Diversity of organismsDiversity of organisms

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

List the five kingdoms used to classify plant List the five kingdoms used to classify plant and animalsand animals

Discuss the plant kingdom with the Discuss the plant kingdom with the flowering plant as an exampleflowering plant as an example

Discuss the animal kingdom with the human Discuss the animal kingdom with the human as an exampleas an example

ClassificationClassification

In order to organise information about the In order to organise information about the wide variety of life on earth a system of wide variety of life on earth a system of classification is required.classification is required.

TaxonomyTaxonomy is the study of classification. is the study of classification.

ClassificationClassification

Old systems of classification were based on Old systems of classification were based on separating life into two categories: Animals separating life into two categories: Animals and Plants.and Plants.

With developments in science came the With developments in science came the discovery of new forms of lifediscovery of new forms of life

A more updated five kingdom system was A more updated five kingdom system was proposed. It has since gained widespread proposed. It has since gained widespread acceptance by the scientific community. acceptance by the scientific community.

Five kingdom system of classificationFive kingdom system of classification

Life on earth can be divided up into 5 KingdomsLife on earth can be divided up into 5 Kingdoms

MoneraMoneraProtistaProtistaFungiFungi

PlantaePlantaeAnimaliaAnimalia

Each of the five kingdoms can be further Each of the five kingdoms can be further subdivided into smaller categories.subdivided into smaller categories.

Each successive category contains organisms Each successive category contains organisms that are more and more similar.that are more and more similar.

The final category into which organisms can The final category into which organisms can be placed is the species. be placed is the species.

Members of the same species are capable of Members of the same species are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring.interbreeding to produce fertile offspring.

Five kingdom system of classificationFive kingdom system of classification

Monera (Prokaryotae)Monera (Prokaryotae)

This kingdom contains This kingdom contains about 10,000 identified about 10,000 identified species of bacteria.species of bacteria.

It is estimated that there It is estimated that there are many more.are many more.

Bacteria were the first Bacteria were the first organisms on earth.organisms on earth.

They are by far the most They are by far the most numerous organism on numerous organism on the planet.the planet.

They are mainly microscopic and single celled They are mainly microscopic and single celled organisms.organisms.

They do not have a membrane enclosed They do not have a membrane enclosed nucleus.nucleus.

They do have membrane enclosed organelles They do have membrane enclosed organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.

They normally reproduce asexually.They normally reproduce asexually.

Monera – main featuresMonera – main features

MoneraMonera

Protista (Protoctista)Protista (Protoctista)

Contains a wide variety Contains a wide variety of organisms from large of organisms from large plant-like algae plant-like algae seaweeds to single-seaweeds to single-celled organisms such celled organisms such as as AmoebaAmoeba..

Protists are found Protists are found almost anywhere water almost anywhere water is present.is present.

Protista – main featuresProtista – main features

Contains single celled (Amoeba) and simple Contains single celled (Amoeba) and simple multicellular organisms (Algae)multicellular organisms (Algae)

They have a membrane-enclosed nucleusThey have a membrane-enclosed nucleus Some feed by taking in organic substances Some feed by taking in organic substances

(they absorb nutrients through the cell wall) (they absorb nutrients through the cell wall) Others can produce their own food by Others can produce their own food by

photosynthesisphotosynthesis

ProtistaProtista

FungiFungi

Examples of fungi Examples of fungi include mushrooms, include mushrooms, mildews, moulds and mildews, moulds and yeasts.yeasts.

Fungi play a vital role in Fungi play a vital role in that they break down that they break down dead organisms and dead organisms and allow minerals to be allow minerals to be recycled.recycled.

Fungi - main featuresFungi - main features

They are mainly multicellular. They are mainly multicellular. They are composed of threads called hyphae.They are composed of threads called hyphae. A Hypha consists of one or more cells A Hypha consists of one or more cells

surrounded by a tubular cell wall. surrounded by a tubular cell wall. Cell walls are made of a carbohydrate called Cell walls are made of a carbohydrate called

chitin.chitin. They are unable to make their own food.They are unable to make their own food. Their method of reproduction involves spores.Their method of reproduction involves spores.

FungiFungi

Learning CheckLearning Check

Why do we have a system of classification?Why do we have a system of classification? What is the study of classification called?What is the study of classification called? What are the main differences between What are the main differences between

members of the first two kingdoms members of the first two kingdoms mentioned?mentioned?

What are the 5 kingdoms called?What are the 5 kingdoms called?

PlantsPlants

This kingdom includes This kingdom includes the mosses, ferns and the mosses, ferns and seed-producing plants.seed-producing plants.

Seed producing plants Seed producing plants can be further sub-can be further sub-divided into flowering divided into flowering and non-flowering.and non-flowering.

Plants – main featuresPlants – main features

All plants are multicellular Their cells have cell walls made of the carbohydrate

cellulose Their cells often have large vacuoles They are eukaryotic – the have a true nucleus and

membrane enclosed organelles). Chloroplasts containing the pigment chlorophyll

which enables photosynthesis. All plants are autotrophs.

They reproduce asexually and sexually.

PlantsPlants

AnimalsAnimals

This kingdom includes This kingdom includes jellyfish, flatworms, jellyfish, flatworms, snails, roundworms, snails, roundworms, segmented worms, segmented worms, frogs, lizards, birds and frogs, lizards, birds and humans.humans.

The first animals The first animals evolved in the sea about evolved in the sea about 700 million years ago.700 million years ago.

Animals – main featuresAnimals – main features

All organisms in this Kingdom are multicellular They are eukaryotic - have a nucleus and

membrane enclosed organelles Animal cells have no cell walls All animals are heterotrophic – they cannot

produce their own food They normally reproduce sexually.

AnimalsAnimals

Learning CheckLearning Check

What are the main differences between plants What are the main differences between plants and animals with regard to cells?and animals with regard to cells?

What other features distinguish plants from What other features distinguish plants from animals?animals?

SyllabusSyllabus

Can you answer the following Can you answer the following questions?questions?

Depth of treatmentDepth of treatment

Name the Five kingdom system of classification:Name the Five kingdom system of classification: Monera (Prokaryotae)Monera (Prokaryotae) Pritista (Protoctista)Pritista (Protoctista) FungiFungi PlantPlant AnimalAnimal

(Further sub-classification not required).(Further sub-classification not required).