DIVERSITY Numbers about 80% of all animals are arthropods estimated to be over 30 million arthropods...

DIVERSITY Numbers

• about 80% of all animals are arthropods • estimated to be over 30 million arthropods • far more of them than all other metazoan species

combined • in virtually every conceivable environment:

marine, terrestrial, freshwater, and aerial habitats.

Phylum ArthropodaSubphylum Trilobita (extinct)Subphylum ChelicerataSubphylum CrustaceaSubphylum Uniramia (insects)

• a heterogeneous taxon with many subtaxa

• two pairs antennae • marine, freshwater, and terrestrial • Primarily aquatic • Free-floating larval stage • 26,000+ known species

Subphylum Crustacea

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

It is numerically the largest phyla and literally means jointed foot.

Class: Crustacea - crab, shrimp, barnacle, and lobster (Florida specie has no claws)

1. Jointed appendages have a variety of specialized functions.

2. The body is covered by an exoskeleton made of chitin.

Advantage: good protection, muscles attach to it for strength

Disadvantage: heavy and does not grow - animal must molt (shed) exoskeleton and becomes very vulnerable to predators

3. The body has 2 segments - a cephalothorax covered by the carapace and the abdomen.

4. Meroplanktonic larvae don’t compete with adults for food; Metamorphosis provides a gradual change to adult life as Epifauna.

5. An open circulatory system contains a blue pigment called hemocyanin to transport oxygen from the gills to the body.

Phylum Arthropoda

• Exoskeleton of chitin • Exoskeleton hardened by calcium

carbonate• All Crustaceans Molt – shed their

exoskeleton• Jointed appendages –BODY ADVANCE• Subphylum Crustacea• Head and thorax fused into cephalothorax• 2 pairs of antennae• A pair of appendages at each body

segment

Appendages at each body segment

The Strongest Punch

ANOSTRACA

• fairy shrimp and brine shrimp

PHYLLOPODA

• tadpole shrimps, ostracod, water fleas

MALACOSTRACA

• the largest, most heterogeneous, and diverse crustacean taxon

• shrimps, crabs, lobsters, mantis shrimps, pillbugs, crayfishes

COPEPODA

• copepods

• enormous ecological importance as planktonic herbivores

CIRRIPEDIA

• barnacles

Subphylum Crustacea

Gills b. Crustacean Gills

• crustacean gills are usually associated with appendages

• blood circulates through the gill and is oxygenated

Respiration

Reproduction

Crab Zoea – Crab Larve

Reproduction is sexual Fertilization is external

Open Circulatory System Closed Circulatory System

Side view of body showing relative position of circulatory (yellow), digestive (green), and nervous (blue) systems.

DORSAL BRAIN VENTRAL NERVE CORD

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Unlike the red pigment hemoglobin, their blood carries copper instead of iron.

It makes an excellent medium for long-term laboratory test because it will not support bacterial growth.

6. They have a ventral nerve cord with a well-developed brain and compound eyes. Neurosecretory cells control molting, color changes, food storage and hormones.

On the Menu• Some Barnacles are eaten as a delicacy

• Below Left are Percebes – (Gooseneck Barnacles) a popular food in Spain

SOFT SHELL CRAB (Pictured at right) Caught just after the crab has molted (Shed its hard shell and before its new shell has calcified)

Copepod – small but very significant

A Vital Crustacean – They are the link between primary producers (Phytoplankton) and higher level consumers including the baleen whales

Their nutrient rich fecal matter also allows for nutrients to be recycled quicker into the ecosystem

Barnacle

An unusual member of this phylum.

Barnacles start as free swimming larve

They become sessile suspension feedersas they attach to almost any hard surface such as rocks boats or whales

Athropoda

Euphausiid

Amphipod

Ostracod Cladoceran

Remember these Bioluminescent creatures?

Mysids Mantis Shrimp (Stomatopod)

Claws which could shatter an aquariums glass….used to punch holes into bivlave shells

Strongest Punch in the WorldMantis Shrimp

Peacock Mantis Shrimp kills Blue-ringed Octopus

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pgvsQ6oNZyo&NR=1&feature=fvwp

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZ7njTvDw0o&NR=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mu6yrC6bjNo

ShrimpCrabs

Lobsters

Hermit Crabs

Coconut Crab (hermit crab that doesn’t use shell)

Class Merostomata = Horseshoe Crabs

Horseshoe-Crabs.com

The horseshoe crab has been around for over 500 million years and has changed very little in that time.

http://horseshoe-crabs.com/

Class Pycnogonida = Sea Spiders

ARTHROPODA Subphylum Crustacea

• Acorn barnacles (Class Cirripedia) on an intertidal rock jetty in Ft. Pierce, Florida

• When the barnacles are covered with sea water, the thoracic legs are extended to feed on plankton

Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson


• Zonation of acorn barnacles (lighter color) and mussels (darker color) in a tidepool in Maine

• This illustrates the intense competition for space among these organisms



• Red banded coral shrimp (Stenopus hispidus) from Bonaire in the Caribbean

• Two pairs of long white antennae often mark the hiding place of this cleaning shrimp



• Yucatan spotted cleaning shrimp (Periclimenes yucatanicus) perched on tentacles of giant anemone (Condylactis gigantea) in Bonaire

• Cleans parasites from fish skin and gills



• Pederson’s cleaning shrimp (Periclimenes pedersoni) on star coral (Montastrea annularis) in Bonaire

• Long white antennae and swaying body attract fish to be cleaned



• Ventral view of an arrow crab (Stenorhynchus seticornis) from Bonaire in the Caribbean

• Note eyes on long-pointed rostrum (“narrow”= steno; “nose”= rhynchus)



• Dorsal view of an arrow crab (Stenorhynchus seticornis) from Bonaire in the Caribbean

• Note long, thin spider-like legs



• Gaudy clown crab (Platypodiella spectabilis), a small crab living in coral rubble in Bermuda



• Channel clinging crab or spider crab (Mithrax spinosissimus) in Belize

• Found under overhanging ledges during the day, forages in the open at night



• Land crab (Gecarcinus lateralis) on a beach in Ft. Pierce, Florida

• Burrows are inland, above the high tide line, but the females come to the water to release their larvae

Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display



• Batwing coral crab (Carpilius corallinus) foraging in the open at night in Bonaire

• These crabs have been overharvested in many areas of the Caribbean



• Zoea larva of a crab, found in the plankton in Bermuda

• Note the rostrum and the large eyes

• The zoea larva develops into a megalops larva



• Stareye hermit crab (Dardanus venosus) with anemones on both ends of the shell it carries as a retreat, in Roatan, Honduras

• Active at night in the Caribbean



• Giant hermit crab (Petrochirus diogenes) crawling across a sand flat in Belize

• This is the largest of the Caribbean hermit crabs, with large scaly claws and red and white banded antennae



• Two Caribbean spiny lobsters (Panulirus argus) in a coral crevice, where they retreat during the day

• At night, they forage on the bottom in open areas


Crustaceans have an exoskeleton made of

Bone

Chiti

n

Cal

cium

Car

bonat

e

Cel

lulo

se

0% 0%

25%

75%1. Bone

2. Chitin

3. Calcium Carbonate

4. Cellulose

The cephalothorax is a fused

Hea

d and

Neck

Abdom

en a

nd Thora

x

Hea

d and

Thora

x

Thora

x an

d Nec

k

6%0%

69%

25%

1. Head and Neck

2. Abdomen and Thorax

3. Head and Thorax

4. Thorax and Neck

The two body segments of a Crustaceans are the

Cep

halo

thor

ax a

nd ..

.

Cep

halo

thor

ax a

nd ..

.

Cep

halo

thro

ax a

nd ..

.

Hea

d and

Abdomen

0%

13%

80%

7%

1. Cephalothorax and Head

2. Cephalothorax and Neck

3. Cephalothroax and Abdomen

4. Head and Abdomen

Crustaceans have ____ pair(s) antennae

1 2 4 8

6%0%

6%

88%1. 1

2. 2

3. 4

4. 8

DIVERSITY Numbers about 80% of all animals are arthropods estimated to be over 30 million arthropods...

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