Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global...

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By Richard C. Close The Chrysalis Campaign, Inc. http://globallearningframework.ning.com Global Learning Framework©, Micro Learning Paths© are a Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close No version can be reproduced in any format without written permission from author Web Education System™ is a Trademark of BASCOM Inc. "Diversity, Learning Styles and Project Based Learning" Upgrading classroom methods for Global Personal Learning Framework

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For Global Education Conference 2013 www.globaleducationconference.com All rights reserved Copyright 2013 Richard C Close More information http://globallearningframework.nig.com

Transcript of Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global...

Page 1: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

By Richard C. Close The Chrysalis Campaign, Inc.

http://globallearningframework.ning.com

Global Learning Framework©, Micro Learning Paths© are a Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close No version can be reproduced in any format without written permission from author

Web Education System™ is a Trademark of BASCOM Inc.

"Diversity, Learning Styles and Project Based Learning" Upgrading classroom methods for Global Personal Learning Framework™

Page 2: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Speaker

Richard C Close CEO-Servant Chrysalis Campaign, Inc.

– 25+ year Corp Learning markets

– SUNY ESC Master research on Adult Learning, poverty and technology

– Developer of the Global Learning Framework™

– K-12 and Poverty Methods

– Author, developer, consultant

Page 3: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Agenda Learning Designs and Project

Based Learning

• Our dysfunctional Ed. System

• Trauma in the classroom

• Upgrading Learning Theories

• Nature of collaboration

• Personal Learning Framework™

• Global Learning Framework and Learning Design

• Class –curriculum methods

• Homeless Women Learning Styles Class & Cases

Copyright RClose Kenya 2007

Page 4: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Common Core in a Uncommon World Walt Disney's Surprise Package (1944).

“Might Highty Tidy” By Dick Huemer and Joe Grant

In front of the jail, the

Highty-Tighty put a great

machine. “Now,” he said,

“begins the fun. We'll take

these folk and stretch them a

little here, squeeze them a

little there, press a bit,

flatten a bit, until their forms

are just like mine!”

The people shook their fists

and cried out angry shouts.

But it was no use. One after

the other, the short, the tall,

the fat, the lean, were

crammed into the wide metal

mouth of the dreadful

machine. One after the other

they tumbled out again,

stretched and flattened and

absolutely square!

Page 5: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

San Jose High School graduating only 55% of the 2011 Class

Our Digital Divide

Page 6: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

http://earth.jsc.nasa.gov

• Five different Learning Styles • Multiple personalities • Culture diversity • Race diversity • Religious diversity • 50% Trauma from divorce • 50% STDs • 27% Children of alcoholics • Domestic violence • Bullied & social pressure

Start with what’s in a real class?

Page 7: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

The Ed Theories Battle

Social Darwinism laissez-faire capitalism;

John Dewey Global Collaboration

VS.

Page 9: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Hurdles with Academic Learning Theories and Methods

• Dated – Pre Web 2.0 collaborative • Research flaws (Academic base) • Does not consider poverty issues

well • Does not handle societal trauma • Is top down not collaborative • Not integrate with collaborative

systems ( Worksheet plague) • Needs to empower student w/

methods • Still very social Darwinism in style

“Survival of the fittest”

Page 10: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Critique of Experiential Learning Kolb

• Kolb and Fry (1975) argue that the learning cycle can begin at any one of the four points – and that it should really be approached as a continuous spiral.

Flaw • Consciousness is relational and not sequential

• Definitions are vague

• Does not map Neurologically like Meyers - Briggs

• Researched on academic wealth and not working class or poverty.

• Does not connect with collaborative world

http://infed.org/mobi/david-a-kolb-on-experiential-learning/

Page 11: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Education Needs an Upgrade

• Methods to handle diversity

• Curriculum to handle global knowledge

• Methods to teach collaboration

• Ways to build a broken spirit

Page 12: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Change

This is not about the student’s

digital literacy.

This is about academic digital literacy.

Page 13: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Industrial “One-to-Many” Model

Industrial Authoritarian

Instruction

One Way Model

Page 14: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

We are still living in a colonial lie?

Even though…

• there is no island

• no one is lost

• digital democracy is here

• we have proof it is an politico/academic myth – Woodstock

– Lost Boys of Sudan

– FaceBook

– American Democracy

1954

2001

Page 16: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

The First Big Question…

How is an individual

Integrated with Global Knowledge?

Page 17: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Personal Learning Framework™

Collaborative Input

Personal Processing

Collaborative Output

The Creative Loop

Perceptual Filters

Create w/ Competencies

How we perceive, process and produce

Page 18: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Personal Learning Framework ™

Collaborative Input

Personal Processing

Collaborative Output

The Creative Loop

Perceptual Filters

Create w/ Competencies

How we perceive, process and produce

Visual Study Strategies (V) Aural Study Strategies (A) Read/write Study Strategies (R) Kinesthetic Study Strategies (K) Multimodal Study Strategies (MM)

Page 19: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

What is our approach to Learning Styles?

Adopt to the student’s

Learning Styles

Empower the student w/

Learning Styles

Just go with the curriculum

Page 20: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

How can different learning styles learn together?

Copyright Warner Brothers

Page 21: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Personal Learning Framework ™

Collaborative Input

Personal Processing

Collaborative Output

The Creative Loop

Perceptual Skills

Create w/ Competencies

How we perceive, process and produce

Sensing (S): Focus on tangible data, what is known (past and now), practical means.

Intuiting (N): Focus on concepts, patterns, potential (future or atemporal), what-if.

Thinking (T): Decide / organize based on objective criteria, impersonal principles.

Feeling (F): Decide / organize based on harmony with personal and group values. Source: EEGandSocialCognition.pdf

Page 22: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

How Values Impact Learning

“Learned rules of Association” that define if content is: • Positive or Negative • Trust or distrust • Good or Bad • Embrace or reject • Curious or cautious • Accept or Defend • Adopt or reject • Must have or avoid • Three Gunas (Satva, Rajas Tamas) • Yin or Yang (dark and light)

Little Albert experiment - John B Watson http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Albert_experiment

Page 23: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

The Intensity of Poverty and Trauma on Educational Methods

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7d4gmdl3zNQ&feature=share&list=FLYqjsxDQdxthh4OsrEdqSUA

Page 24: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Personal Learning Framework ™

Collaborative Input

Personal Processing

Collaborative Output

The Creative Loop

Perceptual Filters

Create w/ Competencies

How we perceive, process and produce

• Communication Competencies

• Creative Competencies

• Workforce Skills

• Life Skills

• Literacy Competencies

• Cultural Competencies

Page 25: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Personal Learning Framework™

Collaborative Input

Personal Processing

Collaborative Output

The Creative Loop

Perceptual Filters

Create w/ Competencies

How we perceive, process and produce

Page 26: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

How does the individual fit in with the Global Web & Curriculum?

Page 27: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Yo Break it Down…

How do we;

Intake, Process

and Create?

Page 28: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Personal Learning Frameworks ™ What is experiencing?

CREATE

PROCESS

INTAKE

Learning Styles

Life Skills

Observation & Analysis

Values & Reaction

Physical

Non-Physical

Page 29: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

INTAKE CREATE

PROCESS

Personal Learning Frameworks ™

Learning Styles

Life Skills

Observation & Analysis

Values & Reaction

Physical

Non-Physical

Personal Experience: Perceive, Process and Create

Page 30: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Personal Learning Frameworks ™ Curriculum View: Perceive, Process and Create

Challenge

Resources

Competence

Expression

Observation & Analysis

Values & Reaction

Physical

Non-Physical

INTAKE CREATE

PROCESS

Page 31: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Break it Down… More

How do we “Process”?

How do we learn , or ignore, life’s lessons in the world?

Page 32: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Personal Learning Frameworks ™ How do we process?... Build character!

Response to the Outside World • Create • Fix • Fight • Flight • Observe • Ignore • Reflect

Observation Sorting Filter • Intention • Focus • Noise • Decipher • Explore • Ignore • Filter

Context of Logical Relationships • Classification • Questioning • Investigating • Analyzing • Hypothesizing • Designing • Interpreting • Synthesizing

Values of Emotional Relationships • Value

system • Personal

History • Global /&

Local Culture

Page 33: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

INTAKE CREATE

PROCESS

Response to the Outside World • Create • Fix • Fight • Flight • Observe • Ignore • Reflect

Observation Sorting Filter • Intention • Focus • Noise • Decipher • Explore • Ignore • Filter

Meyers & Briggs Overlay of PLF™

Context of Logical Relationships • Classification • Questioning • Investigating • Analyzing • Hypothesizing • Designing • Interpreting • Synthesizing

Values of Emotional Relationships • Value

system • Personal

History • Global &

Local Culture

Extravert (E)

Introvert (I)

STRUCTURE Judging (J)

Perceiving (P)

DESCISION Thinking ((T)

INFORMATION Sensing (S)

Intuition (N)

DESCISION Feeling ((F)

Personality or Character

Page 34: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

The Clash of the Curriculums Science vs. Humanities

Observation Sorting Filter • Intention • Focus • Noise • Decipher • Explore • Ignore • Filter

Context of Logical Relationships • Classification • Questioning • Investigating • Analyzing • Hypothesizing • Designing • Interpreting • Synthesizing

Response to the outside world • Create • Fix • Fight • Flight • Observe • Ignore • Reflect

Values of Emotional Relationships • Value

system • Personal

History • Cultures • Personality

INTAKE CREATE

PROCESS

Page 35: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Knowledge without context is… dangerous

Eugène Ionesco (1909–1994)

“The knife can kill” From the play “The Lesson”

The Knife (or nuclear bomb) just is…. now what we do with it is another matter.

Page 36: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Technology & Media Without Human Values

Page 37: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Our Value System Comes from the Humanities

Values manage/judge every piece of content and context through a set of mental filters. Values are … • Cultural • Go – No Go • Fight or Flight • Positive or negative • Productive or destructive • Loving or selfish • Good or bad • Motivating or de-motivating

One day I will have my own

company.

This math is a waist of time

I will end up in a gang like dad.

Page 38: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Question…

How do we learn together

within a global collaborative framework?

Page 39: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

What is the process of collaborative community learning?

Problem Discover Adopt Collaborate Share

Assess Present Test Traditional eLearning

Prepare Present Practice Adult Learning Performance

Self Contained “Local” Course and Content…

We need a Global Learning Framework ™

me-and-my-bubble

Page 40: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

How the student learns with a global community:

“Micro Learning Framework™

Discover Problem

I need to

know

Adopt

I will choose

to own this

knowledge

Share

I will

publish my

discovery

Explore what else

relates to this

Collaborate

Validate

how it fits

into the world

Page 41: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

The Framework of transformation.

Discover Problem Adopt Share Collaborate

Personal Change

Global Change

Page 42: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

INTAKE CREATE

PROCESS

INTAKE CREATE

PROCESS

INTAKE CREATE

PROCESS

INTAKE CREATE

PROCESS

Problem Solving

Adopt Share Collaborate Discover Problem

Our Personal Learning Framework experience moves within the Global Learning Framework (community).

Page 43: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Collaborative Problem Solving

GROUP Framework

INTAKE CREATE

PROCESS

INTAKE CREATE

PROCESS

INTA

KE

C

REA

TE

PR

OC

ESS

INTA

KE

CR

EATE

PR

OC

ESS

Page 44: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Design Lesson

Page 45: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

They Must… • mirror Life • be super easy • integrate with

Internet • intuitive • emotionally

transformative • be quantitative

measurable • be qualitative

with global world

Upgrade Learning Theory and Methods

Page 46: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Adventure Based Learning? Copyright Disney

Page 47: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

“Micro Learning Paths™” in PBL Curriculum

Discover Problem Adopt Share Collaborate

What is gift to

the world?

Learning Styles Quiz

Personal Report

and Study Guide

Group Discussion Published

Essays Poems

Journaling book

Social Networking (Ning) Poetry “Writing to Heal”

Agreement Explore

Study Guide

Personal Counseling

Page 48: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Art Lesson

What is you gifts?

What is the best way to learn for you?

Discover Problem Adopt Share Collaborate

Page 49: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Art Lesson Discover Problem Adopt Share Collaborate

Vark website

Online Learning System

• Cyber Library 10,000 plus sites

• Filter

• Lesson launcher

• BASCOM.com

Page 50: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Art Lesson VARK Assessment

• Online test for automated results

• Team up women for PC & literacy issues.

• Download learning Guides

Discover Problem Adopt Share Collaborate

Page 51: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Art Lesson Facilitate adoption

• Paper based student study SWOT guides

• Discussion Guide

• Student Journaling

• Individual Counseling

Discover Problem Adopt Share Collaborate

Page 52: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Art Lesson Discover Problem Adopt Share Collaborate

Small Group Discussions

• Is your Learning Styles assessment accurate?

• What are other people in you family?

• What if other people in work are different?

• How can you communicate differently?

• Discuss study options.

Page 53: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Art Lesson Discover Problem Adopt Share Collaborate

• Each person shares in small group discussions.

• Each student publishes blog in private Ning page or in composition book.

• Practice on other women in mission

Page 54: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Art Lesson Discover Problem Adopt Share Collaborate

The women completed the build of a YouTube Gospel Music Channel in just 2 hours with 150 plus

songs by playlists

Page 55: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format. School Kids Kitale Kenya Copyright Richard C. Close

Transformative evidence..

“Writing to heal “ Lesson

Discover Problem Adopt Share Collaborate

Page 56: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Learn to do

Response to the Outside World

Observation Sorting Filter • Intention • Focus • Noise • Decipher • Explore • Ignore • Filter

Four Pillars overlay of PLF™

Context of Logical Relationships

Values of Emotional Relationships

Learn to be

Learn to Live Together

Learn to Know

INTAKE CREATE

PROCESS

Page 57: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Demming’s Sig Sigma Overlay to GLF:

Discover Problem Adopt Share Collaborate

DEFINE MEASURE ANALYSE IMPROVE CONTROL

Demmining’s Sig Sigma DMAIC Improvement Model

Research w/ Conclusions

Test with systems and People

Production Feedback Loops

Page 58: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

GROUP Questions

INTAKE CREATE

PROCESS

INTAKE CREATE

PROCESS

INTA

KE

C

REA

TE

PR

OC

ESS

INTA

KE

CR

EATE

PR

OC

ESS

Collaborative Questions

By Richard C. Close The Chrysalis Campaign, Inc.

New Milford, CT 06776 [email protected]

Twitter: iamafricastory Richardclose.blogspot.com

Micro Learning Paths, Global Learning Framework, Global Learning Process are Copyright 2011 Richard C.

Close Web Education System, My Web Library are Trademark s of Bascom, Inc. www.bascom.com Space

Images Copyright NASA. Africa and Brooklyn, NY photography copyright 2007-9 Richard C. Close

Page 59: Diversity, learning styles and project based learning upgrading classroom methods for a global personal learning framework

Global Learning Framework© Copyright 2009 Richard C. Close, No version can be reproduced in any format.

Questions

By Richard C. Close The Chrysalis Campaign, Inc. New Milford, CT 06776 [email protected] Twitter: iamafricastory Contest at: http://this-is-my-story.ning.com Chrysalis Campaign. Inc. Site: http://globallearningframework.ning.com Micro Learning Paths, Global Learning Framework, Global Learning Process are Copyright 2011 Richard C. Close Web Education System, My Web Library are Trademark s of Bascom, Inc. www.bascom.com Space Images Copyright NASA. Africa and Brooklyn, NY photography copyright 2007-9 Richard C. Close Sponsored by