DISPARITIES IN ECONOMIC DEVEWPMENT SINCE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Also by Paul Bairoch

REVOLUTION INDUSTRIELLE ET SOUS-DEVELOPPEMENT THE WORKING POPULATION AND ITS STRUCTURE (editor) LE TIERS-MONDE DANS L'IMPASSE URBAN UNEMPLOYMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE THIRD WORLD SINCE 1900 COMMERCE EXTERIEUR ET DEVELOPPEMENT ECONOMIQUE DE L'EUROPE

AU XIXE SIECLE TAILLE DES VILLES, CONDITIONS DE VIE ET DEVELOPPEMENT ECONOMIQUE

Also by Maurice Levy-Leboyer

LES BANQUES EUROPEENNES ET L'INDUSTRIALISATION INTERNATIONAL£ DANS LA !ERE MOITIE DU XIXE SIECLE

L'A VENEMENT DE L'lERE INDUSTRIELLE EN FRANCE, 1789-ANNEES 1880 LA POSITION INTERNATIONAL£ DE LA FRANCE: ASPECTS ECONOMIQUES

ET FINANCIERS/XIXE-XXE SIECLE (editor)

Disparities in Economic Development since the Industrial Revolution

Edited by Paul Bairoch and Maurice Uvy-Leboyer

© Paul Bairoch and Maurice Uvy-Leboyer 1981

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1981

All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission.

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Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

First published 1981 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources.

8765432 05 04 03 02 01 00 99

ISBN 978-1-349-04709-3 ISBN 978-1-349-04707-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-04707-9

Contents

Preface Notes on the Contributors

PART 1 ECONOMIC DISPARITIES AMONG NATIONS

A INTERNATIONAL DISPARITIES

1 The Main Trends in National Economic Disparities since the

ix xi

Industrial Revolution Paul Bairoch 3 2 Inequality among Nations: 1950 and 1975 Robert Summers,

Irving B. Kravis and Alan Heston 18

B THE THIRD WORLD

3 Industry and Empire: The Beginnings of French Industrial Politics in the Colonies under the Vichy Regime Catherine Coquery- Vidrovitch 29

4 Constraints to Economic Development in Africa: Some Determinants of Economic Disparities Richard 0. Ekundare 34

5 Notes on the Patterns of Economic Growth in the British North American Colonies in the Seventeenth, Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries Stanley L. Engerman 46

6 Decolonisation and the Multinational Company: Unilever in India, 1917-65 D.K. Fieldhouse 58

7 Egypt, Iran and Turkey, 1800-1970: Patterns of Growth and Development Charles Issawi 65

8 Technology Transfer, Population Growth and the Development Gap since the Industrial Revolution Priyatosh Maitra 78

9 The Economic Underdevelopment of the United States South in the Post-Bellum Era Jay R. Mandie 86

10 Export Growth and Capitalist Development in Colombia in the Nineteenth Century Jose-Antonio Ocampo 98

11 Terms of Trade between France and Latin America, 1826-1856: Causes of Increasing Economic Disparities? Jurgen Schneider 110

12 The Unevenness of the Socio-economic Development and Prospects for the Economic Self-sufficiency of the Countries of the East N.A. Simoniya 120

vi Contents

C THE DEVELOPED WORLD

13 Methodological Aspects in Describing the Bourgeois and Industrial Revolutions Walter Becker 131

14Economic Integration and Regional Development in Austria-Hungary, 1867-1913 David F. Good 137

15 The Process of Industrialisation in General and the Process of Industrialisation in Italy: Some Suggestions, Problems and Questions Giorgio Mori 151

16 On the Economic Development of the Habsburg Monarchy Gyorgy Ranki 165

17 Structural Change and Industrialisation in Inter-war Central-East Europe Alice Teichova 175

PART 2 REGIONAL ECONOMIC DISPARITIES

A NORTHERN, WESTERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE

18 Regional Economic Inequality in the Netherlands since 1600 Jan de Vries 189

19 Regional Differences, Differential Development and Generative Regional Growth Herman Freudenberger and Gerhard Mensch 199

20 The Development of a Growth Pole in the Nineteenth Century illustrated by the example of Nuremberg R. Gammel 210

21 Market Integration during the Period of Industrialisation in Norway Fritz Hodne and Ole Gj~lberg 216

22 Regional Wages in Sweden during the Nineteenth Century Lennart Jorberg and Tommy Bengtsson 226

23 Regional Differences in the Position of Peasants in the European Part of Russia in the Nineteenth Century J. Kahk and l Kovalchenko 244

24 Regional Disparities in Wages: the Cotton Industry in Nineteenth-century Germany - Some Methodological Considerations Hubert Kiesewetter 248

25 Regional Disparities in Brabantine Urbanisation before and after the Industrial Revolution (1374-1970): Some Aspects of Measure-ment and Explanation Paul M.M. Klep 259

B FRANCE

26 Regional Inequalities and Economic Development: French Agriculture in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Marc Auffret, Michel Hau and Maurice Levy-Leboyer 273

~N~ ~

27 The Spread of Agricultural Growth over the Departments of France from the Mid-nineteenth to the Mid-twentieth Century Nicole Soubeyroux 290

28 The Uneven Growth of Regional Incomes in France from 1840 to 1970 Jean-Claude Toutain 302

C SOUTHERN EUROPE

29 Regional Inequalities in Italy A. Graziani 319 30 Regional Development in Portugal (1929-1977): an Assessment

Jean Mayer 331

D THE THIRD WORLD

31 Regional Inequalities in Brazil during the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century Mircea Buescu 349

PART 3 RELATION BETWEEN REGIONAL AND NATIONAL DISPARITIES

32 Regional and International Economic Disparities since the Industrial Revolution: the Indian Evidence Dharma Kumar and J. Krishnamurty 361

33 Inequality and Regional Development: the View from America Jeffrey G. Williamson 313

PART 4 METHODOLOGY FOR MEASUREMENT OF ECONOMIC DISPARITIES

34 Comparison of Development Levels: Inequalities in the Physical Structures of National Economies Eva Ehrlich 395

35 National Product Series in Historical Analysis: a Case Study of Sweden, 1861-1975 0/le Krantz and Carl-Axel Nilsson 411

Index 420

Preface

This book assembles all the contributions to one of the four major themes of the 7th International Economic History Congress which took place in Edinburgh on 13-19 August 1978. The papers have been revised since the Congress.

When a few years ago the two co-editors of this book were asked to prepare the theme of disparities in economic development, one of the most important tasks involved was to ensure that the contributors would be chosen from among the best international specialists in this field. Taking into account the nature of the subject, this led the editors to avoid selecting only economic historians, and economists specialising in development problems were also invited to participate. For the same reason, the contributors were chosen not only from the developed world, but also from the Third World. As the conference was organised by the International Economic History Association, it meant that in some rare cases a delicate geographical balance had to be preserved. The overall result has exceeded the already high expectations of the two editors. Thus the thirty-three papers (not counting the editors' own two) represent probably one of the best and certainly one of the most complete collections of essays devoted to this very important problem: the inequality of economic growth. It is a problem which is of the utmost interest not only to the academic world, but also to the student and the layman.

We have abandoned the traditional procedure of presenting a short summary of each paper. In view of the extreme complexity and concentration of most of the papers, this could only introduce unnecessary distortion of the authors' arguments.

Part 1, which includes seventeen papers, is devoted to national disparities, and Part 2 (fourteen papers) to regional disparities. The difficult problem of the relation between regional and national disparities is the subject of both papers in Part 3. Two papers form Part 4, dealing with the method· ological aspects of the measurement of economic disparities. Within each part and sub-part, the papers follow the alphabetical order of the authors' names.

The word 'billion' is used in the US sense, i.e. a thousand million, throughout the book.

Apri/1979 Paul Bairoch Maurice Levy-Leboyer

Notes on the Contributors

MARC AUFFRET was born in 1944. He holds a doctorate '3e cycle' and is currently maitre-assistant in contemporary history at the Faculty of Arts of the University of Maine, Le Mans. His publications include: L 'industrie liniere en Normandie au XIXe siecle; La France de l'entre-deux-guerres, 1919-1939; La France actuelle, 1958-1970; in collaboration with P. Bois, L 'Histoire du Mans et du pays manceau. PAUL BAIROCH was born in 1930. Since 1956 he has specialised in the field of development of industrialised and Third World economies. He has taught at the University of Brussels; Sir George Williams University (Montreal); Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (Sorbonne, Paris). He has been a professor at the University of Geneva since 1972. His books include: Revolution industrielle et sous-developpement; Le Tiers-Monde dans /'Impasse; Urban Unemployment in Developing Countries; The Economic Development of the Third World since 1900; Commerce exterieur et developpement economique de /'Europe au XIXe siecle; Taille des villes, conditions de vie et developpe­ment economique. WALTER BECKER was born in 1921. Since 1970 he has been Professor of Economic History at the Hochschule fiir Okonomie 'Bruno Leuschner' of Berlin, Department of Marxism-Leninism. He specialises in the economic history of Germany since the industrial Revolution. He was awarded a doctorate in economics (1960) for a thesis on 'The history of the German mechanical engineering industry from 1860 to 1870', published in Studien zur Geschichte der industriellen revolution; and a doctorate in economic science ( 1967) for a thesis on the economic history of the Weimar Republic, contained in the chapters 'Inflation' and 'Relative Stabilization of Capitalism' of the textbook Wirtschaftsgeschichte Deutschlands, vol. 3 (in collaboration with Mottek and Schroter). TOMMY BENGTSSON, is a member of the research programme on 'Mortality, fertility and economic development - studies in the demographic transition in Sweden' at the Department of Economic History, University of Lund. His PhD thesis deals with the modern Swedish textile industry. He has written articles in Swedish journals. MIRCEA BUESCU is a graduate of the Law Schools of Bucharest and Paris. He is Professor of Economic History at the Pontificial Catholic University and at the Bennett Colleges in Rio de Janeiro. He is editor of APEC's economic publications and a member of the Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute. His books include: Historia Economica do Brasil; Pesquisa e Analises; 300 Anos de lnfla~ao; Guerra e Desenvolvimento; Evolucao Economica do Brasil; Disparidades de Renda no Passado.

xii Notes on the Contributors CATHERINE COQUERY-VIDROVITCH was born in 1935 and graduated from the Ecole Normale Superieure. She holds a doctorat d'Etat and is a professor at the University of Paris VII and director of the laboratory 'Connaissance du Tiers-Monde'. She is a specialist in the socio-economic history of Africa in the twentieth century. Her books include: La decouverte de I 'Afrique; Le Congo ( A.E.F.) au temps des grandes compagnies concessionnaires, 1898-1930; L 'Afrique noire de 1800 a nos jours (with H. Moniot); Connaissance du Tiers-Monde, Approche pluridisciplinaire (editor). JAN de VRIES was born in 1943. He is a professor of the University of California at Berkeley. His books include: The Dutch Rural Economy in the Golden Age, 1500-1700; Barges and Capitalism: Passenger transportation in the Dutch economy, 1632-1839. EVA EHRLICH is a senior research worker in the Hungarian National Planning Office's Institute and teaches at the Karl Marx University of Economics. She has worked as a short-term consultant to the EEC in Geneva and has been working for twenty years on Hungarian long-term economic planning. Her books include: lnfrastruktura. Korok es orszagok, in collaboration with Dr A. Csernok and Dr. Gy. Szilagyi; An International Comparison of Infra-structural Development; International Economics -comparisons and interdependences; Japan: the Anatomy of Closing Up (forthcoming). RICHARD 0. EKUNDARE was born in 1932. He graduated in economics (with honours) in 1957 at the University of Durham, England, and was awarded postgraduate degrees in economics and law. He is a barrister of Lincoln's Inn. He began his academic career as a lecturer in economics in 1958 and in 1976 was appointed the first Nigerian Professor of Economic History at the University of Ife, Ile-Ife. His books include An Economic History of Nigeria, 1860-1960. STANLEY L. ENGERMAN was born in 1936. He is Professor of Economics and History at the University of Rochester. His books include: Time on the Cross (in collaboration with R. W. Fogel); The Reinterpretation of American Economic History (co-editor with R. W. Fogel); Race and Slavery in the Western Hemisphere: Quantitative Studies (co-editor with E. D. Genovese). DAVID FIELDHOUSE was born in 1925 and served as a pilot in the Fleet Air Arm during the war. He graduated in history at Oxford in 1949. He was a lecturer in history at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand from 1953 to 1957. Since then he has been Beit Lecturer in Commonwealth History at Oxford and a Fellow of Nuffield College. He has been a visiting professor at Yale and Stanford. His books include: The Colonial Empires; Economics and Empire; Unilever Overseas. HERMAN FREUDENBERGER was born in 1922 and is Professor of Economics at Tulane University. His books include: The Industrialization of a Central European City; The Waldstein Woolen Mill; Von der Provinzstadt zur Industrieregion (Briinn-Studie) (in collaboration with G. Mensch).

Notes on the Contributors xiii

OLE GJft)LBERG was born in 1949 and holds a degree in economic history and economics from the Norwegian School of Economics. At present he is a research fellow at the Institute of Economic History there. His publications include articles on wages and the standard of living. He is now finishing a book on Norwegian shipping, 1865-1914. R. GOMMEL was born in 1944. He studied political economy at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, from where he graduated in 1977. Since 1977 he has been assistant at the Institut fur Finanzwissenschaft, Statistik und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, University of Regensburg. His books include: Growth and Business Cycles of the Economy of Nuremberg 1815-1914; 'The Importance of Entrepreneurs in Franconia (Northern Bavaria) during Industrialisation and the Causes of their Rising', in Festschrift for Hermann Kellenbenz vol. 3. DAVID F. GOOD was born in 1943. He received his PhD from the University of Pennsylvania in 1972 and is now Associate Professor of Economics at Temple University in Philadelphia. His publications include several articles on the late nineteenth-century Austro-Hungarian economy. He is currently writing a book on the Habsburg Monarchy as a case study in modern economic growth. A. GRAZIANI was born in 1933. He was a postgraduate student at the LSE and at Harvard University from 1957-9, and in 1962 became Professor of Economics at the University of Catania {Sicily). Since 1965 he has been Professor of Economic Policy at the University of Naples. He is the author of a number of works on Italian economic development. MICHEL HAU was born in 1943. He graduated from the Ecole Normale Superieure de Saint Cloud and from the lnstitut d'Etudes Politiques, and holds a doctorate in history. He has been maltre-assistant of contemporary history at the University of Human Sciences of Strasbourg since 1974. His books include: La Croissance economique de Ia Champagne, de 1810 a 1969; 'L'etude de Ia croissance regionale de 1810 a nosjours, donnees et 1acunes', in Pour une Histoire de Ia Statistique; 'Couts de transport du charbon et industrialisation des regions fran~aises de 184 7 a 1911 '' in Transports et Voies de Communication. ALAN HESTON was born in 1934. He gained his MAin Washington in 1957 and as a Ford Foundation fellow was awarded his PhD at Yale in 1962. He was visiting lecturer at Bombay from 1960-61, assistant professor at Yale from 1960-62, assistant professor in South Asian Economy at the University of Pennsylvania in 1962 and was a member of the American Institute of Indian Studies from 1965-66. He specialises in the economic history of Asia, monetary economics and economic development, and the economic history ofWestern India, 1850-1947. FRITZ HODNE was born in 1932. He gained an MA degree in American history from Claremont University Center, California in 1960, and a degree in history from the University of Bergen in 1961. He is a senior lecturer at the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen.

xiv Notes on the Contributors His books include: An Economic History of Norway 1815-1970 and numerous articles. He is Corresponding Editor of Economy and History, Lund, Sweden. CHARLES ISSAWI was born in 1916. He has taught at Columbia, The American University of Beirut and other universities and has served in the United Nations Secretariat and the Egyptian Ministry of Finance and Central Bank. His books include: Egypt in Revolution; Jssawi sLaws of Social Motion; The Economic History of the Middle East; The Economic History of Iran; The Economics of Middle Eastern Oil (co-author). LENNART JORBERG is Professor of Economic History at the University of Lund, Sweden. He was visiting professor at the Institut fur Weltwirtschaft, Kiel, in 1964 and at the University of California at Berkeley from 1965-66. His books include: Growth and Fluctuations of Swedish Industry 1869-1912; Studies in the Process of Industrialisation; The Industrial Revolution in the Nordic Countries. J. KAHK was born in 1928. He graduated from the Faculty of History, Tartu State University, in 1951 and completed his postgraduate studies in the Department of History of the University of Leningrad. Since 1968 he has been Director of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR. In 1973, he was appointed Secretary Academician of the Department of Humanities of the Academy of Sciences of the ESSR. He has been a member of the Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR since 1978. His main publications are in the field of Estonian agrarian history. HUBERT KIESEWETTER was born in 1939. After nine years working as an engine-fitter and engine-driver, he studied history, philosophy, economy and psychology at Frankfurt, Kiel, the London School of Economics and Heidel­berg. He obtained his PhD in 1973 at Heidelberg. Since 1975 he has been an assistant at the Free University of Berlin. His books include From Hegel to Hitler: An Analysis of Hegel's Ideology of a Power-State, and the History of the Political Effects of Right-Hegelianism, 1820-1945. PAUL M. M. KLEP was born in 1948. He studied at the University of Nijmegen, the Agricultural University of Wageningen, and the University of Leuven, where he obtained his doctorate in 1978. He is Senior Lecturer in Economic and Social History at Nijmegen. His publications include The Historiography of Giometrics, The Methodology of Historical Statistics, and The Process of Growth, Stagnation and Transformation in 18th and 19th Century Brabant. I. KOV ALCHENKO was born in 1923 and served in the Second World War. He graduated in 1952 from the Faculty of History of the Moscow State University and in 1955 became a lecturer there. In 1966 he was appointed Professor of Historiography. Since 1969 he has been chief editor of the journal History of the USSR and in 1973 he was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. He has been chairman of the Commission for Applying Mathematical Methods and Computers in Historical Sciences since 1966. His main publications deal with the agrarian history of Russia.

Notes on the Contributors xv

OLLE KRANTZ is a Research Fellow at the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Lund. His publications include: Swedish National Product 1861-1970: New Aspects on Methods and Measurement (with C. Nilsson); Structural Changes in the Swedish Economy 1950-75 (forthcoming). IRVING B. KRAVIS was born in 1916 and obtained his PhD at the University of Pennsylvania in 1947. He served in the US Department of Labor from 1946-48 and as a consultant from 1949-52. He has been a professor at the Department of Economics of the University of Pennsylvania since 1949, and was chairman of the department from 1955-58 and from 1962-67. He was Assistant Dean, Wharton School from 1958-60; a Ford Foundation faculty research fellow from 1960-71; Guggenheim fellow from 1967-68; staff member of the National Bureau of Economics in 1962. His publications include: Domestic interests and international obligations; Structure of income; National products and the purchasing power of cu"encies (co-author). J. KRISHNAMURTY is currently Reader in Economics at the Delhi School of Economics and Associate Editor of the Indian Economic and Social History Review. His publications include: The Industrial Distribution of the Working Force in India, 1901-61: a Study of Selected Aspects. He has published a number of papers on the structure of the Indian work force since 1881 and on problems of employment planning. DHARMA KUMAR is currently Professor of Economic History at the Delhi School of Economics, and managing editor of the Indian Economic Review and of the Indian Economic and Social History Review. She is acting as one of the general editors of the forthcoming Cambridge Economic History of India. Her publications include: Land and Caste in South-India; India and the European Economic Community; 'Changes in Income Distribution and Poverty in India: A Review of the Literature', in World Development, vol. 2, no. 1, 1974. MAURICE LEVY-LEBOYER was born in 1920. He is Professor of Economic History at the University of Paris X, Nan terre. His books include: Les banques europeennes et I 'industrialisation internationale dans Ia 1 ere moitie du XIXe siecle; L 'avenement de l'ere industrielle en France, 1789- annees 1880; La position internationale de Ia France: aspects economiques et financiers XIXe- XXe siecle (editor). PRIYATOSH MAITRA has been with the Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta, and the East African Institute of Social Research, Makerere, Kampala. He is a Visiting Fellow of the University of Tokyo and is currently a member of the Economics Department of the University of Otago, New Zealand. His books include: Import Substitution Potential in East Africa; Underdevelopment Revisited; Economic Development with or without an Industrial Revolution (forthcoming); Economics of Under­development in Bengali. JAY R. MANDLE was born in 1941. He has been a Fulbright-Hays Lecturer in Economics at the University of Guyana. He is Professor of

xvi Notes on the Contributors

Economics at Temple University, Philadelphia, and an associate editor of Marxist Perspectives. His books include: The Plantation Economy: Population and Economic Change in Guyana, 1838-1960 and The Roots of Black Poverty: The Southern Plantation Economy after the Civil War. JEAN MAYER was born in 1931. He holds a doctorate in law and a diploma in regional planning development. Since he joined the International Labour Office in Geneva in 1963 he has undertaken numerous technical co-operation missions to Africa, Asia and Latin America. In 1977 he assembled a team to assist the Portuguese planning authorities, and himself prepared the regional chapter of the plan. His publications include a socio-economic essay on Chile, and several papers and articles on regional planning development. GERHARD MENSCH was born in 1937. He is Professor of Management Science at the International Institute of Management of Berlin. His books include: Ablaufplanung; Stalemate in Technology; Gemischtwirtschaftliche Innovations-praxis; Von der Provinzstadt zur Industrieregion (with H. Freudenberger ). GIORGIO MORI is Professor of Contemporary Economic History at the University of Florence. He has specialised in the history of European industrialisation. His books include: La Rivoluzione industria/e. Economia e societa in Gran Bretagna nella seconda meta del seco/o XVIII; n Capitalismo industriale in Italia; L 'industrializzazione in Italia (1861-1900 ); L 'industria del ferro in Toscana dalla restaurazione alia fine del Granducato ( 1815-59 ). CARL-AXEL NILSSON is a senior lecturer at the University of Copenhagen. His publications include: Swedish National Product 1861-1970: New Aspects on Methods and Measurement (with 0. Krantz); Structural Changes in th~ Swedish Economy 1950-75 (forthcoming). JOSE-ANTONIO OCAMPO was born in 1952. He graduated in A.B. (Economics and Sociology) in 1972 at the University of Notre Dame and obtained his PhD in economics at Yale University in 1976. He is Professor of the History of Economic Thought and the Economic History of Colombia, Department of Economics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia. His books include: Capital Accumulation and International Relations; 'Las importaciones colombianas en el siglo XIX', in M. Urrutia (ed.), Ensayos sabre historia economica colombiana (forthcoming). GYORGY RANKI was born in 1930 and holds a PhD in history and economics. From 1972-73 he was Visiting Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford, and in 1976 he was Visiting Professor at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Sorbonne, Paris. He is Deputy Director at the Institute of History, Budapest. His books include: The Development of Manufacturing Industry in Hungary, 190044; Economic Development in East-Central Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries; Hungary: A Century of Economic Development; East Central Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries. rtiRGEN SCHNEIDER was born in 1937. He obtained his doctorate in 1972 at the University of Erlangen, Niirnberg. From 1969-77 he was assistant to Hermann Kellen benz in Cologne and Niirnberg. Since 1977 he

Notes on the Contributors xvii

has been a professor at the Zentralinstitut fiir Frankische Landeskunde und Allgemeine Regionalforschung der Universitiit Erlangen-Niirnberg. His books include: Handel und Unternehmer im franzosischen Brasiliengeschiift 1815-1848,· Wirtschaftliches Wachstum im Spiegel der Wirtschaftsgeschichte (co-editor with H. Kellenbenz and R. Gommel);Festschrift for Hermann Kellenbenz (editor);Beitrage zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte (co-editor with H. Kellenbenz). N. A. SIMONIYA is currently professor at the Institute of Oriental Studies, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. NICOLE SOUBEYROUX holds a doctorate in economic sciences. She graduated from the Political Studies Institute in Paris and has been at the National Scientific Research Centre since 1955, where she is currently a research assistant. She specialises in French regional economy and is at present working on the relationships between growth and agricultural space over a long period of time. ROBERT SUMMERS was born in 1922. He obtained his PhD in economics at the University of Stanford in 1956. He taught at Stanford from 1950-51 and at Yale from 1952-56, and was an assistant professor in the Department of Economics of the University of Pennsylvania from 1956-59. He has been Professor of Economics there since 1960, and has also been a member of the Ford Foundation and a faculty fellow. His books include: Studies in the Micro-economy of Development (co-author); The Wharton Index of Capacity Utilization. ALICE TEICHOVA obtained a BA (hons) in economics at Leeds University in 1945, a PhD at Charles University, Prague, in 1952, a CSc in historical sciences at Charles University in 1960, and in habilitation in 1964. She has been a reader at Charles University and a Fellow of Girton College, Cambridge from 1969-71. She is a professor at the School of Social Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich. Her books include: An Economic Background to Munich: International Business; and Czechoslovakia 1918-38. JEAN-CLAUDE TOUTAIN was born in 1931 and holds a doctorate in economics. He is Maltre de Recherches it the Centre National de Ia Recherche Scientifique, and Director of the Laboratory 'Histoire et Analyse de Ia Croissance Economique' at the University of Paris I. His books include: lA Produit de ['agriculture francoise de 1700 a 1958; La population de Ia France de 1700 d 1959; Gerer l'environnement (with B. Desaigues). JEFFREY G. WILLIAMSON was born in 1935. He has been Professor of Economics at the University of Wisconsin since 1963. He has served as co­editor, associate editor or editorial board member of Explorations in Economic History, the Review of Economics and Statistics, and Economic Development and Cultural Change. He was Chairman of Program Arrange­ments for the Madison Cliometrics Conference from 1970 to 1976, and has published widely in cliometric history. His books include: American Growth and the Balance of Payments, 1820-1913; Dualistic Economic Development: Theory and History; Lessons from Japanese Development: An Analytical

xviii Notes on the Contributors Economic History; Late Nineteenth Century American Development: A General Equilibrium History; A Macroeconomic History of American Inequality (forthcoming).