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Division of Medical Physics and Radiation Safety
Basic Radiation Safety Training for
Boston University and Boston Medical Center
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Boston University and Boston Medical Center
Basic Radiation Safety TrainingRequired for all users of radioactive material at BU/BMCCovers material license conditions, regulations and all safety practices associated with use of radioactive materials.
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Course Outline• Organizational Structure of the Program• Radiation Safety Principles• Biological Effects and Risk• Postings and Labels• Contamination Control and Spills• Proper Survey Techniques• Survey meter and wipe test• Radiation Safety Checklist• Security of stock vials• Radioactive Waste Disposal• Contact Information
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BOSTON UNIVERSITY
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Radiation Safety Committee (RSC)Radiation Safety Officer
Division of Medical Physics and Radiation Safety (DMPRS)
• The (RSC) oversees all uses of radioactive material permitted by the materials license and has overall responsibility for development and recommendation of comprehensive polices and guidelines for the safe use of all sources of radiation
• The RSO ensures that radiation safety activities are being performed in accordance with approved procedures and regulatory requirements
• Medical Physics and Radiation Safety is responsible for ensuring that all clinical and research uses of radioactive materials is safe for workers, patients and the general public
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Basic Terms
Radiation: energy in transit in the form of high speed particles or electromagnetic waves.
Radioactivity: Characteristic of an unstable atom that releases energy in the form of a particle or electromagnetic wave.
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Types of Ionizing Radiation
Alpha particles: contains 2 neutrons and 2 protons, which is ejected from the nucleus of a radioactive atom.
Beta particles: A high-speed electron or positron, usually emitted by an atomic nucleus undergoing radioactive decay. Electrons carry a negative charge.
X-rays: Electromagnetic radiation originating in the electron field of an atom.
Gamma rays: A gamma ray is an electromagnetic radiation originating in the nucleus of an atom.
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Radiation is Energy
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Types of Radiation
Ionizing Radiation: Radiation capable of liberating electrons from an atom. ex. beta particles, x-rays
Non-ionizing radiation: Radiation not capable of liberating electrons, but can excite the atom.
ex. microwaves, radio waves, lasers
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Radiation Units
There are two systems of units used in the measurement of radioactivity and radiation dose.
The older units (Curie, rad and rem) are commonly used in U.S. regulatory language.
The SI units (Becquerel, Gray and Sievert) are commonly used internationally.
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Radiation Unit
Roentgen: unit for measuring the amount of ionization in air (exposure) due to gamma or x-rays. (SI unit is Coulomb per kilogram)
RAD : Radiation Absorbed Dosea unit used to describe the amount of energy deposited per
unit mass from radiation in any type of medium.SI Unit: 100 rads = 1 Gray
REM: Roentgen Equivalent Man a unit used for measuring human dose equivalent.
SI Unit: 100 rem = 1 Sievert
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Radiation Quantities
Curie: 3.7x1010 disintegrations per second or 2.2x1012 disintegrations per minute.
1 milliCurie (mCi) = 2.2 x 109 dpm1 microCurie (Ci ) = 2.2 x 106 dpm100 Ci = 0.1 mCi
Becquerel: one disintegration per second. (SI system)
1 mCi = 3.7x107 dps = 37 MegaBecquerel (MBq) 1 Ci = 3.7x104 dps = 37 kiloBecquerel (kBq)
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Radiation Quality Factors
Two different types of radiation may deliver the same absorbed dose, but produce a different biological effect, and hence, dose equivalent.
1 rad of alpha = 20 rem1 rad of beta = 1 rem
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Half-Life
The time required for any given radioisotope to decrease to one-half of its original activity by radioactive decay.
This period of time is called the half-life 32P - 14.3 days 14C - 5730 years3H - 12.3 years 35S - 89.7 days125I - 60 days
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External Exposure
Common isotopes with external exposure potential
P-32, I-125, Cr-51
Not all radioisotopes are external exposure hazardsH-3, C-14, S-35
External exposure occurs when all or part of the body is exposed to penetrating radiation from an external source.
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Pathways of Internal Exposure
Ingestion Absorption Inhalation Puncture
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Contamination and Exposure
Radioactive Contamination is
Radioactive material where it shouldn’t be. e.g. floors, bench tops, handsFixed vs. Removable Contamination
All radioisotopes have contamination potential even if they do not have external exposure potential. The goal is to prevent contamination from getting on to your skin and/or inside your body.
How Contamination Differs From Exposure:A person exposed to radiation is not necessarily contaminated with radioactive material.
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You are NOT radioactive if you receive an external exposure from radioactive
material.
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ALARA
The goal of radiation protection is to keep radiation doses As Low As Reasonably Achievable
BUMC is committed to keeping radiation exposures to all personnel ALARA
NCRP Definition of ALARA
As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA): A principle of radiation protection philosophy that requires that exposures to ionizing radiation be kept as low as reasonably achievable, economic and social factors being taken into account. The protection from radiation exposure is ALARA when the expenditure of further resources would be unwarranted by the reduction in exposure that would be achieved.
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Contributions from Man Made and Natural Background Source of Radiation
20From NCRP Report No. 160, “Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States” (2009)
Annual Exposure 620 millrem/yr.
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NCRP SUMMARY
• Average dose to individual is 620 mrem/yr– Approximately 37% of dose was attributed to
radon– An additional 13% attributed to other natural
sources (cosmic, terrestrial, internal)– Total ~50% attributed to natural sources– Medical comprised ~48%– Dose from nuclear power was grouped into a
category comprising <0.1%
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Research 30
Nursing 100
Rad. Med. 200
Nuc. Med. 350
mR/yr.
mrem/yr
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Annual Occupational Exposures at BU/BMCAverage dose/year
*Annual Allowable Exposure limit for Radiation Worker = 5000 mR/yr
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Latest Biological Effects Studies
If 100,000 persons were exposed to 10 Rem of radiation each, 800 excess cancer deaths would be expected during their remaining lifetimes in addition to the nearly 20,000 cancer deaths that would occur in the absence of radiation.
- BEIR V Report, page 162 - 1989
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Genetic Effects
Damage to cells DNA Effects have not been observed in human
populations Extrapolated from larger doses and animal
studies
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Declared Pregnant Worker
Any radiation worker who is pregnant may voluntarily declare her pregnancy and the estimated date of conception in writing to the DMPRS and thereafter her occupational radiation exposure shall be limited to 500 millirem (50 millirem/month) for the entire period of gestation.
If you are pregnant and want to declare pregnancy, please contact the DMPRS for consultation.
Ref: US NRC Regulatory Guide 8.13 rev. 3 1999
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MINIMIZE EXTERNAL EXPOSURE
Time(Reduce exposure time)
Distance(Increase Distance)
Shielding(Place dense object between you
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How To Minimize External Exposure
TIME : 60 mR/hr = 6 mR in 6 minutes
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How To Minimize External Exposure
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Shielding• Alpha particles can be
stopped by a sheet of paper.
• Most Beta particles can be stopped by 1-2 cm of plexiglass.
• Most gamma and x-ray photons can be absorbed by several cm of lead.
• Neutrons may require several feet of concrete.
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Do you workdirectly with a
source of radiation?
NoBadge
Required
Is the radiationsource an
isotope or a machine?
No
Yes
Do you work with one of the followingisotopes? * badge type in ( )
Brachytherapy Sources (1 and 4) >1 mCi. of gamma or positron emitter (1 and 4) >1 mCi. high (>500 keV) max energy Beta emitter (1 and 4)Nuclear Medicine (1 and 4)
Do you work with any one of the following machines? * badge type in ( )
Fluoroscope (2 and 3)LINAC (1)Diagnostic x-ray (1)CT (1)
Isotope Machine
A badge is mandatory
A badge is voluntary
Yes
NoNo
Badge Type(1) – Whole body(2) – Collar(3) – Waist(4) – Ring
Dosimetry Requirement Decision Tree
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Labeling
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Refers to quantities of radioactive material used or stored.
Refers to areas accessible to personnel, in which a major portion of the body could receive a dose of 5 mrem in any one hour at 30 centimeters from the radiation source or from any surface that the radiation penetrates
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Postings
2 Postings:•Massachusetts Department of Public Health “Notice to Employee”•Boston University Medical Center “Rules Governing the Use of Radioactive Materials”.
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Contamination Definition: Radioactive material where it shouldn’t be. e.g. floors, bench tops, hands
All radioisotopes have contamination potential even if they do not have external exposure potential.
The goal is to prevent contamination from getting on to your skin and/or inside your body.
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Skin Contamination Cool water, mild soap
2-3 minutes working up a good lather, dry
No harsh chemicals or detergents
Survey for contamination
Notify the RPO 617-638-7052 BUMC -Control Center 617-638-4144
off hours (8-6666) CRC-617-353-SAFE
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• Notify the people in area that a spill has occurred• Report incident to the DMPRS• Prevent the spread of contamination. Cover the spill with
absorbent material and prevent access to the area by unauthorized personnel
• Clean Up using disposable gloves• Survey area with a low range thin window GM survey
instrument
Emergency Office PhoneMedical Campus - RPO 617-638-5795
- Control X 8-4144 (off-hours)Charles River Campus - 3 -SAFE (24 hours)
Spill Response
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Direct SurveySurvey Meters
• “Pancake probe” Model 44-9• Used to monitor: 14 C, 35S, 32P, 33P • Move slowly at 2 inches/second from a distance no
greater than 1 cm above the surface
* Annual Survey Meter calibration is required
• Model 44-3 known as a “Scintillation” or “NaI” Probe
• Used to monitor low energy gammas such as I-125
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Radiation Detection Instruments
Liquid Scintillation counter is required for Tritium Contamination surveys
End Window(S-35, P-32, P-33, C-14)
*Lower Detection Efficiency than End
Window
Pancake(S-35, P-32, P-33, C-14)
*Better Detection Efficiency than End
Window GMPortable Survey
Meter
Gamma Scintillator (NaI) probe
(I-125 and Cr-51)
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Proper Survey Technique
Use appropriate survey meter– Check Calibration Status (Sticker)– Check battery– Audible on– Check background level– Start at the lowest scale
Audio On/Off Switch
Rotary Switch Off Battery Check Scalar Multiplier
Battery Compartment
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Survey Meter Face Plate
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Scale: 0 - 5 K cpm on X 1 multiplier*Some meter faces will have the Middle and Bottom
scale (As shown on left). In research setting the CPM scale is the only scale we use
Use This Top ScaleUse This Top Scale
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Direct Monitoring
• Set meter on lowest scale and observe background.• Bring probe 1/4 to 1/2 inch from surface without
touching. • Move probe slowly. (2 inches/sec)• Listen for audible chirp and observe count rate.• Results expressed in units of counts per minute (CPM).
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Wipe Tests A wipe test only assesses removable contamination. Use absorbent paper to wipe an (100 cm2 )area For H-3, a wipe test is the only means to assess potential
removable contamination. For other isotopes (i.e. P-32, S-35, C-14) a Geiger
Counter may be used to assess removable contamination. (Note: efficiency is much lower than wipe test counted with LSC)
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Liquid Scintillation
Counter
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Radioisotope Ordering Process1. Order placed through DMPRS via BU Works ISR2. DMPRS places order with vendor3. Package arrives at DMPRS for inspection4. DMPRS delivers package to your lab5. Lab personnel (RAM authorized user) receives and
secures package.
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Security of Radioactive Material
• You must do the following: Keep radioactive material in constant view Lock up radioactive stock solutions Lock the laboratory Always keep the access door to your floor of the
building locked. – (Use Key Card Access or the Combination Lock)
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Radioactive Material Transfer
Contact DMPRS for authorization prior to transfer of radioactive material on and off campus.
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Iodination Precautions
Verified negative pressure hood Double glove Lab coat Double bag radwaste Lead bricks in front of hood causes turbulence Use charcoal to absorb iodine vapors Air sampling and thyroid monitoring required
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Fume Hood
REQUIRES ADDITIONAL TRAINING: Iodination procedures
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Sulfur 35 - Amino Acid Precautions
Because of volatility:
• Open Stock vial in hood• Place charcoal in incubators, water baths, etc.
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Phosphorous-32 Precautions
3/8 inch lucite lab coat, double gloves, safety goggles absorbent paper or trays Dosimetry (> 1 mCi)
whole body badge and ring dosimeter
Geiger counter
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Use flat top tube opener to reduce radiation levels to fingers
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Use of Radioactive Materials in Animals
Radioactive material in animal use must be approved by– Radioisotope Committee– IACUC (Animal Care Committee)
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Radioactive Waste Categories
a. Solid waste b. Aqueous liquid waste c. Organic liquidd. Deregulated liquid scintillation vialse. Regulated liquid scintillation vialsf. Animal carcass/tissueg. Volatile materialh. Stock vials
All rad waste pick up requests are scheduled online at: http://www.bu.edu/orc/forms/environmental-health-safety/radioactive-waste-pickup-request/
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Radioactive Waste Guidelines
Environmental Waste Management approved containers by half-life:
< 30 DAYS, 30-90 DAYS, > 90 DAYS4 ml thick plastic bagInventory sheetNo radioactive waste is allowed in cold trash or biohazard bagsAll rad labels must be defaced before placing in waste containerswaste pickups are scheduled on-line
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Radwaste Guidelines Put radioactive needles etc., in
“radioactive” sharp container No liquids No lead pig (Deface and store lead pigs
in separate containers next to waste. Environmental management will pick up at time of waste pick up)
Assure radwaste container labeled to prevent housekeeper from emptying trash
Call Environmental Waste Management for any questions at 617-638-8832.
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Sink Disposal• You must ensure:
Liquids disposed down sinks designated for radioactive liquid disposal only.[No mixed waste].
Activity/Isotope disposed are less than the posted sink limit.
Liquid is aqueous, soluble, and dispersible.
Sink disposal log is complete
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Radiation Safety Records
Are all records filled out and up to date?
Inventory Surveys Waste logs Sink logs
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Inventory Records
You record: What material was received When it arrived (day, month and year) Activity received Chemical form When it was used, who used it Running total of activity on hand
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Telephone Numbers
BU & BMCOffice – 617-638-7052 (8am – 5pm)Fax – 617-638-7509Emergency- Control Center -617-638-4144
CRCDMPRS Office – 617-638-7052 (8am – 5pm)Emergency – 617-353-SAFE – 617-353-7233
DMPRS personnel on call 24 Hr/day
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Important Resources
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• Main DPMRS Website: http://www.bu.edu/ehs/plans/management-plans/rpo/
• DMPRS Operational Forms: http://www.bu.edu/ehs/plans/management-plans/rpo/forms/
• Environmental Waste Management: http://www.bu.edu/ehs/services/waste/radioactive-waste/