Diving Bell
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Diving bell
Diving bell
A diving bell is a rigid chamber used to transport divers to depth in the ocean. The most common types are
the wet bell and the closed bell.
The wet bell is a cable-suspended chamber, open at the bottom like a moon pool structure, that is
lowered underwater to operate as a base or a means of transport for a small number of divers. The pressure of
the water keeps the air trapped inside the bell. They were the first type of diving chamber. Unlike
a submarine the diving bell is not designed to move under the control of its occupants, nor to operate
independently of its tether.
The closed bell is a sealed chamber, which may be used for mixed gas bounce diving and for saturation diving.
This form of bell locks on and off the chamber where the divers live, by way of a closed door sealing the divers
in at pressure. Once on the surface, the bell is mated with the chamber system and the space in between is
pressurized to enable the divers to make a seal and transfer through to the chamber which is at the same
pressure. In saturation diving the bell is merely the ride to and from the job, and the chamber is the living
quarters. If the dive is relatively short (a bounce dive), decompression can be done in the bell in exactly the
same way it would be done in the chamber.
Contents
[hide]
1 Mechanics
o 1.1 Structure of a typical wet bell
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o 1.2 Structure of a typical closed bell
o 1.3 Deployment of a modern diving bell
2 History
3 In nature
4 Underwater habitats
5 Rescue bell
6 Use with hyperbaric chambers
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Mechanics
Occupied diving bell illustrated
Diving bells are used as underwater search vessels and by working divers doing underwater work and salvage.
The bell is lowered into the water by cables from a crane attached to a shipor dock. The bell is ballasted so as
to remain upright in the water and to be negatively buoyantso that it sinks even when full of air.
Hoses, fed by pumps on the surface, provide compressed breathing gas to the bell, serving two functions:
Fresh gas is available for breathing by the occupants, and excess gas leaks out under the lip of the wet
bell, where it bubbles naturally to the surface.
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As a wet bell is lowered, increasing pressure from the water compresses the gas in the bell. If the gas
pressure inside the bell were not raised by adding gas to compensate for the outside water pressure, the
bell would partially fill with water as the gas was compressed. Adding pressurized gas ensures that the air
space within the bell remains at constant volume as the bell descends in the water, as well as refreshing
the air, which would become saturated with a toxic level of carbon dioxide and depleted of oxygen by the
respiration of the occupants.
A similar principle to that of the wet bell is used in the diving helmet of standard diving dress, where
compressed air is provided to a helmet carried on the diver's shoulders. Additional weights are carried on the
waist and feet to prevent overturning. The modern equivalent of this diving equipment is used in surface
supplied diving.
A wet sub may also provide a dry viewing chamber for the operator's head, acting as would a diving helmet.
The physics of the diving bell applies also to an underwater habitat equipped with a moon pool, which is like a
diving bell enlarged to the size of a room or two, and with the water–air interface at the bottom confined to a
section rather than forming the entire bottom of the structure.
Structure of a typical wet bell
Open diving bell on a stern mounted bracket
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Very basic wet bell at a commercial diving school
Gas panel in a basic wet bell
A wet bell is a platform for lowering and lifting divers to and from the underwater workplace, which has an air
filled space, open at the bottom where the divers can stand or sit with their heads out of the water. The air
space is at ambient pressure at all times, so there are no great pressure differences, and the greatest structural
loads are usually self weight and the buoyancy of the air space. A fairly heavy ballast is often required to
counteract the buoyancy of the airspace, and this is usually set low at the bottom of the bell, which helps with
stability. The base of the bell is usually a grating or deck which the divers can stand on, and there will be racks
to hang the divers' umbilicals, which for this application must not be buoyant. Other equipment that is carried
on the bell include cylinders with the emergency gas supply, and racks or boxes for tools and equipment to be
used on the job. A gas panel inside the bell is supplied by the bell umbilical and the emergency gas cylinders,
and supplies the divers' umbilicals and sometimes BIBS sets. Folding seats may be fitted for the divers' comfort
during ascent, as in-water decompression may be long.
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Structure of a typical closed bell
A closed or dry bell is basically a pressure vessel for human occupation which is lowered into the sea to the
workplace, equalised in pressure to the environment, and opened to allow the divers in and out. These
functional requirements dictate the structure and arrangement. The internal pressure requires a strong
structure, and a sphere or spherical ended cylinder is most efficient for this purpose. When the bell is
underwater, it must be possible for the occupants to get in or out without flooding the entire interior. This
requires a pressure hatch at the bottom. The requirement that the bell retains its internal pressure when the
external pressure is lowered dictates that the hatch opens inward, so that internal pressure will hold it closed.
Locking onto a decompression chamber at the surface is possible either from the bottom or the side. Using the
bell bottom hatch for this purpose has the advantage of only needing one hatch, and the disadvantage of
having to lift the bell up and place it over a vertical entry to the chamber.
The bell bottom hatch must be large enough for a large diver fully kitted with appropriate bailout cylinders, to
get in and out without undue difficulty, and it can not be closed while the diver is outside as the umbilical is
tended through the hatch by the bellman. It must also be possible for the bellman to lift the working diver in
through the hatch if he is unconscious, and close the hatch after him, so that the bell can be raised and
pressurised for the ascent.
The internal space must be large enough for a fully kitted diver and bellman to sit, and for their umbilicals to be
stowed neatly on racks, and the hatch to be opened inwards while they are inside. Anything bigger will make
the bell heavier than it really needs to be, so all equipment that does not need to be inside is mounted outside.
This includes a framework to support the ancillary equipment and protect the bell from impact and snagging on
obstacles,and the emergency gas supply, which is usually racked around the framework and connected via
manifolds to the internal gas panel. The bell umbilical is connected to the bell via through hull fittings (hull
penetrations), which must withstand all operating pressures without leaking. The internal gas panel connects to
the hull penetrations and the diver's umbilicals. The umbilicals will carry main breathing gas supply, a
communications cable, a pneumofathometer hose, hot water supply for suit heating, power for helmet mounted
lights, and possibly gas reclaim hose and video cable. The bell umbilical will usually also carry a power cable
for internal and external bell lighting. Hydraulic power lines for tools do not have to pass into the interior of the
bell as they will never be used there, and tools can also be stored outside. There may be an emergency
through-water communications system with a battery power supply.
The bell may also have viewports and a medical lock.
Deployment of a modern diving bell
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Personnel Transfer Capsule
Diver training using a wet bell
Diving bells are deployed over the side of the vessel or platform using a gantry or A-frame from which the
clump weight and the bell are suspended. On dive support vessels with in-built saturation systems the bell is
deployed through a moon pool. Deployment usually starts by lowering the clump weight, which is a large ballast
weight suspended from a cable which runs down one side from the gantry, through a set of sheaves on the
weight, and up the other side back to the gantry, where it is fastened. The weight hangs freely between the two
parts of the cable, and due to its weight, hangs horizontally and keeps the cable under tension. The bell hangs
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between the parts of the cable, and has a fairlead on each side which slides along the cable as it is lowered or
lifted. Deployment of the bell is by a cable attached to the top. As the bell is lowered, the fairleads prevent it
from rotating on the deployment cable, which would put twist into the umbilical and risk loops or snagging. The
clump weight cables therefore act as guidelines or rails along which the bell is lowered to the workplace, and
raised back to the platform. If the lifting winch or cable fails, and the bell ballast is released, a positively buoyant
bell can float up and the cables will guide it to the surface to a position where it can be recovered relatively
easily.
The bell umbilical is separate from the divers' umbilicals, which are connected on the inside of the bell. The bell
umbilical is deployed from a large drum or umbilical basket and care is taken to keep the tension in the
umbilical low but sufficient to remain near vertical in use and to roll up neatly during recovery.
History
16th century Islamic painting ofAlexander the Great lowered in a glass diving bell.
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Modern diving bell.
The diving bell is one of the earliest types of equipment for underwater work and exploration.[1] Its use was first
described by Aristotle in the 4th century BC: "...they enable the divers to respire equally well by letting down a
cauldron, for this does not fill with water, but retains the air, for it is forced straight down into the
water."[2] According to Roger Bacon,Alexander the Great explored the Mediterranean on the authority of Ethicus
the astronomer. In 1535, Guglielmo de Lorena created and used what is considered to be the first modern
diving bell.
In 1616, Franz Kessler built an improved diving bell.[3][4]
In 1658, Albrecht von Treileben was contracted by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden to salvage the
warship Vasa, which sank in Stockholm harbor on its maiden voyage in 1628. Between 1663-1665 von
Treileben's divers were successful in raising most of the cannon, working from a diving bell.[5]
In 1687, Sir William Phipps used an inverted container to recover £200,000-worth of treasure from a Spanish
ship sunk off the coast of San Domingo.
In 1689, Denis Papin suggested that the pressure and fresh air inside a diving bell could be maintained by a
force pump or bellows. Engineer John Smeaton utilized this design in 1789.[3][4]
The earliest applications were probably for commercial sponge fishing. A diving bell was used to salvage more
than 50 cannons from the Swedish warship Vasa in the period immediately following its sinking in 1628.
In 1691, Dr. Edmond Halley completed plans for a diving bell capable of remaining submerged for extended
periods of time, and fitted with a window for the purpose of undersea exploration. In Halley's diving bell,
atmosphere is replenished by sending weighted barrels of air down from the surface.[6]
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In 1775, Charles Spalding, an Edinburgh confectioner, improved on Dr. Halley's design by adding a system of
balance-weights to ease the raising and lowering of the bell, along with a series of ropes for signaling the
surface crew.[7] Unfortunately, Spalding and his nephew, Ebenezer Watson, suffocated off the coast of Dublin in
1783 doing salvage work in a diving bell of Spalding's design.[7]
Salvador Dalí once showed up to give a lecture in a diving bell, and insisted on speaking from inside it.[8]
In nature
The diving bell spider, Argyroneta aquatica, is a spider which lives entirely under water, even though it could
survive on land.
Since the spider must breathe air, it constructs from silk a diving bell which it attaches to an underwater plant.
The spider collects air in a thin layer around its body, trapped by dense hairs on its abdomen and legs. It
transports this air to its diving bell to replenish the air supply in the bell. This allows the spider to remain in the
bell for long periods, where it waits for its prey.
Underwater habitats
Main article: Underwater habitat
As noted above, further extension of the wet bell concept is the moon-pool-equipped underwater habitat, where
divers may spend long periods in dry comfort while acclimated to the increased pressure experienced
underwater. By not needing to return to the surface they can reduce the necessity for decompression (gradual
reduction of pressure), required to avoid problems with nitrogen bubbles releasing from the bloodstream
(the bends, also known as caisson disease). Such problems can occur at pressures greater than 1.6 standard
atmospheres (160 kPa), corresponding to a depth of 6 metres (20 ft) of water.
Rescue bell
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A Diving bell for submarine rescue from the Swedish Navy, dating from the early 1940s
Diving bells have been used for submarine rescue. The closed dry bell is designed to seal against the deck of
the submarine above an escape hatch. Water in the space between the bell and the submarine is pumped out
and the hatches can be opened to allow occupants to leave the submarine and enter the bell. The hatches are
then closed, the bell skirt flooded to release it from the submarine, and the bell with its load of survivors is
hoisted back to the surface, where the survivors exit and the bell may return for the next group. The internal
pressure in the bell is usually kept at atmospheric pressure to minimise run time by eliminating the need
for decompression, so the seal between the bell skirt and the submarine deck is critical to the safety of the
operation. This seal is provided by using a flexible sealing material, usually a type of rubber, which is pressed
firmly against the smooth hatch surround by the pressure differential when the skirt is pumped out.
Use with hyperbaric chambers
Commercial diving operators now generally use a closed bell in conjunction with a surfacehyperbaric chamber,
These have safety and ergonomic advantages and allow decompression to be carried out after the bell has
been raised to the surface and back on board the diving support vessel. They are used especially in saturation
diving and undersea rescue operations. The diving bell would be connected via the mating flange of
an airlock to the deck decompression chamber or saturation system for transfer under pressure of the
occupants.
See also
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Underwater diving portal
Diving chamber
Timeline of underwater technology
Bathysphere
Benthoscope
Moon pool
[edit]References
1. ̂ Bevan, J. (1999). "Diving bells through the centuries". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society
Journal 29 (1). ISSN 0813-1988.OCLC 16986801. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
2. ̂ Arthur J. Bachrach, "History of the Diving Bell", Historical Diving Times, Iss. 21 (Spring 1998)
3. ^ a b Davis, RH (1955). Deep Diving and Submarine Operations (6th ed.). Tolworth, Surbiton, Surrey: Siebe
Gorman & Company Ltd. p. 693.
4. ^ a b Acott, C (1999). "A brief history of diving and decompression illness.". South Pacific Underwater
Medicine Society Journal 29 (2).ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
5. ̂ Vasa Museet. http://www.vasamuseet.se/en/The-Ship/Important-dates/
6. ̂ Edmonds, Carl; Lowry, C; Pennefather, John (1975). "History of diving". South Pacific Underwater
Medicine Society Journal 5 (2). Retrieved 2012-11-26.
7. ^ a b Kilfeather, Siobhan Marie (2005). Dublin: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press. p. 63.
8. ̂ Salvador Dalí obituary in the New York Times
[edit]External links
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to: Diving bells
Diving Bell: Kenyon College Department of Physics
Historical Diving Society: The History of the Diving Bell
Historic diving bells
Modern diving bells
close call rapid depressurisation