Disproportionate Minority Contact, CCS Final Report
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Transcript of Disproportionate Minority Contact, CCS Final Report
Understanding Disproportionate Understanding Disproportionate Minority Contact in Forsyth CountyMinority Contact in Forsyth County
Forsyth County DMC Community BriefingForsyth County DMC Community Briefing
November, 2006November, 2006
Disproportionate Minority ContactDisproportionate Minority Contact(DMC) (DMC)
““the disproportionate number of juvenile the disproportionate number of juvenile members of ethnic minority groups who come members of ethnic minority groups who come into contact with the juvenile justice systeminto contact with the juvenile justice system””
-Juvenile Justice Delinquency Prevention Act 2002-Juvenile Justice Delinquency Prevention Act 2002
DMC in North CarolinaDMC in North Carolina
In partnership with the North Carolina In partnership with the North Carolina Governor’s Crime Commission, four Governor’s Crime Commission, four
demonstration counties were selected to demonstration counties were selected to address DMC:address DMC:
Forsyth, Guilford, Union, and New HanoverForsyth, Guilford, Union, and New Hanover
The ProcessThe Process
1.1. Identify the extent of DMC in each countyIdentify the extent of DMC in each county
2.2. Assess contributing factors to the problemAssess contributing factors to the problem
3.3. Develop and implement strategic Develop and implement strategic interventions to reduce DMCinterventions to reduce DMC
4.4. Evaluate the effectiveness of these Evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies strategies
Study DesignStudy Design
Aggregate AnalysisAggregate Analysis
Winston-Salem/Forsyth County SchoolsWinston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools Winston-Salem Police DepartmentWinston-Salem Police Department Forsyth County Juvenile JusticeForsyth County Juvenile Justice
Sample AnalysisSample Analysis
Forsyth County Juvenile JusticeForsyth County Juvenile Justice Winston-Salem/Forsyth County SchoolsWinston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools Department of Social ServicesDepartment of Social Services CenterPoint - Mental HealthCenterPoint - Mental Health
Study DesignStudy Design
Incidence Rate (IR)Incidence Rate (IR)
A percentage that represents the number of A percentage that represents the number of incidents for each ethnic category divided incidents for each ethnic category divided by the total number of youth for that ethnic by the total number of youth for that ethnic
category, multiplied by 100.category, multiplied by 100.
Relative Rate Index (RRI) Relative Rate Index (RRI)
A ratio of the incidence rate for an ethnic A ratio of the incidence rate for an ethnic minority group to the incidence rate for minority group to the incidence rate for
white youth. white youth.
Aggregate AnalysisAggregate Analysis
Winston-Salem/Forsyth County SchoolsWinston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools2003-2004 Suspensions2003-2004 Suspensions
Student Population by ethnicity
51%49%White
Minority
Suspensions by ethnicity
24%
76%
23.7% of suspensions were received by white youth. 76.3% of suspensions were received by minority youth.
RRI – 3.2
Winston-Salem/Forsyth County SchoolsWinston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools2004-2005 Suspensions2004-2005 Suspensions
Student Population by ethnicity
49%51%
White
Minority
Suspensions by ethnicity
80%
20%
19.8% of Suspensions were received by white youth. 81% of suspensions were received by
minority youth.
RRI – 3.9
Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools 2003-2004 and 2004- 20052003-2004 and 2004- 2005
Out of School Suspensions by ethnicityOut of School Suspensions by ethnicity
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
WhiteElementary
WhiteMiddle
White HighSchool
MinorityElementary
MinorityMiddle
MinorityHigh School
2003-04
2004-05
Although OSS decreased overall in 2004- 2005 from the previous year, minority students received more OSS than white students
both years in all grade levels.
Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools 2003-2004 and 2004-20052003-2004 and 2004-2005
Out of School Suspensions by ethnicity and genderOut of School Suspensions by ethnicity and gender
RRI-OSS ComparisonsRRI-OSS Comparisons
Elementary Middle High Male Female Male Female Male Female
2003-04 5.0 7.9 3.4 6.2 3.6 5.1
2004-05 4.1 7.5 5.4 6.9 5.1 6.0
Minority students were between 3.4 and 7.9 times as
likely to be suspended during these two years.
Winston-Salem Police Department Juvenile Winston-Salem Police Department Juvenile Arrest Complaints*Arrest Complaints*
July 1, 2003-June 30, 2004 andJuly 1, 2003-June 30, 2004 and
July 1, 2004-June 30, 2005 July 1, 2004-June 30, 2005
81
271
77
287
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2003-2004 2004-2005
White
Minority
Minority youth account for between 77% and 78.9% Minority youth account for between 77% and 78.9% of all juveniles with arrest charges.of all juveniles with arrest charges.
* Ages 6-15
Winston-Salem Police Department Juveniles Winston-Salem Police Department Juveniles With Arrest Complaints* With Arrest Complaints* 2003-2004 Arrest Charges2003-2004 Arrest Charges
Juveniles with arrest charges by ethnicity
23%
77%
Minority youth were 6 times as likely to have arrest Minority youth were 6 times as likely to have arrest charges than white youth.charges than white youth.
Juvenile population by ethnicity
64%
36% WhiteMinority
* Ages 6-15
Winston-Salem Police Department Juvenile Winston-Salem Police Department Juvenile With Arrest Complaints* With Arrest Complaints* 2004-2005 Arrest Charges2004-2005 Arrest Charges
Juveniles with arrest charges by ethnicity
21%
79%
Minority youth were 5 times as likely to have arrest Minority youth were 5 times as likely to have arrest charges than white youth.charges than white youth.
Juvenile population by ethnicity
58%42%
WhiteMinority
* Ages 6-15
Forsyth County DJJDP Forsyth County DJJDP Referrals 2004 - 2005*Referrals 2004 - 2005*
879
103
410
918
107
319
0100200300400500600700800900
1000
2004 referrals 2005 referrals
BlackLatinoWhite
*ages 10- 17
61%61%
7%7%
29%29%
68%68%
8%8%
23%23%
Forsyth County DJJDP Forsyth County DJJDP Complaints 2004 - 2005*Complaints 2004 - 2005*
586
58
253
576
68
213
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2004 complaints 2005 complaints
BlackLatinoWhite
*ages 10- 17
64%64%
6%6%
28%28%
8%8%
66%66%
24%24%
Forsyth County DJJDP Referrals Forsyth County DJJDP Referrals and Complaints 2004 - 2005*and Complaints 2004 - 2005*
For each year, minority referrals and complaints represent more than 1.75 times their percentage population in
the county (42% - 44%).
*ages 10- 17
Forsyth County DJJDP Forsyth County DJJDP Referrals & Complaints Referrals & Complaints
2004 - 20052004 - 2005
For both years, minority youth are more than four times as likely as white youth to be referred to juvenile court or
to have a complaint filed with juvenile court as white youth, but they are almost equally likely to have
complaints approved or not approved as white youth.
Relative Rate Index ComparisonsRelative Rate Index ComparisonsCategory 2004 2005
1. Juvenile Referrals 4.55 4.20
2. Juvenile Complaints 4.29 4.37
3. Approved Complaints .94 .96
4. Complaints Not Approved 1.15 1.06
Random Sample AnalysisRandom Sample Analysis
Forsyth County Juvenile Justice Forsyth County Juvenile Justice and Adjudicationand Adjudication
RRI comparisons of juvenile justice disposition decisions suggest greater applications of equitable standards across race.
Winston-Salem/ Forsyth County Winston-Salem/ Forsyth County School Absences and Drop OutsSchool Absences and Drop Outs
0%5%
10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%
Truant Notenrolled
Droppedout
No record
White
Minority
50% of the white youth and 41% of the minority youth sampled had been truant. Minority and white youth were equally likely not to be enrolled or to have no record. All youth who had dropped out were
African-American (7 youth).
Child Protection and Social Child Protection and Social AssistanceAssistance
42%
71%
41.6%43.4%
29%
42.1%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
FS/ PA CWS Both
Food Stamps, Public Assistance, and Child Welfare Services
White
Minority
Minority youth were 1.71 times as likely to have received food stamps or public assistance than white youth, equally likely to have
received both, and 1.45 times as likely to have received both in addition to child welfare services.
Mental HealthMental Health
Ethnicity # of youth Percentage ofPopulation
RRI
White 6 25%
African American 15 22.1% .88
Native American 1 100% n/a
Multi Race 1 100% n/a
TOTAL 23 23%
23 of the 100 youth had active case files with mental health services. The RRI comparison indicates little disparity between
ethnicities.
National Scan of DMC Best National Scan of DMC Best PracticesPractices
Strategies for SuccessStrategies for Success
1. Forming successful collaboratives comprised of committed policy makers and effective collaborative management to commit to the DMC Committees;
2. Routine, uniform data collection;
3. Agency commitment of personnel toward DMC Committee participation and related issues;
4. Effective evaluation of intervention programming.
ConclusionsConclusions
1. DMC is most prevalent in school system and within law enforcement juvenile contacts.
2. DMC is less of an issue with juvenile justice decision processes.
3. Further inquiry is required in order to draw conclusions about any trends or patterns of DMC in the systems of child welfare and protective services and mental health.
Conclusions (cont.)Conclusions (cont.)
4. Regardless of ethnicity, education, child welfare and mental health systemic processes are important to the positive outcomes for adjudicated youth.
5. Effectively reducing DMC will take committed policy makers, community members and agencies working together in a focused, data-driven process to ensure that appropriate interventions can be implemented and sustained.
For more information or a copy of the full report, please contact Forsyth Futures
at (336)724-2831 or [email protected], or go to
www.centerforcommunitysafety.org.