DIVERSE APPLIANCES OF METADATA STANDARDS IN DIGITAL LIBRARY

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CONTENTS

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lnternational Journal of lnlormation Technology and Management Research

3 (1), January-June 2011, pp. 35-40

..DIVERSE APPLIANCES OF METADATA STANDARDS IN

DIGITAL LIBRARY"

Mayank Trivedi., Vishnu Suthar.- and Babubhai Akodiya.*.

ABSTRACT: There are numerous changes in metadata standards organi"ing a digital library (DL) and successfully gets to the

user the articles he/she zoants. Various standards haoe already been dez,eloped in storage and retrieaal of digital data cuhich aredescribed here. They range from the standards that coaer Portable Document Format f.les through the standards that gooerninterndtional cataloguing ffirts to standards for oaious forms. Otfurs are stiil under deztelopment and are desuibed in the

state inzahich they are currently. In conclusion, itandards are necessary for eaery aspect of the digital library. New standardsare being deaeloped by the formal international standards bodies haae been highlighted.

Keyworils: Metadata, Digital library, Metadata Standards

is the Internet-age term for strucfuredabout data. Typical examples are librarybibliographic headers in Web

"terms of use" statements, and ratings.cofiununities - from librarians and

scientists to government agencies,

heritage organizations, publishers,and the legal community - scope and

metadata differently. Internationalin areas such as biodiversity, the

sciences, and museums seek to refine theof specialized metadata for the rapidlyneeds of their fields. Likewise,and other content providers are

agreements on standards to enable newof electronic commerce.l

The creation and rnanagement of metadata is

rapidly expanding industry. In thecommunities, libraries and abstracting

indexing services invest heavily in the

of metadata to manage the publishedScholars are increasingly publishing

work in electronic journals or in less formal

Web forums and scientific datasets areproliferating. Metadata will be needed for these

materials. As libraries and museums digitizecultural heritage information, they must createmetadata to orgfinize and manage it; indeed, thecost of creating this metadata is often comparableto the cost of digitization itself. In all suchcontexts, metadata heips people find what theyneed, verify its authenticity, process it in anappropriate format, and perhaps to order or payfor it online. No single type of metadata can suit

every such application, every type of resource,and every community of users. How the diverseforms of metadata will co-exist and interoperateis a complex issue for research. Its requiremetadata standards for different format.2

METADATA STANDARDS

Metadata elements grouped into sets designed fora specific purpose, e.g., for a specific domain or a

particular type of information resource, are called

metadata schemes. For every element the nameand the semantics (the meaning of the element)are specified. Content rules (how content must

University Librarian, the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390002,



INrrRNRttONnl |ounNRl op lxroRvertoN TscuwOrOCv eNn MRN4CTMINT RESe{R:m

2. Metadata content rules enable consistet{

data entry for effective searching. Contert

rules include: vocabularies and semarlbl

rules as well as authority files, thesaun

classifications and ontologies.3. Metadata mark-up standards ensure tha't

metadata is machine readable and that

automated searches can be undertaken.

4. Metadata packaging standards define the

links between digital objects and their

metadata while binding the components

into archival packages as defined by the

OAIS Reference Model (Open Archival

Information Systems Reference Model -I5O1.4721:2003)

COMPONENTS OF METADATASTANDARDS

Defining metadata doesn't only mean defining

elements; a metadata schema cor-nprises other

definitions. Here we present the main

components of a metadata standard which have

to be defined by an archive.6

1. Element set

2. Encoding

3. Storage

WHAT IS DIFFERENT IN DL?

formulated), representation rules (e.9.,

capitalizalton rules), and allowed element values

(e.g., from a controlled vocabulary) can be

sp"iifi"d optionally. Some schemes also specify

in which syntax the elements must be encoded,in contrast to syntax independent schemes.3

Metadata schemes that are developed and

maintained by standard orgatizabions (such as

ISO) or organizations that have taken on such

responsibility (such as the Dublin Core Metadata

Iniiiative) are called metadata standards. We

know metadata standards for digital libraryprospect.a

NEED FOR METADATASTANDARDIZATION IN DL

Metadata is the core of any information retrieval

system and so its implications for any digjtal

library are profound: the choice of a metadata

scheme underpins any such library's ability to

deliver objects in a meaningful way, and greatly

affects its long-term ability to maintain and

preserve its digital assets.s The adoption of these

itandards that the large union catalogues and

collaborative cataloguing projects that are nowsuch a prominent part of the library world became

possible. The technology of the digital library

offers even greater potential for inter-institutional

collaboration. To do so effectively, however,

requires standard approaches to metadata. To

adopt an analogy from the traditional library

world, it is necessary to standardize both the

containers for digital library metadata.

TYPES OF METADATA STANDARDS

Effective implementation of metadata standards

needs early consideration of the structure,

content, functionality and links between

digital objects and metadata instances required'

Different types of metadata standards are

used interdependently to achieve the following

aims:

1.. Metsdata structure standards ensure

consistent structure across individualentries; enable data searching to be

implemented and data sharing across a

discipline. Hierarchical structurestandards enable context as well as content

For digital libraries, the environment is likely to

be in a state of change for the foreseeable future;

research and experimentation will be ongoing'

For a thoughtful analysis of some of the metadata

issues warranting research, see Metadata forDigital Libraries: a Research Agenda developed

by a joint task working Soup established under

the auspices of the European Union and the

National Science Foundation. The current article

should not be seen as an attempt to develop an

overarching theoretical or technical framework or

as a comprehensive overview, but as observations

from the trenches of American Memory, a

production digital library system that is also an

experiment. The integration of heterogeneousconten! including content and metadata prepared

by other institutions, into American Memory has

provided a close look at practical hurdles in the

path to Licklider's vision. It has also stimulated



Arplnncss or MnreoerR SrnNoRnos tN Dtcner LIBRARY"37

can contribute to achieving that vision

a not infrequent sense of frustration at the

of incorporating new tools to build

services and enrich the interaction with the

of knowledge.T

STANDARDS IN DL

METS (Metadata Encoding & Transmission

Standard)

Metadata Encoding and Transmission

(METS) is a data encoding and

specification, (in XML format), that

the means to convey the metadata

for both the management of digital*iUti" a repository and the exchange of

obj".ts between repositories (or between

and their users). Thiscommon object

was designed to allow the sharing of efforts

develop inflrmation management tools/

ani to facilitate the interoperable exchange

digital materials among institutions (including

The METS XML schema was created in

under the sponsorship of the Digital Library

(DLF), is supported by the Library ofas its maintenance agency, and is

goveined by the METS Editorial Board'8

Purpose of METS: METS is an XML Schema

designed foi the PurPose of: lvlaintaining the

meta'data of the digital objects for the long term;

Recording thu ttamet and locations of the files that

comprise those objects; Creating XML document

that express the hierarchical structure of digital

library objects, and when a repository of digital

objecis iniends to share metadata about a digitalobject,or the object itself, wi'r'h another repository

or with a tool meant to render the object, the use

of a common data transfer syntax between

repositories and between tools greatly improves

the facility and efficiency with which the

transactions can occur. METS was created and

designed to provide a relatively easy format for

these kinds of activities during the life-cycle of

the digital object.

A METS document consists of setsen major

sections: The METS Header contains metadata

describing the METS document itself, including

such information as creator, editor, etc.; The

Metadata section; The File Section; The Structural

Map; Structural Links; The Behavior

Technical Components: Primary XML Schema+

Extension Schema+ Controlled Vocabularies

Prerequisites: METS is defined as an XMLSchema, requiring staff and software support

capable of operating on datasets using standard

XML Schema knowledge and tools.

METS Basic

The names and locations of the files that comprise

those objects

2. MIX (NISO Metadata for Images in XML)

XML schema for encoding technical data elements

required to manage digital image collections' The

Library of Congress' Network Development and

MARC Standards Office, in partnership with the

NISO Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images

Standards Committee and other interested

experts, is developing an XML schema for a set

of technical data elements required to manage

digital image collections. The schema provides a

foimat for iirterchange and/or storage of the data

specified in the Data Dictionary - Technical

Metadata for Digital Still images (ANSI/NISO

239.87-2006). This schema is currently referred to

as "NISO Metadata for Images in XI\4I- (NISO

MIX)". MIX is expressed using the XML schema

language of the World Wide Web Consortium.

MIX is maintained for NISO by the Network

Development and MARC Standards Office of the

Library of Congress with input from users.e

3. PREMIS (Preservation Metadata)

A data dictionary and supporting XML schemas

Book



38 IruTEnNRrroNar founxal op INronueroN TscHr.rol-ocv elo MaNecguerur RrsEenc.

the long-term preservation of digital materials.

The new working goup was fortunate in thattwoexceptionally qualified experts - Priscilla Caplan

of the Florida Center for Library Automation and

F.ebecca Guenther of the Library of Congress-were willing to assume the responsibilities ofchairing the group. PREMIS was equallyfortunate in the caliber of expertise forming the

group{s membership, which extends to libraries,

museums, archives, goverrunent, and the privatesector, and includes participants from the US, the

Netherlands, Australia, Great Britain, Germany,and New Zealand.

The OAIS Framework prompted interest in

mo'iing it toward a more implementable status.To achleve this objective, OCLC and RLG

sponsored a second working group calledPREMIS (Preservation Metadata: Implementation

Strategies). Composed of more than thirtyinternational experts in preservation metadata,

PREMIS sought to: (i) define a core set ofimpler-nentabie, broadly applicable preservationmetadata elements, supported by a datadictionary; and (ii) identify and evaluate

alternative strategies for encoding, storing,managing, and exchanging preservationmetadata in digital archiving systems. It definesimplementable, core preservation metadata,along with guidelines and recommendations fornunagement and use. PREMIS also developed a

set'of XML, schema to support use of the DataDictionary by institutions managing andexchanging PREMIS conformant preservationmetadata.lo

4. TextMD (Technical Metadata for Text)

XML schema that details technical metadata fortext-based digital objects. It most commonly servesas an exlension schema used within the MetadataElcoding and Transmission Schema (METS)administrative metadata section. However, it couldalso exist as a standalone document. hr the futuretextMD can be used within the pREMIS element<additional TechnicalCharacteristics>, anextension for format-specific metadata within the

IIEMIS preservatioi metadata Object XMLSchema version 2.0.

The TextMD schema allows for detailing

plafform, software, agent) ; character information(character set and size, byte order and size, line

terminators) ; languages; fonts ; markupinformation; processing and textual notes ;

technical requirements for printing and viewing;page ordering and sequencing.

The Library of Congress NetworkDevelopment and MARCStandards Office (LoC)

serves as the maintenance agency for textMD,althodgh the majority of the qualitative work on

the schema will come from the larger METScomrnunity and textMD implementers external to

LoC.1i

5. ISO/DIS 25577::20O8 (Information andDocumentation - MarcXchange)

Specifies the requirements for a generalized XML-based exchange format for bibliographic records

as well as other types of metadata; Does not definethe length or the content of individual records and

does not assign any meaning to tags, indicators,or identifiers, these specifications being thefunctions of an implementation forma| describesa generalized structure, a framework designed

primarily for communicatiorr between dataprocessing systems, but may also be relevant foruse as a processing format within systems.

MarcXchange could potentially be used as

follows: for representing a complete MARCrecord or a set of MARC records in XML; fororiginal resource description in XML syntax; asan extension schema to METS (MetadataEncoding and Transmission Standard); for

exchange of MARC records in XML; for transferof MARC records in web services like SRU(search(retrieval via URL); for publishertransmission of data; as a temporary format in allkinds of.dafa transformation or manipulation, e.g,conversion) publicatiorj editing, validation; f&metadata in'XML that may be plckaged with anelectronic resource.

6. ISO 20775 - Schema for Holdings Information

ISO 207-75:2009 specifies a schema designed tocover the holdings of all types of resources,physical and electronic, all iyp"s of resourceformat such as printed text, visuil images, soundrecordings, videos, electronic midia



DIVERsE Appltnxcns or Mereoere SreltoaRos ttt Dtctrer LISnARY"

monographs or those published serially or in part.

hough it is designed to be used as a schema inquery responses, 15020775:2009 does not specify

a query and response (such as SRU, 239'50 or

Open Search) including search atkibutes and

index definition. I5O 20775:2009 facilltates the

interactive exchange of a combination of stable

and dynamic information. How data is gathered

and assembled to populate the schema forholdings is outside the scope of ISO 20775:2009.

Detailed resource description is outside the scope

of ISO 20775:2009 as is also detailed information

on serials designed for claiming missing issues.l2

7. ALTO - Technical Metadata for OpticalCharacter Recognition

ALTO (Analyzed Layout and Text Object) is a

XML Schema that details technical metadata fordescribing the layout information and OCR

recognized text of resources, such as pages of a

book or a newspaper. It is used as an extension

schema to METS (Metadata Encoding and

Transmission Standard), where METS provides

metadata and structural information while ALTO

contains content and physical information. AltoFeatures

1. ALTO file contains a style section where

different styles are listed. The layoutsection contains what is on the Page.

2. A page is divided into several regions

(Print space, left margin, right margin, top

margin and bottom margin). For each

region all objects are listed which have

been detected inside.

3. Measurements in ALTO XML files can be

given in 1/10mm or rn1'/1200inch. To use

the coordinates within the ALTO file withany resolution they need to be transformed

into pixe1s.13

Why METS/AITO Conversion?

The METS and ALTO havebeenaround for a long

time, and are standard with which librariesi,

universities, newspaper publishers andnewspaper aggregators are aware of. METS is a

standard for encoding descriptive, administrative,

and structural metadata regarding objects within

a digital library, using XML. Though METS is

excellent at describing the structure of a digitalobject, it's missing the ability to describe the

content and layout of each piece of the digitalobject.

CONCLUSION

This paper has considered some of the difficultiesassociated with the defined standards of digitallibrary. We have provided corrceptual studies

which can be faced when seeking to make use fordigital library. The paper describes differentstandards within digital library developmentprogrammes. These standards aims to provide a

pragmatic solution and is designed to provide

guidance and support forprojects and services

in implementing standards-bdsed solutions,without being overly prescriptive.

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[1] Daniel, Ron ]r., CarlLagoze, Sandra Payette. Metadata

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[2] Arora, ]agdish. (2009), Digital Preservation: AnOverview. Open Access to Textual and Multimedia

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DIVERSE APPLIANCES OF METADATA STANDARDS IN DIGITAL LIBRARY

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