DISORDERS OF THE

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM The circulatory system, or cardiovascular system, is

made up of the heart, veins, arteries and capillaries The organ system that permits blood to circulate and

transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from cells in the body to nourish it and help to fight diseases, stabilize body temperature and pH, and to maintain homeostasis. 

Cardiovascular diseases are diseases of the heart (cardiac muscle) or blood vessels (vasculature). However, in practice, when doctors use the term cardiovascular disease they usually mean diseases of the heart or blood vessels that are caused by atheroma.

RISK FACTORS THAT CAN CAUSE CARDIOVASCULAR

DISORDERS

Lifestyle risk factors that can be prevented or changed:

Smoking. Lack of physical activity. Obesity. An unhealthy diet and eating too much

salt. Excess alcohol.

Treatable or partly treatable risk factors:

High blood pressure (hypertension). High cholesterol blood level. High fat (triglyceride) blood level. Diabetes. Kidney diseases causing diminished

kidney function.

Fixed risk factors - ones that you cannot alter:

A strong family history. This means if you have a father or brother who developed heart disease or a stroke before they were 55; or, if you have a mother or sister who developed heart disease or a stroke before they were 65.

Being male. Severe baldness in men at the top of the head. An early menopause in women. Age. The older you become, the more likely you are

to develop atheroma. Ethnic group. For example, people who live in the UK

with ancestry from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, or Sri Lanka have an increased risk. African americns to are vulnerable to develop heart diseases

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE OR

HYPERTENSION

Blood pressure is a measurement of the force against the walls of your arteries as your heart pumps blood through your body. Hypertension is another term used to describe high blood pressure.

Blood pressure readings are given as two numbers. The top number is called the systolic blood pressure. The bottom number is called the diastolic blood pressure. For example, 120 over 80 (written as 120/80 mmHg).

One or both of these numbers can be too high.

Normal blood pressure is when your blood pressure is lower than 120/80 mmHg most of the time.

High blood pressure (hypertension) is when your blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg or above most of the time.

If your blood pressure numbers are 120/80 or higher, but below 140/90, it is called pre-hypertension.

PRIMARY (ESSENTIAL) HYPERTENSIONFor most adults, there's no identifiable cause of high blood pressure. This type of high blood pressure, called essential

hypertension or primary hypertension, tends to develop gradually over many years.

SECONDARY HYPERTENSIONSome people have high blood pressure caused by an underlying

condition, called secondary hypertension, tends to appear suddenly and cause higher blood pressure than does primary hypertension.

Various conditions and medications can lead to secondary hypertension, including:

Kidney problems Adrenal gland tumors Thyroid problems Certain defects in blood vessels you're born with (congenital) Certain medications, such as birth control pills, cold remedies,

decongestants, Illegal drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamines Alcohol abuse or chronic alcohol use

Risk factors

Age. Race. Family history Being overweight or obese. Not being physically active. Using tobacco Too much sodium or Too little potassium in your diet Too little vitamin D in your diet Drinking too much alcohol Stress.

The excessive pressure on your artery walls caused by high blood pressure can damage your blood vessels, as well as organs in your body. The higher your blood pressure and the longer it goes uncontrolled, the greater the damage

UNCONTROLLED HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE CAN LEAD TO…….

Heart attack or stroke Aneurysm. Heart failure. Weakened and narrowed blood vessels

in your kidneys. Thickened, narrowed or torn blood

vessels in the eyes. Trouble with memory or understanding.

Drugs used for cure Thiazide diuretics. Beta blockers. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs Calcium channel blockers. Renin inhibitors.

ARTHEROSCLEROSIS

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a disease in which a waxy substance called plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries. These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart muscle.

When plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition is called atherosclerosis. The build up of plaque occurs over many years.

Over time, plaque can harden or rupture .Hardened plaque narrows the coronary arteries and reduces the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart.

If the plaque ruptures, a blood clot can form on its surface. A large blood clot can mostly or completely block blood flow through a coronary Over time, ruptured plaque also hardens and narrows the coronary arteries.

If the flow of oxygen-rich blood to your heart muscle is reduced or blocked , angina or heart attack may also occur. Over time, CHD can weaken the heart muscle and lead to heart failure and even Arrhythmias.

causes Smoking High levels of certain fats and

cholesterol in the blood High blood pressure High levels of sugar in the blood due to

insulin resistance or diabetes Blood vessel inflammation

Treatment Treatments for coronary heart disease (CHD) include lifestyle changes, medicines, and medical procedures. Treatment goals may include:

Relieving symptoms. Reducing risk factors in an effort to slow, stop,

or reverse the build up of plaque. Lowering the risk of blood clots forming.

(Blood clots can cause a heart attack.) Widening or bypassing clogged arteries. Preventing complications of CHD.

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

Arteriosclerosis occurs when the blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients from your heart to the rest of your body (arteries) become thick and stiff — sometimes restricting blood flow to your organs and tissues. Healthy arteries are flexible and elastic, but over time, the walls in your arteries can harden, a condition commonly called hardening of the arteries.

Symptoms Of Moderate To Severe Atherosclerosis Depend On Which Arteries Are Affected.

If you have atherosclerosis in your heart arteries, you may have symptoms, such as chest pain or pressure (angina).

If you have atherosclerosis in the arteries leading to your kidneys, you develop high blood pressure or kidney failure.

If you have atherosclerosis in the arteries in your arms and legs, you may have symptoms of peripheral artery disease, such as leg pain when walking (intermittent claudication).

If you have atherosclerosis in the arteries leading to your brain, you may have signs and symptoms such as sudden numbness or weakness in your arms or legs, difficulty speaking or slurred speech, or drooping muscles in your face. These signal a transient ischemic attack (TIA), which, if left untreated, may progress to a stroke.

If you have atherosclerosis in the arteries leading to your genitals, you may have difficulties having sex. Sometimes, atherosclerosis can cause erectile dysfunction in men. In women, high blood pressure can reduce blood flow to the vagina

WHAT HAPPENS DURING ARTHEROSCLEROSIS

AND ARTERIOSCLEROSIS?

Once the inner wall of an artery is damaged, blood cells and other substances often clump at the injury site and build up in the inner lining of the artery. Over time, fatty deposits (plaques) made of cholesterol and other cellular products also build up at the injury site and harden, narrowing your arteries. The organs and tissues connected to the blocked arteries then don't receive enough blood to function properly.

Eventually pieces of the fatty deposits may break off and enter your bloodstream. In addition, the smooth lining of a plaque may rupture, spilling cholesterol and other substances into your bloodstream. This may cause a blood clot, which can block the blood flow to a specific part of your body, such as occurs when blocked blood flow to your heart causes a heart attack. A blood clot can also travel to other parts of your body, blocking flow to another organ.

Rheumatic heart disease is permanent damage to the heart following rheumatic fever. It can lead to heart failure and sometimes the need for cardiac surgery. Rheumatic heart disease is the most common form of heart disease in children in the world.

A case of rheumatic fever can cause the heart to inflame and leave permanent damage to the heart, specifically the heart valves. People who get rheumatic heart disease sometimes end up very sick because the blood stops flowing the right way, making them tired and short of breath. They may not be able to do the things they used to like playing sports, or even walking.

symptoms Chest pain Heart palpitations Breathlessness on exertion Breathing problems when lying down Waking from sleep with the need to sit or stand

up Swelling FaintingPeople with rheumatic heart disease have to take heart medicine, or go to hospital for a very long time. People can also die from rheumatic heart disease if they do not get the proper treatment.

Rheumatic fever is caused by streptococcus bacteria coxsackie b virus is the conditioning agent.

Medications include pennicilin injections frequently and regular health checkups.

Heart block

Occur When There Is A Partial Or Complete Interruption In The Cardiac Electrical Conduction System.

Can Occur Anywhere In The Atria Between The Sa Node And The Av Junction.

In The Ventricles Between The Av Junction And Purkinje Fibers.

Symptoms The Appearance Of The P Wave Complex Varies, Depending On The Type Of

Heart Block. Rate And Rhythm May Vary. Fainting (Syncope) Feeling As If You're Going To Faint

(Presyncope) Having A Slow Heart Rate (Bradycardia)

TYPES OF HEART BLOCK FIRST DEGREE BLOCK OR

AV BLOCK

The impulse conducting from atria to ventricles through the AV node is delayed and travels slower than normal. That is , sa node to av node impule flow is damaged .It has a prevalence in the normal (young adult)

Impulses flow from auricles to ventricles IS IMPAIRED.

BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK

Artificial pacemaker A pacemaker (or artificial pacemaker, so as

not to be confused with the heart's natural pacemaker) is a medical device that uses electrical impulses, delivered by electrodes contracting the heart muscles, to regulate the beating of the heart.

It Consists Of A Lithium Cell To Produce Electric Impulses ,In The form Of A Wire And An Electrode to conduct them.

Angina

Angina is a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. Angina is a symptom of coronary artery disease. Angina is typically described as

squeezing, pressure, heaviness, tightness or pain in your chest. Angina is caused by

reduced blood flow to your heart muscle. Your blood carries oxygen, which your heart muscle

needs to survive. When your heart muscle isn't getting enough oxygen, it causes a

condition called ischemia.

Heart attack

A heart attack occurs when the flow of blood to the heart is blocked, most often by a build-up of fat, cholesterol and other substances,

which form a plaque in the arteries that feed the heart (coronary arteries). The interrupted blood flow can damage or destroy part of the

heart muscle.heart attack, also called a myocardial

infarction, can be fatal, but treatment has improved dramatically over the years.

SYMPTOMS

Pressure, tightness, pain, or a squeezing or aching sensation in your chest or arms that may spread to your neck, jaw or back

Nausea, indigestion, heartburn or abdominal pain

Shortness of breath Cold sweat Fatigue Light-headedness or sudden dizziness

Some heart attacks strike suddenly, but many people have warning signs and symptoms hours, days or weeks in advance. The earliest warning may be recurrent chest pain (angina) that's triggered by exertion and relieved by rest.

Tests will help check if your signs and symptoms, such as chest pain, indicate a heart attack or another condition. Electrocardiogram (ECG). This first test done to

diagnose a heart attack records the electrical activity of your heart via electrodes attached to your skin. Impulses are recorded as waves displayed on a monitor or printed on paper. Because injured heart muscle doesn't conduct electrical impulses normally, the ECG may show that a heart attack has occurred or is in progress.

Blood tests. Certain heart enzymes slowly leak out into your blood if your heart has been damaged by a heart attack. Emergency room doctors will take samples of your blood to test for the presence of these enzymes.

CARDIAC ARREST

Cardiac arrest is the sudden, unexpected loss of heart function, breathing and consciousness. Sudden cardiac arrest usually results from an electrical disturbance in your heart that disrupts its pumping action, stopping blood flow to the rest of your body. Cardiac arrest is different from a heart attack, which occurs when blood flow to a portion of the heart is blocked. However, a heart attack can sometimes trigger an electrical disturbance that leads to sudden cardiac arrest

Leukemia

Leukaemia is cancer of the body's blood-forming tissues, including the bone marrow and the lymphatic system.

How Leukaemia Forms ?In general, leukaemia is thought to occur when some blood cells acquire mutations in their DNA — the instructions inside each cell that guide its action. Or other changes in the cells that have yet to be fully understood could contribute to leukaemia.Certain abnormalities cause the cell to grow and divide more rapidly and to continue living when normal cells would die. Over time, these abnormal cells can crowd out healthy blood cells in the bone marrow, leading to fewer healthy blood cells and causing the signs and symptoms of leukaemia.

Treatment for leukaemia can be complex — depending on the type of leukaemia and other factors. But there are strategies and resources that can help to make your treatment successful

Symptoms causes Fever or chills Persistent fatigue, weakness Frequent or severe infections

,Easy bleeding or bruising Losing weight without trying Swollen lymph nodes,

enlarged liver or spleen Recurrent nosebleeds Tiny red spots in your skin

(petechiae) Excessive sweating,

especially at night Bone pain or tenderness

Previous cancer treatment. Genetic disorders. Certain blood disorders Exposure to high levels of

radiation. . Exposure to certain

chemicals, such as benzene.

Smoking. Family history of leukemia

TREATMENT OF CARDIAC DISORDERS

Angioplasty Technique of mechanically widening narrowed or obstructed arteries, typically to treat atherosclerosis. An empty and collapsed balloon on a guide wire, known as a balloon catheter, is passed into the narrowed locations and then inflated to a fixed size using water pressures some 75 to 500 times normal blood pressure (6 to 20 atmospheres). The balloon forces expansion of the inner white blood cell/clot plaque deposits and the surrounding muscular wall, opening up the blood vessel for improved flow, and the balloon is then deflated and withdrawn

Coronary artery bypass surgery

Also known as coronary artery bypass graft (CABG, pronounced "cabbage") surgery, and colloquially

heart bypass or bypass surgery, is a surgical procedure performed to relieve angina and reduce

the risk of death from coronary artery disease. Arteries or veins from elsewhere in the patient's

body are grafted to the coronary arteries to bypass atherosclerotic narrowings and improve the blood

supply to the myocardium (heart muscle). This surgery is usually performed with the heart stopped, necessitating the usage of cardiopulmonary bypass;

techniques are available to perform CABG on a beating heart, so-called "off-pump" surgery

DefibrillationIT is a common treatment for life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias, ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia. IT consists of delivering a therapeutic dose of electrical energy to the heart with a device called a defibrillator. This depolarizes a critical mass of the heart muscle, terminates the dysrhythmia and allows normal sinus rhythm to be re established by the body's natural pacemaker, in the SA node of the heart. Defibrillators can be external, trans venous, or implanted depending on the type of device used or needed. Some external units, known as automated external defibrillators (AEDs), automate the diagnosis of treatable rhythms, meaning that lay responders or bystanders are able to use them successfully with little or no training at all.

PREVENTIVE MEAURES

Say NO To Smoking Consume Less Or Avoid Alcohol

Exercise Regularly Avoid Red Meat

Enjoy A Low Fat Diet Eat A Heart-healthy Diet

Maintain A Healthy WeightGet Enough Quality Sleep

Get Regular Health ScreeningsAnd Lastly …… Enjoy Your Life !!!!

THANK YOU