

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search results.html

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search_results.html

You searched for:{{ query }}

{% if books %}

Found {{ books|length }} book{{ books|pluralize }}.

{% for book in books %}

{{ book.title }}{% endfor %}

{% else %}

No books matched your search

Thanks

8/14/2019 Django Course 20090503 2nd

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To Be Continued!

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Django Course 20090503 2nd

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